Fall 2020-2021 Biology Final Exam Review

Unit 1: Cell Structure and Function

1. What is the main difference between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes?

2. What are four things that all cells have?

●
●
●
●
3. Complete the following table using the above diagram.

Organelle/Cell Part Organelle/Cell Part

D J cytoplasm

G K

I ribosome L

4. Where in the cell are proteins created?

5. Energy conversion within an animal cell would be severely limited by the removal of which organelle?

6. What is the main function of the cell membrane?

7. What 3 organelles do plant cells have that animal cells do not and what is the function of each?

8. What plant organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? Draw one.

9. What are the 3 parts to the Cell Theory?

a.
b.
c.

Cell Transport
10. What does cell transport help a cell maintain?
11. Complete the following table.

Type of energy What type of molecule is

Examples
transport needed? moving?solute or solvent

●
Passive ●
●
 ●
Active
●

Unit 2: Cellular Energy

Energy
1. What is ATP?

2. Where does the energy stored in ATP originally come from?

3. Which part of an ATP molecule must break in order to release energy?

Photosynthesis
1. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? Circle the reactants. Underline the products.

2. What is needed for photosynthesis to take place?

3. Where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?

Cellular Respiration
1. Why do cells perform cellular respiration?

2. What is the equation for cellular respiration? Circle the reactants. Underline the products.

3. Where in the cell does respiration take place?

4. What process breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen?

5. Fill out the diagram below showing the balance of energy in life:

Enzymes
1. What is an enzyme?
2. How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
Unit 3: Cellular Growth and Division
1. Label the parts of the cell cycle below and explain what happens in each phase.
A.

B. F

C.
E
A
D.

E.

F.

2. Starting with G1, what is the sequence of the cell cycle?

3. Define mitosis:

4. What are the 4 phases of Mitosis and what happens in each phase?
A.

B.

C.

D.

5. What step follows mitosis and what is the result?

6. Why do cells divide?

7. During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell having four chromosomes will produce two
daughter cells, each containing how many chromosomes?

8. What are stem cells?

9. What determines how cells differentiate (become specialized)?

10. How do normal cells become cancer cells?

Unit 4: Biochemistry

1. What is the smallest unit of matter?

2. What are the four major carbon-based compounds found in living things?

3. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

4. Complete the chart for the 4 major biomolecules.

Compound Monomer (Subunit) Functions Examples

Carbohydrate

Amount of energy:
______cal/gram

Lipids

Amount of energy:
_____cal/gram

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

5. What type of biomolecule are enzymes?

6. How do enzymes affect chemical reactions?

7. What factors can affect how well enzymes work?

 Unit 5: DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis

DNA

1. What are the three parts of the nucleotide? Draw a picture. →

2. What are the four bases found in DNA?

3. Where does DNA replication occur?

4. Explain in detail the four steps in DNA replication. (You can use more than four steps if you need to)

1.

2.

3.

4.

Transcription and Translation

1. What are three differences between RNA and DNA?

2. What are the three types of RNA and what is their function?
a.

b.

c.

3. Fill in the matching DNA or RNA base:

DNA Replication Transcription Translation

DNA→ DNA DNA → mRNA mRNA→ tRNA

Adenine -- Adenine -- Adenine --

Thymine-- Thymine-- Uracil--

Cytosine-- Cytosine-- Cytosine--

Guanine-- Guanine-- Guanine--

4. Transcribe and translate the following DNA strand:

DNA: TAC -- TGT -- AGC -- TGC -- GCG -- ATT

mRNA:
Amino Acids:
(Polypeptide)
Unit 6: Genetics & Heredity
Define each of the following words and give an example:

1. Dominant-

2. Recessive-

3. Heterozygous-

4. Homozygous-

5. Phenotype-

6. Genotype-

7. In pea plants, the allele for yellow seeds is dominant to the allele for green seeds. Predict the genotypic
and phenotypic ratios of offspring produced by crossing two parents heterozygous for this trait. (Use a
Punnett square)
Parents: ______ x ________ GR: ____:____:____

PR: ____:____

8. Give an example of each of the following types of Non-Mendelian Genetics:

● Incomplete Dominance:

● Codominance:

● Multiple Alleles:

● Polygenic Traits:

● Sex Linked Traits:

9. A karyotype of a picture of a person’s _________________. It can be used to diagnose any genetic

abnormalities. What do the following genetic abnormalities cause?
Trisomy 21 or __________________________ Monosomy of the 23rd Pair (XO): _________________
Trisomy of the 23rd Pair (XXY): ___________________
10. The pedigree to the right is for an autosomal dominant trait. What is the genotype of all the non-shaded
individuals?
11. What do all of the shaded individuals have at least one of?
12. Do we know the genotypes of everyone in this pedigree?