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 CONTEN TS

Contents

Introduc tion page ix

About phrasal verbs and idioms
1.1 What are phrasal verbs?
1.2 Gramm ar of phrasal verbs
1.3 Multiple meaning
1.4 Style and register
1.5 Nouns from phrasal verbs
1.6 Adjectives from phrasal verbs
1.7 What are idioms?
Body, health and mind
2.1 Physical actions
2.2 A healthy eating plan
2.3 Commo n ailments
2.4 Going to hospital
2.5 Health headlines
2.6 Feelings
Family and friends
3.1 Growing up
3.2 What makes a good parent?
3.3 Mother and daughte r
3.4 What makes a good friend?
3.5 Friendships at work
Romantic relationships
4.1 Starting a new relationship
4.2 Ending a relationship
4.3 How did we meet?
4.4 Starting again
4.5 Ex-girlfriends

•
CONTENTS

Everyday life
5.1 Weather
5.2 Food
5.3 Cooking
5.4 Our home
5.5 Clothes shopping
5.6 Sleep
Money
6.1 Save or spend?
6.2 How would you spend it?
6.3 A waste of money
6.4 Living in poverty
6.5 My best ever buy
Transport and travel
7.1 Getting around
7.2 Road rage
7.3 A long car journey
7.4 Airports
7.5 A holiday break
Law and order
8.1 A police investigation
8.2 Crime headlines
8.3 A robbery
8.4 Incompetent criminals
8.5 Gang culture
Home technology
9.1 Using phones and mobiles
9.2 Phone questionnaire
9.3 The downside of texting
9.4 Domestic robots
9.5 Computers
 CONTENTS

Media and entertainment

10.1 Talking about the news
10.2 Newspaper headlines
10.3 Press behaviour
10.4 Film reviews
10.5 The pros and cons of TV
10.6 TV crime series
Leisure
11.1 Hobbies
11.2 My free time
11.3 Reading
11.4 Art galleries with children
11.5 Boardgames
Sport
12.1 Phrases in team sports
12.2 Winter sports
12.3 The rise of a great tennis player
12.4 Sports injuries
12.5 The mind of a champion
Social events
13.1 A picnic
13.2 A surprise party
13.3 A family meal
13.4 A wedding
13.5 Rock concerts
Dramatic events
14.1 A nasty row
14.2 Riots
14.3 Storms and flooding
14.4 A fight in a fish shop
14.5 Mountain rescue

•
CONTENTS

Study
15.1 Memories of school
15.2 Classroom actions
15.3 What teachers say
15.4 Exam revision tips
15.5 Exam results
15.6 Why learn a language?
Work
16.1 Getting a job
16.2 Job likes and dislikes
16.3 Better job performance
16.4 Colleagues
16.5 Losing your job
Business
17.1 Buying an existing business
17.2 A growing business
17.3 A struggling business
17.4 Going bankrupt
17.5 Management buyout
17.6 Company rescue
Politics
18.1 A future prime minister?
18.2 Political sound bites
18.3 Election night
18.4 Opinions about politicians
18.5 Passing laws

•
 CONTENTS

Concepts
19.1 Criticism
19.2 Dishonesty
19.3 Time
19.4 Making decisions
19.5 Success
Social English
20.1 Making arrangements
20.2 Likes and dislikes
20.3 Wants and needs
20.4 Excuses, excuses
20.5 Invitations and offers
20.6 Asking for information
Speaking English
21.1 Ways of talking
21.2 Conversation rules
21.3 Exclamations
21.4 Discussion groups
21.5 Speeches
Aspects of phrasal verbs
22.1 Say it another way 1
22.2 Say it another way 2
22.3 Synonymous phrasal verbs
22.4 Opposites
22.5 Basic meaning and metaphor
22.6 Metaphorical meaning
22.7 Informal phrasal verbs
22.8 More formal phrasal verbs

•
CONTENTS

Particles with specific meanings

23.1 Back
23.2 Through
23.3 Around, about
23.4 On
23.5 Up
23.6 Off
Key verbs
24.1 Get
24.2 Go
24.3 Take
24.4 Come
24.5 Turn
24.6 Put
24.7 Keep

List of irregular verbs page 270

Key to symbols page 273
Abbreviations page 274

•
 INTRODUCTION

Introduction
Oxford Learner's Pocket Phrasal Verbs
and Idioms can help you to increase your
knowledge and understanding of this
important aspect of vocabulary in one
compact, easy-to-use book.
There are 134 two-page units, divided into
24 modules, with most modules covering
different areas of an important topic, e.g.
'Family and friends' or 'Work'. There are
also a number of units which provide
important information about particular
aspects of phrasal verbs such as grammar,
style, or meanings of specific particles
(e.g. back, on or through).
Each unit in a module presents and
explains approximately 15 items of
vocabulary. Some are presented through
pictures, e.g. 'Physical actions' or 'Using
phones and mobiles', but more often the
vocabulary is presented in different types
of text so that you can see the new phrasal
verbs and idioms being used naturally. All
the new vocabulary is shown in bold print.
After each text, a glossary explains
the new vocabulary, and gives further
important information to help you. This
may be about grammar:

. take sb in joFTEN PASSIVEjmake sb

believe sth that is not true. SYN
deceive sb.

•
INTROD UCTION

There is also informa tion about style:

pack sth in ~stop doing an activity

or a job.

There are synonyms or opposites, or

related words from the same word family:

slow down go more slowly.\oPP speed

~
stand-in sb who takes another person's
place for a short period of time,
~ally to do their job.\stand in (for
~
There are commo n word partners:

put sth u build sth:\put up a building/

shelves/ a fence.

More information about a word or group

of words is often included in a word focus:

\NORD FOCUS
If you ask for sth, you speak or write to
somebody because you want them to
do something (see text).
If you ask after sb, you want news
about them: Michael was asking
after you.
If you ask around, you ask different
people for information: I don't know
who can do the job, but I'll ask
around.

II
 INTRODUCTION

A word list is available on the website

at www.oup.com/elt/wordskills which
includes all the phrasal verbs and idioms
explained in this book. You can use it as a
reference for studying, or to test yourself.
This book can be used alongside many
English courses. It includes most of
the topics commonly found in course
books, but teaches a range of phrasal
verbs and idioms that course books do
not have space for. There are more than
1,500 phrasal verbs and idioms taught in
the book, corresponding to CEF levels
Bl-C2, with a particular emphasis on the
higher levels Cl-C2. This makes it ideal
for learners who are preparing for exams
such as IELTS and Cambridge English:
Proficiency and Advanced.
ABOUT PHRASAL VERBS AND IDIOMS

What are phrasal verbs?

A phrasal verb consists of a base verb,
e.g. catch or look, and one or two particles
(adverb or preposition), e.g. on or to.
1 base verb 2 particle

" ~orlme.
I'll be late tonight, so don'tlwaitlu
I
3 particle
This new computer game could catch on.
Paula was so angry she tore up my letter.
Sometimes the meaning of the phrasal
verb is similar to the base verb.
I'm staying in tonight.
Sometimes the meaning is different.
You need to keep in with the manager.
You also need to know whether you can
separate the verb and particle. (See 1.2.)
Separable
He failed the test but tried to laugh it off.
Not separable
They laughed at me because of my clothes.
One feature of phrasal verbs is that many
of them have more than one meaning.
(See 1.3.)
1 We're putting on a concert next month.
2 Lucy is putting on her make-up.
3 Bernie sometimes puts on an accent.
Most phrasal verbs are either neutral or
informal in style. (See 1.4.)
Calm down! You know Martin only says
these things to wind you up "'·
 WHAT ARE PHRASA L VERBS? •

wait up for sb not go to sleep until sb

comes home.
catch on become popular or fashionable.
tear sth up destroy sth such as a piece of
paper or cloth by pulling it into small
pieces.
stay in stay at home.
keep in with sb stay friendly with sb,
especially sb who can help you.
laugh sth off joke about sth in order to
make people think you do not believe it
to be serious or important.
laugh at sb say unkind things about sb
that are intended to make them look
stupid.
put sth on I organize an event, show,
performance, etc.
2 spread a cream, liquid or other
substance on your body or hair
to protect it or make it look more
attractive: put on make-up.
3 pretend to have a particular way of
speaking or behaving.
calm down used to tell sb to be more
relaxed and less emotional.

WORD FOCUS
Wind sb up ls informal, anq means to
say something that wUI annoy or worry
somebody, µsually as cl joke (~ee text).
Wind sth up, however, is not informal.
It can mean ,to dose a company
completely, or to bring something such
as a speech or meeting to an end: We'll
have to wind up the meeting now.

•
ABOUT PHRASAL VERBS AND IDIOMS

Grammar of phrasal verbs

There are three main types of phrasal verb:
1 Phrasal verbs with no object
(intransitive).
I promised to help; I can't back out now.
How did the change in policy come about?
This pain just won't go away.
2 Phrasal verbs which take an object
(transitive) and are separable.
I think the dog frightened him away.
You may have to spell out the reasons,
otherwise the students won't understand.
I said Ja bring her book back tomorrow.
With these verbs, you can usually put the
object before or after the particle.
I put your name down.
I put down your name.
If the object is a long phrase, it usually
comes after the particle.
I put down everything they asked for.
If the object is a pronoun, it must come
between the particle and the verb.
I put it down. (I p1,1t d1Jw1i it.)
3 Phrasal verbs which take an object but
cannot be separated by the object. These
verbs may have one or two particles.
I haven't heard from my cousin recently.
(I haven't hee,rd 111)' amsin from recently.)
We haven't settled on a name yet.
They all went along with the idea.

•
 GRAMMAR OF PHRASAL VERBS

back out decide not to do sth that you

agreed to do.
come about happen, especially by chance.
go away disappear or stop existing.
frighten sb/sth away make a person or
animal so afraid that they run away.
spell sth out (to sb) INF say or explain sth
to sb very clearly to make sure that they
understand it.
bring sth/sb back return sth/sb.
put sth down write sth on a piece of paper.
hear from sb if you have heard from sb,
they have written to you, phoned you,
emailed you, etc.
settle on sth if you settle on sth, you
choose or make a decision about sth
after thinking about it.
go along with sb/sth agree with a plan or
decision that sb has made.

WORD FOCUS
The grammar of a phrasal verb is shown
in this book by the way it is entered:
go away (type 1)
put sth down (type 2)
settle on sth/sb (type 3)
If you see brackets, e.g. get through (sth)
or help (sb) out, it means that the verb
can be used with or without an object:
I'll help her out. I I'll help out.
Objects are shown in this way:
spell sth out = the object (sth) is a
thing.
help sb out= the object (sb) is a person.
go along with sb/sth = the object (sb/
sth) can be a person or thing .

•
,....,..,, ABOUT PHRASAL VERBS AND IDIOMS

MuJtiple meaning
Many phrasal verbs have more than one
meaning. Sometimes there is a connection
between the different meanings. In these
examples, the connection is the sense of
appearing or becoming visible.
1 My book comes out next month.
2 It's lovely when the sun comes out.
3 The facts will come out soon.
Sometimes there is no direct connection
between the different meanings.
1 Shall we go out tonight?
2 The fire has gone out.
3 The show goes out tomorrow evening.
Some phrasal verbs are transitive with one
meaning and intransitive with another.
I can't hear the TV. Could you turn it up?
They didn't turn up until nine o'clock.
A second particle creates a new meaning.
The subject just came up the other day.
His work didn't come up to standard.
We came up against all sorts of problems.
Some phrasal verbs have many meanings.
1 I can't get into these jeans.
2 Jason got into an argument with
someone.
3 I've got into the habit of waking up early.
4 I'm really getting into ... Bollywood
films.

•
 MULT IPLE MEAN ING

come out I be published.

2 if the sun comes out, it appears.
3 become known.
go out I leave the house and go
somewhere, especially to do sth
enjoyable.
2 if a fire or light goes out, it stops
burni ng or shining.
3 if a progr amm e goes out, it is shown
on TV.
turn sth up increase the volume of sth.
OPP tum sth down.
turn up (of a person) arrive.
come up be ment ioned or discussed.
come up to sth reach a level that is good
enough: come up to standard.
come up against sth/s b be faced with
problems or be opposed by sb.
get into sth I INF put on a piece of
clothing, especially with difficulty.
2 start or become involved in sth such as
a conversation, a fight, an argument, etc.
3 develop a particular habit or routine:
get into the habit of doing sth.
4 INF become interested in sth.

WOR D FOCUS
In addition to the meanings above;
get into sth hasat least ·twom ore
meanings •.
5 (of a tiain, bus, i;;t<:. ) arrive at a place:
When does the plane get into Rome?
6 be accepted at a school or university,
or chosen to play in a team: I'm hoping
to get into university next year.
ABOUT PHRASAL VERBS AND IDIOMS

Style and register

Many phrasal verbs are neutral in style
(not formal or informal), and they can be
used in a wide range of situations.
Let's spread out and search the whole area.
The neighbours turned down our invitation.
The students put forward some good ideas.
However, phrasal verbs are most
commonly used in spoken English and
informal written English. In more formal
spoken or written English, there is often a
single word equivalent that we use instead.
Please extinguish all cigarettes now.
'Can you put your cigarette out T, please?'
They want to abolish the monarchy.
'They want to do away with the monarchy.'
Phrasal verbs that are particularly
informal and used especially in spoken
English are marked INF in this book.
(See 22.7.)
Who dreamt up this silly idea?
The reforms will kick in soon.
Barry said he was coming, then cried off at
the last minute.
A small number of phrasal verbs are more
formal, and are marked FML. (See 22.8.)
The government has entered into an
agreement with private hospitals.
They refused to enlarge upon their plans.

•
 STYLE AND REGISTE R

spread out if people in a group spread

out, they move away from each other to
cover a larger area.
turn sth down reject or refuse an offer,
request or invitation.
put sth forward offer an idea, opinion,
etc., especially so that people can
discuss it and make a decision.
do away with sth INF bring sth to an end
or get rid of sth. SYN abolish sth.
dream sth up INF have an idea, especially
a very unusual or silly one.
kick in INF begin to have an effect.
cry off INF say that you cannot do sth that
you promise d or agreed to do.
enter into sth FML begin a discussion or
start a formal arrangement: enter into
an agreement/a contract.
enlarge on/upon sth FML say or write
more about sth that has already been
mentioned.

WORD FOCUS
If you put out a fire or cigarette,
you stop it burning (see text). SYN
extinguish sth.
If you put yourself out (for sb), you
make a special effort to do something
for somebody: I'm not putting myself
out for Donnie; he's so lazy.
Although these phrasal verbs look
similar, the second one has a different
meaning and is also more informal
in style .
ABOU T PHRAS AL VERBS AND IDIOM S

Nouns from phrasal verbs

We create nouns from some phrasal verbs.
I thought the concert was a bit of a
letdown.
We've got two doctors on stand by T.
These nouns do not always have a related
phrasal verb, or one with the same
meaning.
There was a two-week stand -off in the
talks.
There has been a big break throug h in the
treatment of diabetes.
Many phrasal nouns are written as one
word, e.g. letdown, but nouns with -up,
-in, and -off are usually written with a
hyphen.
The film got a good write- up in the paper.
Mrs Gregory will be my stand- in.
He had a crash, and the cars a write- off
The plural is usually forme d by addin g -s
to the particle.
Did the teacher give you any hando uts?
Some phrasal verbs form nouns where the
particle is at the beginning. These nouns
are written as one word, and the plural
form comes at the end of the word.
The upkee p of the palace is enormous.
The company values your input.
When I got to the accident, there were quite
a large numb er of bystan ders "'·
 NOUNS FROM PHRASAL VERBS

letdown sth that makes you feel ~ '

disappointed because it is not as good
as you expected it to be. let sb down v.
stand-off (between A and B) a situation
in which no agreement can be reached.
breakthrough a discovery or achievement
that comes after a lot of hard work.
write-up an article in a paper or magazine
in which sb gives their opinion of a new
book, film, product, etc.
stand-in sb who takes another person's
place, especially at work, for a short
period of time. stand in (for sb) v.
write-off a vehicle that has been so badly
damaged in an accident that it is not
worth repairing it. write sth off v.
handout a piece of paper with
information, exercises, etc. on it that
is given to everyone in a group. hand
sth out v.
upkeep the process and cost of keeping
sth in good condition. keep sth up v.
input a person's contribution in the form
of ideas, information, etc. which help in
a process or to make a decision.

WORD FOCUS
Two nouns may be~reatedfrom different
meanings of the same phrasal verb, e.g.
stand by. If yqu are on 51:aitdby, you are
available to help if needed in a particular
situation. A bystander is someone who
watches what is happening, e.g. an
accident, but is not directly inv<,>lved .

•
ABO UT PHRA SAL VERB S AND
IDIO MS

Adjectives from phrasal verbs

A num ber of adjectives are form ed from
related phra sal verbs.
There are still ongo ing discussions.
The FA Cup is a knoc kout competition.
Clive's proposal was just a wate red- dow
n
version of the original plan.
She made some very outs poke n rema
rks.
The bedroom has two buil t-in wardrobe
s.
The same adjective may corr espo nd
with
different mea ning s of the related verb
.
1 The fish was tasty, but the smell was
a bit
off-p uttin g ..-.
2 The noise was very off-p uttin g T.
1 The children were worn out after the
long walk.
2 My trainers are pretty worn out.

A phra sal adjective usually has a very

similar mea ning to the related phra sal
verb, but som etim es the mea ning chan
ges
slightly.
I'm looking for a more go-a head comp
any.
We can go ahea d with the new
development.

•
 ADJECTIVES FROM PHRASAL VERBS

ongoing continuing to happen or

develop. go on v.
knockout in a knockout competition,
only the winning team or players at
each stage continue to play in the
competition. knock sb out v.
watered-down a watered-down idea,
plan, statement, etc. has been made less
powerful, detailed, offensive, etc. than it
was originally. water sth down v.
outspoken expressing what sb thinks,
even if it shocks or upsets people. speak
out (against sth/sb) v.
built-in constructed as part of sth and not
separated from it. build sth in v.
worn out I if sb is worn out, they feel
very tired, especially after hard work or
exercise. wear sb out v. 2 if sth is worn
out, it is damaged, or no longer useful,
because it has been used a lot. wear sth
out v.
go-ahead happy to try new ideas,
methods, etc. and therefore more likely
to succeed.
go ahead start or continue to do sth,
especially after getting permission.

WORD FOCUS
Off-putting can describe somebody
or something that is unpleasant (see
example 1). put sb off sb/sth v. It can
also be used to describe somebody or
something that disturbs or distracts you
so that you find it difficult to concentrate
(see example 2). put sb off v.

•
ABOUT PHRAS AL VERBS AND IDIOM S

Wha t are idioms?

Idioms are expressions whose meani ng is
often difficult to unders tand by looking
at the individual words. Seeing idioms
in contex t can sometimes make them
clearer.
She has a thing about men with beards.
My parents arrived out of the blue today.
These shoes will be fine for the time being.
I'm afraid I put my foot in it.
Some idioms are easier to unders tand,
but are still called idioms because they are
fixed expressions which need to be learnt
as whole phrases.
After the break-up, things went from bad
to worse.
I know enough Spanish to make mysel f
unders tood.
With some idioms there is a choice of
words withou t changing the meaning.
Are you going? - It/Tha t depends.
He arrived at the last minut e/mom ent. •
Idioms can be formed from such everyday
words that you may not notice them or
realize they are idioms.
I didn't think much of the film.
Karen is nothin g like her sister.
I'm enjoying my new job so far.
The room was lovely and warm.

II
 WHAT ARE IDIOMS?

have a thing about sth/sb INF have a

strong liking for or dislike of sth/sb.
out of the blue INF suddenly and
unexpectedly.
for the time being for now and the
immediate future.
put your foot in it lNF accidentally say sth
that embarrasses, upsets or annoys sb.
go from bad to worse (of a bad
situation) become even worse.
make yourself understood make your
meaning clear, especially in another
.language.
it/that depends used when you cannot
give a definite answer because different
things are possible in the situation.
not think much of sth/sb not like sth/sb
very much.
be nothing like sb/sth not be similar to
sb or sth in any way.
so far until now.
lovely and warm, cool, soft, etc. used to
emphasize the pleasant quality that sth
has: The bed was lovely and soft.

WORD FOCUS
)i!f¥~fFr;i1{e ~'~~mlturtt1/..·
JnQJJt,~t,;,yo~rtl~~tth~Jat~st, .··· .
·poss~i,~ri}P:.bi{<:>r.f1U'tev~; Y?Y ~re
almost late'.·w~ tl~ minute ,n several.
other idipms. ·:, . . . ·. .. .
..4"'){,Utfnuteverysoc;m;c'f/iJ\'~'/f~e here
iiily ,rtioute. .. ., · · ·
the mitt.Ute as SQ.OIJ'as: I want to see
hlin the minute he gets here.

•
BODY. HEALTH AND MIND

Physical actions

He's fallen over.

She's tripped over the log.

The cyclist has knocked him over/down.

She's bumped into the lamppost.

•
 PHYSICA L ACTIONS

She's lying down.

He's getting up.

He's bending down/over.

He's turning round/around to talk to

his friend .

•
r .} BODY, HEALTH AND MIND

"'l A healt~y eating plan

BRAD: I realized I'd put on weight when
my trousers started to feel a bit
tight. But when I couldn't do
up the jacket on my best suit, I
knew right away it was time to
turn over a new leaf - as far as
food was concerned, anyway. I
mentioned this to a friend, who
sent me details of an internet
dieting programme. I thought it
was worth trying, so I signed up
for it.
The website sent me weekly
recipes of healthy diet meals, but
also recommended that I should
cut down on the actual portion
size, and obviously cut out junk
food, sweets, fizzy drinks, etc. It
was hard going at first because
it meant changing a number
of habits, but I kept to the diet
very rigidly and after a while,
the weight started to fall off. I
combined it with working out at
the gym, but I know the diet was
the main thing that helped.
A normal meal now fills me up,
so I'm not constantly looking
for extra snacks (which are my
big temptation). I'm going away
on holiday next week, happy to
show off " my new image! I'm
glad I faced up to my problem. •

•
 A HEALTHY EATING PLAN

put on (weight) become heavier. ..;,

do sth up fasten an item of clothing
which has buttons or a zip.
turn over a new leaf start to act or
behave in a better way.
as far as sth/sb is concerned used to say
which person or thing you are talking
about.
sign up (for sth) arrange to do a course,
join a group, etc. by adding your name
to a list of people doing it.
cut down (on sth) eat, drink or use less
of sth.
cut sth out stop eating or drinking sth,
especially sth that is bad for you.
hard going needing a lot of effort.
keep to sth follow a rule or an agreement,
by doing what you said you would do.
fall off decrease in quantity or quality.
work out make your body fit and strong
by doing a programme of regular
exercises. workout N.
fill sb up (of food) make sb feel
completely full.
face up to sth accept and deal with sth
that is difficult or unpleasant.

.If YQUs$ltOY( ,stb~ . ,•)l()ts ,show,people: ,

something that you are, proud of. lf
)I.PI.I show. oif, lN,F~,PISAPP~OVI~G.
yot'fttytc,:f;npi-e:.p~ple by~fki¥tg
about your abilities, possessi0¥ts.9r
achievements (see also 16.4).
BODY, HEALTH AND MIND

Common ailments
Li: Hi, Rose! ~ow are things?. . . .•,
R~se:' 1,~ f~~ling a bit ~~d~~·t~~ ;;ather,
actually, I had some shellfish round at my
sister's last night, and it didn't agree
with me.
Li: Oh, dear! Were you sick?
R:,;:'v~tj'~;~ throwing up all night,
well,
Li: · just drink w~i:er and eaid;:y toasi:-
that's what Mum recomme,nds,
11~~: 1will - when I ca·n keep something
down!

Ali: I hear Jamie's picked ~pa bug. .

A~n: Yes, there are lots ofthem going round
at the moment. I don't think it's serious, but
he's looking pretty washed out 'Y, so I'm
keeping him at home today, ..
Ali; Weil, it won't do him any harm to take
it easy for a day or two. .
Ann: No, th;s~ thi~~s can take it out of you,
but I'm sure he'll get over it soon. .
Ali: Yeah, he's young- he'll be on the mend
in no time!

J~~; Dad's been complaining of a bad

back again. . . .. . ,
L~ttie: Y~s/it us~~lly flares up ~h;;;~;r ""
been gardening.
 COM MON AILMENTS t
l
.
'-,J

r ..
under the weather INF feeling slightly ..J"'

sick or not as well as usual.

not agree with sb (of food) make you
feel sick or ill.
throw up INF bring food from your
stom ach back out throu gh your mout h.
keep sth down succeed in keeping food
in your stom ach even if you feel sick.
pick sth up catch an infectious illness.
go round if an illness is going round ,
people are catching it from each other.
it won 't/wo uldn 't do (sb) any
harm used to say what you think sb
shou ld do.
take it/things easy relax and avoid doing
too much or working too hard. SYN put
your feet up.
a day or two one or a few days.
take it/a lot out of sb INF make sb feel
ment ally or physically tired.
get over sth start to feel bette r or well
again after an illness or sth unpleasant.
s
on the mend gettin g better after an illnes
or injury.
complain of sth say that you are suffering
from sth, e.g. pain, an illness.
flare up sudd enly start again or beco me
worse.

WOR D FOCUS
If ~;{Qt.ftW,l$1JetJ 9Jlt lt,IF; ~ f<!ok
pal~, ill .or tfre<t Jf yi:nr~re wor1'elyouttired.
or
Wiped out INF, you are extrem

•
_.... BODY, HEALTH AND MIND
"
r',l Going to hospital

EVA: When I was eight, I was knocked

over by a bike outside my house. Of
course, I burst into tears - it was
mainly the shock, but mcut my knee
badly and my arm was starting to
swell. People crowded round, trying
to help. Fortunately a doctor was .
passing by and he sent me to hospital
to get checked over. When I got
there, the nurse calmed me down,
and they cleaned and stitched up the
cut. Back at home, Mum took care
of me and gave me ice cream. After a
day or two, the pain eased off and the
swelling went down. They took the
stitches out a week later.
""'·:·,···:•t:ww#-·-"'·""'"""'!'i'l-~i,,,__

FRANCISCO: Not long ago, I had to go

to hospital to have my wisdom teeth
out. I hate injections at the best of
times, but on this occasion, when
they tried to give me an anaesthetic,
I just passed out •· I felt stupid when
I came to T!

•
 GOING TO HOSPITAL

knock sb over/down hit sb with a vehicle

so that they fall and are injured or killed
burst into tears start crying suddenly.
crowd round/around (sb/sth) gather in
large numbers around sb/sth.
pass by (sth/sb) go past. A person who
goes past is a passer-by N.
check sb/sth over examine sb/sth to see
if there is anything wrong with them/it.
calm sb down make sb feel more relaxed
and less anxious or emotional.
stitch sb/sth up join sb's skin together
after it has been cut.
take care of sb do the nec,essary things
for sb who needs help. SYN look after sb.
ease off if sth unpleasant, e.g. pain, eases
off, it gets better or becomes less.
go down (of swelling) become less.
take sth out remove sth from sb's body.
have sth out have a tooth removed
from your mouth, or an organ, e.g. an
appendix, removed from your body.
at the best of times used to say that sth
is difficult or unpleasant, even when the
circumstances are good.

WORD FOCUS
· Wben some people see,blood; they
may pass out (= lose ctmsciouSfless)
SYN black out. After a minute or
two, they come to SYN ·come round
(= become conscious again).
 f
Lr1
BODY, HEALTH AND MIND

c·· l Health headlines

Nurses urged to guard against

becoming too emotionally
attached to patients

England Captain JAZZ LEGEND

on verge of .PASSESA,WAY
breakdown IN'Hl'S SbEEP

Discovery leads to
new anti-stress drug

Asthma symptoms
brought on \,y
cat allergy
SMOKING-RELATED
DISEASES ON fflE RISE
Workers deprived
of sleep cost HOSPITAL JOBS
ipdti~~i~f· SHAKE-UP PUTS
EMERGENCY
DOCTORS WARNED TO
PATIENTS AT
BE ON THEIR GUARD
RISK
FOR TUBERCULOSIS

Police search out

gang members who
attacked boy

•
f
HEALTH HEADLINES ! ·...;
take sth up start doing sth regularly as .•Ji
a habit, job or interest.
guard against sth take care to prevent
sth or protect yourself from sth.
on the verge of sth very near to the
moment when sth happens.
breakdown a period of mental illness
in which sb becomes very depressed
and anxious and cannot deal with
normal life.
pass away die. Pass away is often used
in place of'die' to avoid upsetting sb.
pull through (sth) manage to stay alive
after a serious illness, an injury or
an operation.
lead to sth have a particular result or
outcome. sYN result in sth.
bring sth on make sth develop or happen,
especially sth unpleasant.
check into sth arrive at a hospital.or hotel
and begin your stay there.
on the rise increasing. SYN on the increase.
deprive sb of sth prevent sb from having
or doing sth, especially sth important.
be on (your) guard be very careful and
prepared for sth dangerous or difficult.
shake-up a situation in which changes are
made to a company, organization, etc.
to improve the way it works.
at risk in danger of sth unpleasant or
harmful happening: put sb!sth at risk.
search sth/sb out look for sb/sth until
you find them. SYN track sb/sth down.

•
 .-. BODY, HEALTH AND MIND
\,;..,..,

l'"'J Feelings
How are you feeling today?
ANNIE I was a bit down in the dumps this
morning for various reasons, but a friend
gave me a big bunch of flowers which
brought a smile to my face -.:
..............................................
LEO I watched my little girl sing a song at a
school concert today. I was choking back
the tears; I was just so proud of her.

FINN My brother started on at me about

my driving, and that made me tense up. I'm
always on edge when he's in the passenger
seat, because he's so critical.

RONI I'm a bit shaken up. I went to look out

of the window and a strange man was right
there, staring at me. I nearly jumped out
of my skin, but fortunately he ran off. I was
shaking like a leaf afterwards.
...............................................
EVIE My boyfriend rang me from the States
this morning. It really made my day.

ROB I went to the gym, and that really tired

, me out But then I had a coffee and a sit-
it ............................................ ..
down, and I perked up a bit.

! JOSH I tend to bottle up my feelings, but

; today I got really worked up because of a
I horrible text from my boss. It was stupid, but
i ........................ ..................... .
'
I had to go for a walk to cool down.
~

I MIA I've been on tenterhooks all day,

\ waiting for my exam results! ___ )
'-----,---------
 FEELINGS l...J
:'.;\
down in the dumps INF feeling unhappy.
choke sth back manage with difficulty to
control your tears, feelings, etc.
start on at sb (about sth) INF criticize sb
or start to complain about sth.
tense up if you tense up, your muscles
become tight or stiff.
on edge nervous because you are
expecting sth bad to happen.
shake sb up give sb a very unpleasant
shock so that they are upset or frightened
jump out of your skin INF move suddenly
because you are surprised or afraid.
shake like a leaf make sudden, quick
movements, up and down or side to side,
because you are frightened or nervous.
make sb's day make sb feel very happy.
tire sb out make sb feel very tired.
a sit-down a rest while sitting in a chair.
perk up INF feel more cheerful or lively
after feeling sad, ill, etc. (Also perk sb up.)
bottle sth up hide your feelings, especially
over a long period of time.
be/get worked up INF be/get very upset
or excited about sth.
cool down become less angry or excited.
on tenterhooks nervous because you do
not know what is going to happen.
WOR D FOCUS
If someti'Jll'lg'1>1J1Jgf§~Umile tO''four ..
face, it makes y<m:nappy.; If som,etb:lng
brings tears ~ .v~r· ~es, it makes Y04J
cry, or feel as if you are going to cry.

•
---, FAMILY AND FRIENDS
('("',
Growing up

was born in

l London, but we
moved
when I was four
away

to be closer to my
grandpa rents,
and I grew up in
a medium-sized
town in the north
of England. My dad was
always on the road with his job, so I was
mainly brought up 'f' by my mother and
grandparents.
As a child I looked forward to
Saturdays. Grandad took me to watch
Chesterfield, my local football team.
I loved it, and he got quite carried
away watching football; it was the only
time I ever heard him swear. Sundays,
however, were boring. My parents
wouldn't let me out to play in the street:
I had to stay in and sometimes give my
mother a hand with the housework. I
could invite friends round, but that was
only because my mother wanted to keep
an eye on me.
Dad occasionally took us out to the
cinema or for a picnic, which was good
fun. And in the summer we always went
away for two weeks, often to strange
places in Scotland I'd never heard of. •
 GROWI NG UP r..., ....

move away stop living in one place and

go to live in another.
grow up change from being a baby or
child into an older child or adult.
A grown-up is an adult.
on the road travelling, often because of
a job.
ook forward to sth feel happy and excited
about sth that is going to happen.
get/be carried away become so excited
that you lose control of your feelings.
iet sb/sth out allow a person or an animal
to leave a room, house, etc.
stay in remain in your home for a period
of time.
give sb a hand help sb to do sth.
nvite sb round/ over ask sb to come to
your house, for example for a meal.
iceep an eye on sb watch sb and look after
them so that they cannot be harmed.
take sb out go to a club, restaurant, etc.
with sb that you have invited.
go away leave home for a period of time,
especially to go on holiday.
hear of sth if you have heard of sth, you
know about it because you have read or
been told about it.

WORD FOCUS
If you bring a chlkhp , you look after
them until they become, an ac:lult This
verb is oftep passiv~. &ipb,lngtng N.
I had a very differen t upbringing from
my wife.

•
r-·] FAMILY AND FRIENDS

What makes a good parent?

