Section 8 Frequency Response Design
Section 8 Frequency Response Design
8:
FREQUENCY‐RESPONSE DESIGN
MAE 4421 – Control of Aerospace
& Mechanical Systems
2 Introduction
K. Webb MAE 4421
Introduction
3
In a previous section of notes, we saw how we can use
root‐locus techniques to design compensators
Two primary objectives of compensation
Improve steady‐state error
Proportional‐integral (PI) compensation
Lag compensation
Improve dynamic response
Proportional‐derivative (PD) compensation
Lead compensation
In this section of notes, we’ll learn to design
compensators using a system’s open‐loop frequency
response
We’ll focus on lag and lead compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
4 Improving Steady‐State Error
K. Webb MAE 4421
Improving Steady‐State Error
5
Consider the system above with a desired phase margin of
50°
According to the Bode plot:
130° at
3.46 /
Gain is 12.1
at
Set 12.1 4
for desired phase margin
K. Webb MAE 4421
Improving Steady‐State Error
6
Can read the position constant directly from the Bode
plot:
Note that
, as
desired
Gain margin is
K. Webb MAE 4421
Improving Steady‐State Error
7
Steady‐state error to a constant reference is
1
0.154 → 15.4%
1
K. Webb MAE 4421
Improving Steady‐State Error
8
Let’s say we want to reduce steady‐state error to
Required position
constant
1
1 19
0.05
Increase gain by 4x
Bode plot shows
desired position
constant
But, phase margin
has been degraded
significantly
K. Webb MAE 4421
Improving Steady‐State Error
9
Step response shows that error goal has been met
But, reduced phase margin results in significant overshoot
and ringing
Error improvement came
at the cost of degraded
phase margin
Would like to be able to
improve steady‐state
error without affecting
phase margin
Integral compensation
Lag compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
10 Integral Compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
PI Compensation
11
Proportional‐integral (PI) compensator:
1 1
Low‐frequency gain increase
Infinite at DC
System type increase
For ≫ 1/
Gain unaffected
Phase affected little
PM unaffected
Susceptible to integrator overflow
Lag compensation is often
preferable
K. Webb MAE 4421
12 Lag Compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Compensation
13
Lag compensator
1
, 1
1
Objective: add a gain of at low frequencies without affecting phase
margin
Lower‐frequency pole: 1/
Higher‐frequency zero: 1/
Pole/zero spacing determined by
For ≪ 1/
Gain: ~20 log
Phase: ~0°
For ≫ 1/
Gain: ~0
Phase: ~0°
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Compensation vs.
14
Gain increased at low
frequency only
Dependent on
DC gain: 20log 1
1
Phase lag added between
compensator pole and
zero
0° 90°
Dependent on
Lag pole/zero well below
crossover frequency
Phase margin unaffected
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Compensator Design Procedure
15
Lag compensator adds gain at low frequencies without
affecting phase margin
Basic design procedure:
Adjust gain to achieve the desired phase margin
Add compensation, increasing low‐frequency gain to
achieve desired error performance
Same as adjusting gain to place poles at the desired
damping on the root locus, then adding compensation
Root locus is not changed
Here, the frequency response near the crossover frequency
is not changed
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Compensator Design Procedure
16
Design a lag compensator for the above system to satisfy the following
requirements
2% for a step input
% 12%
First, determine the required phase margin to satisfy the overshoot
requirement
ln
0.559
ln
100 55.9°
Add ~10° to account for compensator phase at
65.9°
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Step 1
18
Plot the open‐loop Bode plot of the uncompensated system
for 1
Locate frequency where
phase is
180° 114.1°
This is , the desired
crossover frequency
2.5 /
Gain at is
8.4 → 0.38
Increase the gain by
1/
8.4 → 2.63
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Step 2
19
Gain has now been set to yield the desired phase margin of
65.9°
Use the new open‐loop
bode plot to determine
the static error constant
Position constant of the
uncompensated system
given by the DC gain:
11.14 → 3.6
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Step 3
20
Calculate to yield desired steady‐state error improvement
Steady‐state error:
1
0.02
1
The required position
constant:
1
1 49 → 50
Calculate as the required
position constant
improvement
13.9 → 14
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Steps 4 & 5
21
Place the compensator zero one decade below the crossover
frequency, 2.5 /
1/ 0.25 /
4
The compensator pole:
.
