Expected Topics:

 Presentation of Data
 Ways to Represent Data
Textual
Tabular Chapter 3
Graphical Presentation of
 Frequency Distribution
 Cumulative Frequency
Data and
Distribution Frequency
Distribution
 Presentation of Data

It is an organization of data into tables, graphs

or charts, so that logical and statistical conclusions
can be derived from the collected measurements.
 Tabular Method

Parts of a Statistical Table

 Table Heading – shows the table number and the title.
 Table number - serves to give the table an identity.
 Table title – briefly explains what are being presented.
 Body – it is the main part of the table which contains the
quantitative information.
 Stub – classification or categories found at the left side of the
body of the table.
 Box Head – the captions that appear above the column. It
identifies what are contained in the column.
 Footnotes
 Source of Data
 Example of Tabular Method

Table 1
Enrolment Profile
College of Accountancy
Mary the Queen College Pampanga
A.Y. 2011 – 2012
(First Semester)

Subjects Number of Students Percentage (%)

Accounting 3 121 10.77
Finance 1 136 12.11
English 3 99 8.82
Math 3 130 11.58
Computer 3 143 12.73
Management 1 126 11.22
Economics 1 122 10.86
Theology 3 123 10.95
Physical Education 3 123 10.95
Total (N) 1,123 100%
Percentage = (Number of Students/ N) x 100
 Graphical Method

1. Bar Graphs
Vertical Bar Graph
Horizontal Bar Graph
2. Line Graph
3. Pie Chart
4. Pictograph
 Vertical Bar Graph

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Number of Enrollees 70 80 50 300 600 800 1000 1200 1800

2000
1800
1800
1600
Number of Enrollees

1400
1200
1200
1000
1000
800
800 Year
600
600
400 300
200 70 80 50
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year

Figure 1 Number of Enrollees of Mary the Queen College Pampanga

 Horizontal Bar Graph

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Number of Enrollees 70 80 50 300 600 800 1000 1200 1800

2011 1800
2010 1200
2009 1000
2008 800
2007 600 Year
2006 300
2005 50
2004 80
2003 70
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Figure 2 Number of Enrollees of Mary the Queen College Pampanga

 Line Graph

2000

1800 1800

1600

1400
Number of Enrollees

1200 1200

1000 1000
Number of Enrollees
800 800

600 600

400
300
200
70 80 50
0
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
 Pie Chart
Table 3 Monthly Expenses of a Filipino Family with Four Children
Amount Percentage (%) Degrees (0)

Food 9,000 64.3 231.5

Transportation 2,000 14.3 51.5
Miscellaneous 3,000 21.4 77
Total 14,000 100 360

21.4%
14.3% Food
64.3%
Transportation
Miscellaneous

Figure 3 Pie Chart showing the monthly expenses of a family with four
children
 Frequency Distribution
It is the tabular arrangement of the gathered data by categories
plus their corresponding frequencies and class marks or midpoints.

Definition of Terms
1. Range (R) – the difference between the highest score and the lowest
score.
2. Class Interval (k) – a grouping or category defined by a lower limit and
an upper limit.
3. Class Boundaries (CB) – these are also known as the exact limits, and
can be obtained by subtracting 0.5 from the lower limit of an interval and
adding 0.5 to the upper limit interval.
4. Class Mark (x) – is the middle value or the midpoint of a class interval. It
is obtained by getting the average of the lower class limit and the upper
class limit.
5. Class Size (i) – is the difference between the upper class boundary and
the lower class boundary of a class interval
6. Relative Frequency (RF) – these are the percentage distribution in
every class interval.
7. Class Frequency – it refers to the number of observations belonging to a
class interval, or the number of items within a category.
 Example
Statistics Test Scores of 50 students. Construct a frequency
distribution

