Designation: F 436 – 02

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Standard Specification for

Hardened Steel Washers1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 436; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope * A 153 Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and

1.1 This specification covers the chemical, mechanical, and Steel Hardware2
dimensional requirements for hardened steel washers for use A 325 Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat
with fasteners having nominal thread diameters of 1⁄4 through 4 Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength3
in. These washers are intended for general-purpose mechanical A 354 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy
and structural use with bolts, nuts, studs, and other internally Steel Bolts, Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasten-
and externally threaded fasteners. These washers are suitable ers3
for use with fasteners covered in Specifications A 325, A 354, A 449 Specification for Quenched and Tempered Steel
A 449, A 490, and A 687. Bolts and Studs3
1.2 The washers are designated by type denoting the mate- A 490 Specification for Heat-Treated Steel Structural Bolts,
rial and by style denoting the shape. 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength3
1.2.1 The types of washers covered are: A 588/A 588M Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy
1.2.1.1 Type 1—Carbon steel. Structural Steel with 50 ksi [345 MPa] Minimum Yield
1.2.1.2 Type 3—Weathering steel. Atmospheric corrosion Point to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick4
resistance and weathering characteristics are comparable to A 687 Specification for High-Strength Nonheaded Steel
that of steels covered in Specifications A 588/A 588M and Bolts and Studs3
A 709/A 709M. The atmospheric corrosion resistance of these A 709/A 709M Specification for Structural Steel for
steels is substantially better than that of carbon steel with or Bridges4
without copper addition. See 5.1. When properly exposed to A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
the atmosphere, these steels can be used bare (uncoated) for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products5
many applications. B 695 Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically
1.2.2 The styles of washers covered are: Deposited on Iron and Steel6
1.2.2.1 Circular—Circular washers in nominal bolt sizes 1⁄4 D 3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging7
through 4 in. suitable for applications where sufficient space F 606 Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Prop-
exists and angularity permits. erties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,
1.2.2.2 Beveled—Beveled washers are square or rectangu- Washers, and Rivets3
lar, in nominal sizes 1⁄2 through 11⁄2 in., with a beveled 1 to 6 G 101 Guide for Estimating the Atmospheric Corrosion
ratio surface for use with American standard beams and Resistance of Low-Alloy Steels8
channels.
3. Ordering Information
1.2.2.3 Clipped—Clipped washers are circular or beveled
for use where space limitations necessitate that one side be 3.1 Orders for hardened steel washers under this specifica-
clipped. tion shall include the following:
3.1.1 ASTM designation and year of issue,
NOTE 1—A complete metric companion to Specification F 436 has been 3.1.2 Quantity (number of pieces by size),
developed—Specification F 436M; therefore no metric equivalents are
3.1.3 Type and Style (see 1.2.1 and 1.2.2),
presented in this specification.
3.1.4 Zinc Coating—Specify the zinc coating process re-
2. Referenced Documents quired, for example, hot-dip, mechanically deposited, or no
2.1 ASTM Standards: preference (see 4.3),

2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.06.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.08.
1 4
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F16 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
5
Fasteners and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F16.02 on Steel Bolts, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03.
6
Nuts, Rivets, and Washers. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
7
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.09.
8
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 1993 as F 436 – 93. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

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 F 436 – 02
3.1.5 Dimensions, nominal size, and other dimensions, if TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
modified from those covered in this specification,
3.1.6 Specify if inspection at point of manufacture is re- Composition, %