Being a good parent is not easy, and
all parents make mistakes. But here
are some things to bear in mind.
Good parents:
• shouldn't have favourites or pick on one
child more than another.
• shouldn't take sides,. when children
argue with one another.
• shouldn't take it out on their children
when they (the parents) are in a bad mood.
• should have their arguments in private,
not in front of their children.
• should look on each child as an individual.
• should give them unconditional love, but
also be prepared to lay down the law
when necessary, e.g. at bedtimes.
• should learn to turn a blind eye to small,
unimportant things that children do wrong.
• should talk and listen to their children,
and if necessary, be a shoulder to cry on.
• should seek out interesting things to do
in the neighbourhood.
• should welcome their children's friends
and getto know them.
• should try to establish routines for their
children. Kids thrive on routines and
knowing what their day will be like.
• should make friends with parents who
have children the same age, so they can
talk through issues that affect them all.

•
 WHAT MAKES A GOOD PARENT'

bear sth in mind remember or consider

sth. (Also bear in mind that .... )
pick on sb keep treating sb badly or
unfairly, especially by criticizing them.
take sth out on sb make sb suffer
because you are angry, upset or tired,
even though it is not their fault.
in private in a place or situation where
other people cannot watch or listen.
OPP in public.
look on sb as sb/sth think about sb in a
particular way.
lay down the law tell sb firmly what they
should or should not do.
turn a blind eye (to sth) pretend not to
notice sth bad happening, because you
do not want to do anything about it.
a shoulder to cry on sb who listens to
you with sympathy when you have
problems.
seek sb/ sth out find sb or sth by looking
in a determined way.
get to know sb start to be familiar with
sb and become friends.
thrive on sth become successful or happy
in a situation.
talk sth through discuss sth carefully
until you are sure you understand it.

WORD FOCUS
If you take sides in a disagreement,
you show support for one person and
not others. If you are on sb's side, you
su1Iport and agree with them .

•
,·r, FAMILY AND FRIENDS

,..- Mother and daughter

·;,·HEN Deborah Tannen
/ started writing her book
about mother/daughter
relationships, she wanted to know why
she didn't get on better with her
own mother.
'Yes I adored her,' she says, 'but she
also,drove me mad: Perhaps this stems
from the fact that the mother/daughter
relationship is such a great source of both
love and anger. For example, you tell
your mother you bought a handbag and
she shares your excitement. Then .You t~ll
her you're on a diet and she says, but will
you keep it up?'. It's probably a harmless
remark, but for someone who knows you
inside out and is supposed to be on your
side, why does she sometimes insist on ~
making you feel a failure?
What is at issue here is the fact that
mothers and daughters are reflections of
each other (in a way that mothers and
sons obviously aren't), and that forces
them to face up to who they are and
what they want to be. And mothers, of
course, are always looking to see whether ,
their daughter turns out like them.
Another thing is that women love to talk.
It is the glue that holds a relationship .
together, but can also tear it apart. It is
often said that women talk to each other
whereas men do things with each other. •
'

II
 UGHTER '..,J,,.J
MO TH ER AN D DA
ip ''"'".,
ve a go od relationsh
ge t on (with sb) ha
(with sb).
. SYN
ma ke sb ve ry angry
drive sb mad IN F
.
be nd INF
drive sb ro un d the
m sth be ca us ed by sth.
stem fro
ing sth, or ma int ain
keep sth up keep do
lev el or sta nd ard .
sth at the sa me
ide ou t kn ow sb /st h ve ry
know sb /st h ins
like the back of
well. (Also kn ow sth
yo ur ha nd .)
o sth be expected
be supposed to be /d y
cu lar way, especiall
to behave in a pa rti le or
m, ru
ac co rdi ng to a cu sto
arr an ge me nt.
nt
ue, it is an im po rta
at issue if sth is at iss ct un de r
n or su bje
aspect of a sit ua tio
discussion.
an d deal wi th sth
face up to sth accept
ple as an t
tha t is difficult or un
a pa rti cu lar way or
turn ou t develop in ult.
have a pa rti cu lar res
keep sth or two or
hold sth /sb to ge th er
an d strong.
mo re pe op le un ite d
ma ge or de str oy sth su ch
tear sth ap ar t da
ces/
N tea r sth to pie
as a relationship. SY
shred s.

entmeanlngs.
Insist on sth has differthing even if it is
1 cont!nu e doing some
e text).'
annoy,ng or strange (se wa nt something
you
2 say firmly th at st ha ppen: He
~r ~hat something mu er. Sh e insisted on
on an an
ms1sted the meal. sw
pa yin g for
FAMIILY AND FRIENDS

What makes a good friend?

'To my mind, a good friend is someone you
can count on "'· and someone who will '
stand by you when the going gets toug_~:
:M~-b~~~- i;1~~a ;~ ·;h~·~~~ ~h~· i,;i~~~- ~~t the
best in me. ' Henry Ford
;;.:,~; i~ ·~; ·b~~~-f~i~~di t,~·~· ~- ~~~t -.~~~h.
When I'm down he cheers me up.'
·········································.fu·
:;,,_· friend is someone who will put up w1
your faults becaus.~ ~~~'..l_i~~ '..~~-: .......... .
····················

'I get by with a little help from my friends:

Lennon and McCartney

·:;. ~~~-d 'ir°i~~d· ;~ ~~~~b~d; ~h~· ;~ ~h~;~ ...

when you need them: someone who'll get
behind you and won't let you down:
;1~h;~·k ~· ~~~d f;;~~d ···················
is someone you relate
to - someone who shares your interests and
sense of humour:
················
'Th; b~;t~; ~~~~ ~f ~~~;s· iife. ~~nsists of
friendships: Abraham Lincoln .......... .
;F~; ·~~: ~· ~~~d f;;~~d ;~·~~~~~~~ho livens
up the party!'

II
 FRI END ?
WH AT MA KES A GO OD

ize that you

to my mind used to emphas
r own opi nion.
are expressing you
and sup por t sb, especially
stan d by sb help
they are hav ing pro blem s.
when
INF in
wh en the goi ng get s tou gh
difficult situatio ns.
sb make
bring out the bes t/w ors t in
in the bes t or wor st way
sb behave
possible.
eone who is
a (go od! gre at) laugh som
fun to be with .
pier or
che er sb up make sb feel hap
less sad.
sth/sb
put up with sth /sb accept
unpleasant in a pat ien t way ; tolerate
sth/sb.
ive with sth,
get by manage to live or surv
or with what you hav e.
help them in
get behind sb support sb or
what they are tryi ng to do.
por t sb in the
let sb dow n not help or sup
expecting.
way that they are hoping and
erst and the way
relate to sb be able to und
that sb feel s and thin ks.
the things
consist of sth be formed fmm
or people mentioned.
interesting or
liven sth up make sth more
excitin g.

trust ·
It you cai:r cou nt oi:i st>;.;you ,anething
them, o.r trust them .to do somon sb or
for you. You can also use rely.
depend on sb in this context
 FAMILY AND FRIENDS
'-- .
,.....-. Friendships at work

Danger: friends at work

EN SIOBHAN MOORE started her
VV 1first job, she made friends with a
colleague called Tricia. They started going
out after work, and one night, Siobhan
happened to mention that she liked their
head of department, and she thought
he liked her too. Tricia immediately
tried to get more details out of her; and
Siobhan went home wonying whether
Tricia would keep the conversation to
hersetf. Fortunately, the romance came
to nothing and the friendship survived.
But it was a warning.
Friendships at work can be a problem,
and it's hard to know where to draw
the line. According to sociologist Dr
Jan Yager, the trick is not to confide in
coileagues. "Steer clear of persona!
information or strong opinions if possible."
Claire Langman had a friend at work,
and they got along very well until the two
of them went for ..., the same promotion.
"I then realized I was trying to persuade
others to find fault with my competitor,"
says Claire. "I wasn't proud of that."
Friendships can also mess up the
dynamics of an office because two
people who become friends can appear
a stronger unit and that creates an
imbalance. A

•
 FRIEN DSHIP S AT WORK

make friends (with sb) become friends ,F"

(with sb).
happen to do sth do sth by chance.
get sth out of sb persuade sb to give you
more information about sth.
keep sth to yourself not tell other people
about sth. (If you keep yourself to
yourself, you stay alone, rather than
spending time with other people.)
come to nothin g if sth comes to nothing,
it is not successful and goes no further.
draw the line (at sth) set a limit where
you say that you will no longer allow or
acceptsth. ·
confide in sb tell sb personal information
because you feel that you can trust
them.
steer clear of sth/sb avoid sth/sb because
it may be dangerous or cause you
problems.
get along (of two or more people)
like each other and have a good
relationship.
find fault with sb criticize sb, often after
trying to find mistakes they have made.
mess sth up damage or spoil sth.
WOR D FOCUS
Go for sth/sb. INF has different meanings.
1 try to get something. e.g. a job, that
you have to compete for (see text).
2 like .a particular kind of person or thing:
What type of men do you go for?
3 choose a particular kind of thing:
I'm going for the fish What about you?
ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Starting a new relationship

Are you looking for a new partner?

You ma'.y have ended up with the
wrong one last time, but there are still
wonderful people out there. However, it
is important that you've got over "" any
previous relationships and feel you are
now ready to start a new relationship.
When you go out with someone, don't
expect too much on the first date, but if
you have a good time, there's no harm
In texting or phoning to say you enjoyed
it. Don't insist on another date but try a
gentle, 'would you like to meet up again?'
Even if the first date wasn't a great success
- remember both parties may have been
very nervous - give It a second try. Then,
if it doesn't work out, you can cut your
losses and move on.
If things go well, consider how well he or
shefits in with your friends, ar\d whether:·
you feel at ease with their friends. Arid·
don't forget your own friends; you need
to spend time with them too.
Most important of all, listen to your gut
feeling - it's rarely wrong.

• j
 STARTING A NEW RELATIONSHIP

end up find yourself in a particular

situation or place that you did not plan
to be in.
out there in society, or in the world.
go out with sb have a romantic meeting
or relationship with sb.
there's no harm in doing sth used to say
that doing sth will not cause problems
and may help a situation.
insist on sth say firmly that you want sth
or that sth must happen.
meet up INF (of two or more people)
meet by arrangement. (Also meet up
withsb.)
give sth a try do sth to find out what
happens, or to find out whether sth is
good, effective, etc.
work out develop in a successful way.
cut your losses get out of a bad situation
before it gets worse instead of waiting
to see if it improves.
move on start doing sth new.
fit in with sb/sth live, work, etc. in an
easy and natural way with sb/ sth.
at ease confident and relaxed.
gut feeling a feeling that you are certain is
right, although you cannot explain why.

WORD FOCUS
If you get over sth/sb, you recover
from the end of a relationship (see
text), a difficult experience, an illness or
shock: It took me ages to get over my
operation. She was disappointed about
failing the exam, but she'll get over it.

j
(' j ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP S
'
Ending a relationship
t's n_ever_ easy to e~d a relationship,
I but if thmgs are gomg wrong, it may
be better to break up rather than allow a
relationship to drag on for ages making
both of you unhappy. Here is some advice
to make the break-up less painful.

O Make sure you talk over any problems

you have first. Every relationship has
its ups and downs. and with full and
open discussion you may be able to
sort things out between you.
t) If you finally decide that the
relationship has come to an end,
don't just walk away T. End it in
person, not by phone, email or text
message, and do it in private.
€) Break the news calmly, and don't get
into an argument. Make sure you
know why you want to split up and
can explain your reasons clearly.
O Focus on why the relationship is not
working for you; don't spend your
time blaming the other person.
0 Once you've made up your mind,
stick to your decision. It may seem
unkind, but it's better for both of
you like that.
0 Don't drag the conversation out.
Give yourself a clear reason why you
have to stop at a certain point, and
then leave.

•
'
ENDING A RELATIONSHIP

go wrong develop badly and cause

problems.
break up (of two people) end a romantic
relationship. (Also break up with sb.)
SYN split up (with sb). break-up N.
drag on continue for too long.
talk sth over (with sb) discuss a problem
or plan.
ups and downs a mix of good times and
bad times.
sort sth out do what is necessary to deal
with a problem successfully.
come to an end finish.
in person ifypu po sth in person, you do it
yourself, irtstead of writing, phoning or
sending sb else to do it.
in private without other people being
present. OPP in public.
get into sth start or become involved in sth
such as a discussion, argument, fight, etc.
focus on sth concentrate on sth and pay
particular attention to it.
make up your mind make a decision.
stick to sth continue to do sth even
though it is difficult.
drag sth out make sth continue longer
than is necessary.

WORD FOCUS
If you walk away (from sblstlt). you
leave a difficult relationshiR or situation
instead of trying to deaJ with it. If you
walk out (on sb/sth); you suddenly leave
a person or situation that needs you .
 T
.• r ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

How did we meet?

NRAD joined the company

here I work last May. I
remember his very first day - we
were queuing up together at
the staff coffee machine, and I
suddenly realized he was trying to
chat me up. This took me a bit by
surprise because he was junior to
me in the company and also three
years younger. But he was very
self-confident, in fact a bit too se!f-
confident for my liking, so when he
asked me out the following day, I
made it very clear the answer was
'no'. But that didn't put him off at
all. He kept on asking, and in the
end I just gave in. I agreed to go to
a friend's party with him, and actually
we had a really nice time. He was
quite different when we were on
our own, and we started going out
together; it's been three months now.
We've fallen out a couple of times
when he hasn't shown up for a date,
or he's been late, but we always seem
to make up, and we're still together.

•
T

HOW DID WE MEET?

queue (up) wait in a line of people to do

sth, have sth, or go somewhere.
chat sb up INF start a conversation
with sb because you are romantically
attracted to them.
take sb by surprise do sth that is
unexpected and may shock sb.
for my liking if you say that sb is too self-
confident for your liking, you would
like them to be less self-confident.
ask sb out invite sb to go somewhere with
you, especially as a way of starting a
romantic relationship with them.
put sb off make sb not want to do sth, or
make sb not like sb/sth.
keep on doing sth do sth many times.
in the end finally; after a long period of
time or series of events.
give in (to sb/sth) agree to do sth that
perhaps you did not want to do.
on your own alone; not with other
people.
go out together (of two people)
spend time together in a romantic
relationship. (Also go out with sb.)
fall out (of two people) have an argument
or no longer be friends. (Also fall out
withsb.)
show up INF arrive where you have
arranged to meet sb.
make up (of two people) end a
disagreement and become friends
again. (Also make up with sb.)
.-,..,
-, ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Y Starting again

Second time lucky

CAROLINE: I was only just sixteen when I

met Robbie. We went out together for two
years and then all through university. At the
time I felt sure we were going to be together
for the rest of our lives. But when we left
university and started our careers, things
didn't work out ..- and unfortunately, we
began to drift apart. It all came to a head
when Robbie was offered a job abroad: he
decided to take it, but I wanted to stay put
in England, and eventually we split up.
For two years after that I didn't have a
real boyfriend, but I was always confident
that something would tum up. And it did.
I met Gavin at the local gym where he used
to work out..-. We got together and quickly
realized that this was the relationship we
had both been looking for. Our plan now
is to settle down and get married; were
extremely happy.
In retrospect, I think that Robbie and
I met too early. In a way, we both missed
out on our youth the time when you can
just let your hair down and not think about
marriage or settling down. "

•
 STARTING AGAIN

drift apart if two or more people drift

apart, their relationship gradually ends.
come to a head if a problem or situation
comes to a head, it suddenly becomes
much worse and has to be dealt with.
stay put remain in one place or position.
split up (of two people) end a romantic
relationship. (Also split up with sb.)
turn up if sth turns up, it happens
unexpectedly or by chance.
get together INF start a romantic
relationship.
look for sth hope to get sth that you want
or need.
settle down begin to live a quieter life by
getting married or staying permanently
in the same place.
in retrospect thinking back to a time in the
past, often with knowledge that you did
not have then. SYN with hindsight.
miss out on sth if you miss out on sth, you
lose an opportunity to do or have sth.
let your hair down INF relax and enjoy
yourself, especially in a lively way and
without having to worry about anything.
WORD FOCUS
Work out has different meanings.
1 be successful, or end in a particular
way (see paragraph 1 in the text);
2 do physical exercise as a way
of keeping fit (see paragraph 2).
workoutN.

•
ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS

Ex-girlfriends
Robbie.'s love life

E mily was my first real girlfriend. We

were together for two years, and I
don't know how she put up with me. I
was very immature and not very nice to
her some of the time. When she finally
finished with me, I asked her why it took
her so long. She said she didn't have the
heart to tell me that it was over.

Ruby and I met a couple of months later.

I fell for her in a big way. In fact, after
two weeks I told her I was in love with her.
She just said I was being silly, but I still
adored her. Then I found out that she was
cheating on me. That was the end of that.

Megan and I hit it off immediately. She

reminded me of Emily in lots of ways. I felt
I could confide in her, and she always said
that I cheered her up. We got on really
well, but last month she said she wanted
me to move in with her. I thought it was
a good idea at first, but then I started to
get cold feet. Last week I told her I
wanted to end the relationship. •
 EX-G IRLF RIEN DS

put up with sb/s th accept sb/sth

unpleasant in a patie nt way; tolerate
sb/sth.
ionship
finish with sb end a romantic relat
with sb.
able
not have the hear t to do sth not be
to do or say sth beca use you thin k it
would make sb unhappy.
start
fall for sb be very attracted to sb and
to love them.
the
in a big way INF used to emphasize
degree that you do or feel sth.
chea t on sb be unfaithful to your
a
husband, wife or part ner by having
relationship with sb else.
when
hit it off INF if two people hit it off
they meet for the first time , they like
each other.
else
remind sb of sb make sb thin k of sb
because of a likeness or simi larity .
confide in sb tell sb secret or personal
.
information because you trus t them
r sb up mak e sb happ ier or mor e
chee
cheerful.
each
get on if two people get on, they like
othe r and have a good relat ions hip.
(Also get on with sb.) SYN get along
(with sb).
in the
mov e in with sb start living with sb
house or flat whe re they alrea dy live.
ous
get/ hav e cold feet start to feel nerv
about sth you have plan ned or agreed
to do.

II
 EVERYDAY LIFE

Lr, Weather

eople from overseas often say

Pthat British people go on about
the weather, but there is a reason for
it: British weather not only changes
from one day to the next •, but
sometimes from one hour to the
next. The day can start off with fine
weather - the sun comes up and
there's a bright blue sky. Then, by
nine o'clock it begins to cloud over,
and by mid-morning it's pouring
down. Ten minutes later, the rain
eases off, the sun comes out, it starts
to brighten up, and it's fine again. By
mid-afternoon the wind might pick
up, bringing with it more rain, but by
the end of the day it's dry. Perhaps this
is why the British often tell others to
make the most of the good weather
while it lasts.
You would think the British would
be prepared for anything, yet they're
still caught out by the weather. More
than ten centimetres of snow in the
winter and transport grinds to a halt;
more than a few weeks of hot weather
in the summer and there are warnings
....
...
of water shortages!

•
 WEATHE R ni
'..J

go on (and on) about sth talk so much

about sth that people get bored.
start off begin in a particul ar way.
come up (of the sun) rise in the morning .
OPP go down.
cloud over become cloudy.
pour (down) rain very hard. SYN pour
with rain.
ease off become less strong, unpleasa nt,
etc.
come out (of the sun) appear from behind
clouds.
brighten up if the weather brighten s up, it
becomes sunnier.
pick up if the wind picks up, it becomes
stronger.
make the most of sth enjoy sth while you
have the opportun ity.
catch sb out OFTEN PASSIVE surprise sb
by putting them in a difficult situation
that they are not prepared for.
grind to a halt if traffic grinds to a halt, it
moves very slowly and then stops. SYN
grind to a standstill.

WORD FOCUS
If a ~itu~n cl}p.ngi:s.f1om. one day to
the n•xt,.Jt.,is uncertain ;Jnd not likely
to stay the same ear;h day (~ee text).
If something changes .from day to day,
it often changes: The weather can
change fr.om day-to day.
If something happen!i day after day,
it happens repeatedly, and is usually
annoying: We had rain day after day.
EVERYDAY LIFE

Food
What does food mean to you?
r.;::a MARCIA When I'm not eating,
19 I seem to be either cooking or
buying food, so my life revolves
around food.
···························· ··········
KV I don't get these people who
live for food. I usually just heat
up something from a can, or
pick up a takeaway.
···························· ··················
·· ASHLEY I regularly go on a diet,
so I really have to think about
what I'm eating. I've already
given up chocolate, and at the
moment I'm trying to cut down
on my carbohydrate intake.
Most of the time, though, I'm
starving.
...............................................
JAY Food is important provided
you eat the right things. I've cut
out junk food altcgether, and I'm
now really careful about eating
too much dairy as well. But
having said that, I couldn't go

,............................. .
without my chocolate!
...............
R SENSOR I eat and eat, but I'm
~ still thin as a rake. I guess I just
""" burn off the calories with all the
exercise I get.

RHONDA For me food is a

social thing. When I want to see
friends, I ask them over for a
meal, or we eat out somewhere.

•
 l'OOD

revolve around sth/sb have sth/sb as the

most impor tant part.
live for sth consider sth to be the most
impor tant thing in your life.
heat sth up make sth that has been
cooked before warm or hot. SYN warm
sth up.
pick sth up INF buy sth, especially cheaply
or by chance.
takeaway a meal that you buy in a
restaurant or shop to eat at home. take
sth away v.
go/be on a diet try to get thinne r by
eating a limited range of food.
give sth up stop doing or having sth.
cut down on sth reduce the size, amou nt
or numb er of sth.
be starving INF be very hungry.
cut sth out stop eating sth or doing sth,
especially because it is bad for your
health.
having said that INF used to introd uce an
opinion that makes what you have just
said seem less strong.
go witho ut sth live witho ut sth that you
need or would like to have.
(as) thin as a rake very thin.
burn sth off reduce calories, weight, etc.
by using energy throug h exercise.
ask sb over invite sb to come to your
house, usually for a drink or a meal.
eat out eat in a restaurant. (eat in = eat at
home.)

•
,:-("', EVERYDAY LIFE

Cooking
Mushroom risotto

Preparation method
i. j~ ~ ;~; f~ rl,~ ~~~h~~~ gently and put
to one side. At the same time, soak
the dried porcini in a little wann water.
2 Gently fry the chopped onion and garlic.
If you don't like garlic, leave it out.
3 Add the rice, then the white wine, and
stir until the wine has almost evaporated.
Now add the mushrooms and porcini.
4 Now you can add the hot chicken stock. a
bit at a time, and stir fairly continuously
until the rice has absorbed the stock. This
will take about 15 minutes, but you should
still be able to clear up as you go along.
S By the time you've used up all the
stock, the risotto should be tender. Take it
off the heat, stir in some butter, half the
parmesan and some parsley, and leave it to
rest for a few minutes - this will finish off
the risotto and make it especially creamy.
6 Serve up the risotto while hot and hand
round the rest of the pannesan.

~'.~~~,:-.~~,~:'.
~,da)t+butill,~~~*;n,
us14ily palish ~all otf:at tit« utile;

•
 COOKING ' ..• .,

to/on one side in a place thatis not directly

in front of you or where you are working.
at the same time used to say that two or
more things happen together.
leave sth/ sb out not include sth or sb.
a bit at a time "in small stages over a period
of time.
clear (sth) up make a place clean and tidy.
as you go along if you do sth as you go
along, you do it while you are doing sth
else.
by the time used to say what has already
happened at the time that sth else
happens.
use sth up use all of sth so that there is
none left.
stir sth in add sth to a liquid or other
substance and mix it.
finish sth off do the last part of sth so that
it is complete.
serve sth up put food onto plates and give
it to people to eat.
hand sth around/rou nd give sth to other
people in a group.
heat sth up make sth that has been cooked
before warm or hot. SYN warm sth up.
polish sth off INF finish sth, especially food,
very quickly.

WORD FOCUS
Leftovers PL N refers brood that remains
after you haveeate,:,.·The ve,v form is be
left over (from stb): There is .still some
chicken left over from yesterday .
· ~ EVERYDAY LIFE

tr. Our home

HEN THE estate agent first

W showed us round the flat, my
heart sank. It looked fine from the
outside, but inside it was in a pretty bad
state. David, however, liked it, and as it
was all we could afford, we eventually
decided to buy it.
We moved in ..- a couple of months
later, and set about doing it up. We
worked flat out to decorate the living
room, kitchen and bedroom. and that
smartened the place up quite a bit.
We then had the old boiler taken out
and put in a new one, which was
both smaller and more efficient. My
brother helped me to build a couple of
cupboards to give us more storage space,
and I put up some shelves for our books.
By this stage we had settled in and
several neighbours had invited us
round, so we soon got to know quite a
few people in our building. The area also
turned out to be a convenient place to
live. as it has some decent shops and a
good bus service. •

•
 OUR HOME

show sb round/around be a guide for sb

when they visit a place for the first time.
my heart sank used to say that you
suddenly felt very disappointed by sth.
set about (doing) sth start doing sth with
energy and effort.
do sth up repair and decorate a home, etc.
flat out INF as quickly or with as much
effort as possible. SYN like mad INF.
smarten sth/sb up make a place or
person look neater or more attractive.
take sth out remove sth from a place
where it is fixed or it belongs, e.g. a
wallet from a pocket.
put sth in fix sth such as equipment in the
place where it will be used.
put sth up build sth: put up a building!
shelves!a fence.
settle in become familiar with a new home
and start to feel comfortable there.
,nvite sb round/over ask sb to come to
your home, usually for a drink or a meal.
get to know sb start to be familiar with
sb and become friends.
tum out (to be sth) develop or end in a
particular way, and often one that you
did not expect.

WORD FOCUS
If you move in, or mo~e ildo sth, you
start to 1.lve in a new home. If you
move out, or mo!'e out of sth, you
leave your home forever. If you move
away, you stop living in one: pface or
area, and go to live in another. .,
Li;
. EVERYDAY LIFE

L.C Clothes shopping

The shop assistant brought me this pair
of trousers to try on, but I couldn'tget
into them at all - I was really quite
embarrassed. Then I realized she'd
' brought me the wrong size.
I saw a lovely top the other day that I
thought would go with my red skirt.
But when I tried it on, it just didn't
look right.
~Y!l\l!!glM141\.Bt~-l \ii\!;iilif~~
Moira loves going to that little boutique
in the High Street because they always
wrap things up so beautifully.
When I put on the dress I bought last
week, I realized it was actually too small.
So, I took it back to exchange it for a
bigger size, but they'd sold out of
size 12.
, .•, ~ , 1 1 ~ - ~ ~..~~1!*~ t,$1&',fnV®f'*"·:l&.4Pt¥?WW!PW
. ff you're ori the lookout for a pair of
sandals, it's worth shopping around at
the moment, because there are a lot of
bargains out there.
There's some nice stuff on sale in the
market. I tried on a skirt, but it was a
bit on the tight side: I couldn't do the
zip up.

,-,tli~~Ml:'t'tulr~:S";tftff~,f''"""'
came out of the changing room, the shop
assistant started laughing. I had it on
back to front.

• '
 CLOTH ES SHOPPI NG

try sth on put on a piece of clothing, ~ i

often in a shop, to see if it fits and how
it looks.
get into sth put on a piece of clothing,
especially with difficulty.
the other day recently.
go with sth look good in combination
with sth.
wrap sth up cover sth, e.g. a present or
parcel, completely in paper.
put sth on cover a part of your body with
a piece of clothing or jewellery so that
you are wearing it. OPP take sth off.
take sth back return to a shop with sth
you have bought because it is broken or
not suitable.
sell out (of sth) if a shop sells out of sth,
it has no more of that particular thing
left to sell.
be on the lookou t for sth be trying to
find or obtain sth.
shop around (for sth) go to several shops
before you decide what particular thing
to buy.
on sale if sth is on sale, it is available for
people to buy.
on the big, small, tight, etc. side INF
slightly too big, small, tight, etc.
do sth up fasten sth.
have sth on be wearing particular clothes,
shoes, etc.
back to front (of clothing) with the back
part at the front. (Also inside out = with
the inside part facing out.)
 EVERYDAY LIFE

, ,,.. SI eep
·-·,
What kind of sleeper are you?
1 Do you usually sleep like a log?
2 Do you often have difficulty f'.~,.,..,:.
dropping off to sleep?
, 3 If you wake up during the night,
do you often have difficulty
getting back to sleep?
4 Do you often toss and turn
during the night?
5 Do you usually use an alarm
clock or your mobile phone to
wake you up?

6 When your alarm goes off"'·

do you get up immediately?
7 Do you ever sleep through the
alarm?
8 Do you ever nod off when
you're watching TV?

g Do you ever have a lie-down

during the day?

10 Do you often have a lie-in at the

weekend?
· 11 Do friends ever come and sleep
over at your house?
; 12 Do you often have a late night
at weekends?

•
 SLEEP '..., :

sleep like a log sleep very well.

. SYN
drop off (to sleep) INF start to sleep
fall asleep.
or
wake up/w ake sb up stop sleeping
stop sb else sleep ing.
state
get back to sth retu rn to a previous
or condition.
toss and turn be unab le to sleep,
or sleep
badly, chan ging your posi tion in bed all
the time.
get up get out of bed after sleeping.
even
sleep thro ugh sth rema in sleeping,
thou gh sth arou nd you is mak ing a lot
of noise.
y whe n
nod off INF start to sleep, especiall
sitting in a chair and whe n you do not
inten d to. SYN doze off.
y on a
a lie-down INF a shor t rest, especiall
bed: have a lie-d own.
bed
a lie-in INF a time whe n you stay in
a
later than usual in the mor ning : have
lie-in. lie in v.
nigh t
sleep over sleep at sb's hous e for one
espe ciall y abou t child ren stayi ng
(used
with their friends). sleepover N.
.'lave an early/a late nigh t go to bed
earlier/later than usual.

WO RD FOCUS
.
If an alarm goes off, It rings (see text)
If somebody goes off to sleep, they
off
start sleeping: The baby's iust gone .
to sleep.
If a light goes off, it stops working:
All
the lights suddenly wen t off.
 MONEY

L Save or spend?

• SUGS As soon as I've paid off

one or two debts, I want to save
up for a deposit on a flat. I can't
go on living off my parents, and
I want to be able to stand on my
own feet.

SMART With banks paying very

9) little interest on savings, it makes
~ more sense to go out and spend
_ at least in the short term T.

BABE I'm saving like mad at

the moment, because I so need
a holiday in the sun. I've had
enough of the terrible summers
in this country.

•
•
BJ I want to save enough to
pay my way through university.
I still need to put aside a few
thousand, but it'll be worth it in
the long run T.

SAL With inflation going up

faster than salaries, what's the
point of saving?

• CAL I can only just about live on

what I earn, so there's no point in
me trying to save up for anything.
 SAVE OR SPEN D? ,-....

save up (for sth) keep mon ey and not

spen d it, so that you can use it in the
future.
pay sth off finish giving back to sb the
mon ey that you borro wed from them.
go on (doin g sth) conti nue doing sth
as
before.
live off sb/sth depe nd on sb/st h for the
mon ey or food that you need.
stand on your own (two ) feet behave
in an indep ende nt way, especially by
not asking for financial help from
othe r people.
go out (and do sth) leave your hom e
and go somewhere, especially to do sth
enjoyable.
like mad INF very fast, hard, much, etc.
have had enough of sth INF used to say
that you are tired or anno yed abou t a
situation and want it to stop.
pay your way pay for everything your
self
so that you do not depe nd on other s.
put sth aside save or keep sth for futur
e
use. SYN put sth by.
go up increase; rise. OPP go down.
live on sth have enou gh mon ey for the
basic thing s you need to live.

WOR D FOCUS
We use ln the sbott/fong term to refer
to. a .time in the future; or the period of
time leading to it1whe1Jwe plan for or
expect something to. happen. (Also Jn
the short/long run.)

•
 -~
MONEY

How would you spend it?

BEN: Well, it obviously depends on T

the amount you get. !fit's a lot, the first
thing Ia do is try to keep quiet about
it. I wouldn't want everyone to know I
was rolling in money.
To begin with, I'd want to pay off
my debts, then I would think about
splashing out on one or two things -
maybe a better car and a bigger flat.
I would also want to give some ofit
away. I could help out my sister who is
struggling financially with a small baby,
and I'd look for a worthwhile charity
that's in need of support. But as I said,
I would try to do this on the quiet.
Finally, I would need to put money by
for a later date. IfI have any children,
for example, I would want to be able to
invest in their future - their education
and so on. And you never know what
money I might need for myself in
the future.

II
,-~·~--- ----------

HOW WOULD YOU SPEND IT?

come into sth receive money, land, etc.

from someone who has died.
keep quiet about sth not tell anyone
aboutsth.
rolling in money INF very rich.
to begin with used to introduce the first
thing in a list of things that you are
going to say. SYN for a start
pay sth off finish giving back to sb the
money that you borrowed from them.
, splash out on sth INF buy sth expensive.
give sth away give sth to sb as a gift, or
because you no longer want/need it.
help sb out help sb, especially by giving
them money, or doing sth for them.
in need of sth needing sth.
on the quiet INF without telling anyone.
out sth by save or keep sth, especially
money, for future use. SYN put sth aside.
1west in sth pay money into sth that you
think will be useful in the future.
,ou never know used to say that sth may
happen at some time in the future.

WORD FOCUS
Depfflg,Oi'l·sb/sth h~s dlffere·nt
meanings:
1 beaffected or decided by something
(see text).
2 rely on somebody and be able to
trust them: I can depend on my family
for.help.
3 need money, help, etc. from
somebody: She still depends on her
parents for money.
('<"'"', MON EY

'~ A waste of money

I told my brother that he'd be better

off
buying a flat. If he carries on _renting,
it's just money dow n the drain.

I upa
coup le of chai rs in
the anti ques mark et
for £150, but whe n
I had them valued, I
was told they were
only worth £25 each .
I was obviously
ripped off.