1/
1/ 0.018 /
Lag compensator transfer
function
1
1
4 1
14
56 1
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Step 6
22
Bode plot of
compensated
system shows:
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Step 6
23
Lag compensator
adds gain at low
frequencies only
Phase near the
crossover frequency
is nearly unchanged
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Example – Step 6
24
Steady‐state error
requirement has
been satisfied
Overshoot spec has
been met
Though slow tail
makes overshoot
assessment unclear
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lag Compensator – Summary
25
1
1
Higher‐frequency zero: /
Place one decade below crossover frequency,
Lower‐frequency pole: /
sets pole/zero spacing
DC gain: 20 log
Compensator adds low‐frequency gain
Static error constant improvement
Phase margin unchanged
K. Webb MAE 4421
26 Improving Dynamic Response
K. Webb MAE 4421
Improving Dynamic Response
27
We’ve already seen two types of compensators to
improve dynamic response
Proportional derivative (PD) compensation
Lead compensation
Unlike with the lag compensator we just looked at,
here, the objective is to alter the open‐loop phase
We’ll look briefly at PD compensation, but will focus
on lead compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
28 Derivative Compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
PD Compensation
29
Proportional‐Derivative (PD) compensator:
1
Phase added near (and
above) the crossover
frequency
Increased phase margin
Stabilizing effect
Gain continues to rise at
high frequencies
Sensor noise is amplified
Lead compensation is
usually preferable
K. Webb MAE 4421
30 Lead Compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation
31
With lead compensation, we have three design
parameters:
Crossover frequency,
Determines closed‐loop bandwidth, ; risetime, ; peak time,
; and settling time,
Phase margin, PM
Determines damping, , and overshoot
Low‐frequency gain
Determines steady‐state error performance
We’ll look at the design of lead compensators for two
common scenarios, either
Designing for steady‐state error and phase margin, or
Designing for bandwidth and phase margin
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation
32
Lead compensator
1
, 1
1
Objectives: add phase lead near the crossover frequency and/or
alter the crossover frequency
Lower‐frequency zero: 1/
Higher‐frequency pole: 1/
Zero/pole spacing determined by
For ≪ 1/
Gain: ~0
Phase: ~0°
For ≫ 1/
Gain: ~20 log 1/
Phase: ~0°
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation vs.
33
1
, 1
1
determines:
Zero/pole spacing
Maximum
compensator phase
lead,
High‐frequency
compensator gain
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation –
34
, zero/pole spacing, determines maximum phase lead
1
sin
1
Can use a desired to
determine
1 sin
1 sin
occurs at
1
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation – Design Procedure
35
K. Webb MAE 4421
Double‐Lead Compensation
36
A lead compensator can add, at most, of phase
lead
If more phase is required, use a double‐lead
compensator
1
1
For phase lead over , / must be very
large, so typically use double‐lead compensation
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation – Example 1
37
Consider the following system
Design a compensator to satisfy the following
for a ramp input
Here, we’ll design a lead compensator to
simultaneously adjust low‐frequency gain and
phase margin
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Steps 1 & 2
38
The velocity constant for the uncompensated system is
lim
→
lim
→ 1
Steady‐state error is
1
0.1
10
Adding a bit of margin
12
Bode plot shows the resulting
phase margin is 16.4°
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 3
39
Approximate required phase margin for
Design for 13%
First calculate the required damping ratio
ln
0.545
ln
Approximate corresponding PM, and add correction
factor
100 10° 64.5°
Calculate the required phase lead
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Steps 4 & 5
40
Calculate from
1 sin
0.147
1 sin
Set , as determined from Bode plot, and
calculate
3.4 /
1 1
0.7687
3.4 0.169
The resulting lead compensator transfer function is
1 0.7687 1
12
1 0.1130 1
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
41
0.7687 1
12
0.1130 1
The lead compensator Bode plot
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
42
Lead‐compensated system:
48.5°
7.2 /
High‐frequency compensator gain
increased the crossover frequency
Phase was added at the
previous crossover frequency
PM is below target
Move lead zero/pole to higher
frequencies
Reduce the crossover
frequency increase