quired, Element Type 1 Type 3A

3.1.7 Specify if manufacturer’s certification or test reports, Phosphorus, max
or both, are required, and Heat analysis 0.040 0.040
Product analysis 0.050 0.045
3.1.8 Special requirements. Sulfur, max
Heat analysis 0.050 0.050
4. Materials and Manufacture Product analysis 0.060 0.055
Silicon
4.1 Steel used in the manufacture of washers shall be Heat analysis ... 0.15–0.35
produced by the open-hearth, basic-oxygen, or electric-furnace Product analysis ... 0.13–0.37
process. Chromium
Heat analysis ... 0.45–0.65
4.2 Washers up to and including 11⁄2 in. in bolt size shall be Product analysis ... 0.42–0.68
through hardened. Washers over 11⁄2 in. may be either through Nickel
Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
hardened or carburized at the option of the manufacturer. Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
4.3 Zinc Coatings, Hot-Dip and Mechanically Deposited: Copper
4.3.1 When zinc-coated washers are required, the purchaser Heat analysis ... 0.25–0.45
Product analysis ... 0.22–0.48
shall specify the zinc coating process, for example, hot-dip,
A
mechanically deposited, or no preference. Weathering steel washers may also be manufactured from any of the steels
listed in Table 2 of Specification A 325.
4.3.2 When hot-dip is specified the washers shall be zinc
coated by the hot-dip process in accordance with the require-
ments of Class C of Specification A 153.
4.3.3 When mechanically deposited is specified the washers to 73 HRA or 73 to 83 HR15N.
shall be zinc coated by the mechanical-deposition process in 6.3 Carburized and hardened washers shall have a minimum
accordance with the requirements of Class 50 of Specification core hardness of 30 HRC or 65 HRA.
B 695.
7. Dimensions and Tolerances
4.3.4 When no preference is specified, the supplier may
furnish either a hot-dip zinc coating in accordance with 7.1 All circular and clipped circular washers shall conform
Specification A 153, Class C, or a mechanically deposited zinc to the dimensions shown in Table 2 and Table 3.
coating in accordance with Specification B 695, Class 50. 7.2 All square beveled and clipped square beveled washers
Threaded components (bolt and nuts) shall be coated by the shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table 3 and Table 4.
same zinc-coating process and the supplier’s option is limited In addition, rectangular beveled and clipped rectangular bev-
to one process per item with no mixed processes in a lot. eled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown in Table
4.4 If washers are heat treated by a subcontractor, they shall 3 and Table 4, except that one side may be longer than shown
be returned to the manufacturer for testing prior to shipment to for the “A” dimension.
the purchaser. 7.3 Unless otherwise stated in the inquiry or purchase order,
plain (uncoated) hardened steel circular washers shall be
5. Chemical Composition furnished. Where corrosion-preventive treatment is required,
5.1 Type 1 and Type 3 washers shall conform to the washers shall be coated as agreed upon between the manufac-
chemical composition specified in Table 1. For Type 3 see turer and the purchaser.
Guide G 101 for methods of estimating corrosion resistance of
low alloy steels. 8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
5.2 Product analysis may be made by the purchaser from 8.1 Washers shall be free of excess mill scale, excess
finished material representing each lot of washers. The chemi- coatings and foreign material on bearing surfaces. Arc and gas
cal composition shall conform to the requirements of 4.1 and cut washers shall be free of metal spatter.
5.1.
5.3 Individual heats of steel are not identified in the finished 9. Sampling and Number of Tests
product. 9.1 The requirements of this specification shall be met in
5.4 Chemical analyses shall be performed in accordance continuous mass production for stock, and the manufacturer
with Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology A 751. shall make sample inspections to ensure that the product
conforms to the specified requirements. Additional tests of
6. Mechanical Properties individual shipments of material are not ordinarily contem-
6.1 Through hardened washers shall have a hardness of 38 plated.
to 45 HRC, except when zinc-coated by the hot-dip process, in 9.2 When additional tests are specified in the inquiry or
which case they shall have a hardness of 26 to 45 HRC. purchase order, a lot, for purposes of selecting test samples,
6.2 Carburized washers shall be carburized to a minimum shall consist of all material offered for inspection at one time
depth of 0.015 in. and shall have a surface hardness of 69 to 73 that has the following common characteristics:
HRA or 79 to 83 HR15N, except when zinc-coated by the 9.2.1 Same nominal size.
hot-dip process, in which case they shall have a hardness of 63 9.2.2 Same material grade.
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 F 436 – 02
TABLE 2 Hardened Circular and Clipped Circular Washers

NOTE 1—Tolerances are as noted in table on washer dimension tolerances.