I realized the meal would be . .

expe nsiv e, but whe n I got th7 bill'.
it
cam e to £250 . 1coul dn't beha ve
it.

•---•i~h•" put £50 on a hors e .

beca use a friend of mine told me it
coul dn't lose. Well, it did - in fact,
it
cam e in last.

The engi neer said that if I put in

underfloor heating, it would soon pay
for Itself. What a load of nons ense
!

knew that we were paying over the

odd s .,. for that flat. The trou ble
is,
whe n we sell it, we'll neve r get our
mon ey back .
 A WASTE OF MONEY C\
be better off (doing sth) used to say that
(
...;.,;'

sb would be happier or more satisfied

if they were in a particular position or
did a particular thing. OPP be worse off
(doing sth).
carry on (doing sth) continue doing sth.
down the drain INF if time, money or
effort goes down the drain, it is wasted
or lost.
pick sth up INF buy sth, especially cheaply
or by chance.
rip sb off INF, OFTEN PASSIVE cheat sb,
by making them pay too much for sth.
rip-offN.
come to sth add up to sth.
put sth on sth gamble money on sth
(gamble = risk money on a game, horse
race, etc.).
come in finish a race in a particular
position: come in first/second/last, etc.
put sth in fix equipment somewhere and
connect it so that it can be used.
pay for itself if sth pays for itself, it saves
you more money than it originally cost.
get sth back receive sth or have sth
returned to you.

WORD FOCUS

•
- MONEY

·.:.._, Living in poverty

How do people on the breadline
manage during an economic recession?

I can just about scrape by

on my pension, but I've
had to cut back on T gas
and electricity, which have
gone through the roof
recently. But I won't be
able to make ends meet if

We were hoping to buy a

car, but we've used up all
that money on essentials
- food and clothing for the
kids. We used to go away
: most years too, but that's ...
\ out of the question now. ··

I've had to eat into my

savings just to have
enough money to live
on. My parents help out a
bit, but if things get much
worse, I'll have no option
but to run up more debts
- you've got to eat, haven't ...

II
 LIVING IN POVERTY

on the breadline having very little money. ~

scrape by (on sth) manage to !iv~ on the
money you have, but with difficulty.
go through the roof INF (of prices, etc.)
increase quickly to a very high level.
make ends meet have just enough
money to buy the things you need.
go up increase. OPP go down.
use sth up use all of sth so that there is
none left.
go away leave your home for a period of
time, especially for a holiday.
be out of the que?tion used to say that
sth is definitely not possible.
eat into sth gradually use money or a
supply of sth that you were planning to
save for another time or purpose.
live on sth have enough money for the
basic things you need to live.
help (sb) out help sb, especially by giving
them money or doing sth for them.
run sth up allow a bill, debt, etc. to reach
a large total.

WORD FOCUS
lfyou cut back on sth, you reduce the
amount of something that you use or
the money that you spend. cutback N.
If you cut down on sth, you reduce the
amount of something that you eat, use
or do: I want her to cut down on her
smoking.

•
Li) MONEY

\0 My best ever buy

My best ever buy has to be a set of Art
Deco cups and saucers. I'd been after
some for ages, then one day, Icame
across a whole set in absolutely fantastic
condition. The owner even knocked 10%
off because they'd been in her shop for
ages and she couldn't get rid of them.

I'd been shopping around for some

furniture for my study, when I heard that
a factory nearby was dosing dOwn and
selling off loads of stuff. I managed to get
hold of an oak desk, an office chair and
some bookshelves. I was over the moon.

told me about a shop that was

having a sale of leather goods, so we
went along. But when we got there,
they'd sold out of leather coats, which is
what I really wanted. Anyway, I bought
some leather boots instead, and they've
been brilliant

When I was a teenager, my older sisters

and I clubbed together and bought
a pony. They don't come cheap, but
we'd always wanted one, and we all got
Saturday jobs to help with the cost of
looking after it

•
 MY BEST EVER BUY

be after sth be wanting or looking for sth.

one day on a particular day in the past.
(It can also mean at some point in the
future.)
come across sth find sth by chance,
without planning it.
knock sth off INF reduce a price or a total
by a particular amount.
get rid of sth sell, give away, or throw
away sth that you no longer want or
need.
shop around go to different shops before
deciding what particular thing to buy.
close down if a company, shop, etc. closes
down, it stops operating as a business.
sell sth off sell quantities of sth cheaply
because you want to reduce the amount
you have.
get hold of sth get sth that you need or
want.
over the moon INF extremely happy.
go along go to attend an event.
sell out of sth if a shop sells out of sth, it
has no more of that particular thing left
to sell.
dub together if people dub together,
each person gives some money so that
the total amount can be used to buy sth.
sth does not come cheap sth is always
expensive.
look after sth/sb care for sth/sb.

•
- TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL

Getting around

l.ook out for a taxi with a light on:_\

\ that means it's free.

(.•;·~ !~ ·~·~·~·
~~j~r~r~·~·~d·i~··i~~·~·~bl; th~·· ..
\ easiest way to get around the city.

(W~·;h~~ldg~tl~ ~~on. Let's make our

' way to the front of the train.

···•···6~~:~·~e.~~~;:;i~~~~~st~~~i~i~····
into Cambridge?

Could you drop me off just before

\the t~~~~.li~h~s'. plea~~? ..
···/A;:·~~·~~PP~~~d·t~h~~di~·~·~r··
·. tickets when we leave the station?

E~~~~~ ~~~ D~ ;~ h~~~ to buy a .

ticket before we get on T the bus? )
· • .•· fh~ t;~i~. l~~~~·~·;·~···~·~ii~·~····~·~·~·r,··~·~t·~~· ·.
should make it if we get a m~ve on.

· we;n have to 1ook up the times oi 1:tie

·. trains when we get t<Jth.e 5.t~tic,ri.

··:rh;t~~1~ ;~~·"~'"'~·~,~~ci i~~i;1~~~·· .

· . ··.......................................................................
got to the airport in the nick of time . . i
·,:······

•
 GETTING AROUND >J
look out for sth/sb try to find sth/sb.
lookout N: I've been on the lookout for a
second-hand car.
get around (sth) go or travel to different
places within a city, country, etc.
get in (when travelling on a train or
coach) arrive. If you get into sth, you
arrive at a place.
make your way start moving towards a
place.
drop sb (off) stop driving so that a
passenger can get out of your car.
be supposed to do/be sth be expected
or required to do/be sth because of a
rule, custom or arrangement.
hand sth in give sth to a person in
authority.
make it succeed in reaching a place,
especially when it is difficult.
get a move on INF you tell sb to get a
move on when you want them to hurry.
SYN hurry up.
look sth up find information in a
dictionary, timetable or reference book.
hold sth/sb up OFTEN PASSIVE cause a
delay, or make sth/sb late. hold-up N.
in the nick of time INF at the very last
moment.

WORD FOCUS
You usually get on.a tf.'atfl; t,1.:JS;Aptane;
bike or motorbike. OPP get off. You
get'tnllnto a car or taxi. on get out
of sth .
N TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL

r-< Road rage

was on my way to work the other day

I when some idiot cut me up on the

main road. It made me really angry, so I
sounded the horn, and drove up right behind
him. He just drove on T. Then he turned
right, and I turned right; he turned left, and
I turned left. I wasn't actually following him
- I was just driving to work. At one point he
speeded up, then immediately slowed down
again, forcing me to put on the brakes really
hard. This guy was getting on my nerves.

Of course, if I'd been thinking straight,

I would've just told myself to pull over and
calm down. But by this stage I'd got myself
thoroughly worked up and pride was
kicking in. I wasn't going to give in first.
So, I stayed close behind. Then, he took me
completely by surprise. When I reached
my workplace, he pulled in to the car park
in front of me and got out of the car. And
for the first time I saw who it was: my boss!
He<i been driving his wife's car because
his was being serviced.

I'm now a lot calmer if someone cuts in on

me when I'm driving. •

•
 ROAD RAGE

on my /the way going to or from a place.

the other day/w eek recently.
cut sb up suddenly drive in front of
another vehicle in a dangerous way.
SYN cut in (on sb).
speed up go faster. OPP slow down.
put sth on make a machine or piece of
equipment start working; put on the
brakes = make the car go more slowly.
get on sb's nerves do sth that annoys or
irritates sb.
think straight think clearly and logically.
pull over (of a vehicle or its driver) move
to the side of the road in order to stop
or let sb pass.
calm down become more relaxed and less
angry or anxious.
work yourself up OFTEN PASSIVE become
very excited, upset or angry.
kick in INF begin to have an effect.
give in (to sb/sth) accept that you have
been defeated by sb/sth.
take sb by surprise do sth that sb is not
expecting.
pull in (to sth) (of a vehicle or its driver)
move to the side of the road or the place
mentioned and stop. OPP pull out (of sth).
get out (of sth) leave or climb out of a
vehicle.

WOR D FOCU S
If you drive on, you continue driving
(see text). If you drive off/away, you
drive the vehicle away and leave .
('("'; TR AN SP OR
T AN D TR AV EL

A long car journey

e set off just before 7.3

W morning rush hour wa
building up, so progre
0, but the
s already
ss out of Bristol
was quite slow. Eventual
ly we got on
the motorway headin
g south, but just
after Junction 21, we
were held up 'f
because of an accident,
and traffic was
tailing back 'f for a
couple of miles.
We were stuck there for
half an hour
or so. By the time we
sto pp ed off
for something to eat jus
t after Exeter,
we were way behind sch
edule, so we
decided just to buy san
dwiches and eat
them while we were on
th e mo ve - that
way we made up a bit
of time.
The next part of the jou
rney was slightly
better, though traffic gr
ou nd to a halt
when we got to Bodm
in, as it often
does. Anyway, we stopp
ed there and
loo ke d around the
town for a while,
before carrying on to
Zennor, our final
destination. We'd rented
a cottage
outside the village. It wa
s a bit off th e
be ate n track. and the
directions we
were given took us do
wn a couple
of very narrow and win
dy lanes, but
eventually we found it.
~
 A LONG CAR JOURNEY >,]
set off start a journey. SYN set out
build up m· erease or m ake sth increase
.
build-upN. ·
hold sb up OFTEN PASSIVE cause a delay
or make sb late. hold-up N
tail _back (of traffic) form a l;ng line that
is not moving. tailback N.
or so used after a number, an amount, etc.
to show that it is not exact.
stop off make a short visit somewhere
during a longer trip in order to do sth.
be on the move be moving; be going
somewhere.
make up (time) reduce time that has
been lost.
grind to a halt slowly stop completely.
SYN come/grind to a standstill
look around/round (sth) walk ~und a
place or building to see what is there.
carry on continue travelling or doing sth
off the beaten track far away from othe~
people, houses, etc.

II
~
,,, TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL

r·< Airports

It's lucky I checked in hours before .

take-off, because it took ages to ~
get through all the security checks. l
. . ".;4

John and Julie's flight takes off

at three, so if I leave work at
lunchtime, I'll be able to get to the
airport to see them off.

My parents stopped over in

Singapore for a couple of nights,
but they're getting back later
today. I'm going to the airport to .
pick them up. I
~'
,~,~if'i•K~vmrb ~ ~ " " f . ~ $ ; ~ " # ~ t , . W ~

Airports ~re
murder in July and
August- it's almost inevitable you'll
get delays of one sort or another.

I'd like to take time off at Easter,

so I can get away for a few days. As
usual though, I've left everything till
the last minute - I hope the flights
aren't all booked up.

II
 AIRPORTS

at the crack of dawn very early in the

morning.
take-off the moment when a plane leaves
the ground. take off v.
get through sth proceed through sth or
complete sth.
see sb off go to an airport or station with
sb, in order to say goodbye to them.
stop over stay somewhere for a short time,
e.g. one night, during a longer journey.
get back return, especially to your home.
pick sb/sth up go to a place and collect
sb/sth, usually in a car.
be murder INF be difficult and unpleasant.
of one sort or another used to refer to
different types of things, without saying
exactly what you mean.
take (time, a week, etc.) off have a
period of time away from work.
get away go somewhere in order to have
a rest or a holiday.
as usual as happens most of the time.
the last minute the latest possible time
for doing sth.
be booked up if a flight, hotel, etc. is
booked up, there are no more seats,
rooms, etc. available.

WORD FOCUS
If you ch*lck in, you ,gp .to a desk at an
airport, hotel, etc., and tell sb officially
you have arrived. check-in N. If you
checksth in, you leave luggage with
an official to be put on a plane or train.

•
TRANSPORT AND TRAVEL

A holiday break

FTER A YEAR in which I'd been

A rushed off my feet at work, I
decided I needed a complete break.
I wanted a place where I could get
away from it all - somewhere a bit
off the beaten track.
I ended up in the Shetland Isles, which
are 170 km north of mainland Scotland
and probably the most remote place in
the British Isles.
The climate isn't very hospitable, but it's
a fascinating place, with archaeological
sites dating back thousands of years,
spectacular scenery, and enormous
colonies of seabirds. To get the most
out of it you really need to hire a car
(the roads are quite good), and you
can get around 'f' the different islands
using the small car ferries.
I went to relax and wind down,
but there was a surprising amount
going on, and the people were very
welcoming. It made a nice change, and
• I'm sure I'll go back again .

•
 A HOL IDAY BRE AK
>-1
. ',.J'l
rushed off you r feet extremely busy
to a plac e
get away from it all INF go
l
where you are free from you r usua
wor k or resp onsi bilit ies.
othe r
off the beaten track far away from
people, houses, etc.
end up find your self in a plac e or
be in
situa tion that you did not plan to
back (to ·· .) have exis ted sinc ea .
date
part icul ar time in the past or for the
peri od of time men tion ed.
n or
get sth out of sth enjo y sth, or lear
benefit from it.
od of
wind dow n rest or relax after a peri
activity.
en.
go on USUALLY CON TINU OUS happ
make a change used to say that an
activity is enjoyable beca use it is
different from wha t you usually do.
go back retu rn.

T~e phrasal verb get around (sth) has

,
different meanings: ·. • · , /.. . ·
1 go.,to dffferent place s with in an:area
(s.«Je~ . .. :... . ··. ··. .... , · · . ""·.....
iifn ew$ ·· u-,n dJrQ N·. ··~ .•, '" ·_...;.,
J.1 .. ., -~
. ..,. ..g~
ofpe .ople
..... ~.,.r$'b_ou
, . .hM ,.... ew,sQf( e
·· f:t.;;
·· ~, ·
strike soon got atourirJ. ·
3 if xo~ get~--ri>\ln'ct/rounihth/ you·
find
a wa }'~ elt~ r'~ wit h a problem
.
ora~o1d10g it Reopht-JJl)d til(ays.ot
·, .
gettmp ~ d tfJe,rulps,, ..

•
- ·-·- LAW AND ORDER
'
x. A police investigation

TWO MEN pretending to be gas

engineers have carried out a series of
robberies in the Branfield Park district
of Bristol. The men knock on people's
doors warning them of a gas leak,
and ask if they can check out their
gas appliances. Once the owner has
let them in, one man distracts their
attention by talking to them, while
the other goes through drawers and
cupboards in search of valuables.
One resident told us that she was so
completely taken in by the men that
she even offered them money when
they left - and that was after they had
walked off with all her jewellery and
nearly £500 in cash.
Police have now put out a warning in
the area, telling people to be on their
guard, and to ask for 'f' identification
at all times if any stranger wants to
enter their home for any reason. And
they have tried to impress upon
people that, if in doubt, they should
simply explain that they are going to
close the door while they ring up the
company to check their identities.
Better to be safe than sorry.

II
' A POLICE INVESTIGAT ION

carry sth out do a planned activity or

piece of work.
check sth out examine sth to be certain
that it is correct, true or satisfactory.
let sb in allow sb to enter a house, room,
etc.
go through sth search sth carefully.
in search of sth looking for sth.
take sb in OFTEN PASSIVE trick sb and
make them believe sth that is not true.
walk off with sth INF steal sth.
put sth out publish or broadcast sth.
be on your guard be very careful and
prepared for sth difficult or dangerous.
at all times always.
impress upon/on sb FML try to make sb
understand how important sth is.
if in doubt if you are not certain (used
when giving advice to sb ).
ring sb (up) telephone sb.
better (to be) safe than sorry used to say
that you should behave carefully, even
if this seems difficult or unnecessary, so
that you will not have problems later.
WORD FOCUS
;youspeaW(mwm!to ··
some you wantthem to
do something (see te?<t}.
Ifyou as~ after sb, you want news about
ttiem: Miifiaelwas asking after you.·
lfy~i.Faskaro.und, you ask different
pepple for information: I don't know
who can do the. ;ob, but I'll ask around.
LAW AND ORDER

Crime headlines
POLICE TIP-OFF
LEADS TO ARREST

Government to Thieves make off

tighten up laws with replica of
on gun control giant panda

. GOVERNMENT WILL
PUT A STOP TO TAX
FRAUD, SAYS PM

Footballer let off Police issue

with a. warning new aackdown
on knives

GOLF CLU.13 SA.Y

THEYWJU
.PRESS CHAR~

YOUNGSTERS MIXED ,CyJ:,Qr,qime..

UP IN VIOLENCE ontheup.

FOOTBALL HELPS
BOYS STAY AWAY
FROM A LIFE OF
CRIME
 CRIME HEADLINES
.cc
tip-off a piece of secret information that
sb gives to sb, especially the police, to
warn them about an illegal activity that
is going to happen. tip sb off v.
lead to sth begin a process that causes sth
to happen.
tighten sth up make a law, rule or system
more strict.
make off with sth escape with sth,
especially sth stolen.
put a stop to sth make sth stop
happening, especially sth bad or
unpleasant.
let sb off give sb little or no punishment
for sth they did wrong.
crackdown (on sb/sth) a series of strong
actions by the police or people in
authority to stop or restrict an illegal
activity. crack down on sb/sth v.
lead sb on INF encourage sb to do
sth, especially by lying to them or
promising them sth they cannot have.
press charges (against sb) officially
accuse sb of committing a crime.
in the clear no longer believed to be guilty
of sth illegal.
be/get mixed up in sth INF be or become
involved in sth illegal or dishonest
on the up increasing (see text) or
improving.
phase sth out gradually stop using sth
over a period of time. OPP phase sth in.
stay away from sth avoid becoming

•
involved in sth.
f':, LAW AND ORDER

:t: A robbery
HIGH STREET ROBBERY

assers-by in Broughton High Street

P were left shocked yesterday when
two masked men broke into Hands the
jeweller's, and got away with Y gems
worth thousands of pounds.
The break-in took place early yesterday
I. morning, shortly before the shop
opened. Rob Chapman takes up
the story: "I work in the newsagent's
opposite the jeweller's, and I happened
to notice two men hanging around
the corner of Maple Street I didn't think
much of it until I heard the sound of
glass smashing. The next thing I knew,
the two men were taking jewellery out
of the shop window and running off
with it down one of the little alleys near
the cinema. Someone from the shop ran
after the robbers, but they managed to
getawayY:'
People in the street said they were
shocked that such a thing could happen
In broad daylight, and one elderly man
said he hoped the authorities would be
cracking down much harder on crime
in the area. The police say they are now
on the lookout for two white men in
their early to mid-twenties.•

•
 A ROBBERY .,,..,...
....,._.
passer-by a person who is going past resJ...J
sth/sb by chance, especially when sth
unexpected happens. pass by sb/sth v.
break into sth enter a building by furce.
break-in N.
take up sth continue a story or activity
that you or sb else had begun.
hang around/a bout INF wait or stay near
a place, not doing very much.
the next thing I knew used to say that a
situation happened very quickly when
you did not expect it.
run off with sth steal sth and quickly take
it away.
run after sb run to try to catch sb.
in broad daylight used to say that a
criminal or shocking event happens
during the day when it can easily
be seen.
crack down on sb/sth try harder to stop
an illegal activity, and deal more strictly
with the people responsible.
be on the lookout for sb be watching
very carefully in order to find sb.

•
""'."'"' LAW AND ORDER

Incompetent criminals
A burglar was caught after he fell down a
chimney while trying to get away from
a house he had just broken into. Police
arrested the 33-year-old after they were
called out by the owners, who heard the
burglar's cries for help.

A THIEF was arrested after he left

J-\.his mobile pl\one behind at the .
scene of the crime. Rather stupidly,
the b~glar was charging up his phone
in the victim's home when he was
disturbed rifling through one of the
rooms. Instinctively, he jumped out of
a window to escape.
When police searched the victim's
house, they found &mobile phone
that didn't belong to anyone, so they
rang one of the contact numbers and
managed .to get hold of the owner's
name.' That resulted in the man. being

TWO ARMED ROBBERS held up a

security firm. They waited for the
security van to pass them, then went
after it and forced the driver to pull
over T. They made off with the cash
box, only to discover later that they
had stolen the first aid kit!

•
 INCOM PETEN T CRIMIN ALS

get away from sth/sb escape from sth/sb. ..-

break into sth enter a building by force,
especially in order to steal things. (Also
break in.) break-in N.
call sb out ask a person or an organization
that provides a service to come and help
you and deal with a problem.
leave sth behind not take sth with you
when you go somewhere.
charge sth up pass electricity into the
battery of a piece of electrical equipment
so that it is stored there.
rifle throug h sth search sth quickly in
order to find or steal sth.
belong to sb if sth belongs to you, you
own it; it is yours.
get hold of sth obtain sth that you need
or want.
result in sth cause sth or produce sth. SYN
lead to sth.
hold sb/sth up steal from a person,
business or vehicle by threatening them
with a gun or other weapon. hold-up N.
go after sb/sth chase or follow sb/sth in
order to catch or stop them.
make off with sth escape with sth,
especially sth stolen.

WORD FOCUS
If a driver or vehicle pulls over, they
slow down and then stop by the side
of the road. If the police pull sb over,
they ask the.driver of a vehicle to slow
down and stop by the side of the road .
r LAW AND ORDER

Gang culture
ANG CULTURE claims the
G lives of many young men, so why
do they get caught up in this violence?
For some teenage boys, especially those
who do badly in education, gangs offer
money, excitement, girls and status.
Some tum to gangs to fill a gap left by
poor relationships with their own f.unily,
or even to act out the violence and
. abuse they may have suffered at home
or dsewhere. The gang gives these boys
their sense ofidentity.
For others, belonging to a gang simply
offers protection. 'If you're getting
beaten up and you're not part of them,
you won't get hdp,' said one gang
member.
Peer pressure can also play a part, with
younger boys easily led astray when they
hang around with older gang members.
'I worked my way up,' says one boy.
'The more stuff you do, the more ratings
you get.' The 'stuff' includes stabbings,
and often it is about revenge. 'When
someone does something to you, you
just want to get them back'
The names of murdered teenagers come
up • again and again, as do the threats.
• And nobody should take them lightly.
These guys mean business, and there
seems no end in sight to the violence.
 GANG CULTURE

be/get caught up in sth be/become

involved in sth unpleasant or
undesirable.
do well/badly be successful/unsuccessful.
e,
turn to sb/sth go to sb/sth for help, advic
support, etc.
fill a gap provide sth that is missing.
act sth out express your feelings about sth
through your behaviour or actions.
belong to sth be a member of a club, an
organization, etc.
.
beat sb up hit or kick sb hard, many times
lead sb astra y make sb behave badly.
hang around with sb INF spend a lot of
time with sb.
work your way up move regularly to
higher positions in an organization.
get sb back INF do sth to hurt or upset sb
because they have done sth to hurt or
upset you. (AJso get back at sb.)
again and again used to say that sth
happens many times.
mean business INF if sb means business,
they seriously intend to do what they say
they will do.

WORD FOCUS
c°"* up h~ maay.mearnngs.
1 bemtmtloried or'discussed (see text).
2 lfa problem coq,es 1,1p1 it happens and
needs to be dealtwith: rrn afraid I can't
comi: tonig~t; sometfling's come up.
3 If something is coming up OFTE N
com nwo us, it is going to.happen
soon: I've got an exam coming up next
week.
- HOME TECHNOLOGY

:J'\ Using phones and mobiles

pick the phone up OPP put the phone down

(also hang up= end the call)

switch the phone on SYN turn the phone on

OPP switch/turn the phone off

plug the headset in

~
tap the number in I punch the number in
 ...
ILES
USING PHO NES AND MOB

charge the pho ne up

scroll up OPP scroll down

d
tum the pho ne round/aroun

en
a message pops up on the scre
. .... .
HOME TECHNOLOGY

Tell us about your

phone experiences! '
, If you try to ring your bank, is it eas~
to get through te> sorneo11~ h~lpfuL
• If you have a pay-as-you-~o p~one,
do you ever forget tC> te>p ,t ~p · .
• 6~es the battery ever run out wh,1e
you're talking? .. .. ......... .
• Do you often get cut off when
you're using a rno?ile? ...
• Do pe~ple often ring you up out
of the blue to try and sell you
something? If so, does it ar,r,()yy()~?
• When y~~ ring up a big company,
are you normally put through to the
right person straig htaway, o_r do? they
put you on hold for a Ion!:) t1111~: .....
• If s~~~~n~ leaves a voicemail asking
you to ring them back, do you
always d() it?
• Do you have friends who go
on and on and make it hard
for you to hang u~"!? ........... .
• Have yo~ e~er h~ng up on °"
someone in the middle of a
conversation?
 AIR E
PH ON E QU ES TIO NN

ke contact with sb by
ge t thr ou gh to sb ma
phone.
e for mobile pho nes
pay -as -yo u-g o a servic
ls before you make
where you pay for cal
them.
you r mobile, you
top sth up if you top up
t you can make
pay mo re mo ney so tha
more cal ls.
s out, there is no
run ou t if the battery run
in it.
electricity remaining
E if you get/are
cut sb off OF TEN PASSIV
e cal l sto ps because the
cut off, the ph on
con nec tio n is bro ken .
SYNs give sb a cal
l/
ring sb (up) plione sb.
ring, give sb a bel l INF .
ly and unexpectedly.
ou t of the blue sudden
connect sb to the
put sb thr ou gh to sb
to on the phone.
person the y want to talk
a cal ler wait until the
pu t sb on hol d make
nt to spe ak to is free.
person the y wa
I ph on e sb wh o cal led you
ring sb back
e sb aga in.
earlier (see text). 2 ph on
SYN call sb bac k.
sth /sb ) talk about
go on (an d on) (ab ou t
ecially in a
sth/sb for a long time, esp
boring way.

a phone call
If you hang up, you end
pho ne dow n. SY N ring off.
and pu t the
on sb INF , you end a
If you hang up
denly wit ho ut
phone conversation sud
s because you
saying goodbye, perhap
are angry.
HO ME TEC HN OLO GY

The downside of textin

g

n a recent sur vey car ried

I schools in California, it
many teenagers were sen
out attw o high
was fou nd tha t
ding hundreds
of texts a day as a ma tter
of course. While
this may be fun for teens
interested in wha t
is going on in theirfriends
'lives, child care
experts and parents are
concerned tha t
this typ e of activity may
be interfering
wit h children's sleep, ove
r and above the
usual sleep issues of this
age group. What
typically happens is tha
t a question pops
into the ir head just as the
y're abo ut to go
to sleep, and the y're on
the phone to a
friend, who will then also
be awake until
all hours 'f'.
Ano the r issue is tha t
adolescence is a
tim e to begin to bre ak
away from you r
parents' influence as
you gro w into
adu ltho od. However, mo
bile phones make
it very easy to stay in
touch, and many
teenagers are text ing the
ir parents all day
long "'· to help the m dec
ide wha t to do
in diff ere nt situations, e.g.
wha t shoes to
buy, or how to do the ir
homework. There
is also a question of cos
t: some children
can run up a huge bill for
calls or texts, and
will have to pay it back
over time. Should
parents be thin king of
cutting off the ir
children's phones? ,

•
 THE DOWNSIDE OF TEXTING ..,c
carry sth out do a particular piece of r..,,J
work, research, etc.
as a matter of course/routine as a habit
or as the usual way of doing things.
go on USUALLY CONTINUOUS happen.
interfere with sth stop sth from happening
in the normal way.
over and above sth in addition to sth.
pop into sth if sth pops into your head/
mind, you suddenly think of it.
be about to do sth be going to do sth
very soon.
be on the phone be using the telephone.
break away (from sb) start to become
more independent, especially from
your parents.
grow into sth/sb develop into a particular
type of person over a period of time.
stay/be/keep in touch be in contact with
sb by often speaking or writing to them.
be a question of sth used to introduce an
important issue in a situation.
run sth up if you run up a big bill, you
owe a lot of money for sth.
pay sth back give sb the money you
borrowed from them.
cut sth off stop the supply of sth.

WORD FOCUS
Until all hours means until very late
at night. . .
All day/week/year long means for the
whole day/week/year: Yesterday it
rained all day long.
HOME TECHNOLOGY

Domestic robots

e are on the cusp of a robot

W revolution _ one which has a lot
in common with the computer
revolution of the 80s and 90s. Could
robots make a difference to our
lives? You only have to think about the
rapidly ageing population and how we
will care for them in the future. Co~ld
robots make up for the shortages_ in
the number of carers we will need in
years to come? So far, robots have
turned out to be too expensive to _own,
but they could be hired out and still be
cheaper than humans.
But what could they do? First and
foremost, they could carry out many
tasks that we take for granted, but
which the elderly find increasingly hard
- such as cleaning or fetching things.
They could also play a role in the hea!th
of the elderly by keeping track of their
medicines, or by helping an elderly
person to call in a doctor or human
carer in an emergency. But the real
problem is whether we will be prepared
to hand over our lives to a robot.

•
 DO ME STI C ROBOTS

at a time wh en a
be on the cus p of sth be
change.
situation or state is going to
sth (of things,
hav e sth in com mo n wit h
places, etc.) have the sam e features as
sth else.
imp orta nt
ma ke a diff ere nce have an
a goo d effect.
effect on sb/sth, especially
r sb wh o is sick, ver y
car e for sb loo k afte
ng, etc. SYN take care of sb.
old, very you
t cor ts a bad
rec
ma ke up for sth do sth tha
situation; compen sate for sth.
ER A NOU N in the future:
to com e USE D AFT
in days/weeks/years to come.
wn or be found
turn out (to be sth) be sho
per iod of time.
to be sth, especially afte a r
let sb use sth, e.g. a car or
hire sth out
rn for
machine, temporarily in retu
money.
emphasize the
first and for em ost used to
nt, reas on, etc. for sth.
mo st imp orta nt poi
out do and com ple te a task.
carry sth
ect tha t sth will
tak e sth for gra nte d exp
ticu lar way, and
always hap pen in a par
imp orta nt or useful
not thin k abo ut how
it is.
involved in sth,
play a rol e/p art in sth be
ort ant
especially in a way tha impt is
pay atte ntio n to sb/sth,
kee p track of sth
kno w wh at is hap pen ing
so tha t you
to them.
or services of sb,
call sb in ·ask for the help
e.g. a doctor, the pol ice.
or control over
han d sth ove r give pow er
sth to ano the r person.

II
~• HOME TECHNOLOGY

,:)', Computers
Cut ments library
Copy Documents

Boot up the laptop using the power button,

then key in your password.

If you can't see or read the items on screen well,

room in to make them bigger.

When you click on a button, a pull-down menu

Twill appear.

Allow time for the laptop to wann up after it

has been in sleep mode.

If an option on a menu is greyed out, it is

not available.

To set up an email account, go to 'Tools:

click on 'Accounts: and then ...

If the system goes down, your emails will be

held in a queue or in your mailbox.

Click here to print out a document.

Use your browser to get rid of annoying

pop-upsT.

When you've finished working, back up your

files, log off and then shut down your PC.

II
 COMPU TERS

boot (sth) up COMPUTING start a program

-
that makes a comput er ready to use.
SYN start (sth) up.
key sth in put informa tion into a
comput er using a keyboard.
zoom in make the area of a text or a picture
on a screen larger. OPP zoom out.
warm up (of a machin e) become ready to
use after you switch it on.
greyed out if part of a comput er screen is
greyed out, the writing appears in a dull
colour to show that you cannot use it.
set sth up arrange for sth to happen .
go down stop working for a period of time.
print sth out/off produce a copy on paper
of a docume nt on a computer. printou t N.
get rid of sth take action to stop sth that is
annoyin g you or causing problems.
back sth up make a copy of the files that
you have created on your computer.
backupN.
log off/out stop using a comput er system
by giving it particul ar instructions. OPP
log on/in.
shut (sth) down if you shut down a
computer, or it shuts down, it stops
operating.

WORD FOCUS
SPll!e phrasal ver;t>sl):av~.a$Sociated
~r!lSalnouns or'adfec~veS: pull down a
merw, a pa,,11-down meou (see picture);.
pQp;l.lp, a pop-up f apc>B·Up window
(see picture); print sth cwt, a printout,
etc.