Improve phase margin
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
43
As predicted by the
insufficient phase
margin, overshoot
exceeds the target
% 20.9% 15%
Redesign compensator
for higher
Improve phase margin
Reduce overshoot
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
44
The steady‐state error
requirement has been
satisfied
Will not change with
compensator redesign
Low‐frequency gain
will not be changed
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
45
Iteration yields acceptable value for
5.5 rad/sec
Maintain same zero/pole spacing, , and, therefore, same
Recalculate zero/pole time constants:
1 1
0.4742
5.5 0.147
The updated lead compensator transfer function:
0.4742 1
12
0.0697 1
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
46
Crossover frequency has
been reduced
5.58 /
Phase margin is close to
the target
58.2°
Dip in phase is apparent,
because is now
placed at point of lower
open‐loop phase
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 1 – Step 6
47
Overshoot requirement
now satisfied
% 14.7% 15%
Low‐frequency gain has
not been changed, so
error requirement is
still satisfied
Design is complete
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation – Example 2
48
Again, consider the same system
Design a compensator to satisfy the following
( )
Now, we’ll design a lead compensator to
simultaneously adjust closed‐loop bandwidth and
phase margin
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 1
49
The required damping ratio for 10% overshoot is
0.5912
Given the required damping ratio, calculate the required closed‐loop
bandwidth to yield the desired settling time
.
1 2 4 4 2
7.52 /
We’ll initially set the gain, , to place the crossover frequency, ,
one octave below the desired closed‐loop bandwidth
/2 3.8 /
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 1
50
Plot the Bode plot for
Determine the loop gain at
the desired crossover
frequency
23.3
Adjust so that the loop
gain at the desired
crossover frequency is
1
23.3 14.7
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Steps 2 & 3
51
Generate a Bode plot using the gain value just determined
Phase margin for the
uncompensated system:
14.9°
Required phase margin to satisfy
overshoot requirement:
100 59.1°
Add 10° to account for
crossover frequency increase
69.1°
Required phase lead from the
compensator
54.2°
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Steps 4 & 5
52
Calculate zero/pole spacing, , from required phase lead,
1 sin
0.1040
1 sin
Calculate zero and pole time constants
0.8228
0.0855
The resulting lead compensator transfer
function:
1
1
0.8228 1
14.7
0.0855 1
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 6
53
Bode plot of the
compensated system
Substantially below
target
Crossover frequency is
well above the desired
value
/
Iteration will likely be
required
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 6
54
Overshoot exceeds the
specified limit
% 19.1° 10%
Settling time is faster
than required
0.98 1.2
Iteration is required
Start by reducing the
target
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 6
55
Must redesign the compensator to meet specifications
Must increase PM to reduce overshoot
Can afford to reduce crossover, , to improve PM
Try various combinations of the following
Reduce crossover frequency,
Increase compensator zero/pole frequencies,
Increase added phase lead, , by reducing
Iteration shows acceptable results for:
2.4 /
3.4 /
52°
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 6
56
Redesigned lead compensator:
0.8542 1
6.27
0.1013 1
Phase margin:
62°
Crossover frequency:
4.84 /
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Example 2 – Step 6
57
Dynamic response requirements are now satisfied
Overshoot:
% 8%
Settling time:
1.09
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation – Example 2
58
Lead compensator
adds gain at higher
frequencies
Increased crossover
frequency
Faster response time
Phase added near the
crossover frequency
Improved phase
margin
Reduced overshoot
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead Compensation – Example 2
59
Step response
improvements:
Faster settling time
Faster risetime
Significantly less
overshoot and ringing
K. Webb MAE 4421
Lead‐Lag Compensation
60
If performance specifications require adjustment of:
Bandwidth
Phase margin
Steady‐state error
Lead‐lag compensation may be used
1 1
1 1
Many possible design procedures – one possibility:
1. Design lag compensation to satisfy steady‐state error and
phase margin
2. Add lead compensation to increase bandwidth, while
maintaining phase margin
K. Webb MAE 4421