Circular Clipped Circular

Circular and Clipped Circular Clipped
Nominal Size Thickness (T), in.
Nominal Outside Nominal Inside Minimum Edge
Diameter (OD), in. Diameter (ID), in. min max Distance (E)A, in.
⁄
14 0.625 0.281 0.051 0.080 0.219
⁄
5 16 0.688 0.344 0.051 0.080 0.281
3⁄8 0.813 0.406 0.051 0.080 0.344
7⁄16 0.922 0.469 0.051 0.080 0.406
1⁄2 1.063 0.531 0.097 0.177 0.438
9⁄16 1.188 0.625 0.110 0.177 0.500
5⁄8 1.313 0.688 0.122 0.177 0.563
3⁄4 1.468 0.813 0.122 0.177 0.656
7⁄8 1.750 0.938 0.136 0.177 0.781
1 2.000 1.125 0.136 0.177 0.875
11⁄8 2.250 1.250 0.136 0.177 1.000
11⁄4 2.500 1.375 0.136 0.177 1.094
13⁄8 2.750 1.500 0.136 0.177 1.219
11⁄2 3.000 1.625 0.136 0.177 1.313
13⁄4 3.375 1.875 0.178B 0.28B 1.531
2 3.750 2.125 0.178B 0.28B 1.750
21⁄4 4.000 2.375 0.24C 0.34C 2.000
21⁄2 4.500 2.625 0.24C 0.34C 2.188
23⁄4 5.000 2.875 0.24C 0.34C 2.406
3 5.500 3.125 0.24C 0.34C 2.625
31⁄4 6.000 3.375 0.24C 0.34C 2.875
31⁄2 6.500 3.625 0.24C 0.34C 3.063
33⁄4 7.000 3.875 0.24C 0.34C 3.313
4 7.500 4.125 0.24C 0.34C 3.500
A
Clipped edge E shall be not closer than 7⁄8 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.
B 3
⁄16 in. nominal.
C 1
⁄4 in. nominal.

TABLE 3 Washer Dimension Tolerances Number of Pieces in Lot Number of Specimens

Over Over 800 and under 1

11⁄2 to 3 in. 3 to 4 in. 801 to 8000 2
To 11⁄2 in. Nominal Nominal 8001 to 22 000 3
Nominal Size, Size, Over 22 000 5
Size, incl incl incl
Nominal diameter of hole, in. −0, +0.031 −0, +0.063 −0, +0.125 10. Test Methods --``,```,,,,,``,```,,``,,,,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Nominal outside diameter, in. 60.031 6 0.063 6 0.125

Flatness: max deviation from straightedge 0.010 0.015 0.032 10.1 Hardness:
placed on cut side shall not exceed (in.) 10.1.1 Non-carburized Washers—A minimum of two read-
Concentricity, in.: center of hole to outside 0.030 FIRA 0.090 FIRA 0.250 FIRA
diameter
ings shall be taken 180° apart on at least one face at a minimum
Burr shall not project above immediately 0.010 0.015 0.025 depth of 0.015 in.
adjacent washer surface more than (in.) 10.1.2 Carburized Washers—A minimum of two readings
A
Full indicator runout. shall be taken 180° apart on at least one face.
10.2 Hardness tests shall be performed in accordance with
the Rockwell test method specified in Test Methods F 606.
9.2.3 Same nominal post treatment (heat treatment or coat-
ing or both). 11. Inspection
9.3 From each lot described in 9.2, the number of specimens 11.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector
tested for each required property shall be as follows: all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the

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TABLE 4 Hardened Beveled Washers

NOTE 1—Tolerances are as noted in Table 3.