II
 ()

Talking about the news

The story leaked out via Twitter. leak out (of secret informa tion) become known to the
public. SYN get out.
Our reporter is following up a lead follow sth up find out more about sth that sb has told you.
on the missing child case. (lead some informa tion that may help to solve a crime.)
The journalist believed there was a cover-up an attempt to stop people from discovering the
deliberate cover-up. truth, especially about a crime or serious error. cover sth
upv.
• The reporter was tipped off about tip sb off give sb, e.g. the press or the police, a secret warning
the government's secret tax plans. or piece of information. tip-off N.
The press are digging around for dig around try hard to find out secret or private informa tion
information about the family. about sb.
 The story has been blown up out blow sth up out of (all) proportion make a situation seem
of all proportion by the media. much worse than it really is.
The victim opened up to the open up to sb begin to talk more about what you feel
journalist. and think.
The latest news has cast doubt on cast doubt on sth make sth seem less certain or true.
the footballer's allegations .
I spoke to the editor off the record. off the record said to sb in private and not intended to be
made public. OPP on the record.
It says in the paper that negotiations behind the scenes secretly rather than in public.
are continuing behind the scenes.
• The paper didn't check out the facts. check sth out find out if sth is true or correct.
Do they put across the views of the put sth across communicate an opinion or idea to other
newspaper's owner? people.
ME DIA AND ENT ERT AIN
ME NT

Newspaper headlines
TR IBU TES PAID Bey onc e
TO MOTORWAY giv es bir th
CR AS H VICTIMS to bab y girl

Council to sta mp
out illegal DVD sal es

SHELL GE TS TH E GO-AH
EAD FOR
MASSIVE NO RT H SEA PRO
JEC T

PRESIDENT RULES OUT EAR

LY
· PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIO
NS

Pri me Min iste r Tro ubl e flares up ..,

speaks out in at Lon don ant i-cu ts
favour of dem ons trat ion
mix ed ma rria ge
PR ICE OF GO LD
RECOVERY IN LEV ELS OF F
HOUSE PRICES AF TE R WE EK -
• WIPED OUT BY LO NG RA LL Y
NEW ECONOMIC
RECESSION
Arsenal owner
promises to stick
by manager
TWO STATE
OFFICIALS STEP Pos t Off ice brings
DOWN AMID out new stam ps to
SCANDAL hon our loc al her oes

Police loo kin g into daytim

e burglaries

•
 NEWSPAPER HEADLINES

pay tribute to sb say or do sth to show

your respect or admiration for sb.
give birth to sb/sth produce a baby or
young animal.
stamp sth out use force or strong action to
stop or prevent sth that is bad, dangerous
or unpleasant. SYN put a stop to sth.
get the go-ahead get permission to do
sth. (Also give sb the go-ahead.)
rule sth out decide that sth is not possible.
speak out (about/against sth) give your
opinion strongly and in public about sth,
especially to protest against or defend
sth.
in favour of sth showing you support sth
or agree with it.
wipe sth out remove or destroy sth
completely.
level off/out stay at a steady level of
development after big rises or falls.
stick by sb continue to support sb who is
in a difficult situation.
step down/ aside leave an important job
and let sb else take your place.
bring sth out produce or publish sth.
look into sth investigate or examine sth.

WORD FOCUS
lfare,uJ:fh~s sever4f.,meanipgs. ,
1' !(trouble flar~ up; P:eople suddenly
be~ome angry, violent, etc. (see text):
l''lhn'ilfness flares up, It starts again.
3 If a fire flares up, ,it suddenly starts
burning more brightly. .

•
rr, MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

-
- Press behaviour

The phone hacking scandal

N 2007, two British journalists were

I jailed for hacking into the phones

of celebrities, listening in on their
messages and publishing stories based
on the information they had gathered.
However, this was by no means the end of
the story. In 2011, a crisis blew up at the
News of the World newspaper, with further
revelations of phone hacking relating to
people in the public eye T, and to those
who had been victims of crime, including
two shocking and famous cases of couples
whose children had been murdered. This
caused widespread revulsion among
the public, not just because hacking is
against the law, but also because of the
poor ethical standards of the press. The
newspaper was closed down immediately,
and the government announced a public
enquiry.
The scandal has shown the media
in a bad light, and there have been calls
for press regulations to be tightened up.
However, politicians and the police are
also in the firing line for dragging their
heels over the affair, and being too close to
the media in order to get good publicity.
All three institutions need to redeem
themselves in the eyes of T the public.

•
 PRESS BEHAV IOUR

hack (into) sth secretly connec t to sb's

mobile phone or compu ter to find or
change inform ation on it.
listen in on sth/sb listen to sb else's
private conversation.
by no means (used for emphasis) not at
all; certain ly not.
blow up (of a problem , crisis, etc.) start
suddenly.
relate to sth be connec ted with sth.
against the law not permit ted by law.
close sth down stop a business operating.
1n a good/b ad light if you see or show
sth in a good, bad, etc. light, it seems
good, bad, etc.
tighten sth up make a rule or law more
strict.
be in the firing line be in a positio n where
people can criticize you or blame you.
drag your heels/feet be deliberately slow
in doing sth or making a decision.
redeem yourself do sth good when you
have behave d badly, so that people will
think well of you again.

WORD FOCUS
Many idioms are based around eyes.
1 in the public eye = well known to
many people through newspapers
and TV (see text).
2 in sb's eyes/in the eyes of sb =
according to what somebody thinks or
feels (see text).
3 keep your eyes open (for sth) = watch
carefully in case something happens .

II
"".'!' MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

Film reviews

hard to know what to make of Joe

In
Rowson's latest film, but brief, it fails to
come up to his usual high standards •..

The book was brilliant, but the film doesn't

really live up to expectations, and casting a
footballer as the leading actor was asking
for trouble ...

A film that caters for the whole family, and

judging by the audience's reaction it will do
well at the box office ...

The opening sequence was quite dull and

reminded me of so many other films.
It really only comes alive when Cruise
meets his co-star .•.

The film is badly let down by the poor acting,

and casting Ana Heaven as a working-class
mother is hard to swallow ...

The success of this film hinges on the quality

of the acting, which is superb •..

Remakes of much-loved movies are a

challenge, and sadly, this is nothing like as
good as the previous version. The film seems
to peter out at the end as if the director had
run out of steam.
.. ........................... ....... ....... .
,·

•
~
 FILM REVIEWS

make sth of sth/sb if sb asks you what

you make of sth/sb, they are asking for
your impression or opinion of sth/sb.
in brief in a few words, without details.
come up to sth reach an acceptable level
or standard.
live up to sth be as good as what was
expected or promised. (In this case,
people expected to like the film because
the book was good, but they didn't.)
be asking for trouble INF if you are
asking for trouble, you are doing sth
silly or dangerous.
cater for sb/sth provide what is needed
for a particular group of people.
judging by sth used to say that you think
sth is true based on what you have seen,
heard or learnt. SYN going by sth.
remind sb of sth make sb remember
sth that they have seen, read or
experienced.
come alive become interesting and
exciting. SYN come to life.
let sth down make sth less successful
than it should be.
hard to swallow difficult to accept or
believe.
hinge on sth depend on sth completely.
nothing like as ... as INF not at all as ...
as, not nearly as ... as.
peter out gradually become smaller or
weaker and then come to an end.
run out of steam INF lose energy and
enthusiasm.

II
MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

The pros and cons of TV

~l;fSSIOfltt" ,.. : . . ,. .. :
Wh~~1gooc;Iandf>af:f~~M.·
., .-'{,, :., . '/J,,:·i'•. \('
e'_ ' ·-ult,~", ./
''. ' -

• JOANNA Watching TV eats into your

day. People should take the plunge,
switch it off and get on with their
lives!
•..MARisoL M~-d~d;~-~i~~-t~·ih~······
0

TV all day long. The trouble is, he's

getting fat because he's just behaving
like a layabout, watching TV and
eating loads of crisps. Stop it!!!
•..R.uPERi-..-iv d~~~~- ~~~ ·i~:.: it·~· ....... .
addictive. You just get used to 'Y
sitting there, night after night.
Fortunately I've stopped now; it was
starting to get in the way of my
relationships with my family.

./j ASHOK I've got nothing against TV,

but I think there are more worthwhile
things people can be doing with their
time.
•..RAMONA. ·i",~~~-nii i;~~-~~~~i;~d· ..... .
lots of new skills from programmes,
I watch and learn from current affairs
programmes, and I find it a great way
to wind down after the working day.
•..jA.MEELA. i ttii~k iv-~~~ ·b~~d~~..... .
your horizons - especially
the documentaries and travel
programmes. I really believe it has
opened up the world for me.
•.

II
 THEPROSANDCONSOFTV

eat into sth use up part of sth, especially

sb's time or money.
take the plunge decide to do sth that is
hard or important after thinking about it.
switch sth off make sth stop working.
get on with your life stop doing sth or
worrying about sth and start living a
normal life again.
be glued to sth INF be looking at sth and
not paying attention to anything else.
layabout INF a lazy person who avoids
work. lie about/around v.
draw sb in involve sb in a situation, often
when they do not want to take part.
night after night every night for a long
period of time.
get in the way of sth prevent sth from
developing successfully.
have (got) nothing against sth/sb have
no reason to dislike sth/sb.
wind down relax or rest after a period of
activity.
broaden your horizons make you see a
wide range of opportunities and choices.
open sth up create new possibilities or
opportunities for sb.

WORD FOCUS
If you get used to doing sth, it
becomes familiar because you have
done it several times already. Do not
confuse this with used to do sth. If you
used to play football, for example, you
played often in the past, but you no
longer play.
MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT

TV crime series
Law & Order

' A[HEN DICK WOLF was_ first w~rki~g

V '\I on a new television crune senes lil
1988, he initially toyed with the idea of
calling it Night & Day, but then hit upon the
title Law & Order.
The show follows a two-part approach.
The first half opens with a crime, and then
a police investigation. Detectives come up
with various theories about the crime, and
piece together the evidence before they
arrest and charge a suspect. They then hand
over to the prosecutors, and the second half
of the show centres around the trial of the
defendant. It was also decided early on to
base the show on real life cases which were
making the headlines.
Wolf took the idea to one of the TV bosses,
who pointed out that the series resembled
an earlier 1960s TV show called Arrest and
Trial. However, after a couple of false starts,
the crime series finally got off the ground
on September 13, 1990. It was a huge success
and continued for 20 years before it finally
ran out of steam. The last episode of the
series went out on May 24, 20 I 0. •

•
 TV CRIME SERIES

toy with sth consider sth, but not

seriously or in a definite way: toy with
the idea of doing sth.
hit on/upon sth think of a good idea
suddenly or by chance.
come up with sth find or produce an
idea, an answer, etc.
piece sth together understand a situation,
story, etc. by taking all the facts and
details and putting them together.
hand (sth) over (to sb) give another
person the responsibility for sth.
centre around/round sth/sb if sth centres
around sb/sth, they are the main subject
of attention or interest.
early on in the early part of a process or
activity.
base sth on sth use an idea, a fact or a
situation as the point from which sth
can be developed.
make the headlines be an important item
of news in newspapers, on the radio or
on TV.
point sth out (to sb) mention sth in order
to give sb information about it or make
them notice it.
get (sth) off the ground start happening
successfully (or make sth start
happening successfully).
run out of steam INF lose energy and
enthusiasm and stop doing sth, or do it
less well.
go out when a radio or TV programme

•
goes out, it is broadcast or shown.
LEISURE

Hobbies
How to choose a hobby

aim For a start, what do you want to

get out of a hobby? Is it a new skill? A
way to meet people? Or just something to
while away the time?
. ...........................
' ~ ... ' ............. .
IW: !ij fJ Do a bit of research on possible
hobbies. Keep an open mind and don't
rule things out without giving them some
thought. You may be attracted to a hobby
that has something to do with your
existing skills, or a change of direction.
...............................................
mil'lvou will need to take into account
the amount of time you can devote to a
hobby. Are you generally very busy, or do
you have a lot of time on your hands?
Some hobbies are easy to pick up where
you left off, even after a long break,
whereas others may take up more of your
time or require regular practice.
.. .. . ... ..................................... .
' ; ~

miJAnotherfactor is the amount of

money you can spend. While some of the
best things in life are often free, others
come at a price. Be prepared to do your
homework and find out how much you
will be letting yourself In for, before you
commit yourself to an expensive hobby
such as learning to fly, owning a horse
or sailing.
................................................

•
 HOBBIES

for a start used to introduce the first

point in a series.
get sth out of sth enjoy or benefit from
sth.
while (time) away spend time in a
pleasant, lazy way.
keep/have an open mind be willing to
listen to or accept new ideas.
rule sth out decide that sth is not possible
or suitable.
be/have something to do with sth be
connected to sth.
a change of direction a situation in
which sb starts doing sth completely
new or different.
take sth into account consider certain
facts or circumstances when making a
decision.
devote sth/yourself to sth spend a lot of
time or effort doing sth.
have time on your hands INF have little
to do; not be busy•
pick sth up where you left off start sth
again from the point where you stopped.
take up sth fill or use an amount of time
or space.
at a price costing a lot of money.
do your home work prepare for sth by
learning as much about it as you can.
let yourself in for sth INF put yourself in
a difficult situation .
commit yourself to (doing) sth say that
you will do or be involved in sth, so that
it is then difficult not to do it.
,- . LEISURE

My free time
CATHY: I took up marathon running five
years ago. I'd just got over some health
problems, and my doctor advised me
to start off with some light running.
Eventually I went in for a few races and,
to my amazement, I walked off with T
two medals; that spurred me on to try the
longer races. Marathons take a lot out of
you, but I've never been happier.

SEAN: My hobby's a bit unusual: it's Latin

American dancing. It was my girlfriend
who talked me into it - she's mad keen
on dancing. We went to a free introductory
class to try it out and loved it, so we
signed up for the course. It's really hard
to start with, but if you stick at it, you
gradually pick up the steps, and once
you've got them, the variations come
easily. It's fun and it keeps you in shape.

•
 MY FRE E TIM E ..__

by or
take sth up star t doing a hob
y.
following an interest regularl
bec om e wel l or hap py again
get ove r sth
tion, etc.
after an illness, shock, separa
start off begin by doi ng sth.
ition or race,
go in for sth ent er a compet
or take an exam.
age sb to do
spur sb on (to do sth) encour
ach ieve sth.
sth or try har der to
a lot of effort
take a lot/it out of sb nee d
and ma ke sb feel ver y tire d.
sua de sb to do
talk sb into (doing) sth per
sth. OPP talk sb out of (do ing) sth.
sth be extremely
be mad keen on INF

ent hus iast ic abo ut sth.

nce sth in
try sth out do sth or experie
ord er to see if you like it.
par t in a
sign up for sth agree to take
classes.
course of stu dy or series of
.
to start with at the beginning
wo rk in a serious
stick at sth continue to
d way to ach ieve sth.
or det erm ine
lear n a skil l, ofte n by watching
pick sth up
or listening to oth er peo ple.
/easily, it is
come easily if sth comes easy
not difficult to lear n or to do.
dition. OPP
wi sha pe in goo d physical con
out of shape .
rr LEISURE

Reading
As a child, I did really badly at school,
but my love of reading made up for
my lack of formal education. You'd
often find me curled up on the
sofa with a book in my hand. Dad
was always going on at me for not
helping Mum, but I was far happier
immersed in a gripping story than
tidying my bedroom.

I feel sorry for people who don't

enjoy reading, because they are
missing out on so much. A good story
captures your imagination, and the
pleasure that you derive from a great
book stays with you forever.

I love thrillers - when a new book

comes out by Henning Mankel! or
John Grisham, I have to get hold of Y
it right away. I'm currently reading a
brilliant book by John Le Carre - Ijust
can't put it down.

Of course, some books are harder to

get into, but I usually find that it's
worth it, because in the end, it pays
off - maybe because I relate to the
characters, or I learn something, or
things turn out in an unusual way.
You can't beat a good book.
 READING

make up for sth make a bad situation

better or compensate for sth that has
been lost.
curl up lie or sit with your arms and legs
bent close to your body.
go on at sb INF criticize sb regularly and
for a long time.
immerse yourself/sb in sth become
completely involved in sth.
feel sorry for sb feel sympathy for sb
because they are in a bad situation.
miss out (on sth) lose an opportunit y to
do or have sth.
capture sb's imaginatio n make sb
interested in or excited about sth.
derive sth from sth FML get sth, such as a
product or an advantage, from sth else.
come out (of a book, film, etc.) become
available to buy or see.
right away immediately.
can't put sth down cannot stop reading
sth because it is so good.
get into sth start enjoying sth or being
interested in it.
pay off bring a good result.
relate to sb feel that you understand sb's
situation and have sympathy with it.
turn out develop or end in a particular way.

WORD FOCUS
Get hold of sth means to get something
that you need or want (see text). If you
get hold of sb, you manage to talk to
them on the phone or in person .
LEISURE

Art galleries with children

Choose an exhibition that you think will·

go down well with them, but don't shy
away from subjects just because you
don't like them. It's a good idea to read
up about the exhibition before you go,
and to encourage the children to look at
the gallery's website, but not so much
that it turns them off. Printing out a few
paintings for them to find in the gallery
may help.

Try to avoid times when the gallery will

be very busy. Once you are there, tell the
children to keep their voices down, but
talk to them quietly about the pictures
on display. Encourage them to let their
, imaginations run riot T by pretending
, that they are in the painting. Museums
often lay on short tours for kids, and it's
a good idea to join one. Most staff will be
happy to engage with them and answer
their questions.

In the gallery sh~p, let the children pick

out postcards of pictures to remind
them of their visit. Later at home, you can
do follow-up activities with them, such
as writing their thoughts on the back of
the cards, or doing their own paintings. .
T

....
 ART GALLERIES WITH CHILDREN

plan ahead think about and plan for the

future. (Also think/look ahead.)
go down well/badly (with sb) get a
particularly good/bad reaction from sb.
shy away from sth avoid doing or getting
involved with sth because you are not
confident enough, or are worried about it.
read up about/on sth read about a subject
in order to get information.
turn sb off (sth) make sb feel bored with or
not interested in sth. turn-off N, INF.
print sth out/ off produce a paper copy of a
computer document.
keep your voice down speak quietly (often
used as an instruction).
on display if sth is on display, it is put in a
place where people can look at it.
lay sth on INF provide sth for sb, especially
entertainment, service, food, etc.
engage with sb FML communicate with sb.
pick sth out choose one thing or person
from a group.
remind sb of sth make sb remember sth
that they have seen, read or experienced.
follow-up an action or activity that
continues sth that has already started.
follow sth up v.

WORD FOCUS
,.,, . If your irrtagln~tion 'runs riot, you .
:t let lt'devefop irt a:rwely way without
' tryingto'conlrof.it. Hovvever, 'if peeple,
·cbildren1.ete. ru~,rtot; 0they are.noisy,:
out of control and possibly violent.
L'.. LEISURE

Board games

Have you ever tried your hand at

Scrabble? It's a board game based on
chance and strategy, and it also calls
for a certain language ability. In recent
times it has been tu~ed into an
on line game and is played worldwide.

In the game, letter tiles are jumbled

up in a bag, from which you take
seven. You have to make up words of
between two and seven letters, which
you lay on the board to win points. You
then count up your score for that word
and the total is noted down on a sheet
of paper. You replace the tiles that you
have put down with the same number
from the bag.

The next player has to add a word, but

he or she must use one of the letters
already on the board. Players take
turns to Tadd words; if they cannot
make a word, they can put the letters
back and take some new ones. The
game ends when all the letters have
been used up, and one player has
run out of letters. The other players
will have some letters remaining; the
points for these are added up and
taken away from their final score.
 BOA RD GAM ES

vity for
try your hand at sth do an acti
it or are
the first tim e to see if you like
goo d at it.
star ting
base sth on sth use an idea as the
dev eloped.
poi nt from whi ch sth can be
or requ ire sth.
call for sth nee d
turn sth into sth mak e sth bec ome sth
different.
in an
jumble sth up mix things toge ther
r.
unti dy way, with out any orde
sth from a num ber of
make sth up form
part s.
num ber
count sth up calculate the total
of thin gs or peo ple in a gro up.
that
note sth down write sth dow n so
you will have a reco rd of it.
ace. (In
put sth down place sth on a surf
lette rs on the boa rd.)
this case, put
sth in the plac e whe re it
put sth back put
was before it was moved.
sth.
use sth up use all of a sup ply of
run out of sth, you
run out of sth if you
and hav e not hin g left.
use all of it
two or
add sth up calculate the total of
mor e num ber s or amo unts .
t or
take sth away (from sth) sub trac
ber from ano ther num ber.
remove a num

take
If peo ple take turns to do sth, or
one
it irttums to do sth, they do it has
e
afte rthe othe r so tha t eve ryon
~e-c han ce to do it. This ofte n happens
,n games.
 )
"'·-· t

Phrases in team sports

The team should be at full . with all the best players in your team.
at full stren gth PIaymg
strength on Saturday. OPP below strength. .
Powell is only just back from . on the bench for a match Is a
on the bench player whho IS eplace another member of the
injury, so he's on the bench. substitute (= aaplayer w o can r
team during the match). . ff
The game kicks off at 2.30. kick off (of a football or rugby mateh) start. kick-o N.
We lost the toss and_we'7:e lose the toss guess wronglyhwh.Ieh side of a coin will face
d OPP win the toss.
• playing against the wind in the upwards when it lands on t e groun .
first half.
The referee sent the player off I
send sb off order a Payer who has broken a rule to leave the
for a two-footed tackle. field of play and not return.
 ou t In the sb out of a competition, you
last year.
w,. got knockedCup kno ck sb out if you kno ck ger take par t in it. (Also, a
sem i-fi nal of the defeat them and the y no lon
kno cko ut com pet itio n.)
at ost do sth.
We cam e close to scoring coi ne dos e to doi ng sth alm
the end.
it of play,
They ma nag ed to score, but aga ins t the run of play if a
team scores against the run ring.
nce of sco
was aga ins t the run ofpla
y. had a bet ter cha
they score when the oth er team
t trol of a match,
We were on top throughou be on top be in a leading position or in con
the firs t half. compet itio n, etc.
2-1 in sport.
In the end we we nt dow n in a competition, especially
• to the German team.
t
go dow n (to sb) lose to sb
it plays in the town, city,
We're pla yin g at hom e nex team plays at hom e,
y.
wee k.
pla y at hom e if a from
es . OPP pla y awa
etc. tha t it com
SPORT

Winter sports

.,
two golden rules in winter sports: use
the right equipment, and wrap up warm.
If/.
*This m. ay·.s. eem st·r·ange
but remember that
r a winter sport,. ,~.
fu.

sunlight ls reflected ,'

off the bright s,nQw back into yGUr :,
f:;

'i].
face, so p!-y.lt life and.cover ~!'.)with
sunscreen. I'.
*When you're sledding, be sure to sit
up rather than lie down. Lying down
increases the risk of injury. And if you're
trying out a new hill, walk it first to '

check for obstacles.

.
,

*When you're skating, stick to approveq

ice. Under no clrc:ums~l'lces.Tshould
you try skati11g on ice. that hasf\'.t been
approved; even:for .a second. And It
~es Mtft$.8 t<:> skate in.the same
d!J.ectlen~s ever,ypn~ else, oth~i.vise
you [lli9~.~u:in_, in~o ~pie.;
* When you're skiing, watch out for
others to avoid collisions.

•
 WINTER SPORTS

no matter what/how/whe re, etc. used

to say that sth is always true, whatever
the situation, or that sb should certainly
do sth.
wrap up wear enough clothes to keep you
warm: wrap up warm.
play (it) safe be careful; avoid risks.
cover up put sth on all or part of your
body to hide it, protect it, or keep it
warm.
sit up get or be in a sitting position, not
lying down or leaning back: sit up
straight.
lie down be in a position in which your
body is flat on a surface, e.g. on a bed.
try sth out test sth to see what it is like
and whether it is suitable or effective.
stick to sth continue doing or using sth,
and not change or stop it.
make sense be practical and sensible.
bump into sb/sth accidentally hit against
sb/sth.
watch out (for sth) pay attention so that
you see if anything bad or unusual
happens.

WORD FOCUS
Under/in no circum$taneeids used
to emphasize that some.thing should
never happen or be allowed.
In/under the circumstances is used
to show that we have thought about
the conditions that affeetasituation:
Under the circumstances, I decided n()t
to go to the wedding.

•
rr, SPORT

The rise of a great tennis player

N OVAK DJOKOVIC had always been a

fine player, but until 2010, was never on
a par with Roger Federer or Rafael Nadal.
Then he started to build up his strength and
fitness, and somehow developed a new-
found mental toughness. This was clearly
on display in the semi-final of the US Open
in 2011. Match point down in the fifth set,
Djokovic gambled on a massive service
return and it came off "'· He won the point
and went on to win the match.
Having lost five games in a row against
Djokovic, Nadal was determined to win the
final. But he got off to a bad start, losing
the first two sets. He came back in the
third, winning 7-6 on a tie-break, but the
recovery was short-lived. Djokovic took
control from the outset of the fourth set,
and won the match quite comfortably.
Toe question remaining now is whether
Djokovic can keep up this phenomenal run,
or whether Nadal will fight back and regain
the number one position. Ii\..

•
 THE RISE OF A GREAT TENNIS PLAYER ,-.-

on a par (with sb/sth) at about the same

level or standard as sb/sth. ·"""'
build sb/sth up make sb/sth bigger,
stronger, fitter, etc.
on display if a skill, quality, etc. is on
display, it is clear and easy to notice.
gamble on sth take a risk with sth,
hoping it will bring you success.
go on to do sth do sth after completing
sth else.
in a row one after another, without
anything different happenin g in
between.
get off to a good/sl ow/bad, etc.
start start sth well/slowly/badly, etc.
come back become successful or effective
after being in a bad situation, especially
in a sports event. comebac k N.
from/at the outset (of sth) from/at the
beginnin g of sth.
keep sth up maintain sth at the same
level or standard.
fight back work hard to achieve or
oppose sth, especially in a situation
where you are losing. fightback N.

WORD FOCUS
If something comes off, it is successful,
often when it has been risky or difficult,
or when it is surprising (see text).
We also use come off when a player
leaves a sports field anti is replaced
by another player: Rooney came off
after an hour, and was replaced by
Hernandez.
SPORT

Sports injuries
Avoiding ~pgr.ts,ir;ij1:1ries ~:~-~~""
~...-.•MO·~~W."IM.zz.t.'i~»..i'*'~~'--~M

First and foremost T don't start playing

a sport if you are badly out of shape. You
need to be in reasonably good condition
before you even start a sport, otherwise
you risk injury.

You also need to understand exactly

what you're meant to do in any given
sport, and to abide by the rules, as they
are there to ensure your safety in the
first place T. And if a sport requires
equipment such as helmets and gum
shields, make sure you wear them. This
is absolutely essential if you take part In
any sport that involves a lot of physical
contact; safety must come first T.

Some people like to train every day in

the belief that it will make them better.
In fact, this may increase the likelihood
of injury. You should build regular rest
periods into your training routine to cut
down the risk of injury, and when you
play, always warm up and warm down.
Do some stretching exercises to loosen
up, and then after a game to warm down.

Finally, don't play when you're injured, or

come back too soon after an injury; you
then run a risk of a more serious injury.

...
•
 SPOR TS INJU RIES

.
out of shap e in bad phys ical cond ition
OPP in shap e.
t to
be mea nt to do sth if you are mean
do sth, you shou ld do it beca use of a
rule or an agree ment .
abid e by sth FML accep t and act
acco rding to a law, an agree ment , etc.
ples
such as used to intro duce more exam
of the type of thing or perso n that you
have just ment ioned .
take part (in sth) be invol ved in an
activity with othe r peop le.
t
build sth into sth make sth a perm anen
part of a syste m, plan, etc.
cut sth dow n redu ce sth.
ity by
warm up prep are for a spor t or activ
doin g gentl e exercises. warm -up N. SYN

loose n up.
warm dow n do gentl e exercises to relax
t
your body after doin g a parti cular spor
or activity. warm -dow n N.

.:om e back retur n to playing.

-,m a/th e risk of sth/ doin g sth be or put
your self in a situa tion in whic h sth bad
could happ en to you.

WOR D FOCUS a

There are diffe rent idiom using 'first':

s
first and foremost most importantly;
more than anyth ing else.
in the first place used to state the most
basic reason for sth.
come first be the most impo rtant
person or thing .

•
l!"'; SPORT

r,J The mind of a champion

--

lympic, world and European champion

O track cyclist Victoria Pendleton is a
force to be reckoned with, But she is also
sensitive and surprisingly vulnerable for
someone who has devoted herself to
competing in such a tough sport, 'I hate the
idea of letting people down - and when I
do I feel such a failure; she says.
In some respects, it is the fear of failure
that motivates her and makes her keep
going when many others would give up.
'Maybe guys have these insecurities, but
they keep it to themselves. I can't do that:
Pendleton is prepared to open up "' and
let others see her vulnerability, and she tries
to switch off between races by watching
episodes of her favourite TV shows. But in
the build-up to races, competitiveness and
ambition take over. Of her 2008 Olympic
final, she says:'I was drawing on a lot of
negative resentment, thinking;'l'II show
you''. That's how I felt on the inside. I think
now:"ls that really me?'"

•
 THE MIND OF A CHAM PION

a force to be reckoned with a person

whose ability or influence deserves to be
respected.
devote yourself to sth spend a lot of time
or effort doing sth.
let sb down make sb disappointed by not
doing sth that they expected you to do.
keep going continue to do sth even
though it is difficult.
give up stop doing sth that you have been
trying to do because it is too difficult.
keep sth to yourself not tell other people
about sth.
switch off INF stop thinki ng about sth or
paying attention to sth, especially as a
way of relaxing.
build-up (to sth) the time before an event
when people are talking about it and
prepar ing for it.
take over (from sth) become bigger or
more impor tant than sth else; replace
sth.
draw on/upon sth use a supply of sth that
is available to you.
I'll show you used to talk about what you
intend to do as an angry reaction to
what sb has said or done.

WOR D FOCUS
If you open up (to sb), you talk about
your personal feelings and experiences.
If you bottle sth up, you do not allow
other people to see how you feel,
especially over a long period of time .
SOCIAL EVENTS

A picnic
We asked you to describe a perfect picnic
- thank you to everyone who wrote In!
Here are some of your letters.

My husband and I celebrate our wedding

anniversar y by going on a picnic every July.
We make our way to the coast, stopping to
pick up some food and drinks on the way.
We Jove being on our own together, off the
beaten track, and we just sit and chat and
watch the ocean. After we've eaten, we walk
along the coast and only tum back when the
sun goes down. It's a magical day.
Ginny and Raoul

To celebrate Mum's birthday, we went on

a picnic in a country park near here. We
got there before Mum and Dad, and took
advantag e of the picnic tables provided
down by the river. My brother had invested
in a special picnic basket, and organized
all the food. He and I set it all up, but other
family members pitched in, and even the
kids helped to clear up at the end. Mum was,
delighted, and best of all, the mosquitoes
stayed away T.
Julia
 A PICNIC

write in write to an organization to ask

about sth, tell a story, or express an
opinion.
go on sth go somewhere to do a particular
activity: go on a picnic, go on a tour.
make your way (to somewhe re) go to
a particular place, especially over some
distance or taking some time.
pick sth up INF buy sth.
(all) on your own alone; with no one else.
off the beaten track far away from other
people, houses, etc.
turn back turn round and return the way
you came.
go down when the sun or moon goes
down, it goes below the horizon.
take advantag e of sth make use of an
opportunity; use sth well.
invest in sth buy sth that is expensive but
that you will use a lot or enjoy having.
set sth up prepare equipment, furniture,
etc. that will be needed for an activity.
pitch in INF join other people and help
with an activity.
dear (sth) up make a place clean and tidy.

WORD FOCUS
There are several phrasal verbs with stay.
stay away not come near somebody or
something {see text).
stay behind remain somewhere when
other people have left: We stayed
behind to help tidy 1,1p.
stay over sleep as a guest in somebody's
home for a night I stayed over at Tom's.
 SOCIAL EVENTS

A surprise party
_....,
L.Mum and Dad's fortieth wedding
9 anniversary was coming up, and
· my brother Joe and I wanted to throw a
party for them. In the end, however, we
decided to take them out for lunch with
friends and family, but we all agreed to
keep it from them till the last minute.
Joe said he would see to the restaurant
arrangements, and I took charge of
inviting family and dose friends. I was
worried that Mum would get wind
of • the party because Aunty Ann loves
gossiping - she can't help herself - but
fortunately, she didn't let on.
On the day of the lunch, we told Mum
and Dad that we were taking them out.
Mum got dressed up, but it didn't occur
to them that we'd organized anything
special.
We drew up outside the restaurant,
and suddenly Dad spotted Uncle Ron
looking very smart. It began to dawn
on him that this was no ordinary lunch.
We went into the dining room and fifty
of their relatives and best friends were
there, cheering and smiling. Mum looked
shocked and then burst into tears; Dad
just burst out laughing. At the end of
the meal, someone yelled out, 'Speech!;
but Dad just smiled and took no notice.
I know they'll remember the day for the
rest of their lives.

•
 Y
A SU RP RIS E PART

OU S be go ing to
come up USUALLY CO NT INU
ha pp en ve ry soo n.
throw ~ party organi
ze a party,
par tic ula rly in yo ur ow n ho rn
fro m sb avo id telling s;· sth
keep sth ·
·th th
see to sth dea WI 8 ; take responsibility
l
of sth
for sth. SYN take charge
urs elf if yo u can 't help
can't help yo
p yo urs elf do ing sth
I yourself, yo u can't sto y sth tha t is .
et?n tell sb sth , especi all
.
mt en de d to be a secret
d up we ar clo the s th t
get dresse a are mo re
1i al th yo u usually we ar
orm an tho se
·
(Also dress up.)
urs to you, yo u
occur to sb if sth occ
sud de nly sta rt to thi nk ab ou t it
h' . ·
draw up (of av e 1c1e) arn ve at a place
an d stop.
ns on you, yo u
dawn on sb if sth daw
the first tim e
sud de nly realize it for .
nly sta rt t
!:>urst into tears sud de
burst ou t laughing sud de st.::ty.
nly
laughing.
loudly.
,ell (sth) out sho ut sth
/sb) (no t) pa y
:alee (no) notice (of sth
att f en to sth/sb.
en mn to sth; (no t) list

. .. .. .
If - . . ofSthJl'iF, they
~m eb od y ge~s Windt is secret or
. .out something tha ause someone
pnvate. This may be bec s INF, ::: tell
else has spilled th& be ant should be
~e on e something tha
.....pt secret.
('('"', SOCI AL EVEN TS

f"t"',
A family meal
ZOE How did your family lunch go?

JAN Well, ... these thing s usually go

OK if you think ahead, but to be
honest, it was a bit chaotic. First of
all, my neighbour, Maria, popped
over in the morning for a coffee and
a chat, and that held me up, so by
midd ay I'd really got behind with
the preparation. And after that I was
rushing aboUt like a lunatic trying to
get thing s organized.
ZOE Oh, dear.
JAN Yes, and the other thing was, I
hadn 't bargained on the change in
the weather. We'd planned to have
a barbeeue because it's been so
warm lately, but by lunchtime, it was
pouring with rain, so in the end we
all had to squeeze into the kitchen,
and I did everything on the cooker.

ZOE Oh, what a shame T.

JAN Well, actually, it was OK. But then

this annoyed me: afterwards, all the
wome n helped wash up and tidy
everything away, but the men just
stood around, chatting away as
usual.
ZOE Well, that's fairly typical, isn't it!
 A FAMILY MEAL

think ahead think about a future event or

situation and plan for it.
to be honest used to tell sb what you really
think.
first of all used to introduce the first of
several things you are going to say.
pop over/round INF go somewhere quickly
or for a short time.
hold sb/sth up delay sb/sth.
get behind (with sth) if you have got
behind with a job, you have not done
as much of it as you should have by a
particular time.
rush about/ around try to do a lot of things
or go to a lot of places in a short time.
bargain on sth USUALLY NEGATIVE expect
sth to happen and be prepared for it.
pour with rain rain very heavily.
squeeze into sth manage to get into a small
space. (Also squeeze sb/sth into sth.)
wash up wash plates, glasses, knives, etc.
tidy sth away put things in the place where
they should be, e.g. in a drawer, especially
so that they cannot be seen.
stand around stand somewhere and do
nothing very useful.
chat (away) talk in a relaxed, friendly way.

WORD FOCUS
What a shame is used when you feel
sad or disappointed about something.
SYN what a pity. If you are sorry that
something has happened to someone,
you can also say bad luck I hard luck .
SOC IAL EVE NTS

A wedding
was look ing at our wed ding phot
I and all these mem orie s cam e
Ollie and I agreed to get marr ied
os '.esterday,
floo ding back .
in the sum mer
of 1990, but I had a difficult time
tryin g to pin
him dow n to a wed ding date!
Eventually we
settl ed on T July lst, and start
ed to plan for the
big day.
.
Secretly, I wan ted a big wed dmg
, but our
families had very little money,
so we settl ed
for T a simp le cere mon y with
just family and
close friends, and we had to do
with out a
hone ymo on. Dad trea ted ever
yone to lunc h at a
local hotel. and Ollie's frien d Dan
suggested we
had a disco in the gard en at hom
e afterwards. I
did won der wha t wou ld happ en
if it rained, but
I wen t alon g with it, and in the
even t, it was a
glorious, warm evening, and ever
ythin g wen t
off with out a hitch .
Duri ng the meal, Ollie got up
and mad e a
lovely speech: it redu ced me to
tears , but it was
the best day of my life. We dran
k a toas t to a
long and happ y marr iage , and
that is wha t we
have had. I wou ldn't swap plac
es with anyone.
 A WEDDING

flood back if memories come flooding

back, you suddenly remember them
very clearly.
pin sb down force sb to make a decision
about sth or say what they intend to do.
a/the big day a very important day, e.g. a
wedding day.
do without sth manage without sth.
treat sb to sth pay for or do sth special for
sb that you know they will like.
go along with sth agree with a plan or
decision that sb else has made.
in the event when the situation actually
happens.
go off (of an organized event) happen in a
particular way. If sth goes off without a
hitch, it happens without any problems.
get up stand after sitting, lying, etc. SYN
stand up.
reduce sb to tears/silence, etc. make sb
cry, be silent, etc.
drink (a toast) to sb/sth wish sb
happiness, success with sth, etc. by
raising your glasses and drinking from
them.
swap places with sb exchange your place
or situation for that of sb else.

WORD FOCUS
If you.settle on something, you choose
or make a decision about something
after thinking about it.
If you settle for something, you accept it,
even though it Is not the best solution, or
not what you would really like.
SOCIAL EVENTS

Rock concerts
How was the last rock concert
you went to?
MAL Brilliant! The warm-up band went
down really well 'Y, so by the time
Cold play came on, the atmosphere
was electric and we knew we were
in for a great night. Chris Martin was
superb and the band backed him up
really well. We were all singing along
- a wonderful night I couldn't have
enjoyed myself more.
ARI Everyone went crazy when Strings'
entry was announced, but we all got a
bit restless when the band spent so long
testing out their equipment People
started whistling and calling out, but
after a couple of songs, they won the
crowd over with the quality of their
performance.
LOUELLA It's a strange experience,
being at a big concert - it certainly
was at the last one I went to. You're all
packed in like sardines, and the noise
is deafening - people are screaming
their heads off. Then suddenly the
crowd starts pushing to get nearer the
stage and you're fighting for breath.
Sometimes people pass out in the
crush; it's awful. But you're living in
the moment and it's the most exciting
thing you can imagine.
..
 ROC K CON CER TS ,__
,__,..,
prep ares
war m-u p a warm -up perf orm er
the audi ence for the mai n show by
singing, tellin g joke s, etc.
a
com e on (of a perf orm er) walk onto
stage.
rience
be in for sth INF be goin g to expe
sths oon .
this case,
back sb up give supp ort to sb. (In
the mus ician s back up the main singer.)
sb else who is
sing alon g (to sth) sing with
already sing ing.
an event
enjoy your self get plea sure from
or experience.
of peop le
go crazy if an audi ence or grou p
go crazy, they become very exci ted.
usin g sth to see ifit is
test sth (out ) try
working corr ectly or is satis facto ry.
call out say or shou t sth loudly.
cially
win sb over get sb's supp ort, espe
whe n they were agai nst you befo re.
sard ines crow ded very
oock ed in like
tightly toge ther in a small space.
loudly.
iCTeam you r head off shou t very
culty brea thing.
'lgh t for brea th have diffi
beco me unco nsci ous,
:>ass out sudd enly
for exam ple beca use you are too hot.
Ne in/fo r the mom ent enjoy the pres ent
re.
time and not wor ry abou t the futu

.VORD FOCUS
the
If a performance goes down weH,
and
audience responds enthusiastically
ess. (Also go down a storm/a
it is a succ
bomb INF. ) OPP go down badly.
 DRAMATIC EVENTS

_ A nasty row
/,
:i';;:;J"T ALL STARTED quite quietly.
.11 was standing at the bus stop.
A woman behind me was giving
her daughter a telling-off for being
lazy. The girl tried to laugh it off,
but the mother just went on and on
about how the girl took her mother
for granted and never lifted a
finger around the house. Finally the
daughter just exploded. She started
shouting at her mother, and for one
awful moment I thought she was
going to go for • her, so I decided
to step in. Wow! What a mistake
that was. Both women immediately
turned on • me. The mother told me
to mind my own business, and the
daughter just shouted, 'Clear off.
By this stage quite a few people were
looking on, and I was hoping one of
them would back me up. But no one
did, so I just walked away. Further
down the road I looked back and they,·
were still having a io at each other. • - ;

•
 A NASTY ROW ,___

give sb a telling-off speak angrily to sb,

especially a child, because they have
done sth wrong. (Also tell sb off.)
laugh sth off joke about sth in order
to suggest that it is not serious or
important.
go on (and on) about sth/sb talk about
sth/sb for a long time, especially in a
complaining and boring way.
take sb for granted be so accustomed to
sb that you do not appreciate them or
show that you are grateful to them.
not lift a finger (to do sth) INF do
nothing to help sb.
step in become involved in an argument,
especially to stop any trouble.
mind your own business INF stop asking
questions and getting involved in other
people's lives.
dear off! used to tell sb rudely to go away.
cook on watch an activity or event without
becoming involved. A person who does
this is an onlooker.
:lack sb up provide support for sb.
Naik away leave a place, situation.or
person.
<:ave a go at sb INF attack or criticize sb.

WORD FOCUS
ff you,goJfor.sb, yol.(;attatk them . .
pbystcal!y. If you turn911sb, you
suddenly attack tryem verbally or
physically.

II
-..J DRAMATIC EVENTS

Riots
The London Riots

HERE HAD been unrest leading

T up to the riots in London in August
201 1. The fatal police shooting of
29-year-old Mark Duggan sparked off
protests, and violence broke out when
120 people marched on Tottenham
Police Station. Cars were set on fire,
shops were looted, and a man who was
trying to film the events was beaten
up by rioters. The following day the
trouble spilled over into other districts,
and on the Monday, gangs of youths
wreaked havoc in many parts of the
capital, burning down buildings and
looting from shops. It was thought that
gangleaders were able to organize the
riots using their mobile phones.
Initially, the police came under fire
for their slow response to the events,
but by Tuesday morning they were on
the streets in force, and the trouble
had died down T. In the wake of the
violence, the prime minister promised
that no one would get away with
robbery and thuggery, and following
eyewitness reports and examination of
the CCTV footage, the police arrested
over 2,000 people. II

Ill
 RIOT S

lead up to sth if a probl em or series of

actions lead up to an impo rtant event,
they come before it or cause it.
spark sth (off) cause sth to start or
develop, especially suddenly.
break out (of a fire, fight or war) begin.
set sth on fire/s et fire to sth make sth
start burni ng.
beat sb up hit or kick sb hard, many
times.
spill over increase and then affect other
areas.
wreak havoc cause very great harm or
damage.
burn down /burn sth down be destroyed
or destroy sth by fire.
come under fire be attacked or criticized.
in force in large numb ers.
in the wake of sth happ ening after an
event or as a result of it.
get away with sth escape punis hmen t
after doing sth wrong.

WOR D FOCUS
If some thing dies down (usually a fire
noise or troub le), it becom es gradu ally
less strong , loud, unple asant , etc.
If son:iethi.ng dies away (usually a sound
r
or noise), 1t becomes gradu ally quiete
and weak er and then stops: The sound
of footsteps gradually died away.
If so~e t~ing dies o_ut (usua lly a
species), 1t stops existi ng: Tigers are
dying out in this part of Africa.
('("', DRAMATIC EVENTS

:! Storms and flooding

ollowing gale-force winds that

F battered homes at the weekend,
people along the east coast are now
having to deal wldl: widespread
flooding after 80 mm of Jain. fell.in less
than 24 hours.. Some resid®t;s ha¥e , .
been driven outof th#r ,hQm~~d ,e
village Qf Cashford'was ah:liosf cut off
after a bridge over the River Tane was
swept away. · '
Despite warnings, same residents !
were still caught unawares;anttare, '
~=j~~,;:i.~
tb.eworst in1hingmemery;.'saidone'· ~
homeowner. ~Water came
ill:'." during f
andthegrotind fl~is
, ~lyflooili~,t·· ~d tliere
.... . .. . · ... colrie.fo~ten.
say,tlie~ ~11.a~ to ~t~ wlth
more~tlus~g,somany
ho~,s;m·,. st• .~~flpodiag.
It is thou~ tam;may 11ote11suf
untillater tomorrow. ·

•
 STORMS AND FLOODING I"-"
~"·
deal with sth take action to do sth,
especially to solve a problem.
drive sb out (of sth) make sb go away or
leave a particular place.
cut sth/sb off (from sth) OFTEN PASSIVE
make a place difficult to enter, leave or
communicate with.
sweep sth away OFTEN PASSIVE (offloods,
a tornado, etc.) completely destroy sth.
catch sb unawares happen in a way
that sb was not expecting and not
prepared for.
come to terms with sth gradually accept
a difficult or unpleasant situation.
in living memory during the time that
anyone still alive can remember.
contend with sth/sb have to deal with a
difficult situation or person.
downpour a large amount of heavy rain.
pour down v.
at risk (from/of sth) in a situation in
which sth unpleasant or harmful may
happen.
ease off become less strong, unpleasant,
etc.: The pain should ease off soon.

WORD FOCUS
Come In has many meanings. These
are three of the most common .
1 enter a room or bt.titding (see text).
2 arrive somewhere: When· does his
train come in? ,
3 be received: Reports a.re coming in of
further flooding.

•
 DRAMATIC EVENTS

-~ A fight in a fish shop

T was standing in a queue in my local
• .lfish and chip shop last week when four
• teenage boys came in. One of them was
• very full ofhimself, and tried to show off
• to his mates by pushing in at the front
• of the queue. He probably thought that
. nobody would challenge him, but he was
mistaken. The man in front of me took
exception to his behaviour and told him
to get to the back.
The next thing I knew, a fight had
broken out. One of the boys threw a
punch, the man momentarily lost his
balance, and the other three boys jumped
on him and tried to pin him down on
the floor. An elderly couple stood back
• and looked on in horror while I rang
i the police. Fortunately, the man working
• in the fish and chip shop reacted very
• swiftly to the trouble - perhaps he was
• used to it. Quick as a flash, he produced
a fire extinguisher and turned it on the
boys. It must've come as quite a shock to
them, because the fight broke up almost
immediately and the boys ran away.
I'd rather lost my appetite by then, so I
left. I heard later that the man needed
stitches to his face. I don't know if they , ·
ever caught up with the boys respons1bl

•
 A FIGH T IN A FISH SHO P

come in enter a room , building, etc.

be full of yourself INF, DISA PPRO VING
behave in a prou d, unpleasant way,
.
showing little thou ght for othe r people
in a
show off INF, DISA PPRO VING behave
way that is inten ded to attract people's
attention and mak e people adm ire you.
push in stand in front of people in a
queue
who have been waiting longer than you.
t sth
take exception to sth be angr y abou
and objec t to it strongly.
sth
the next thing I knew used to say that
dly.
happ ened very quickly and unexpecte
break out (of a fight, war or fire) start
suddenly.
thro w a punch hit sb with your fist
(= closed hand).
lose your balance sudd enly fall or
almost
fall.
nd
pin sb dow n hold sb firmly on the grou
so that they cann ot move .
is
stand back move back from sth that
happening.
out
look on watch an activity or event with
takin g part in it. onlo oker N.
a
quick as a flash very quickly. SYN like
flash.
a
turn sth on sb/sth direct sth such as
water hose or a gun at sb or sth.
break up (of a fight) stop.
run away escape by runn ing out of
a place.
catch up with sb find and arres t sb who
has com mitte d a crim e .
r- DRAMATIC EVENTS

Mountain rescue

HEN Carol Stephens and Sian Crane

W set off for a day's hiking, the weather
was fine. By mid morning, however, it was
already closing in, and by lunchtime it
was foggy, the rain was coming down,
and it was difficult to see where they were
going. They decided to start back and
tried to figure out the best route, but they
lost their bearings. In the confusion, Sian
tripped on the edge of the mountainside
and fell nearly twenty feet. She landed
on a ledge but was unconscious. Carol
immediately called out the mountain
rescue team, who were on the spot within
half an hour. By this time, Sian had come
to and was complaining of 'f' a terrible
pain in her leg. The rescue crew were able
to reach her, but had to call for helicopter
backup to get her off the ledge. She was
rushed to hospital where doctors attended
to her leg, which was broken in two places.
Carol said it hadn't dawned on them that
they were taking a risk with the weather.
"One thing's for sure, we'll think twice
about doing anything like that again;'
she said.

•
 MOUN TAIN RESCU E

set off start a journey, especially a long

.,.J l
journey.
close in if the weather is closing in, dark
clouds and stormy conditions are
approaching.
come down (ofrain , snow, etc.) fall.
start back begin to return somewhere.
figure sth out think about a problem or
situation until you find the answer or
unders tand it. SYN work sth out.
lose your bearings becom e lost or
confused.
call sb out ask sb to come, especially to an
emergency.
on the spot at the actual place where sth
is happening.
come to become conscious again. SYN
come around /round .
backup extra suppor t that can be used if
necessary. back sb up v.
attend to sb/sth take care of sb/sth; deal
with sb/sth.
dawn on sb if sth dawns on you, you
unders tand it or realize it is true for the
first time.
think twice about sth/do ing sth
consider carefully whethe r sth you are
plannin g to do is a good idea.
WORD FOCUS
If somebody complains of sth, they say
that they feel sick or are in some pain
(see text). This verb is not used in the
first person in the present tense: l-4't-
t36mp.'a,·fl,'fig tJfpaffl.

j
 STUDY
. .,...
Memories of school
Think back to your schooldays and
answer the questionnaire!
········ ········ ········ ········ ········ ········
• Which subjects did you do well at?
·················································
• Did you find it hard to keep up with other
students in the class, or certain subjects?
········ ········ ········ ········ ········ ········
• Did you have to leam a lot'of,thlngs by·
heart, e,9. ifl' history otscierice?·' ·
,,,,,,,,,,· -.,•••••• •••••••• •••••••• ••·..-,co
,••·••••• •
• Were you good at gettin g down to your
homework once you got home?
················································
• If you were away from schoo l'~sey ou
were ill; dldyou have toutc h u)IGR work
when you went back?
..................... ......................... .
~

• Did your teachers ever mark you down

for making spelling mistakes?
········································
• Did you ever get told off 'Y for being late?
················································
• Did you ever doze off in a lesson?
········ ········ ········ ········ ········ ········
• Did you ever play truant?
.................................................
• Did your teachers ever tell you to pull
your socks up?
················································
• Did your teacher s ever keep you-hi after
school to do extra work?
................................................. ,., ..
• Was anyone ever thrown out of your
school for bad behaviour?
················································
• How did you feel when you broke up at
the end of term?
.................................................
 MEMOR IES OF SCHOO L

think back (to sth) think about sth that

happen ed in the past.
do well (at sth) be successful in sth. OPP
do badly (at sth).
keep up (with sb/sth) make progres s in
sth at the same speed as other people or
at the right level.
learn sth by heart study sth so that it is
stored in your memor y.
get down to sth start doing sth serious ly
and with effort.
catch up on sth spend extra time doing
sth that should have been done before.
mark sb down reduce the mark or grade
given to sb in a written piece of work or
an exam.
doze off go to sleep, especially during
the day.
play truant stay away from school
withou t permis sion.
pull your socks up INF try to improv e
your work, behavio ur, etc.
keep sb in make sb stay indoors or in a
particu lar place, often in school as a
punish ment.
throw sb out force sb to leave a place.
break up begin the holiday s when school
finishes at the end of term.

WORD FOCUS a

If you tell sb off, you speak angrily to

them for doing something wrong. It is
often used in the passive: I got told off
for breaking a window. You also give
sb a telling- off N .
Classroom actions

copy it down (= write exactly what sb has

written or said)

cross it out

rub it out

1 I live _ftL France. ~

2 Look ot the w,n~~'N.
3 She comes .:kfn_ Genwa~"I · .~

leave it out(= don't do number 2)

fill it in (= complete it)

 STUDY

'
I..._,

print it out

H
hand It in (= give sth to your teacher or
someone in authority)

put it away

_,,it over

•
STUDY

What teachers say

If you don't know the meaning of a word,

look it up in a dictionary or ask me to
explain it to you.

OK, everyone, look at the handout, and

Jaime, could you read out the opening
lines of the text, please?

I'm sorry you've been ill, Yuki, but these

handouts will help you to catch up with
the rest of the class.

OK, let's clear this up, once and for all!

The past tense of 'spell' can be either
'spelled' or 'spelt'.

OK, everyone, finish off this exercise

tonight, and we'll go through it tomorrow.
Now, let's move on to something else ...

When you've done your essay in rough,

you'll need to give me a typed version.

Work with your partner and take it in

turns to test each other on the vocabulary.

Don't worry about that bit of grammar;

we'll come back to it later.

Pasha, could you and Katya swap places,

please? Thank you.

·rught; ~;~;y~~~. it'~ -~~;~1yi60:i~is ~ill

it a day, shall we?
·;,.

•
 WHA T TEAC HERS SAY

look sth up find infor matio n by looki ng

in a dictionary, refere nce book , etc.
hand out a piece of pape r conta ining
infor matio n, a text, exercises, etc. given
to stude nts in a class. hand sth out v.
read sth out read sth aloud so that other
peop le can hear you.
catch up with sb reach the same level or
stand ard as sb who is more advan ced.
clear sth up solve a probl em or expla in
sth that sb has not unde rstoo d.
once and for all comp letely and finally.
finish sth off do the last part of sth so that
it is comp lete.
go through sth exam ine sth in detail.
move on to sth stop talkin g abou t or
doing one thing and start talkin g abou t
or doing a different thing .
in rough if you write sth in rough , you
make a first versio n of it, and you will
impro ve it later.
take it in turns if peop le take it in turns to
do sth, they do it one after anoth er so
that every one has the oppo rtuni ty to do
it. SYN take turns at sth.
come back to sth retur n to sth that you
were discussing, study ing, etc. earlier.
swap places excha nge seats or posit ions
with sb.
call it a day INF decid e to stop what you
are doing (often work).

•
~ STUDY

:::C; Exam revision tips

How to get through exams

• The most important thing is to draw

up a timetable for revision, and then
stick to it.

•
+
Study in blocks of about twenty
minutes, with five-minute breaks,
and don't work all the time. Then you
won't wear yourself out, and you'll
have time for things to sink in.

•
+
Just flicking through 'Y your books
and notes isn't very helpful. Jot down
some notes on what you're reading,
and make up quizzes or memory
aids, such as cards with key words on.
Even copying something out is more
effective than just reading.

•
+
Work your way through all the past
papers you can get your hands on.
Practise answering questions against
the clock. It's also helpful to try to
work out which topics tend to come
up regularly, and focus on them.

•
+
Look after yourself! The night before
the exam, don't stay up all night; try
to get a good night's sleep. And on
the actual day, eat something that will
keep you going through the exam,
such as eggs or pasta.

•
 EXAM REVIS ION TIPS

draw sth up prepar e a plan, schedule,

progra mme, etc.
stick to sth contin ue to do sth that you
decided or promi sed to do.
wear sb out make sb feel very tired.
sink in becom e completely unders tood.
jot sth down write sth quickly.
make sth up invent sth.
copy sth out write sth again, exactly as it
has been written.
work your way throug h sth do or
study one thing after another, missing
nothin g out.
get your hands on sth INF succeed in
getting sth.
against the clock trying very hard to
finish sth before a particu lar time.
work sth out resolve or decide sth by
thinkin g about it carefully.
come up if a topic comes up in an exam,
it appears in the exam.
look after sb take care of sb.
stay up delay going to bed.
keep sb going if sth to eat keeps you
going, it stops you feeling hungr y and
gives you enoug h energy to do sth.

WORD FOCUS
If you flick throug h a book, you turn
the pages quickly withou t reading
them carefu lly (see text}.
If you flick throug h TV. channels,
you change them quickly to see what
progra mmes are on. ·
STUDY

Exam results
Student Exam Forum
How did your exams go?
CARRIE I thought my exams had gone
badly, and I was in a terrible state
before the results came out. I was
right about the physics exam - I
messed that up - but I sailed
through the other subjects and got
three 'As'!

LYALL I knew I didn't stand a chance

of passing the history exam. I
missed out a couple of questions,
and then I couldn't come up with
any ideas for the essay. My mind just
went blank.

LUCIA I passed the exams with flying

colours, but then I still had to get
through an interview for medical
school. I did really badly and I didn't
get in. It was so disappointing.

JASON I did well in my course work,

and that counted towards my final
results. I just scraped through
the exams, but still got a university
place.

RAN! My first-year results were poor,

so I decided that law was not for
me. I gave it up and did history
instead.

•
 EXAM RESL'LTS

be in a bad/terrible state INF be very

anxious or upset about sth.
come out become known.
mess sth up make a mistake and do sth
badly.
sail through sth succeed very easily in a
test, exam or course.
stand a chance of doing sth usuALLY
NEGATIVE if you don't stand a chance of
doing sth, it is not possible that you will
succeed in doing it.
miss sth out not do sth or include sth.
come up with sth find or produce an
answer, idea, etc.
go blank if your mind goes blank, you
cannot remember sth, especially the
answer to a question.
with flying colours if you pass sth with
flying colours, you are very successful.
get through sth be successful in a test, an
interview, etc.
get in/ get into sth be accepted to study
at a school, university, etc.
count towards sth be included as part of
sth you hope to achieve in the future.
scrape through (sth) succeed in doing
sth such as passing an exam, but doing
it with difficulty or not doing it well.
not be for sb INF if sth is not for you, it
is not the kind of thing that you like or
that is suitable for you.
give sth up stop doing sth that you were
trying hard to do .

•
I S:: STUDY

Lr, Why learn a language?

I anguage teaming can o~!" up

La wide range of opportun1t1es for
you in terms of work, pleasure and
cultural enrichment.
• In business, a foreign language can
help you build up an awareness
of cultural differences and smooth
the path for trade negotiations.
. • On holiday abroad, even if you
• can only get by in the la~guage,
your stay will be more en!oyable.
Spend a little time brushing up on
your school Spanish before you
go to Spain, and Y?U will have the
satisfaction of talking to someone
in another language. Most people
appreciate that you have made the
effort to speak their language.
• If you live abroad, kno~edge
of the native tongue w,11 enable
you to play a greater part in the
community, and in some cases_ act
as an ambassador, trying to bridge
the gap between the cultures.
• At home, too, knowledge of a
language can make ~ou ~tand
out in university applications.
Furthermore, once you've learnt
one foreign !anguage, you will know
how to go about learning .ano~her,
and may find it easier to pick it
up•.

•
 UA GE ?
WH Y LEA RN A LA NG
I -
...,;
sibilities.
open sth up create new pos
of sth use d to sho w what aspect
in terms
ing about.
of a subject you are talk
cre ate or develop
build sth up gradually
sth.
r sth) remove
smooth the path/way (fo
elop easily.
problems so that sth can dev
a lan guage, you
get by if you can get by in
to be abl e to do
know just enough of it
what you nee d to do.
sth up practise
brush up on sth I brµsh
of and
and improve your knowledge
lea rne d in the past.
skills in sth that you .
sth be inv olv ed in sth
i:>lay a part in
do a par ticu lar job , or play a
act as sth/sb
particular role.
Oridge the gap between
A and 8 reduce
or get rid of the differe nce s between
two gro ups of people.
two things or
srand out (from sb/sth)
be easy to notice
erent: stand
or see because of being diff
out in a crowd.
., about doing sth start
dealing with a
ticular way.
situation, a job, etc. in a par

flld: sth up has many JD{!anings.

. Here .
.we three of themQSt .IZOfl'm'IOA.
1 learn .a new skill easijy;0
r,1:>y c~nce,
t wo rkin g t.,al"CJ at it (se~. text).
whou
2 Wt something Up .fro m a. surt~~e; l .
tedup
l/lld,;, aJt the toy s tfta twere·o.n the,
9lo
pfuei /tit:"·
3 mlect something.from.acleanetS.
-.t - Your jac ket up at the

•
.::::. STUDY

L'"'1 Why learn a language?

anguage learning can open up
L in terms of
you
a wide range of opportunities for
work, pleasure and
cultural enrichment.
• In business, a foreign language can
help you build up an awareness
of cultural differences and smooth
the path for trade negotiations.
• On holiday abroad, even if you
can only get by in the language,
your stay will be more enjoyable.
Spend a little time brushing up on
your school Spanish bE:fore you
go to Spain, and you will have the
satisfaction of talking to someone
in another language. Most people
appreciate that you have made the
effort to speak their language.
• If you live abroad, knowledge
of the native tongue will enable
you to play a greater part in the
community, and in some cases act
as an ambassador, trying to bridge
the gap between the cultures.
· • At home, too, knowledge of a
language can make you stand
out in university applications. •
Furthermore, once you've learnt f

one foreign language, you will know

how to go about learning another,
and may find it easier to pick it
upY.

II
 WHY LEARN A LANGUAGE?
(
v -
open sth up create new possibilities.
in terms of sth used to show what aspec
t
of a subject you are talking about
build sth up gradually create or develop
sth.
smooth the path /way (for sth) remo
ve
probl ems so that sth can develop easily .
get by if you can get by in a language,
you
know just enough of it to be able to do
what you need to do.
brush up on sth I brµsh sth up pract
ise
and improve your knowledge of and
skills in sth that you learned in the past.
play a part in sth be involved in sth.
act as sth/s b do a particular job, or play a
particular role.
bridge the gap betw een A and B reduc
e
or get rid of the differ ences betw een
two things or two groups of people.
stand out (from sb/st h) be easy to notic
e
or see because of being different: stand
out in a crowd.
go abou t doin g sth start dealing with a
situation, a job, etc. in a particular way.
WOR D FOCUS
Pick sth up has many meanings; Here
are three of the most ,C9llllt'IOl't,
1 learn a new skill e :by cJ:ianQ;,
witho1Jt workillg IJarq. {seft,.kxt).
2 lift something'up fr~ a, si.Jrta~:/ .
picked up aft the toy& tflat:were on:the.
floor.
3 collect somethin3.trom ii plue,; t!IJ"'
pick yourjacket up at the cleaners. ·

•
WORK

Getting a job

Top tips for job applications

When you are applying for a job,
remember these useful tips:
• Do some r~search on the company that you
are interested in. A good understanding
of their business will make you stand out
from other candidates, and make you
appear organized and thorough.

• Write a CV which makes a good

impression by presenting it in a very
professional way. Flag up your positive
characteristics, but try not to seem as if you
are boasting. It is essential to point out how
your skills relate to the particular Job that
you are applying for. Always ask someone
you can rely on to lookoveryourletter
and CV, and suggest some improvements.

• Prepare for the interview if you are offered

one. Make sure you know your way
there, and of course, show up • on time.
Deciding what to wear depends on the
sort of job you're after, so think about it
carefully.

• The interview is an opportunity for you

and the potential employer to find out
more about each other. Here are some
simple tips: don't sit down until you're
invited to; speak UR- don't mumble; keep
to the facts; and emphasize the ways in
which you would be up to the job.

•
 GET TIN G A JOB

to see or
stand ?ut (from sb/sth) be easy
t.
notice because of being differen
an imp ress ion (on sb) mak e othe r
make
people notice and adm ire you .
thin k is
fla~ sth up men tion sth that you
important.
to mak e
point sth out tell sb sth in ord er
them notice it.
or be
relate to sth be connected to sth
about sth.
have faith
rely on sb/s th trus t sb/sth and
in them to do sth for you .
how
look sth over examine sth to see
good it is.
can be
make sure check sth so that you
certain abo ut it.
ided by
dep end on sth be affected or dec
som ethi ng else.
ing for sth.
~e after sth be wanting or look
out abo ut sb/
find sth out or find
tion abo ut sb/s th by
. sth. get informa
asking, reading, etc.
to be
speak up speak loudly eno ugh
clearly hea rd.
sth.
be up to sth be goo d eno ugh for
WO RD FOCUS
rma l
Show up and turn up are info
When
phrasal verbs meaning 'arrive'.
sho w up at a place, you are usually
you
for
expected: She didn 't show up
may or
work. When you turn up, you
both er to
may not be expected: Don 't
n you
boo k a place - iust turn up whe
wan t to .

•
- Job likes and dislikes
\'.'hat do you like about your job?

• JOSH I'm a marketing consultant..

Helping my clients sort out 'Y their
business problems and get their
message across to their customers is
very rewarding.

• ALEXA I enjoy dea.lin~ with the

public - every day 1s different.

• SAM I feel I'm making the most of

my skills, and that's satisfying.

Iii MARIA I work for an ?rganization

that I believe in, which means a lot.

What don't you like about your job?

• RONI All I do is fill out forms.

I'm bored to tears most of the time.

i) DEV I thrive on challenge, and it's just

not there. All I do is go over the same
tasks again and again.

• LOUELLA Getting bogged down in

paperwork - that's the worst bit.

• ENRICO My boss has never really

, made clear what my role is. I spend
ages trying to figure out what I'm
supposed to be doing.

ii, RUDY In meetings, my boss pulls me

to pieces in front of my colleagues.
I hate it.

•
 JOB LIKES AND DISLIK ES

get sth across commu nicate sth clearly.

deal with sb be involved with sb in a
business sense.
make the most of sth use a situation to
get the best possible result.
believe in sth feel that a person or an
organization is good or right.
fill sth out complete a form by writing
inform ation on it. SYN fill sth in.
bored to tears extremely bored. SYNS
bored stiff, bored to death.
thrive on sth enjoy sth such as hard work
or a difficult task, and be stimula ted
by it.
go over sth study or check the details of
sth.
again and again many times.
get/be bogge d down (in sth) becom e so
involved with the details of sth that you
cannot make progress.
figure sth out think about a proble m or
situation until you find the answer or
unders tand it. SYN work sth out.
be supposed to do sth be expected to do
sth by sb in authority or because of rules.
pull sb to pieces INF criticize sb or their
work very severely.

WORD FOCUS
If you sort a problem,out; you -deal,
with it succe5sfully. If something sorts
Itself out, It stops being a problem and
no one has to do anything about it.
( ' ' .. WORK

--
.-~ Better job performance

• Make a list of things to getthrough

that day - and work on them in order of
priority. This will help you to filter o~t
unnecessary or unimportant tasks.
• Work on the tasks one at a time. Don't
go on to a new task before you have
finished the previous one.
• If you're working on.a big task,break it
down into smaller tasks; this will give you.
more sense of achievement.
• Don't be put off• by colleagues who
want to stop and chat. Tell them politely
that you're too busy to talk.
• Check your ernall inbox at the start of.
the day and answer anything important.
After that, set aside specific times to
check and reply to emails.
• Reduce paperwork by storing important
information on your computer.
• Don't put off doing • things because
you don't like them. ltmay help to get
the111 out ofthe way early in the ciay.
• Tidy up your desk regularly. If your
things are all over the place, you wont
be able to work efficiently.
• Finally, if you're snowed under at work,
don't be afraid to ask for help.•
 BETTER JOB PERFORMANCE

get through sth finish dealing with a

series of tasks or a piece of work.
work on sth spend time producing or
improving sth.
filter sth out remove sth that you do not
want from a larger number of things.
one at a time separately and in order. SYN
one by one.
go on to (do) sth do sth after doing sth
else.
break sth down divide sth into different
parts to make it easier to do or deal with.
set sth aside if you set aside time or
money, you save it in order to use it
later for a particular purpose.
get sth out of the way finish doing sth,
especially sth difficult or unpleasant.
tidy sth up make a room, desk, etc. look
better by putting things in the correct
place.
all over the place not neat or tidy; not
well organized.
be snowed under (with sth) have more
work than you are able to deal with.