Square Square Clipped

Square Beveled and Clipped Square BeveledA Clipped
Minimum Side Nominal Inside Mean Thickness Slope or Taper in Nominal Edge
Bolt Size, in. Dimension (A), in. Diameter (I.D.), in. (T), in. Thickness Distance (E),B in.
12⁄ 13⁄4 ⁄
17 32 ⁄
5 16 1:6 ⁄
7 16

58⁄ 13⁄4 ⁄
11 16 ⁄
5 16 1:6 ⁄
9 16

3 ⁄4 13⁄4 13⁄16 5⁄16 1:6 ⁄

21 32

7 ⁄8 13⁄4 15⁄16 5⁄16 1:6 ⁄

25 32
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1 13⁄4 11⁄8 5⁄16 1:6 7⁄8

11⁄8 21⁄4 11⁄4 5⁄16 1:6 1

11⁄4 21⁄4 13⁄8 5⁄16 1:6 13⁄32
13⁄8 21⁄4 11⁄2 5⁄16 1:6 1 ⁄32
7

11⁄2 21⁄4 15⁄8 5⁄16 1:6 15⁄16

A
Rectangular beveled washers shall conform to the dimensions shown above, except that one side may be longer than that shown for the A dimension.
B
Clipped edge E shall not be closer than 7⁄8 of the bolt diameter from the center of the washer.

material is being produced and furnished in accordance with distinguishing marks, to identify the manufacturer or private
this specification. Mill inspection by the purchaser shall not label distributor, as appropriate.
interfere unnecessarily with the manufacturer’s operations. All 15.2 Additionally, Type 3 weathering steel washers shall be
tests and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture, identified with the symbol “3”.
unless otherwise agreed to. 15.3 Additional identification or distinguishing marks, or
11.2 If other than the normal inspection for continuous mass both, may be used by the manufacturer.
production of parts as stipulated in 9.1 is required by the 15.4 All marking symbols shall be depressed on one face of
purchaser, it shall be specified in the inquiry and contract order. the washer.
12. Rejection and Rehearing 15.5 Type and manufacturer’s or private label distributor’s
identification shall be separate and distinct. The two identifi-
12.1 Material that fails to conform to the requirements of cations shall preferably be in different locations and, when on
this specification may be rejected. Rejection should be reported the same level, shall be separated by at least two spaces.
to the producer or supplier promptly and in writing. In case of
15.6 It is possible that during the clipping of circular
dissatisfaction with the results of the test, the producer or
washers the marking symbols may be removed. This is
supplier may make claim for a rehearing.
acceptable provided that the majority of washers in the lot still
13. Certification and Test Report display the identification marks.
13.1 Upon request of the purchaser in the contract or order,
a manufacturer’s certification that the material was manufac- 16. Packaging and Package Marking
tured and tested in accordance with this specification, together 16.1 Packaging:
with a report of the latest mechanical tests of each stock size in 16.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, packaging shall be in
each shipment, shall be furnished at the time of shipment. accordance with Practice D 3951.
13.2 Data contained in the certified test report shall include 16.1.2 When special packaging requirements are required,
material grade and hardness tests. they shall be defined at the time of the inquiry and order.
14. Responsibility 16.2 Package Marking:
16.2.1 Each shipping unit shall include or be plainly marked
14.1 The party responsible for the fastener shall be the with the following information:
organization that supplies the fastener to the purchaser and
16.2.1.1 ASTM designation and type,
certifies that the fastener was manufactured, sampled, tested
16.2.1.2 Size,
and inspected in accordance with this specification and meets
all of its requirements. 16.2.1.3 Name and brand or trademark of the manufacturer,
16.2.1.4 Number of pieces,
15. Product Marking 16.2.1.5 Purchase order number, and
15.1 Washers shall be marked with a symbol, or other 16.2.1.6 Country of origin.

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 F 436 – 02
17. Keywords
17.1 carbon steel; steel; washers; weathering steel

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

S1. Surface Roughness any flaws in or on the surface.

S1.1 Washers shall have a multidirectional lay with a S1.2 Burrs shall not exceed 0.01 in. in height.
surface roughness not exceeding 750 µin. in height including

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This section contains the principal changes to the standard that have been incorporated since the last issue
(F 436 – 93).

(1) Changed fractions to decimals except for nominal size. (3) In Table 2, added 9⁄16-in. size.
(2) Changed “Bolt Size” to “Nominal Size” in column head-
ings.

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