WORD FOCUS
If someone puts you off, they disturb
you while you are trying to concentrate
(see text).
if you put sth off or put off doing sth,
you delay doing something because you
don't want to do it (see text)', or because
you decide to do it at a later time.
Colleagues
.Tell uubout ¥!11A!(Olle~9y~~L -
SEAN My co-worker, Janine, is great.
I can turn to her if I have a
problem or if there's something
that I need to talk over. She can
get along with T anyone! I feel
she trusts me, and she always
backs me up in meetings. I know
her so well now that really I look
on her as a friend.

TIM I've got a lot of time for our head

of department, Clive. He brings
out the best in everyone. We all
look up to him, but he's basically
· a very modest guy.

SAM Leon's great; you know he'll

pull out all the stops to finish
the work on time and to a high
standard. And he comes up with ~
all the best ideas in meetings.

TIA I can't stand Mr Harrison. He's

always showing off in front of
the boss. And he's so patronising
i
- he just talks down to me all
the time.

WILLY Dan's nice, but I don't think he's

cut outto be a salesman. I think
he should change his career path.
 COLLE AGUE S

turn to sb/sth go to sb/sth for help,

advice, etc.
talk sth over (with sb) discuss sth in
detail, especially in order to make a
decision or reach an agreement.
back sb up suppo rt sb by telling other
people you agree with that person.
look on sb as sth/sb think of sb in a
partic ular way.
have (got) a lot of time for sb/sth INF

like and be interested in sb/sth.

bring out t'1e best/w orst in sb make sb
show their best/worst qualities.
look up to sb admir e and respect sb. OPP
look down on sb.
pull out (all) the stops INF make the
greatest effort possible to achieve sth.
come up with sth find or produ ce an
answer, a new idea, money, etc.
show off INF, DISAP PROVI NG try to impress
other people by talking about your
abilities, possessions, etc. show-off N.
talk down to sb speak to sb as if they are
not as clever or impor tant as you.
be cut out for sth I to be sth INF,
USUALLY NEGAT IVE have all the
qualities or abilities neede d for sth.

WOR D FOCUS
If you get along with sb, you have a
good relationship with them (see text).
Two people can get along: How do
you and Jack get along? SYN get on
(with sb) .

•
: WOR K

-.:= Losing your job

used to be the receptionist in a hote

i
I which had a reputation for excellent
food. Then it was take n over by a
l
f
big ,
hotel chain. The manager decided
hand in his notice, and the hotel took
to I
f
on a new manager who was awful.
She
made life very difficult for the head 1·
.

·.
chef, and one day she just gave
the sack 't'. She then brou ght in
own chef who was useless, and as
him
her
a
I:
result the number of guests just start
ed f
drop ping off.
l
Eventually, they started laying people
off 't', and I found myself without a
l
job. f
It took time for the realization of bein
unemployed to sink in, and for a coup
g f
le ~
of months I J·ust sat around, not doin
g ¥
,~
very much, and feeling sorry formyself
.
I had very little money to live on
and
had started to run up debts.
(
Then, one day, I had a drink with
i
the old chef and colleagues who
also been made redu ndan t 't'. had lf_·_
We
got chatting and someone suggested
we work together to start up a
new
restaurant. It's early days, but we're
all
very excited and optimistic about it.
•

•
 LOSING YOUR JOB

take sth over take control of a business,

often by buying shares in it. takeover N.
hand in your notice/resignation say
officially that you have decided to leave
your job.
take sb on start to employ sb.
make life/things difficult for sb cause
problems for sb.
bring sb in ask sb to do a particular job.
drop off become fewer or less.
sink in be fully understood or realized.
sit around spend time doing nothing very
useful. SYN sit about.
feel sorry for yourself INF, DISAPPROVING
feel unhappy about sth, but not try to
do anything to improve the situation.
live on sth have a particular amount of
money for the basic things you need.
run sth up allow a bill or debt to reach a
large total.
start sth up if you start up a business, you
create or establish it. SYN set sth up.
it's early days used to say that it is too
soon to know if sth will be successful.

WORD FOCUS
If someone gives you the sack, they
tell you that you can no longer work
for them because you have done
something wrong. (Also get the sack:
He got the sack for constant lateness.)
If you are 'fald off, you have to leave
your job because there is not enough
work for you. SYN be made redundant.

•
BUSINESS

Buying an existing business

ome people start up their own
S business because they create a new
product or service; others spot a gap in
the market; a few have an interest or
hobby that they turn into a business.
Many, however, still follow the well-
trodden path of buying an existing
business. But you must first consider the
advantages and disadvantages of what
you are taking on.

ADVANTAGES
• The basic work of getting the business
up and running has already been done.
•· It may be easier to get your hands on
finance.
• There may be regular customers and a
regular income that you can capitalize
on and build on.
• A business plan and marketing method
should already be in place.
• Existing employees should have
valuable experience for you to draw on.

DISADVANTAGES
• Buying a going concern may be very
expensive.
• You may have to put in T more money
on top of the purchase price.
• The existing owner may be selling up
for reasons you are not aware of, and
you might find you are taking over a
business with more problems than you
realize.

•
 BUYING AN EXISTING BUSINESS

start sth up if you start up a business, you

create or establish it. SYN set sth up.
a gap in the market an opportunity to
produce sth that people would like to
have, which is not yet available.
turn sth into sth make sth become sth
different.
take sth on decide to do sth, or agree to be
responsible for sth.
up and running working fully and correctly.
get your hands on sth succeed in getting
sth that you want or need
capitalize on sth gain an extra advantage
for yourself from a situation.
build on sth use sth as the basis for more
progress.
il place if sth is in place, it exists and is
able to be used
draw on sth use a supply of sth that is
available to you.
a going concern a business that makes a
profit and is expected to continue to do
well.
on top of sth in addition to sth else.
sell up sell your home, business, etc., often
because you are retiring or leaving the
area.
take sth over take control of sth.

WORD FOCUS

•
,-. ' BUSINESS

A growing business

!
I
HEN Paul Pritchard opened a !
W pharmacy in a small parade of
shops on the outskirts of town, few people
~

thought he would ever make a go of it.

The shop had formerly belonged to a
couple selling fruit and vegetables, and
before that it had been a hardware shop;
both owners had eventually been forced
to close down. Paul, however, thought
differently, and firmly believed in what
he was doing. It was touch and go for
several years, but through his energy and
enthusiasm he at least managed to break
even. Then he had a stroke of luck. The
small doctor's surgery down the road
was rebuilt and extended, and two new
doctors were taken on at the practice.
This had a dramatic knock-on effect
on Paul's business, and the number of
people coming into the pharmacy almost
doubled at a stroke. From then on, Paul
gradually built up the business, and in five
years' time, when he retires, he hopes to
be able to pass on a thriving pharmacy to
his nephew, Darren, who is planning to go
into 'f' the business. "

•
 A GROWING BUSINESS

make a go of sth INF be successful in sth

that is difficult or requires effort.
belong to sb if sth belongs to you, it is
yours; you own it.
close down permanently stop operating
or doing business.
believe in sth think that an idea or way of
doing sth is good or right.
it's touch and go INF used about a
situation in which a successful result is
possible but not certain.
break even if a business breaks even, it
neither makes a profit nor loses money.
a stroke of luck sth lucky that happens to
you unexpectedly.
take sb on employ sb.
have a knock-on effect (on sth) start
a process which causes sth to happen,
and that then causes sth else to happen.
at a stroke with a single action that has an
immediate effect.
build sth up develop sth over time.
pass sth on give sth to sb else, especially
after having or using it yourself.

WORD FOCUS
Go into sth has several meanings.
1 starno work irfa particular industry
or area of activity (see.i.text).
2 talk a~utsth Jo ~etail: The c.ompany
won't go into their offer in as:iy detail.
3 (of money, time; effort; etc.} be
spent on sth or.usedJor.~th: ~ large
percentage of the budget has gone
into marketing. ·

j
• _,... BUSINESS

A struggling business
In business, things may go wrong
for many r~asons.
'-·«·..>~\~,.,}A«;:;;:,,.,,:/t:;;_~;;.,fifu~tk"i"''.....~~~~~~·

MONEY: Some companies underestimate

the funding they need; others use all their
start-up 'f' capital before they have a
steady income; some companies obtain
funding, then find it dries up.

PEOPLE: Poor management often lets a

company down. Bad managers have a
tendency to make impulsive decisions
without weighing up the pros and c.ons.
They also seem to attract, employ and
retain people who will hold them back.

COSTS: It is easy for costs to get out of

control unless someone is keeping their
eye on the ball.

COMPETITORS: You have to keep one step

ahead of your competitors, otherwise
you risk falling behind.

AMBITION: Some companies are over-

ambitious. They need to build and grow,
but should do so one step at a time.

THE MARKET: Some companies fail to adapt

to a changing marketplace, e.g. by failing
to keep up with the latest technology.

LOCATION: Don't be tempted by a cheap

lease or low rent: a company in the
wrong place will fail.
 A STRUGGLING BUSINESS

go wrong if sth goes wrong, it develops

badly and causes problems.
dry up if a supply of sth dries up, there is
gradually less of it until there is none left.
let sth down have a bad effect on the
quality or success of sth.
weigh sth up consider the good and bad
aspects of sth in order to reach a decision.
pros and cons (of sth) the advantages
and disadvantages of sth.
hold sb/sth back stop the progress and
development of sb/sth.
be/ get out of control be or become
impossible to manage or control.
keep your eye on the ball continue to give
your attention to what is most important.
keep/be one step ahead of sb be better
prepared for sth or know more about sth
than sb else.
fall behind make less progress or be less
successful than other people who are
doing a similar job or activity.
one/a step at a time slowly and
gradually from one stage to the next. SYN
step by step.
keep up with sth be aware of the latest
developments in an area or activity.

WORD FOCUS
The a9Jective $tart~~ i~ only us~ ,
before a. noun, ~nd ref~~t9 the start
of a. new busi11ess o.r pl'()j!!cf~staft-up
cos.ts. start-up cap'ital. ,start sth up v.
A start-up is a business that is being:; ·
started .
BUSINESS

Going bankrupt

Should you declare

bankruptcy?
.i" y~u· -~~e· f~~i-~g ·~- ~e;f~~-i ·d~~~iu~~·
l in business and cannot pay off your
debts, you may feel the best option is
to declare bankruptcy and wind µp
the business. The matter is then taken
out of your hands and dealt with 'Y
by the courts, so people cannot come
to your home demanding money. In
many cases the majority of debts are
also written off, which allows you to
make a fresh start and set up a new
company if you wish.
However, there are serious disadvantages
to declaring bankruptcy. Other people
will take over the running of your
company, and you will probably have to
sell off some of your assets. Moreover.
legal costs can be expensive. and
the whole process may be very time·
consuming. For this reason, you should
always consider whether you can turn
around the business. for example with a
CVA (Company Voluntary Arrangement)
in which you arrange to pay back your
creditors over a period of time. The
existing directors remain in control,
and the company does not go out of
business; it is free to continue trading.
• • • "~ ••••••••• * " •• ~ ••••••• ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
 GOING BANKRUPT

pay sth off finish paying money that you

oweforsth.
wind sth up close a business. (If you wind
down a business, you bring it to an end
gradually over a period of time.)
out of your hands if sth is out of y~mr
hands, you are no longer responsible
for it.
write sth off say officially that an amount
of money does not have to be paid: write
offa debt.
a fresh start a situation in which you start
sth again in a completely different way.
set sth up start sth such as a business,
organization, etc.
take sth over take control of sth.
sell sth off sell all or part of an industry, a
business, or a piece ofland.
turn sth around/round cause a business,
economy, etc. to stop being unsuccessful
and start being successful.
pay sb back give sb the same amount of
money that you borrowed from them.
go out of business stop operating as a
business because there is no more
money or work available. SYN go bust INF.

WORD FOCUS
If yo1,1 deal with sth, you perform a
task, or take action to solve a problem
(see text). If you deal with sb (a
particular person or company), it often
means you do business with that
person or company: We deal with a lot
of small hotels .

•
· r BUSINESS
r-· --.
Management buyout

Prevera buyout to go ahead

• The management buyout• at
Prevera Electronics still looks set to
go ahead. The proposed deal has had
to contend with various setbacks in
: recent weeks. First, there were rumours
• that talks between the management and
: their principal backer, EPC, had broken
down, with some commentators claiming
• that EPC were threatening to pull out
: altogether. Then, last week, one of the
original management team, Daniel Evans,
decided to back out. This prompted fears
once again that the deal could be on the
verge of collapse.
However, the spokesman for the
managem ent group, Peter York, has
been quick to put investors' minds at
ease. In a statemen t he made last night,
he not only reiterated that EPC were
fully behind the deal, he also took the
slightly unusual step of announcing
that the managem ent team were able
to call on additional sources of income
if necessary. He said, 'I believe there. was
never any danger of this deal falling
through, and I hope we will be able to
press ahead with the buyout as quickly
as possible'. The City is expecting an
announce ment early next week.

•
 MANAGEMENT BUYOUT

go ahead happen or proceed. ,_,

contend with sth/sb have to deal with
a problem or a difficult situation or
person.
setback a difficulty or problem that
prevents or delays sb/sth. set sb/sth
back v.
break down if a relationship or discussion
breaks down, it fails and comes to an
end. breakdown N.
pull out stop being involved in an activity,
event or situation.
back out decide not to do sth that you
agreed to do.
on the verge of (doing) sth very near to
the moment when sth happens or sb
doessth.
put sb's mind at ease do or say sth to
make sb stop worrying about sth.
call on sth decide to use sth that sb can
offer you.
fall through if a deal or plan falls through,
it fails and doesn't happen.
press ahead (with sth) continue doing
sth in a determined way and as quickly
as possible, despite difficulties.

WORD FOCUS
A buyout occur~ ~en the ,man,;lgers of
~ company take control of It by buying
a majority-0f the sbar~. buJ !tb out. v.
A takeover .is when a CO!Jlpany takes.
control of another cqmpany, also by
buying a majority of the shares. take
sth over v .
\0 BUSINESS

~ Company rescue
BARNEY MORTON describes how
~~~~C~~!:J''z.
When I took on the greetings card
company, it had been going downhill for
quite a while, so I got down to work
at once.

The first part of the job was the hardest,

but there was no way round it: I had to
lay off several members of staff who had
been with the company for many years.
It also became clear quite quickly that
expenditure was spiralling out of control,
so I brought in a new accountant to get
to grips with the financial side of things.

Stock control was another issue. I realized

that if we reduced the amount of stock
we held at any one time, it would free up
more money for marketing, which had
been badly neglected. That we have now
started to do.
Being a very traditional company, it had
not embraced modern technology very
quickly. For example, the company hadn't
created online greeting cards, and as a
consequence we were losing out to
some of our closest competitors.
It'll take time, but we've improved on last
year's performance, and I now feel we can
turn the company round.
 COMPANY RESCUE -

take sth on agree to be responsible for sth.

:"]
.:]\
go downhill get worse in quality, health,
etc.
get down to sth start to do sth, giving it
serious attention.
at once immediately; without delay.
lay sb off stop employing sb because
there is not enough work for them to
do or money to pay them. SYN make sb
redundant.
be/ get out of control be or become
impossible to manage. OPP be/get
under control.
bring sb in start to employ sb who has
particular skills.
get to grips with sth begin to understand
and deal with sth difficult.
free sth up make available sth such as
money, time or space that was going to
be used for another purpose.
as a consequence FML used to say that
one thing is the result of another. SYN in
consequence.
lose out (to sb/sth) INF not get business,
etc. that you expected because sb/sth
else has taken it.
improve on sth achieve or produce sth
that is of a better quality than sth else.
turn sth around/round if a business,
economy, etc. turns around, or sb
turns it around, it starts to develop
successfully after being unsuccessful for
a time.

•
- POLITICS.

-X A future prime minister?

DESTINED FOR THE TOP?

CHOOL AND UNIVERSITY

S friends of Daniel Curran say that he
talces after his illustrious father: clever,
creative and very ambitious. Those
qualities have certainly been t~ the fore
in his rapid rise to the top of his party.
Curran did not set out to be a
politician, but after two years as a
barrister, he turned his back on a
career in law, and chose the Labour
Party instead. He became a Member of
Parliament when a seat came up near
his home town of Salford, and he soon
stood out as one of the up-and-coming
MPs of his generation.
Curran then advanced rapidly under
the wing of former cabinet minister
James Brough, and hit the headlines
when he stood for T leader of the
party at the very young age of 38. He
narrowly lost on that occasion, but got
his chance again three years later when
James Dingwall decided to stand down
for personal reasons. This time Curran
swept to victory, and he could soon
be heading for the top if, as many now
believe, the prime minister is forced to
call a general election later this year. +
 A FUT URE PRIM E MIN ISTE R?

take afte r sb look or behave like

mem ber of you
father or mother.
r fami ly, espe
an older
ciall y your -
nt and
be to the fore be/become importa
noti ced by peop le.
task, etc.
set out to be/ do sth begin a job,
with a particular aim or goal .
that you
turn you r back on sth reject sth
have prev ious ly acce pted .
come up become available.
stand out (as sth) be noticeably
a
successful and better than others in
particul ar role.
by sb
under sb's win g being looked after
who is older or more experien ced.
an
hit/g rab/ mak e the headlines be
new s on the TV or
important item of
radio, or in the new spap ers.
,
stand dow n leave a job or position
especially an important one.
sweep to victory win a contest
easily.
sth if you are head ing for
be heading for
sth, it is likel y to happ en soon .

WO RD FOCUS
,·
Stand. for sth has·different meanings;
1 try to get chos en in an elec tion for a
particular position (see text).
2 be an abbreviation or symbol of
something: UNstanf:/s fqrU nited
Nations. · . . . .
3 USt1ALLY Nl!G ATIV ~ (not ) be willin
g
to accept something that somei:Jod
y else
does: Some workers.are lazy, and the'
new boss won't stand.for that
r.J POLITICS

::C
.,__
_. Political sound bites
<

. ~
'

'
. ·,.~:-.
~ ,• .. -
A sound bite is a short comment, often made by a
politician and usually taken from a longer speech.
It is repeated because it is considered to be
especially interesting or effective. The following
sound bites are often used by politicians of all
parties in the run-up to an election.

I am here to focus on the issues.

We will stand up to the banks and big business.

We won't give in to terrorism.

I'm here to make a difference.

We must look to the future now, and leave the
past behind.

We still have a long way to go, but together,

we can make it.

Our party stands for family values.

It's no good the opposition trying to deceive

the people; they won't fall for it.

There's no hidden agenda in our party.

Weve looked at the opposition', economic

policy, and I can tell you now that the figures
don't add up.

Remember, it's our children's future that is

at stake.
 POLITICA L SOUND BITES

the run-up to sth the period of time just

-
before an importan t event.
focus on sth pay particula r attention to sth.
stand up to sb/sth refuse to accept bad
treatmen t from a person or organization.
give in (to sth/sb) accept that you have
lost in a game, fight, competition, etc.;
surrender.
make a difference have an importan t
effect on sth, especially a good effect.
look to sth consider sth and think how to
make it better.
leave sth behind stop being involved with
a person, place or situation.
have a long way to go need to make a
lot more progress before you achieve or
complete sth.
make it be successful in a particula r
activity, especially a career.
stand for sth if sb stands for a particula r
principle, they believe it is importan t.
it's no good doing sth = it's not useful or
effective to do sth.
fall for sth INF be tricked and deceived
into believing that sth is true.
hidden agenda a secret reason for doing
sth because you will get an advantage
from it.
k>ok at sth examine sth carefully.
idd up USUALLY NEGATIVE if a set of facts
do not add up, you do not believe they
are correct.
at stake likely to be lost or damaged if sth

•
fails.
r•, POLITICS

~ Election night
L/€:r.ere in Stroud, they've been
'IJIJ counting up the votes for
hours, and we're now just minutes
away from finding out the result.
The parties have been running neck
and neck throughout the campaign,
and judging by the faces of the two
main rivals, it is still too close to call.
Many Conservative voters had been
hoping that Martin Piper would be
able to build on the narrow majority
he secured at the last election. But
when he came out strongly in favour
of the government's proposed pay
freeze, some of his supporters feared
it may have damaged his chances. His
opponents have certainly been quick
to capitalize on this, and now sense
they could be on the verge of victory.
Much, though, could hinge on the
turnout. We are hearing it is quite low,
so this might just tip the balance in
Piper's favour.

I can now see a number of people

crowding around Martin
Horwood, the returning
officer, so I think we're
about to get the result.
Yes, here we g~,~·.
~Yf,1}
,.,..,,.,l~

•
 ELECTION NIGHT

count (up) sth calculate the total number

of things in a group (in this case, votes).
neck and neck (with sb) if you are running
neck and neck with sb, you are level with
them in a race, competition, etc.
judging by/from sth usedtogiveyour
reason why you think sth is true.
too close to call if the result of a
competition or election is too close to
call, it is impossible to know for certain
who the winner will be.
build on sth use sth as a basis for further
progress.
come out in favour of sth/against sth
say publicly that you agree or disagree
with sth.
capitalize on sth get an advantage for
yourself from a situation.
on the verge of sth very near the moment
when sth happens or sb does sth.
hinge on/upon sth (ofa result, action,
etc.) depend on sth.
turnout the number of people who vote in
a particular election.
tip the balance affect the result of sth in
one way rather than another.
in sb's favour if sth is in sb's favour, it gives
them an advantage or helps them.
crowd around/round (sb/sth) stand
together in large numbers around sb/sth.
be about to do sth be going to do sth
very soon.
here we go INF said when sth is starting
to happen .
POLITICS

Opinions about politicians

What's your opinion of politicians?
Well, for my money, they're a waste of time - ·
the whole lot of them.

Politicians often get a bad press, but I'm

sure they're doing their best.

I don't like the way that politicians talk

down to people. They often treat us as if
we're stupid.

I wish politicians would tell us what they .

really think. It gets on my nerves the way ·
they just toe the party line all the time.

·. I think most of them genuinely believe in

what they're doing, and I respect that.
' .. ~

.· In my opinion, a few of them talk ~~~~~;

and quite a lot of them talk nonsense.

I've got no time for politicians, and I'm

amazed that they imagine we're taken in by
some of the things they say.

· When they're in opposition, they often have

good ideas, but when they're in power they
just seem to resort to the same policies that
failed last time.

· Well, I think, with politicians, we get what

we deserve T.
 OPINIONS ABOUT POLITICIAN S

for my money INF in my opinion.

get a bad/ good press receive criticism or
praise in newspapers, on TV, etc.
do your best try as hard as you can. SYN
try your utmost.
talk down to sb talk to sb as if you think
they are not as clever or important as
you are.
get on sb's neNes INF make sb angry.
toe the (party) line say or do what sb in
authority tells you to say or do, even if
you do not agree with it.
believe in sth think that sth is good or
right.
talk sense/nons ense/rubbi sh, etc. INF
used to say that you think sb is saying
sth that is sensible/stupid, etc.
have (got) no time for sb/sth dislike sb
or sth.
take sb in OFTEN PASSIVE trick sb and
make them believe sth that is not true.
in opposition a political party that
is in opposition is not part of the
governmen t of a country. OPP in power.
resort to sth do sth you may not want
to do because it is the only course of
action that is possible.

WORD FOCUS
In this context, the statement we get
what we deserve means that we get
politicians who are as good or as bad
as the people they represent.
POLITICS

Passing laws
n_Britain, for a government bill (a
Iproposed new law) to become law,
there is first a long drawn-out process
involving both the House of Commons
and House of Lords.
Most bills start in the House of Commons.
The first reading takes place there, but
it is just a formality to tell Members of
Parliament (MPs) that a bill is on its way.
At the second reading, MPs are usually
given a day (as a rule about six hours)
to debate the bill. It then passes to the
committee stage. Here, a committee
made up of 18 to 25 MPs go through T
the bill, line by line, in the light of the
debate at the second reading. They may
call in experts to give evidence, and put
forward their own amendments. They
then report back to the Commons.
Further changes can be made at this
'report' stage, and there may be a
rebellion by those not in favour of the
bill. If it gets through this stage (it usually
does), it has a third reading before being
passed to the House of Lords, who then
go through Ta similar process. There
may be further amendments, and a bill
can go back and forth between the two
houses for some time before they agree
on a final version, and the bill can
go through T .
 PASSING LAWS
J.
long drawn-out continuing for a long time,
often too long. draw sth out v.
take place happen.
on its/the way happening or arriving soon.
as a rule used to say what usually happens
or what is usually true.
make sth up form sth. (Also PASSIVE be
made up of sth. SYN consist of sth.)
in the light of sth after considering sth;
because of a particular fact.
call sb in ask a person or organization to
come and help you.
put sth forward offer an idea, opinion,
reason, etc., especially so that people can
discuss it and make a decision.
report back (to sb) give sb information
about sth that they have asked you to
find out about.
in favour (of sth) if you are in favour of
sth, you support and agree with it.
get through (sth) be officially accepted or
approved.
back a.nd forth from one place to another
and back again repeatedly.

WORD FOCUS
There ar~ thre_e different meanings of go
through sth or.go thr.wgll in the text.
1 study and examine something
carefully. -
2 perform a series of steps or actions.
3 if a bill goes thr_ough, it becomes law.
 CONCEPTS
..-.,.
Criticism
HANNA I love Leon, but he's always putting
me down in front of everyone. It's
almost as if he gets pleasure from
finding fault with everything Ido. I
try to shrug it off, but sometimes it
just gets me down.
SOFIA Yes, I've noticed that. You know, in
some ways Ithink he lacks
self-confidence - maybe that's why
he takes it out on you.
HANNA Hm. I guess I've been quite successful,
and Ithink he holds that against me.
SOFIA Well, either you've got to have it
out with him, or just learn to live
with it.

AXEL You look fed up. Has Otto been

giving you a hard time again?

SVEN Yes, he jumped down my throat

this morning when I suggested that
we should consider spending less on
marketing.
AXEL Well, don't take it personally. You
know what he's like; he's never been
good at constructive criticism. He just
lashes out at people when he's in a
bad mood.
SVEN Yeah, I mean, I know he's clever, but he
needs to step back and take a long,
hard look at himself. You can't lead a
department like that.

•
 CRITICISM
,-

put sb down criticize sb, especially in front

......_.,
of other people.
find fault with sb criticize sb, often after
trying to find mistakes they have made.
shrug sth off treat sth as ifit were
unimportant and not worry about it.
get sb down INF make sb feel irritated or
depressed.
take sth out on sb make sb suffer because
you are angry, upset or tired, even when
it is not their fault.
hold sth against sb feel angry with sb
because of sth that they have done in the
past.
have it out (with sb) talk to sb honestly
about a disagreement between you, or sth
they have done that is making you angry.
live with sth accept sth unpleasant that you
cannot change.
give sb a hard time INF criticize sb a lot or
be unpleasant to them.
jump down sb's throat suddenly criticize
sb or speak to them very angrily. SYN
lash out at sb.
take sth personally get upset because sb
is being critical, and you think they are
criticizing you in particular.
step back (from sth) think about a
situation calmly, as if you are not
involved in it.
take a long, hard look at sth/sb think
about a problem or issue very carefully in
order to find a better way to deal with it.

•
0) CONCEPTS

.:::,-\ Dishonesty
When was the last time you told a lie?

JAZEK Mum asked me to take her shopping

at the weekend. I made up an excuse
about work, but she saw right through it.
HENRIQUE Last night my girlfriend asked
me why I was half an hour late. In fact,
lo been buying her birthday present and
was trying to keep it from her, but I had a
parcel which kind of gave the game away.
RONNIE When I was six, I stole some
sweets from a shop. Dad asked me where
lo got them. At first I lied, but eventually
I had to own up. I should have known
I wouldn't get away with it - but when
you're six, you know nothing!
Jo I knew that my brother had broken
Mum's favourite vase, but when she asked
me who had done it, I didn't let on.

When was the last time you were lied to?

AuoNA My brother lied to my face about
how he got the money. He just thinks he
can pull the wool over my eyes, but I'm
not stupid.
OuvrA Recently a colleague tried to
cover up a big mistake he'd made with
a business deal. I couldn't just look the
other way - it was serious. Eventually
I sat down with him and he came clean,
but by then it was too late. Stupid, though;
he must have known he'd get found out T.

•
 DISHONESTY

make sth up invent an explanation for sth,

' ·.,._.
especially to avoid the truth.
see through sth/sb realize that sb is trying
to make you believe sth that is not true.
keep sth from sb avoid telling sb sth.
give the game away let people know a
secret or surprise which you did not
want them to know.
own up (to sth/to doing sth) admit that
you are responsible for sth bad or wrong.
get away with sth do sth wrong and not
be punished for it.
let on (to sb) INF tell sb sth, especially sth
that you have been keeping secret.
to sb' s face if you say sth to sb's face, you
say it to them directly.
pull the wool over sb's eyes INF trick or
deceive sb by not telling them the truth.
cover sth up DISAPPROVING try to stop
people from knowing the truth about a
mistake, a crime, etc. cover-up N.
look the other way pretend not to see or
notice sth bad that is happening. SYN
turn a blind eye to sth.
come clean tell the truth about sth bad
that you have kept secret.

WORD FOCUS
If you get or are found out, someone
has discovered that you have done
something wrong or dishonest. If
you get or are caught out, someone
has discovered, often by asking
you questions, that you have done
something wrong or are lying .
CONCEPTS

Time
· ·"' Is time elastic? It must be. My wife
· ';.,, takes forever to get ready to go
out, while I sit there, waiting. The
minutes tick away ... she comes into
the living room and appears to be in
no hurry at all, even though we have
to be at our friends' house for 8.00.
This all drags on for so long that I
start to worry that we will never get
there on time "'· Somehow, we do.
But apart from moments like that, it
seems to me that as I get older, time
flies - everything is so pressurized.
What I would really like to do is to
sit down at the weekends, look back
on what has happened during the
week and take my time to think
things out and catch up. But instead,
I rush into decisions to do with my
home life and do everything at the
last minute.
At work, it's even worse. My boss is
terrible with time, so our meetings
constantly run over, which means
I'm under pressure the whole time.
As a result, I dash off my work
assignments in a very unsatisfactory
way. One of these days, I'm going
to shout, 'Stop the world! I want to
get off!'
 TIME

take foreve r (to do sth) take much more

time than you would like.
tick away if time ticks away, it passes,
especially when you are waiting for sth.
in no hurry (to do sth) not rushed;
having plenty of time to do sth.
drag on continue for too long.
time flies used to say that time seems to
pass very quickly.
look back on sth think about a time or an
event in the past. SYN reflect on sth.
take your time (to do sth) use as much
time as you need without hurrying.
catch up spend extra time doing sth
because you have not done it earlier.
rush into (doing) sth do sth without
thinking about it carefully.
at the last minut e at the latest possible
time before sth has to happen.
run over (of a meeting, lesson, etc.)
continue for longer than planned.
under pressure feeling anxious about sth
you have to do, especially when you have
too much to do in the time available.
dash sth off write sth very quickly.
one of these days at some time in the
near future.

WORD FOCUS
If you are on time for something, you
arrive at exactly the correct time and
are not late. If you are In time for
something, you arrive before or at the
correct time, with time to spare.

•
CONCEPTS

Making decisions
Are the statements true for yo~?./)(
-- I generally weigh up the pros and cons
of a situation before making any kind
of decision. You'll only arrive at the
right decision if you figure things out
properly.

·- : Once I've made up my mind about

··- something, I tend to stick by it, come
what may.

I fell into my job without giving it

much thought. I'm very indecisive.

I absolutely hate making decisions. My

answer is to choose the simplest option
and leave it at that.

I can never decide on T what to eat in

a restaurant. I keep changing my mind, [·

j
and it drives the waiters mad. i;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,Jc'~1
When it comes to social activities, I ('
don't have strong feelings. I'm happy
1
to go along with what someone else ,
suggests. _1
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• "11
When I'm choosing a gift for someone, I
f I. ih
. . . -~~i~k- '.t'.~ -~~~t
.t~
I i I can be impulsive when it comes to
~~!'.~~ -~-~ ~~~- -~- ~~~-.. -~,2
·.
-·· buying stuff. If someone offers me
something and it's very cheap, I'm likely -~
to snap it up, regardless of whether ·.
it's really what I need.

•
 MAKING DECISIONS

weigh sth up think about the good and

bad aspects of sth in order to reach a
decision.
arrive at sth make a decision or find a
solution, after a lot of effort.
figure sth out think about a problem or
situation until you find the answer or
understand what has happened.
make up your mind decide sth.
stick by sth do what you decided,
promised or planned to do.
come what may despite any problems or
difficulties you may have.
fall into sth start doing sth, especially a job,
by chance, without having planned it.
give sth some thought think carefully
about sth.
leave it at that not do any more about sth.
change your mind change a decision you
have made or an opinion you have had.
go along with sth/sb agree with sth/sb.
gut feeling/instinct/reaction INF a feeling
or reaction that you are sure is right,
although you cannot give a reason for it.
snap sth up INF buy sth very quickly,
especially because it is very cheap.
regardless of sth without considering sth .

WORD FOCUS
If you decide on sth, you choose it
from a number of possible choices. If
you decide against sth, you decide
not to choose it: I decided against the
treatment .

•
r CONCEPTS

Success
Do you want to get ahead in life?
According to successful author and
entrepreneur Matthew Toren, you need
seven key personality traits for success.

0 :118~ always look on the

bright side, and just as importantly,
don't dwell on past failures.

8 i ~ f i n d things that will spur

you on in all aspects of your life.

8 - - d o n ' t give in. Everyone

slips up sometime or other, so just
deal with challenges and then move on.

G ~ when the unexpected crops

up, successful people adapt to change
and are prepared to move with the
times.

C, f~,mity.p.w;~!i!fieven without formal

education, people who are prepared to
improve themselves throughout their
lives tend to be more successful.

• ~{~I.everyone wants to make it

in life, but it's essential to concentrate
on the long term. Don't be distracted by
the temptation to make a fast buck.

9 ~ r e a l l y successful people are

concerned with others and contributing
to the greater good. Helping people and
giving money away 'f' is rewarding.

•
 SUCCESS

get ahead be more successful or progress ·-

more quickly than other people.
look on the bright side be cheerful or
positive about a bad situation.
dwell on sth think or talk a lot about sth,
especially sth it would be better to forget.
spur sb on (to sth) encourage sb, or make
them want to do sth.
give in stop trying to achieve or win sth.
slip up INF make a careless mistake.
sometime or other at a time in the past or
future, but you do not know exactly when.
move on start doing or discussing sth new.
crop up appear or happen, especially when
it is not expected.
move with the times change your ideas or
behaviour as the world around changes.
improve yourself make yourself a better
person, e.g. by learning new skills.
make it be successful in a particular
activity, especially your career.
make a fast/quick buck INF, DISAPPROVING
earn money quickly and easily.

WORD FOCUS
Give sth away has several meanings:
1 give something to someone, either as
a gift or because you no longer need it
(see text).
2 tell someone information that you
should keep secret: He gave away
military secrets.
3 in sport, let an opponent win
because of your own mistake: He gave
away a goal.

II
SOCIAL ENGLISH

Making arrangements
From:
~wR~vak~·~·.....~···~·~·,~,...."~W..llili\l•
To: Eleni Andreou
Date: _10J,c}e_~r2012 12.9.49GfviT+l:OO

~ ·.-
Subject:~~C5:J!l.~.~.;}?,~r;l'-...i..,..,............
Hi Eleni
I'm trying to firm up the arrangements for
the college party. Could you ask around
and see if you can find a band to play that
night? All the best T, Branka

Hi Branka
No problem. It's December 16th, isn't it?
If not, let me know immediately.
Cheers T, Eleni

No! I'd hoped to book the hall for the

16th, but that fell through so we've
brought it forward to the Sth. B

Sorry to take so long to get back to

you. I called in on Donny last night who
would be happy to do it, but we'd have
to fix it up with him soon; he's pretty
busy. E

Really sorry, Eleni, but k:lon't want

to use Donny's band. They got the
dates mixed up last year which was a
nightmare. I nearly had to call off the
whole thing. I really don't want to take
that risk again! B
....
....

•
 MAKING ARRANGEMENTS r
; · .•••,i

firm sth up if you firm up your plans, you

make them more final and definite.
ask around speak to different people in
order to try and get some information.
no problem INF used to say that you are
happy to do sth.
let sb know (sth) tell sb sth.
fall through if a plan, deal or arrangement
falls through, it doesn't happen.
bring sth forward move sth to an earlier
date or time. OPP put sth back.
get back to sb speak or write to sb again
later, especially to give a reply.
call in on sb visit sb, usually for a short
time.
fix sth up (with sb) arrange an event, a
meeting, etc. with sb.
mix sth up ifyoumixupthed atesofsth,
you make a mistake with them. (Also
get sth mixed up.) mix-up N.
call sth off if you call sth off, you decide
that it will not happen.
take a risk decide to do sth even though
you know it may have bad results.

WORD FOCUS
If you are writing an email or letter to a
friend, you can end it with best wishes,
or any of these informal greetings: all
the best, cheers or take care.
To a very dose friend or relative, you
can write (lots of) love (from). To
someone you love, you can write all
my love .

II
SOCIAL ENGLISH

Likes and dislikes

How compatible are you?
We asked Sam and Lily
some questions ...
What do you watch on TV?
SAM: I'm really into rugby, but Lily can't
stand it! She'd sooner watch a ballet, but
that just leaves me cold.
What kind offilms do you like?
LILY: I tend to go for comedies. Sam's OK
with them, but he prefers action films. I
think he revels in anything violent!
How about music?
LILY: I love The Killers; their last albwn
blew me away. Sam didn't like it to start ,
with, but it's growing on Thim.
Do you like the same kind offo~d?:
SAM: Lily's mad keen on Mexican food,
but I can take it or leave it. And weve
both gone off T curry; just had too
many takeaways, I guess!

L>q JQ!' lfke eqch others friends?

LILY: Sam took against
my best friend Carly as
soon as he met her -
which is odd, because
she and I hit it off
straightway. But he's
warming to T
her ... I think!

II
 LIKES AND DISLIKES ·-~-
be into sth INF be intere sted in an activity
or subjec t and enjoy it.
can't stand sth/sb if you can't stand sth/
sb, you dislike it/them very much. SYN
can't bear sth/sb .
would sooner do sth = would prefer to
do sth. SYN would rather do sth.
leave sb cold if sth leaves sb cold, it does
not attrac t or intere st them.
go for sth/sb INF like a partic ular type of
thing or person .
revel in sth enjoy sth very much.
blow sb away INF if sth blows you away,
you find it very impressive.
be mad keen on sth/sb INF like sth/sb
very much; be very intere sted in sth/sb .
can take it or leave it INF not care
wheth er you have, see or do sth.
takeaway a meal which you buy in a
restau rant and eat at home. take sth
awayv .
take against sb start not liking sb for no
clear reason.
hit it off INF if two peopl e hit it off, they
like each other as soon as they meet.

WOR D FOCUS
Likes and dislikes can change.
If sth/sb grows on you, you start to
like it/them more and more.
If you go off sth/sb INF, you stop
liking it/them .
If you warm to sb, you begin to like
somebody that you have recently met.
SOCIAL ENGLISH

Wants and needs

. Complete the questionnaire.

-· Were you ever deprived of anything

when you were a child?

Have you ever had your heart set on

getting something, and then not got it?

'. Do you ever feel like giving up what

you're doing so that you can travel
around the world?

_ . Does anyone depend on you for help

and support?

Could you do without a car?

. Have you ever had to make do with

very little food for a long period of time?

; Could you live in a tent if need be?

··-' Is your home crying out for T

something new or different?

. . , Do you ever think you could do with

a new hairstyle?

. Do you ever feel in need of help with

your English?

Do you ever think, 'there's no need for

me to work as much as I do'?

Have you got your eye on anything

you'd like to buy at the moment?

Do you ever think, 'I'm dying for T

a piece of chocolate?'

•
 WANTS AND NEEDS N
deprive sb of sth stop sb from having sth, : -
especially sth important. (..,..;
have your heart set on (doing) sth decide
that you want sth very much, especially
sth big, important, expensive, etc.
feel like (doing) sth want to have or do sth.
depend on sb/sth need sb/sth in order to
be successful or survive.
do without (sth) succeed in living or
working without sth.
make do (with sth) manage with the
things that you have, even when they
are not really enough.
if need be if necessary.
could do with sth INF used to say that
you need or would like to have sth.
in need of sth needing sth.
there's no need (for sb) to do sth used
to say that sth does not have to be done
or should not be done.
have (got) your eye on sth be thinking
about sth that you want to have or buy.

WORD FOCUS
A fewverbs are usually used in the
continuous form.
be crying out for sth INF = need
something urgently or very much.
be dying forsth/to do sth'!NF= want·
something .or want to d.c> something
very much.
=
be starving INF be feeling. very
hungry, ·.. · .
=
be coming up be about to happen
soon: I've got an exam coming up this
week. ·

•
SOCIAL ENGLISH

Excuses, excuses
Are you good at making up excuses for
being late or taking a day off? People
phone in with the most amazing excuses!

electricity in my flat went off for five

hours, so the lift was out of action. And I live
on the 23rd floor.

My five-year old son was messing around

with my alarm clock, and it didn't go off, so
I overslept.

I put the rubbish out this morning before

leaving for work, but I locked myself out.
Unfortunately I was still in my pyjamas.

with it very well ...

Something's cropped up at home. It's a bit

. personal, so !cl rather not go into it.

Sorry, but I won't make it in today. I ran out

of petrol on my way to work, and while I was
pushing the car to the side of the road, I did
' my back in, so I'm at the hospital right now.
 EXCUSES, EXCUSES

make sth up invent sth. .

take (time) off have a particular amount +:,-
of time away from work.
phone in telephone the place where you
work to speak to sb or leave a message.
go off 1 (of electricity, lights, etc.) stop
working. 2 (of an alarm) ring.
out of action not working or able to be
used because of damage or injury.
mess around with sth touch or use sth in
a careless way.
block sb in prevent sb from driving away
by parking too close to them.
leave sth behind forget to take sth with you.
walk into sth accidentally hit a part of your
body against sth when you are walking.
lock yourself out close your front door
without having your key with you, so
that you are not able to get in again.
deal with sth manage to control your
feelings about an emotional problem.
crop up happen unexpectedly.
go into sth talk about sth in detail.
make it be able to be present at a place.
run out of sth use all of sth and not have
anything left.
do sth in INF injure a part of your body.

WORD FOCUS
J. SOCIAL ENGLISH

Invitations and offers

A Hi, Jo - listen, do you fancy coming over
this evening? Sam and I decided we'd eat
in tonight, and then watch TV and stuff.

B I'd love to, but J've got somtthlng off

tonight How about tomorrow?

A What a pity. I've got a council meeting in

the evening, and I can't get out of it. Look.
we'll invite you round one day next week
if that's OK?

C It was really nice dropping in on Ali last

week- we must invite her back.

D Yes, either that, or we couldl,aqJi.tf~

for a meal. She'll Insist on g~l~g.fu!...,,,_.,
but I'd rather we paid.

E I don't feel that Sarah wants to join in

when we're doing things.

F Well, she's a bittled up at the moment,,.

she's got a lot on her mind at work. .

G You seem exhausted, Tessa. Can I help out

with the kids?

H Th~n~put t~on'tW~i\n•-~sii,.;
~a'nage:at t~~~$\J~t~Ql,t
.I ~i:i
,•yovupony9u{o~Ut~~~,

•
 INVITATIONS AND OFFERS l'-1
come over visit sb in the place where they
are, especially their home. (JI
eat in have a meal at home, not in a
restaurant. OPP eat out.
and stuff INF used to say that there are
other things similar to the subject you
are discussing.
have (got) something on have arranged
to do sth.
get out of sth avoid doing sth that you
have promised to do or are expected
to do.
invite sb round/over ask sb to come to
your home.
drop in on sb make an informal visit to a
person or a place.
invite sb back I ask sb to come to your
home after you have been to their home
(see text). 2 invite sb to your home after
you have been somewhere together.
take sb out go to a club, restaurant, etc.
with sb that you have invited.
go halves (oftwo people) share the cost
of sth equally. SYN go fifty-fifty.
join in do an activity with people who are
already doing it.
be tied up be busy.
on your mind if sth is on your mind, you
are thinking about it a lot.
help (sb) out (with sth) help sb,
especially by doing a particular job or
giving sb money.
put sb out cause problems or work for sb.

•
take sb up on sth accept an offer from sb.
..0
1 SOCIAL ENGLISH

O Asking for information

(',1
Many people use Google to find out what
they need to know these days - either for
their personal lives, or to check out general
knowledge facts for quizzes or homework.
These are typical questions.

What does DNA stand for?

Who was America named after?
How can you tell crocodiles and
alligators apart?
How do you fight off a shark?
Are humans really descended from apes?
How can you tell when fish has gone off?
How long can you go without water?
How many moons revolve around the
planet Jupiter?
How much rubbish does the average
family throw away each year?
How can the government bring down the
level of unemployment?
How long does it take for a general
anaesthetic to wear off?
How do you wire up a phone socket?
How do I go about getting a visa for China?
How can I opt out of junk mail?
What qualifications do I need to go Into
advertising as a career?

•
 ASKING FOR INFORMATION
'
N
find sth out get information about sth by
asking sb, reading sth, etc.
check sth out examine sth in order to
discover whether it is correct.
stand for sth be an abbreviation or symbol
of sth.
name sth/sb after sb/sth give sth/sb the
same name as another person or thing.
tell sth/sb apart recognize the difference
between two people or things that are
very similar.
fight sth/sb off stop sth/sb that is
attacking you.
be desce_nded from sb be related to sb
who lived a long time ago.
go off if food or drink goes off, it becomes
bad and should not be eaten or drunk.
go without sth manage without sth that
you usually have or need.
revolve around sth move in a circle
aroundsth.
throw sth away get rid of sth that you do
not want or need.
bring sth down reduce sth to a lower level.
wear off gradually weaken or stop.
wire sth up connect the wires in a piece
of equipment.
go about (doing) sth start dealing with a
problem, situation, etc. in a particular
way.
opt out (of sth) choose not to take part
in sth.
go into sth join an organization or area of

•
activity, especially to start a career in it.
 21.
Ways of talking
START She struck up a conversation strike up a conversation (with sb) start a
TALKING with the passenger opposite. conversation with sb in an informal way. SYN
engage sb in conversation FML.
He chatted her up on the bus! chat sb up talk in a friendly way to sb you are
romantically attracted-to.
• SAYSTHNEW Who broke the news about the break the news be the first to tell sb some
crash? important news.
I managed to slip in a comment slip sth in say sth without attracting too much
about the no-smoking rule. attention.
He comes out with strange things! come out with sth say sth unusual or
unexpected.
Who brought up the subject of bring sth up mention a new subject and start
money - you or your boss? to talk about it.
 BAD HABITS I hate the way he talks at me, talk at sb talk to sb without letting them say
rather than talking to me. anything.
I wish he wouldn't butt in; it butt in rudely interrupt when sb is talking.
annoys me.
His voice trails offat the end of trail off become quieter and stop.
sentences - I just can't make out
what he's saying. make sth out OFTEN NEGATIVE hear or
understand what sb is saying.
TELLING I wish I had someone to confide confide in sb tell sb that you trust about a
SECRETS in about my problems. personal thing, a secret, etc.
It was a secret, but he blurted blurt sth out say sth suddenly without
• it out.
I told her my secret but said,
thinking.
not breathe a word keep sth secret. SYN
'Don't breathe a word about it!' keep quiet about sth, keep sth to yourself.

1' l z
SPEAKING ENGLISH

Conversation rules

--~~~~~.~~,2fw'?~~!~5!'!i~~
Here's how!
• Oddly enough ..,, if you want to
communicate effectively, you first have
to be a good listener. It's essential to pay
attention when someone else is talking
so that you can respond to the other
person and keep the conversation going.

• If you're making polite conversation with

someone you don't know well, try to draw
them out by asking about their interests.

• Don't just take over the conversation, or

you'll come across as a dominant bore.

• If you ask someone a question, don't

jump in with another question before
you've heard the answer to the first one.

• Don't cut someone off in the middle of

what they're saying - even if it is boring!

• When it's your turn to speak, provide

enough information to get your point
across, but don't ramble on.

• If you want to get through to people,

don't use words they won't know, or
long, drawn-out sentences. It's far
better to keep it simple.

• There's nothing worse than talking

over people: it's very irritating, and no
one likes it.

•
 CONVERSATION RULES N
pay attention listen carefully.
make conversation talk to sb that you do
not know well, often to be polite.
draw sb out encourage sb to talk and
express their feelings.
take sth over if you take over a
conversation, you control it by talking
and not letting the other person talk.
come across as sth if sb comes across as
sth, they create a particular impression,
e.g. they seem friendly, boring, cold, etc.
jump in interrupt sb while they are talking.
cut sb off stop sb from continuing what
they are saying.
get sth across make sb understand sth.
ramble on talk or write about sth for a long
time in a way that is boring or annoying.
get through to sb make sb understand or
accept what you say.
drawn-out ADJ lasting longer than is
necessary. draw sth out v.
keep it simple avoid making sth difficult
or complicated.
there's nothing worse than (doing)
sth used to emphasize that sth is
unpleasant or not wanted.
talk over sb talk at the same time as
another person with the aim of
controlling the conversation.

WORD FOCUS
Oddly enough is used to say that .
somethlng,~JU11?fisi11g; )'()l;!..Cc1l:l,4!so,.
say funnily/strangely/curiously enough.
ri; S\>1'.J\KlNG ENGLlSH

N Exclamations
Hurry up! We're waiting!
- Hang on! ~ I'll be there in a minute.

I can't afford to get them a present.

- Come off it! You've got loads
of money.

This is too difficult for me.

- Come on! You can do it!

Everything's going wrong at the moment.

- Cheer up! It can't be that bad.

Are you feeling better?

-No, go away and leave me alone!

I've bought some James Bond cuffiinks.

- Oh, grow up!

There's a lorry coming! Watch out!

Shut up! I'm trying to work.

Get on with it! We haven't got

all day.

What are you doing here?

Push off!

•
hurry up! used to tell sb to be quick
because there is not much time. SYN get
-
a move on! INF.
come off it! INF used to disagree with sb
rudely. SYN don't give me that! INF.
come on! INF used to encourage sb to try
harder (see text). It is also used to tell
sb that you do not believe what they are
saying: Oh come on! That's not true.
cheer up! INF used to tell sb to try to be
happier.
go away! used to tell sb to leave you.
leave me alone used to tell sb to stop
annoying you.
grow up! used to tell sb not to behave in
such a silly or childish way.
watch out! INF used to warn sb about sth
dangerous. SYNS look out! mind out!
shut up! INF used to tell sb rudely to stop
talking.
get on with it! INF used to tell sb in an
impatient way to hurry with what they
are doing.
push off! INF used to tell sb to go away.
SYN clear off! (Both of these phrases are
not polite.)
take your hands off me! used to tell sb
to stop touching you. SYN get off (me)!

WORD FOCUS
Hangonl l~P me~ris 'wait'. SYN ho!cl
onf lt Js also used to say that you · ·
have just realized something: Hang·
on a minute - ~ didn't give me that

•
money, Dad did!
y SPEAKING ENGLISH

N ~~s_c~ssion groups ---··-··------- ·-·-

I'm a member of a book group. We meet

up once a month to discuss a novel
we've all agreed to read, but everyone
has a different way of going about a
discussion!
Angela's our leader, and she draws up
a list of topics for discussion. Often other
topics come up while we're talking,
which is usually OK. She's very good
at drawing out the quieter people, or
those who just sit back and do nothing.
She wraps up the meeting at the end
very efficiently.
Pete's quite a difficult member; he
takes issue with everything, and often
plays devil's advocate, which I find
irritating. He loves to have the last
word.
Wanda's a bit slow; she often misses
the point 'f', and I sometimes find that
we're talking at cross purposes.
Maurice is lovely, but when he's talking,
he'll touch upon a range of interesting
issues but never get to the point 'f'.
Joanna's clever and often
points out things that • . ·.
we've missed. She can be
very forceful, but she does ' .. '
talk a lot of sense. · ...
.,

•
 DISCUSSION GROUPS { '...J

meet up INF (of two or more people)

meet each other by arrangement.
go about sth deal with a situation in a
particular way.
draw sth up prepare a plan, schedule, etc.
come up be mentioned or discussed.
draw sb out encourage sb to talk or
express their feelings.
sit back relax, especially by not doing
anything or not getting involved.
wrap sth up INF bring a meeting, lecture,
etc. to an end.
take issue with sth/sb start disagreeing
with sth or arguing with sb.
play devil's advocate pretend to disagree
with sb in order to have an argument or
a good discussion with them.
have the last word win an argument by
making the last statement on sth.
at cross purposes if two people are at cross
purposes, they think they are talking
about the same thing, but they are not.
touch on/upon sth mention or talk about
a subject without going into detail.
point sth out tell sb sth that they did not
already know or had not thought about.
talk sense INF say sth that is sensible.
WORD FOCUS
lf;you ml$S the polnt, you don't
understand the main thing that .
somebody is trying to. say. !f;you <llik-;
somebody to geUo.th~pofnt. yoµ,··,
want them to stoplalking about details

•
and say what is m,ost Important.
,r SPEAKING ENGLISH
'--' '
Speeches
I would like to thank my parents
for standing by me during the bad
times, and being a shoulder to
cry on. Making this film has been a
difficult task, but we've finally pulled
it off, and we hope it lives up to
everyone's expectations ...

... and now we're married, Ellen

I will pull together and deal with
any problems that come our way. In
every decision I make, Ellen always
comes first; we rely on each other
totally and know how to ...

Of course, I'm sad to be standing

down after so many years - but it's
time for me to step aside and make
way for a younger member of staff.
And although I'm moving on, I'm
. happy that ...

. . . so on behalf of,, the whole

staff, we welcome you, Jack, as sales
manager, and we look forward to
working with you in the coming
years. We know that you will help us
go from strength to strength ...
 SPEECHES t~
stand by sb give sb your help and support
when they are in a difficult situation. ' ..)l
a shoulder to cry on sb who listens to your
problems and gives you sympathy.
pull sth off INF succeed in doing sth
difficult. SYN bring sth off.
live up to sth be as good as what was
expected or promised: live up to
expectations.
pull together act together in an organized
way to achieve sth.
come your way if sth comes your way, it
happens to you.
come first be the most important person
or thing to sb.
rely on sb need or depend on sb.
stand down leave a job or position,
especially an important one.
step aside/down leave a job or position,
especially so that another person can
take your place.
make way for sb let sb take your place.
move on start a new period in your life.
look forward to (doing) sth feel happy and
excited about sth that is going to happen.
go from strength to strength become
more and more successful.

WORD FOCUS -
lf:you speak on behalf of~Qtber people,
y,gu '~Y: for'";th~m what; they would_ hke
to sai <se~texJ). lfcyqµ cto something
9n behalf of oihefpe9ple , you hell)
them: f{e cellect,et;# me,:,ey on behalf ot
thepoor. · ' · .··

•
·
 Say it another way 1
The phrasal verbs on the left are more common in spoken English.
PHRASAL VERB MORE FORMAL EQUIVALENT
If you put up with someone's habits, you tolerate them. = accept sth unpleasant about them.
If something gets you down, INF it depresses you. = makes you feel sad or lose hope .
If a bomb goes off, it explodes. = bursts into pieces with a loud noise.
If you turn down an offer, you reject it. = refuse to accept it.
• If you get over a problem, you overcome it. = find a way to solve it.
Ifyou talk someone into doing you persuade them to do it. = make them agree to
something, do it by giving them good reasons.
Ifyou drop offa parcel at someone's you deliver it. = take it somewhere and leave it there,
house, then continue your journey.
 If a train speeds up, it accelerates. = moves faster.
If you put someone down in front you are disparaging towards them. = make them seem
of other people, stupid or say that they are wrong.
If you take someone off, you impersonate them. = copy in an amusing way how
they speak or behave.
If you look up to someone, you respect them. = have a high opinion of them .
If you think up a new system, INF you devise or invent it. = create it in your mind.
If you put forward a plan, you propose it. = suggest it for discussion.
If someone attacks you and you hit you retaliate. = do sth harmful to them because they
back at them, have harmed you first.
• If a book comes out,
Ifyou relate to someone,
it is published. = is produced and sold.
you empathize with them. = are able to understand their
situation or how they feel.
N ASPECTS OF PHRASAL VERBS

N Say it another way 2

r',l
confess to taking the
A Did the boys
bike?
B Yes, they owned up straightaway.
A And were they expelled?
B I thought they'd be kicked out, but
they weren't, luckily for them.
C The cinema's been demolished, I hear.
D Yes, it was pulled down last week.
C Why didn't they just renovate it?
D There was no money to do it up.

E Robbie's debts are accumulating.

F Yes, they've been mounting up for
years.
E And now the tax office is
investigating, and they're going to
look into his affairs.

G The phone company deceived us.

H Lots of people were taken in by the
deal.
G Still, the contract expires soon. I think
it runs out Y on the 30th.

Has the chairman resigned?

They say he's stood down, yes.
So who's going to deputize for him?
I'll be standing in for him this month.
K The government is considering
abolishing cheques.
L They're thinking of doing away with
cheques? Why on earth would they

•
do that?
 SAY IT ANOTHER WAY 2

own up (to sth/to doing sth) admit that ; -

you are responsible for doing sth bad or
wrong. SYN confess (to sth/to doing sth).
kick sb out INF make sb leave a school,
usually because they have done sth
wrong. SYN expel sb.
pull sth down destroy a building, usually
because it is very old or damaged. SYNS
demolish sth, tear sth down.
do sth up repair and decorate a building,
room, etc. SYN renovate sth.
mount up gradually increase in amount.
SYN accumulate.
look into sth try to discover the facts
about sth such as a problem or a crime.
SYN investigate (sth).
take sb in OFTEN PASSIVE make sb believe
sth that is not true. SYN deceive sb.
stand down leave a job or position,
especially an important one. SYN resign.
stand in for sb temporarily take sb else's
place or do their job. SYN deputize for sb.
think of doing sth consider the possibility
of doing sth. SYN consider doing sth.
do away with sth INF stop having or
allowing sth; make sth end. SYN abolish
sth.

WORD FOCUS
If a contract or licence runs out, it
stops being legal on a certain date (see
text). SYN expire. If you run 01.1t of sth,
such as money, or something runs out,
you have none left.

•
 Synonymous phrasal verbs
Two phrasal verbs may have a very similar meaning. The verbs on the left below are generally
less frequent and/or more informal than the synonyms on the right.
I had to chuck those vegetables away - chuck sth away INF get rid of sth you do not want.
they were going rotten. SYN throw sth away.
The wall is only propped up by a few prop sth up prevent sth from falling by putting sth
• metal poles. under it or against it for support. SYN hold sth up.
I think Alex wants to mull it over before mull sth over think carefully about sth over a period
he makes a decision. of time. SYN think sth over.
Two of the boys got ticked offfor tick sb off INF speak angrily to sb, especially a child,
missing one of their lessons. for doing sth wrong. sYN tell sb off.
Something cropped up, so I'm afraid I crop up happen or appear, especially unexpectedly.
couldn't go to the party last night. SYN come up.
 My debts have been mounting up mount up increase gradually in size or quantity. SYN
all year. build up.
The final decision will probably boil boil down to sth be the main reason for sth or the most
down to money. basic part of sth. SYN come down to sth.
Two of the boys were causing trouble kick sb out (of sth) INF force sb to leave a place or a job.
and they got kicked out. SYN throw sb out (of sth) .
We're almost there with the contract- iron sth out deal successfully with a problem, especially
just one or two things to iron out. as the last part of a process. SYN sort sth out.
.o. I completely mucked up my driving
test last week.
muck sth up INF spoil sth by making a mistake or doing
it badly. sYN mess sth up.
The kids _were making a lot of noise. pipe down INF used, especially in orders, to tell sb to
Dan had to tell them to pipe down. stop talking or make less noise. SYN shut up.
~ ASPECTS OF PHRASAL VERBS

~l Opposites
i']
Someone's pl;~nirig to ope~ upa
new bookshop in Compton Street.
It's a bit of a risk, really. The last one
closed down after

If I teic:e ouo loqwlththis ,

company, I won't bave tos*f
payinfJt back um:U neX1y~.;
. ~ ...... ·<.;.... ····•......-- ............ ,.· ... :•.::.::,•.,...,~··"·•..1,,,.__ ,;.,., . ,. . "¥,''(..,.
Sian's threatening to move out l
because she's fallen out with Jamie It
again. But she won't do it - they \
J/~ays m'-ke it~p in/he erif ·• ;, .~·
~~~:~
I'm at'l@ys~ing Oave". .,·. ' "";
do~~~~nhe's dr:iviilg~Jjljst;~f
neA(Q\JS. ", ·, · ·· ·' · i'...,\t;
.. . ~~. . .,. ;:,t. t~~~-- -~~ ~-S~~·-
I often forget to log off when I finish '.
. with the computer. ;
··,~,-·,~~.~~
I tooltup judoa,W:hilea9(>. ~1.····. ~l;
had)ogive it up after ~J1111 ~\·
becau~ of ~bad< ~jury; :1~· ,; .:,.~,
:.:~. .-·"·:,. .. . .. .-....:::. .-"'" ~-..i-::. .~-- . . ,.};;\: :.~-~---·~~~:.
The heating comes on about six,
. i
and goes off just after nine.
'·~if1"';~,.PI#
I th(?~~til!J9Ut.Hi,W~~"9ht1zr.
buOt'sfr~iifl.g, S<fl~t'fl~~l
in, B,esicfes; f{::lon't~sua1Ji, • out:i- t.
durmgthe wE!e~'. · • · :: · .ft •
 OPPOSITES

open up/open sth up start (as) a new

business. OPP close down/close sth down.
take sth out if you take out a loan, you get
official permission to borrow money.
pay sth back return the money that you
borrowed.
move out leave your home to live
somewhere else. OPP move in.
fall out with sb have an argument withsb
so that you are no longer friendly with
them. (Also, of two people, fall out.)
make it up (of two people) end a
disagreement and become friends again.
(Also make up; make (it) up with sb.)
slow down go more slowly. OPP speed up.
log off/out finish using a computer system.
OPP log on/in.
take sth up begin doing sth, such as a sport
or hobby, regularly.
give sth up stop doing or having sth that
you used to do or have regularly.
come on· (of electrical appliances) begin to
operate. OPP go off.
go out leave your home and go to a
cinema, restaurant, etc. for social reasons.
stay in stay at home.
eat out eat in a restaurant. OPP eat in
(= eat at home).

WORD FOCUS
If a phr.as~IVetb ,nas another pflrasaV
verb as an opposite or near opposite,
.lt i~a;gpotUdea,tolearn:.the two verbs
· together, ~;a P~jr. .

•
L(', ASPECTS OF PHRASAL VERBS

~!
r-----i
Basic meaning and metaphor
.
Some phrasal verbs have a bask or lt~eral
meaning, but also a more abstract or
metaphorical meaning. You can often see
a connection between these meanings.
1 I'm afraid I've broken off the handle.
2 They've broken off their engagement

1 That old bookcase is falling apart

2 Their marriage is starting to fall apart.

1 My feet were sticking out of 'Y the .bed.

2 This phrase sticks out 'Y because it's
more informal than the rest of the letter.

1 We can paper over this bad bit of wall.

2 If we appoint a new director, we will still
be just papering over the cracks.

1 The boys were lined up against the wall.

2 I have an interview lined up for next
week.

1 Let's throw away these old, papers.

2 We threw away a two-goal lead.

1 He's too young; he can't add up yet.

2 His story just didn't add up .

•
 BASIC MEANING AND METAPHOR

break sth off 1 separate sth using force.

2 end sth such as a relationship.
fall apart 1 be in a very bad condition so
that parts break easily. 2 have so many
problems that it is no longer possible to
exist or function.
paper over sth 1 use wallpaper on a wall
to cover and hide sth. 2 if you paper over
the cracks, you try to hide a problem or
disagreement in a way that is temporary
and will probably not be successful.
line sb/sth up 1 arrange people or things
in a straight line or row. 2 arrange for
an activity or event to happen.
throw sth away 1 get rid of sth you no
longer want, for example by putting
it in a bin. 2 waste sth such as an
opportunity or advantage, for example
by doing sth stupid.
add up 1 calculate the total of several
numbers or amounts. 2 OFTEN
NEGATIVE seem reasonable or true.

WORD FOCUS
1 If ~metliJl'lg sticks 01,1t(of stb), it
comes out further than the other parts
on a: surface: His ears stick out. She
stuck her tongue 01.1t. . .
2 If something sUcks out, you notice
. it l;>e4,{UIIS(! itiS,UJ:\JJ$MJI, d(f~t. or
better/worsethan otherthlngs. etc.
SYN starJd ~. , · ,~.l
If sQl11etrnng sucks out
ll".~ltrit is very
.notieeabte. !f:sometQing,sttck$!lll•~'s ·
mind, they r~mber itwel!'.;. .

•
ASPECTS OF PHRASAL VERBS

Metaphorical meaning
Some phrasal verbs only have a
metaphorical meaning. They can be difficult
to understand without a clear context.

I was just drifting off when the

phone rang.
···,If!"!··~.,#'·~·~,....~ . , , , , , . . . , ·
HejµS,t;br,af~~.olf ttl~_j91.1malist's •. ·
sw~tion that he wa,rlylng;.1 . ., ;,.
• / ••••• "•,,,.,•• ,,,.·., •" .••,:,,,•" ,,,.,,,,~•. ,'-,•"' •"•"-,'>.,, •• ,,.,,',, :,.,,', • • • '... ,.:•• ,,,,•' ~-:.:, .:.::;._,,·, ,,• -~~ .•,._,_.,

After that mistake, I mustn't slip up

···~~·~"··---
again.

His motherp~ssedawayin,,
..·....,. ... ··
I try to forget what happened that
day, butthe memories keep ,
flooding back. '.
.. ~
··~.'"·~~.· .• "JII\..•.~
.. ··."~.-.·
Whyarethose9Uy~~. ..
theoffic&a:tthemQmlffltf:.:h , ,.'fi:.,~'.,',,
........... ~., .. _........ ........ ·· ··,'*I-···' \

Mel keeps plugging away at her

Spanish, but it's slow progress.

· · I was climbing over a fence and my

: back just seized up .

•
 METAPHORICAL MEANING N
t·.....)
drift off start to sleep: drift off to sleep.
brush sb/sth off refuse to listen to sb or
their ideas, especially in a rude way.
slip up INF make a careless mistake.
pass away die. (This word is used to avoid
saying 'die' when you think it might
upset someone.)
flood back if memories or feelings flood
back, you suddenly remember them
very clearly.
nose around/about sth look around
a place to try to find sth, especially
information.
plug away (at sth) continue doing sth in
a determined way, but with difficulty.
stumble across/on sth/sb find sth or
meet sb by accident.
seize up stop moving or working correctly.
swear by sth NOT USED IN THE
CONTINUOUS FORM say that you are
certain that sth is good or effective.
scrape through (sth) succeed in doing
sth such as passing an exam, but doing
it with difficulty and not doing it well.

•
['-.. ASPECTS OF PHRASAL VERBS

N Informal phrasal verbs

(",) -- . .. .. ... . .....

Blogspot: Get . itoffyQJJ.f~oos.tl.- h

--~~ii'~·~'~·li.ii:.~llliiililll
RIP-OFF
Everything's going badly at the moment.
Last weekend I bought a second-hand
car - big mistake - it's packed up already.
I knew the dealer was ripping me off, but
I just went ahead anyway! What's wrong
with me???
Angry Dave

LOYAL FRIENDS?
I ran into an old friend on holiday in Greece
last summer, and I agreed to look him
up when we were back home. We were
supposed to get together last weekend,
but he just kept mucking me about,
changing the time and place several
times. He finally rolled up two hours late,
stuck around for half an hour, then he
just took off. ls that the way to treat old
friends? FedupFred

BIG BAD .BOSS

I I have a terrible boss; nobody can stand
him. We're all beavering away in the office,
then suddenly he appears at the door and
pulls someone up for a minor mistake. No
one likes being shown up in front of their
colleagues. I'm starting to hate this job -
I'm going to pack it in if things don't look

..
up soon. Livid Lily
.
...

•
 INFORMAL PHRASAL VERBS

pack up INF ( of a machine or piece of '

equipment} stop working. ,._J
rip sb off INF cheat sb by making them pay
too much or selling them sth of poor
quality. rip-off N, INF.
run into sb INF meet sb by accident. SYN
bump into sb INF.
look sb up INF go to see sb you have not
met for a long time, usually when you
are visiting the place where they live.
get together INF (of two or more people)
meet socially.
muck sb about INF treat sb badly,
especially by changing your mind a lot.
roll up INF arrive somewhere late.
stick around INF stay in a place for a
period of time.
take off INF leave a place suddenly or in a
hurry.
beaver away (at sth) INF work very hard,
especially at writing or calculating sth.
pull sb up INF criticize sb for sth they have
done wrong.
show sb up INF embarrass sb.
pack sth in INF stop doing an activity or
·a job.
look up INF become better; improve.

WORD FOCUS

•
0C ASPECTS OF PHRASAL VERBS

~:i More formal phrasal verbs

There are a small number of more formal
phrasal verbs. These are nor~ally used in
written English or formal spoken English
such as broadcasts, debates, lectures, etc.

As the President embarks on his ..

second term in office, he knows he
t t
will have to contend with a number r;
of extremely difficult issues, not least E
of which is the fact that he will be f
• presiding over a country in the grip · ~-·-
' of an economic recession. i
· :·-;::-,·: :~·::;~
-.
;:~r:~
21/?r::~r_t{
~~7r·~ - -~-" rlf
themselves to another fow: ¥e~ · .h
pp~~r: a.r ~l ~ay}~o('' :~_:t~!\l
wit_h out
engage In their own mternarbal!!~. ,·· f

- ~~.~ '.~!t-c.:;~~':. ~;-~~,.;;~:f"~~~,~\::::~~ 4

~y cl.ien.t~ifl-.a ~h~,-,t~:t ~~ fel:"}S!).(J .

his probation; I can vouch for that ·'.. l
.
: .._._·_·_·_··' '.'.'.'.·.·.·.·.·.·.·'.'.'.'.·_,._-_._._._._-_,_-_:·_· _··.·.·.·.·-.·.·.·.~.
. , _.___·...::."."...""·.·_i,_,_·_,_._._;; >.'!3:';'~~\"~;t~::~
-. . -.·. ·. ·.·.'_·_... ' : t .-....

j I have already alluded to the fact that ~

•. we IT)ay have to dispense with .,.. a t
number of bus services in rural areas.
• •••• ,·<"0'.'Y.· ·,..,,::i} ·. ,,.,V,"".·•-.v.;s;·~..
i;;;

~-+~I~t~i~;le:. -·-·
..

'. view that they;are,being:J~ ~e

Nexerth~less;.tney .are-0~J~ l1tot.,,::
ctw1.rton:the $Object M,e .~h~ i'J;.
they;dlspose of thewastef ''' . '' ,·:\'. r
:........... .,••..•,,,..-,1'·· '.•., ·.•.···-·~··, ..,. ,"*'··, .... ,·. ·.....:··,,··.,, ..., ..:,',., ·--~·· .··'· ~ _'·· ..--rt·.·

•
 MORE FOR MAL PHR ASAL VERBS

embark on/upon sth FML start to do sth

new or difficult.
contend with sth have to deal with a
problem or difficult situation.
preside over sth/sb be in a position
of power over a country or group of
people, especially while important
changes or events are happening.
resign yourself to sth accept sth bad or
harmful that cannot be changed or
avoided.
engage in sth FML take part or be
involved in sth.
adhere to sth FML obey a law, rule,
agreement, etc. SYN abide by sth FML.
vouch for sth FML say that you believe sth
is true. (Also vouch for sb say that you
believe sb will behave well.)
allude to sth FML mention sth indirectly.
subscribe to sth FML agree with or
support an opinion, a theory, etc.
dwell on/upon sth talk or think about
sth, especially sth that it would be
better to forget about.
dispose of.sth/sb get rid of sth/sb that
you do not want or cannot keep.

•
~
. PARTICLES WITH SPECIFIC MEANINGS

~.Back
When back is used in phrasal verbs, it .
usually has the sense of'returning' or
'returning something'. .
I only borrowed the money. I'll have to pay it
back by the end of the month.
The books weren't the ones I ordered, so I
sent them back.
Cathy left a message on my answerphone. I'll .
ring her back later.
Put the books back when you've finished.
I had to pay a deposit, but I should get it
back when I leave the flat.
We ought to try and get back to T the flat
before the others arrive.
Do you often look back on your childhood?
It was getting dark, so we decided to tum
back.
Other verbs like this are: come back, go
back, take sth back, bring sth back arid give
sth back.

A few verbs with back do not have this

sense of returning or returning something.
I've been spendinga lot recently. I may have
to cut back a bit.
Mark has problems with reading; his teacher
thinks its holding him back.
That boy always answers back, whatever

•
you say to him.
 BACK

pay sth back return money that you

borrowed from sb.
send -sth back return sth that sb sent you,
especially by post, and often because it
is not satisfactory.
ring ~b back phone sb whci phoned you
. earlier. SYNS call sb back, phone sb back.
pu,t sth back return sth to its usual place,
or the place where it was before it was
moved.
get sth back have sth returned to you
· after it has been lost or taken from you;
look back on sth think about a time or an
. event in your past.
turn back turn round and return the way
you came.
cut back reduce the amount of sth that
you use or spend.
hold sb back stop sb from being as
successful as they should.
answer (sb) back reply rudely to sb who·
has more authority than you, especially
when they are criticizing you or telling
you to do sth.

•
(',.) PARTICLES WITH SPECIFIC MEANINGS
.
~ Through
When through is used in phrasal verbs, it
often gives the sense of doing something
from beginning to end.

~
I slept through the storm without waking.
It must've been awful for the people who
lived through the war.
I always read through my English essays to
check for spelling and grammar mistakes.
We'll have to look through the files to see
what's in there.
I flicked through the magazine but I
couldn't find anything of interest. .
I hope we can get through -., the course
book by the end of this term.
Mr Phillips took us through the ordering
process before we had to do it on our own.
We've got some way to go with this project,
but it's important to see it through.

Occasionally through does not have this

meaning in a phrasal verb.
She was trying to arrange a date for me,
but I could see through her little game.
The protesters broke throug_h the barrier.

•
 THROUGH

sleep through sth remain sleeping even

though there is a lot of noise around you.
live through sth experience a dangerous
or unpleasant situation that lasts for
several years.
read through sth read sth from
beginning to end to check or correct it.
look through sth examine or read sth
quickly, often to look for information.
flick through sth turn the pages of a
book, newspaper, etc. very quickly,
looking briefly at some of the pages.
take sb through sth show or explain to sb
how to do sth from beginning to end.
see sth through continue doing sth until
it is finished.
see through sth/sb realize that sb is
trying to make you believe sth that is
not true: see through sb's little game.
break through sth manage to get past or
through something that is in your way
by using force.

WORD FOCUS
, ~J:tfltpqjlt~ .t,f\tUllber ofc(ifferent
.rtJe'~\Jli:~:.,., •. . . '... .
.• 1·,.i~:tkt~hatn· . ~tqdQ-Ok •.
C,Q~P,1~1e s~n,ething (see text)i ~ .. . .
~ get through Csth} be. st.iecessful in al'l
exam: 1t was a difficult exam M·tt,ey
~lt.s.otthroµgh. . . . ·: .
3' get through (to sb) make contact
With somebody by phone: I tried to
rif!g you but I couldn't get through.
("(") PARTICLES WITH SPECIFIC MEANINGS
..
rr-1 Around _about
N '
In phrasal verbs, around often expresses the
idea of doing something in a relaxed way,
or without any particular purpose. You can
also use about in many of these ·verbs. _
You often see gangs of boys hanging
around the city centre at night.
If its hot, we'll probably just laze around
the pool this afternoon.
.She should be looking for a job, but sh~just
lies around 'f' the house all day.
My husband was messing around in the
garden while I did most of the shopping.
1he teacher had to tell the two boys three
times to stop messing about and get on
with their work.

Some phrasal verbs with around express

the idea of going to different places.
We decided to look around the village ·
before we had something to eat.
With the new underground its easy to get
around the city.
I often shop around before buying clothes.
I had to show some of the new students
around the school.
I used to go around with Judy a lot when I
was at college.
We've been rushing around all day, getting
things ready for the holiday.
 AROUND AND ABOUT N
· hang around/abo ut INF_spend time in a .
'-..),.)

place, not doing very much.

laze around/abo ut relax and enjoy
yourself, doing no work.
mess around/abo ut INF I spend time
doing sth for pleasure, in a very relaxed
way. 2 behave in a stupid way, doing
things which are not important.
look around/round walk round a
building or place to see what is there.
get around/roi md/about (sth) move
from place to place within an area.
shop around (for sth) go to different
shops to compare quality and prices
before buying anything.
show sb around/rou nd sth take sb to all
the different parts of a place.when they
visit it for the first time.
go around with sb spend a lot of time
with sb, going to different places and
doing different things.
rush around/ about try to do a lot of things
or go to a lot of places in a short time.

\·;o~l) HH U'>

•
PARTICLES WITH SPECIFIC MEANINGS

Ori
With a number of phrasal verbs, the
particle on adds the sense of something
continuing.
We heard the alarm about 11 o'clock; it
went on T for ages.
I keep on getting headaches. I think I may
have to go and see the doctor about them.
Brad was thinking of leaving, but he's
decided to stay on for another year.
I'm going to stop for lunch, then I must get
on with some work.
I thought it was going to be a short
meeting, but it dragged on for ages.
We carried on working until it was dark.
Take one of these handouts, then pass
them on.
I don't want to stop yet. Let's drive on until
we get to the next service station.

There are also many phrasal verbs where

ondoes not have this meaning.
My brother is always picking on me.
We plan to take on more staff
The building work is really coming on now;
it'll soon be .finished.

•
 ON l ,.)
keep (on) doing sth continue doing sth
or do the same thing many times.
stay on remain at a job, school or place
for longer than you planned.
get on with sth continue doing sth after
an interruption.
drag on continue for longer than you
want or think is necessary.
carry on (doing sth) continue doing sth.
handout a free piece of paper with
printed information on it, often given
to students in a class or people at a
lecture, or used to advertise sth. hand
sth out v.
pass sth on (to sb) give sth to someone
else, after receiving it or using it
yourself.
drive on continue driving.
pick on sb treat sb unfairly, by blaming,
criticizing or punishing them.
take sb on employ sb.
come on make progress.

WORD FOCUS
Go on can mean to continue without
stopping (see text).. lt atso has pther
meanings with a sense .of something
continuing: .
1 USUALLY lN THE CONTll'.{UOVS·
happen: What's going on in he.rt;? ·
2 continue speaking, often· after a
pause: Please go on with your story.
3 (of time) pass or continue: I just got
more and more tired as the evening
went on .
Lf~ PARTICLES WITH SPECIFIC MEANINGS

Up
In some phrasal verbs, the particle up
adds emphasis to the base verb, but does
not change the meaning.
What time did you wake up?
Stand up and wait over there.
You can use many of these verbs with or
without the particle.
Please hurry (up).
I had to chop (up) all the onions.
We had to queue (up) for tickets.
Can you serve (up) the food now?

Some phrasal verbs with up add the idea

of completing or finishing something.
Drink up, then we can go.
The kids finished up the chicken.
We managed to wind up the meeting early.
Could you tidy up your room?
Can you help me load up the car?

Some phrasal verbs with up describe

something increasing or getting larger.
We'll have to put up our prices soon.
My debts are mounting up.
My work has been piling up recently.
The pressure has been building up T for
ages; the boss may decide to quit.

•
 UP f's...i
wake up stop sleeping.
g or 'Jl
stand up rise to your feet from sittin
lying.
hurr y up do sth or move somewh
ere
quickly.
, into
chop sth up cut sth, especially food
sma ller piece s.
queue up wait in a line of people
to do
sth, have sth, or go somewhere.
for
serve (sth) up put food onto a plate
people to eat.
drink (sth) up drin k all of sth.
t
finish sth up eat, drin k or use wha
rema ins of sth.
ting
wind sth up bring sth such as a mee
or speech to an end.
look
tidy sth up mak e a room, desk, etc.
ever ythin g in orde r.
better by putt ing
up put a large quan tity of thing s
load (sth)
r; etc.
into sth such as a vehicle,, dishwashe
put sth up increase the ptice of sth.
or
mou nt up increase gradually in size
quantity.
tity.
pile up become larger in size or quan

WO RD FOCUS
If something builds up,. it increases. in
size, quantity or strength (see text)
bulld,up N.
If you build s,th.up, you successfully
develop it over time: She's buil t up a
successful company.
-,- , PARTICLES WITH SPECIFIC MEANINGS

,:,r-; Off
('J
Off is used in some phrasal verbs
to express the idea of somebody or
something leaving.
'The plane takes off at six oclock.
My parents are going to New York. I'll
probably go to the airport to see them off
We set offfor the mountains at midday.
.We were on private land and the owner
told us to clear off
I can usually get off work early on Fridays.
'The referee sent the player offfor a
dangerous tackle.
Sarah's gone off to have lunch.
'There's a small road at Porlock that
branches off to the sea at West Porlock.

Off can express the idea of removing or

separating something.
We cut off a.large branch from that tree.
Our village was cut off during the floods.
Why don't you take your jacket off?
'The police have cordoned off the embassy.
I broke off• a bit of chocolate and ate it.

•
 OFF

take off (of an aircraft) leave the ground

and begin to fly.
see sb off go somewhere such as an airport
or station with sb, so that you can say
goodbye to them when they leave.
set off leave a place in order to start a
journey, especially a long journey.
clear off used to tell sb rudely to go away.
get off sth leave the place where you work
at the end of the day: get off work/duty.
send sb off (in football or rugby) order
sb to leave the pitch because they have
broken the rules.
go off (to do sth) leave a place in order
to do sth.
branch off if a small road or part of a river
branches off, it leaves the main road or
main part of the river (see picture).
cut sth off I remove sth from sth larger
by cutting. 2 OFTEN PASSIVE make a
place impossible to leave or enter, or
break a means ofcommun ication.
take sth off remove sth, especially a piece
of clothing.
cordon sth off stop people from getting
into an area by surroundin g it with
police, soldiers, etc.

WORD FOCUS
· ·if you.ijreak~Jl·off, .Yov·sepc1ra.te
something usingforce(see text).We
can use1:he same verb to describe
ending a relationship: They got engaged
in the spring, but Claire broke it off.

•
 KEY VERBS

~I Get
Heard around the office
. .
.· The new boss is getting along well. :
.. ,,.,;;,:~,,n,wr;,•,NM~'N <HMWN~"H«tWi#IH ~'-"l:
OK, I know salaries are important,
l
. but we can't get into that right now. ;.
·······;;""'""'"""'"""'""'_ _ _,._.._ ,;f·
Robert can't expect to get on in life . ··,,('
ifhe doesn't get in on time in the l;.
\ . morning.
.· .·• ............. --·--·-.............................--·-····~f
1Cly boss got me through the first .
difficult year, and without him I 1
\ would have left. . J
~;;~t ~ : a •w ~ ' rep:;,··~c·
but I never got round to it. }
·::::·::.--'·:,:'1~y I # It NNNAA'~\W~WAW ;,~1.:~'br§:.

,?' There are a lot of employment

. regulations, but the company seems \
~

··.. to get round them.

···:;!W.fltMt....U~~~
··.. -4~ ··:,·

The news that John had resigned \

. got around in no time. I think ·
\ . people will be sorry to see him go.
r~e got an interview today. I'll be .
\ glad to get it over with. . . 1
· · · : m v . ~ ~ ~ m + t M M * l " » > » O H « » ~ ••···
.. · Right, it's time we got onto the next . \
/ r.~!~t ~n the agenda. .. . .
r··,'ffte photocopier's broken again. I'll \
.J
\ :••··~~~. ~ get~~.!~.~~.~~~.~~~ ~.~~p 0~: . J. 0

· The documents are in a locked .,

.. . cupboard; I can't get at T them. }

•
·::;::':'.'_.,Yf"l''t.'t.!*Yf W«tn'!:,~;~·"/t,·~~;..,~ 'f{t,""V"H"f-f"'.""
 GET l '-.J
get along (with sth) make progress in a .~
situation.
get into sth INF become involved in sth,
such as a discussion .
get on be successful in your career, etc.:
get on in life.
get in arrive at a place.
get sb through sth help sb deal with or live
through a difficult situation or period
get round to (doing) sth do sth that you
have been intending to do for a long time.
get round sth find ways to avoid doing sth
that causes problems for you, or that is
difficult.
get around if news or information gets
around, a lot of people hear it.
get sth over with INF do or finish sth that is
difficult or that you do not want to do.
get onto sth start talking about a new
subject after discussing sth else.
get onto sb contact sb in order to ask
them to do sth for you.

WORD FOCUS
.If you cannotgetat sQmething, it
flleans Y01J canl)9t r~a;h it or touch it
(see text).. ·
If someone keeps getting at you INF, it
means they are alvyays criticizing you.
If ~om~one wants to get at the truth,
they are trying to discover the true
facts about something; . . ·

•
r·--! KEY VERBS

A nwnber of phrasal verbs with go are

connected to different kinds of movement.
I'm planning to go down to Brighton
tomorrow.
I'm just going round to my sister's.
There's a rumour going around that they're
getting married.
Ihe woman seemed to be on her own, so I
went over and introduced myself.
Ihe top two teams in the league go up
every year.
You go ahead and we'll follow on later.

There are also phrasal verbs with go

which are often used with particular
nouns to form idiomatic phrases.
Speaking a foreign language gets easier as
time goes by.
Ihe council has given us a summary of the
report, but they won't go into detail.
If my father promised to help you, I'm sure
he will. He never goes back on his word.
We've just been going round in circles with
this new scheme.
It was terrifying; the whole building just
went up in flames.
I'm pleased to say that the ceremony went
offT without a hitch.
It took ages for the kids to go offT to sleep.

•
 GO

go down (to ... ) go from one place

to another, especially to somewhere
further south. OPP go up (to ... ).
go around/round (to ... ) visit a person
or a place that is near.
go around/round (of a rumour, a story,
gossip, etc.) be passed from person to
person.
go over (to ... ) move from one place
to another, especially when it means
crossing sth such as a room, a city, etc.
go up if a sports team goes up, it moves
from a lower league to a higher league.
go ahead travel in front of other people
in your group to arrive before them.
go by if time goes by, it passes.
go into detail explain sth fully.
go back on your word fail to do sth that
you promised or agreed to do.
go round in circles work at sth or discuss
sth in detail without making any
progress.
go up in flames start burning quickly or
explode.

WORD FOCUS
 Take
If you take something up with someone, you speak or write to them about something that they
can help you with or deal with.
If you are taken up with yoiir job or you give all your time or energy to them.
your interests,
If someone is explaining something to you cannot understand and remember it.
you, and you can't take it in,
If you take your trousers in, you make them tighter because they are too big.
(If you take them up, you make them shorter.)
If you hear a piece of music and it takes the music makes you remember something in the past.
• you back to your childhood,
If you are taken aback by something you are surprised or shocked by it.
th,,t somronC' says or does to you,
 If yuu '""• a piece of equipment apart, you separate it into different parts.
Ifyou take an opposing team apart, INF you defeat them easily in a game.
Ifyour career suddenly takes off, you start to become successful.
If you take yourse lf off somewhere, INF you leave a place and go somewhere else.
If you sudden ly take to getting up early you start getting up early as a habit.
in the morning,
If you take to something like a duck you learn to do it very easily, as if you have been doing
to water, it for a long time.
If you take a fence down, you remove it by separating it into pieces.
Ifyou take an address down, you write it down.
•
~ KEYVERBS

~ Come
I think her work is coming along well.
The man came at me with a knife; I was
terrified.
A lot of the fruit we eat comesfrom South
Africa.
Good jobs are very hard to come by at the
moment.
I don't want my job to come between us.
I took the job because it sounded exciting -
money didn't come into T it.
A man came up to me and asked me if I
wanted to dance.

There are a number of phrasal verbs with

come that have two particles.
We C(lme up against a lot of opposition
from residents when we tried to change the
parking regulations.
It's a difficult decision, but I think it comes
down to who wants the job most.
I came away with the impressi~n that
things weren't going well.
The government has come in for a lot of
criticism.
Can we come back to this topic later?
Their little boy comes out with some very
strange remarks.

•
 COME

come along USUALLY IN THE CONTINUOUS

make progress, or get better in quality,
skill or health. SYN come on.
come at sb suddenly move towards sb as
if you are going to attack them.
come from sth be made in or obtained
from a particular place.
come by sth manage to find or obtain sth.
come between sb and sb damage a
relationship between two people.
come up (to sb) move towards sb in
order to talk to them.
come up against sth/sb be faced with
problems or be opposed by sb.
come down to sth be decided by sth
which is the most important aspect of
a situation.
come away with sth leave a place with a
particular feeling or impression: come
away with the impression that ...
come in for sth receive sth, especially
criticism: come in for criticism.
come back to sth return to sth thal you
were discussing or dealing with earlier.
come out with sth say sth, especially sth
surprising or unusual.

•
 Turn
There are a number of verbs and idioms with turn whose meaning involves some kind of change:
a change in direction, a change of position, a change from one state to another, etc.

If you heat ice, it turns into water. turn (sth) into sth change (or make sth change) into
sth different.
Turn the picture around so that I can turn sth around/round move sth so that it faces the
see it. other way.
I'm trying to speak to Elle - could you turn sth down reduce the sound, heat, etc. of a piece
turn the TV down? of equipment. OPP turn sth up.
• Can we turn over and watch the
film now?
turn over change to another channel when you are
watching television.
Cook the meat on one side, then turn turn sth over make sth change position so that the
it over after half an hour. other side is facing towards the outside or the top.
 The skirt was too long, so I turned tum sth up change the length of a skirt, trousers, etc.
itup. by folding the bottom part up and sewing it. OPP let
sthdown.
When he left prison, Steven promised turn over a new leaf change your way of life to
he would turn over a new leaf become a better, more responsible person.
The new employment law will turn tum the clock back cause things to be done the way
the clock back 100 years. they were done in the past.
That illness has turned him into an turn (sb) into sth become (or make sb become) a
old man. different kind of person.
She turned the whole family against him. tum sb against sb make sb stop being friendly
towardssb.
• My sister's life has been turned upside
down by the accident.
tum sb's life/world upside down change sb's life
completely, often in a negative way.
KEY VERBS

Put
Could you put the kettle on?
She puts her success down to hard work.
A lift to the station would be great, but I don't
want to put you out T.
I'm not putting myself out for T him again -
he never says thank you.
Did they manage to put the fire out?
The residents are putting up a great fight to
prevent the closure of the post office.
I've got a meeting in London on Tuesday.
Could you put me up for the night?

There are also a number of idioms with put

+ noun + preposition + noun.
The doctors are putting pressure on the
government over the health reforms.
He's disappointed he didn't get a place, but hti
trying to put a brave face on it.
You're putting words into my mouth Thais
not what I meant at all.
Put yourself in my place; what could I haw
done?
Don't put all your eggs in one basket -
I would apply for as many jobs as you can.
I put money on two horses, and they
both lost.
Jose told me to speak to Mandy. Apparena,,.
she'll put me in the picture about the part!,-

•
 PUT (~

put sth on switch on a piece of electrical

equipment.
put sth down to sth consider sth as the
reason for sth else. (In this case, hard work
is the reason for her success.)
put sth out stop a fire from burning.
put up sth be involved in a fight or
struggle to achieve sth or prevent sth:
put up a.fight/resistance.
put sb up let sb stay in your home, usually
for a night or several nights.
put pressure on sb (to do sth) force or
try to per~uade sb to do sth.
put a brave face on it try to hide the fact
that you are feeling upset or disappointed.
put words into sb's mouth claim that sb
has said sth, when in fact they did not
say it, or they meant sth different.
put yourself in sb's place/position
imagine yourself in sb else's situation.
put all your eggs in 0ne basket rely on one
course of action for success rather than
giving yourself different possibilities.
put money on sth INF gamble money on
the result of a.game, race, etc.
put sb in the picture INF give sb
. information that they need to
understand sth.

WORD FOCUS
If you put sb out, you c~usedlfficulties
·or problems for them. If yoti'pbt ·... :
yourself out (for sb)'INIHOlfl make a
special effort to do something for them .
KEY VERBS

Keep
t 'm a grandmother now, and my daughter
I Jenny and I sometimes have different
ideas about bringing up children. For
instance, my grandchildren eat a lot of
sweets, but in my day, I kept my kids off
sugary foods. I also tried to keep them
busy with endless outdoor activities; they
were running about in the fields all day.
But with my grandchildren, it's completely
different - it's hard to keep them away
from their computers and mobile phones.
I know it keeps them quiet, but I'd rather
they were out playing, not stuck indoors
all day!
And that's another problem I didn't have:
Jenny really has to keep an eye on what
they're doing on their computers, because
they don't understand the dangers. I can't
keep up with all this new technology, but
if you're a parent these days, you have to.
But I will say this - Jenny's much better at
keeping her temper in check than I was.
The kids argue a lot, but she tries to keep
out of it and lets them sort things out for
themselves. Mind you, she can be very
strict - on one occasion, she kept Jack in
all weekend because he'd been naughty.
It's hard bringing up kids, but I know she
tries to keep to 'f her rules, which is the
.
...
right thing to do. She's a great mum!
•
 KEEP l ·._i
keep (sb) off sth avoid (or make sb avoid) •
a particular type of food or drink. "'-,}
keep sb busy give sb a lot of things to
do or to think about, often as a way of
filling time.
keep sb away (from sth) make sb avoid
going somewhere, doing sth, or using
sth.
keep sb quiet stop sb from talking,
complaining or causing trouble.
keep an eye on sth/sb take care of sth/
sb and make sure that they are not
harmed, damaged, etc.
keep up with sth continue to read or
learn about a particular subject so that
you always know the most recent facts,
products, etc.
keep/hold sth in check keep sth under
control so that it does not get worse or
spread.
keep out of sth not become involved in
sth.
keep sb in make sb stay indoors or in a
particular place.

WORD FOCUS
IRREGULAR VERBS

Irregular verbs
This is a selection of irregular verbs, based
on verbs and derivatives in this book.

Base form Past tense Past participle

abide abided abided
be was, were been
bear bore borne
beat beat beaten
bend bent bent
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt, burnt,
burned burned
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
come came come
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt, dreamt,
dreamed dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
dwell dwelled, dwelled,
dwelt dwelt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought

•
 IRREGULAR VERBS

Basefonn Past tense Past participle

find found found
fit fitted, fit fitted, fit
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hit hit hit
hold held held
keep kept kept
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
let let let
lie lay lain (rare)
lose lost lost
make made made
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read /ri:d/ read /red/ read /red/
ring rang rung
run ran run
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk

II
IRREGULAR VERBS

Base form Past tense Past participle

sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
speed speeded,spe d speeded,spe d
spell spelt. spelled spelt, spelled
spill spilt, spilled spilt, spilled
split split split
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
stick stuck stuck
strike struck struck
string strung strung
sweep swept swept
take took taken
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
wind wound wound
write wrote written

II
 KEY TO SYMBOL S

Key to symbols
Phonetic symbols (in the wordlist )
i: tea u book :iu so
I sit u: fool au now
happy u actual ::n boy
e ten A cup 1:1 dear
re had 3! bird e:i chair
a: car :I away U:l sure
D dog er pay
:,: ball ar cry
p put f first h house
b best v van m must
t tell e three n next
d day 0 this JJ song
k cat s sell 1 love
g good z zoo rest
tJ cheese J ship you
d3 just 3 pleasure w will
(r) shows a linking r, pronounced before a
vowel but (in British English) not before
a consonant
precedes a stressed syllable

Other symbols
The symbol / (forward slash) between two
words or phrases means that either is possible.
We also use slashes around phonetic symbols,
e.g. tea /ti:/.
Brackets ( ) around a word or phrase in an
example mean it can be left out.
- means that there is a change of speaker.
'r is a reference to the word focus where
there is more information.

II
ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations used in
this book
N noun sth something
v verb sb somebody
ADJ adjective etc. You use 'etc: at
OPP opposite the end of a list
to show there are
SYN synonym other things, but
INF informal you aren't going
FML formal to say them all.
PLN plural noun i.e. that is
PT past tense e.g. for example
pp past participle

II
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Acknowledgements
The authors and publisher are graleftu to those who have given
permission to reproduce the following extracts and a d a ~ of
copyright maurial:
p34 Adapted from 'How to Understand the Mother and
Daughter Relationship', Dally Mail, 1 June 2006. Copyright
Deborah Tannen. Reprinted with pennission.
p38 Extract from 'Danger: friends at work' by Helena
Jaworski-Lang, The Independent, 15 August 1999. Reproduced
by pennission.
p206 Extract from 'How to be Successful at All You Do· 7
Crucial Personality 'll:aits' by Matthew Toren, Blogtrepeneu:r.
corn. Reproduced by permission.
Authors' acknowledgements
We are greatly indebted to Amanda Holmbrook and Julia !llliott
for their expert advice and careful editing of the rnanuscri~

We would Uke to thank lhe following fer permission to reproduce

photographs:
Alamy Image, ppl2 (Old trainers/Hugh Threlfall!, 22
(Nurse with patientjBlend Images), 42 (Couple at home/
moodboardl, 66 (Farmer/Stockbroker). 70 (Taxi/Alvey &
Towers Picture Library), 72 (Angry driver{UK Stock Images
Ltd), 114 (Marathon runners/Liz Finlayscn), 124 (Sledging/
Mark Boulton), 138 (Newlyweds/MARl(A), 146 (Flood/lravel
and Landscape {Jl(/Mark Sykes). 150 (Mountain rescue/
Ashley Cooper pies), 224 {Jloolcs(incamerastoclc); Corbi,; ppSO
(Portrait of woman/Oliver Rossi), 50 (Man with curly hair/
Norbert Schaefer), 78 {Fair Isle/Ocean), 96 (ASIMO robot/
Everett Kennedy Brown/epa), 114 (Dancing couple/Roy
Botterell), 124 (Family ice slcating/Altrendofluice Images),
126 (Novak Djokovic/Christian Liewig/Liewig Media Sports),
130 (Victoria Pendleton/Geny Penny/epa), 176 (Pharmacist),
226 (Business speech/Eric Audras/PhotoAlto); Getty Images
pp28 (Family in 1974/Victor Drees), 34 (Paul McCartney and
John Lennon/Robert Whitalcer), 38 (Couple in cafeJHugh
Sitton). 106 (Cinema audience/Emmanuel Faure). 190 (News
broadcast/Kim Steele), 208 (Couple in parkjWestend61l:
Kobal Collection pl 10 (Law and Order Special Vlcllms Unit/
Universal TV); OUP pp44 (Woman on public transport/Brand
X Picrures), 46 (Welklressed man/PhotoAlto). 50 (Portrait
of man), SO (Teen boy in parkfi love images), 50 (Woman/
Mike Stone), 50 (friends sociaii,iing/llananaStock). 54 (Paint
roller and tray/Ingram), 54 (Paint/Ingram), 54 (Screwdriver/
Denni,; Kitchen Studio, Inc.), 60 (Man smiling/Zen Shui),
60 (Businesswoman/fuse), 60 (Woman smiling/Photodisc),
60 (WomanfWe,tend61), 60 (Man at desk/Asia Images RF),
62 (Student/Digital Vi,iion), 66 (Elderly woman/Eyebyte), 66
(Student/Blend Images), 76 (Plane at airpon/Sergiy Serdyuk).
92 (Phone/Photodi,ic), 92 (Friends with mobile phone/
Cultura), 92 {Telephone receiverjPhotodisc). 132 (Picnic
ba>lcet/Photodi,ic). 168 (Office/Brand X Pictures), 172 (Woman
outside/Gareth Boden), 188 (Business speech/Comstock);