51 65 68 87 76
56 69 75 89 80
61 66 73 86 79
70 71 54 87 78
68 74 66 88 77
67 73 64 90 77
72 52 67 86 79
74 59 70 89 85
55 63 74 82 84
57 68 72 81 83
 Steps in Constructing a Frequency
Distribution
1. Find the range R, using the formula:
R = Highest Score – Lowest Score
k
2. Compute for the number of class intervals, n, by using the formula:
k = 1+3.3 log n

Note: The ideal number of class intervals should be 5 to 15. Less than 8
intervals are recommended for a data with less than 50
observations/values. For a data with 50 to 100 observations/values, the
suggested number should be greater than 8. Please note also that the few
number of class intervals will result to crowded data while too many
number of class intervals tend to spread out the data too much.

3. Compute for the class size, I, using the formula:

i = R/k
 Steps in Constructing a Frequency
Distribution

4. Using the lowest score as lower limit, add (i – 1)to it to obtain the higher
limit of the desired class interval.
5. The lower limit of the second interval may be obtained by adding the
class size to the lower limit of the first interval. Add (i – 1) to the result
to obtain the higher limit of the second interval.
6. Repeat step 5 to obtain the third class interval, and so on, and so forth.
7. When the n class intervals are completed, determine the frequency for
each class interval by counting the elements.
 Solution:

1. R = Highest Score – Lowest Score

R = 90 – 51
R = 39
2. k = 8 (desired interval)
3. i = R/k
i = 39/8
i = 4.875
i=5
 Solution:

The Frequency Distribution of the Statistics Score of 50 Students

Class Interval f x Class Boundary

LL - UL Lower Upper
51 - 55 4 53 50.5 55.5
56 - 60 3 58 55.5 60.5
61 - 65 4 63 60.5 65.5
66 - 70 10 68 65.5 70.5
71 - 75 9 73 70.5 75.5
76 - 80 7 78 75.5 80.5
81 - 85 5 83 80.5 85.5
86 - 90 8 88 85.5 90.5
50
 12

10
10
9
8
Frequency

8
7
6
5
4 4
4
3
2

0
51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 76 - 80 81 - 85 86 -90
Class Interval
 Cumulative Frequency
Distribution

Cumulative Frequency Distribution – is a tabular arrangement of

data by class intervals whose frequency is cumulated. In other
words, this distribution can be obtained by simply adding the class
frequencies.

Two Kinds of Cumulative Frequency Distribution

1. Less than Cumulative Frequency Distribution (<cf) - refers to
the distribution whose frequencies are less than or below the
upper class boundary they correspond to.
2. Greater than Cumulative Frequency Distribution (>cf) – refers
to the distribution whose frequencies are greater than or above the
lower class boundary they correspond to.
 Cumulative Frequency
Distribution

The Frequency Distribution of the Statistics Score of 50 Students

Class Interval f x Class Boundary <cf >cf

LL - UL Lower Upper
51 - 55 4 53 50.5 55.5 4 50
56 - 60 3 58 55.5 60.5 7 46
61 - 65 4 63 60.5 65.5 11 43
66 - 70 10 68 65.5 70.5 21 39
71 - 75 9 73 70.5 75.5 30 29
76 - 80 7 78 75.5 80.5 37 20
81 - 85 5 83 80.5 85.5 42 13
86 - 90 8 88 85.5 90.5 50 8
50
 Less Than Ogive

60
50
50
42
40 37
30
<cf

30
21 <cf
20
11
10 7
4
0
51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 76 - 80 81 - 85 86 - 90

Class Interval
 Greater Than Ogive
60

50 50
46
43
40 39
>cf

30 29
>cf

20 20
13
10
8
0
51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 76 - 80 81 - 85 86 - 90

Class Interval
 Relative Frequency
Distribution

The relative frequency distribution is a tabular

arrangement of the data showing the proportion in
percent of each frequency. In simple terms, it
indicates how many percent the data fall within each
category. The relative frequency for each class
interval is obtained by dividing the class frequency
by the total frequency and multiplying the result by
100%.
 Relative Frequency
Distribution
The Frequency Distribution of the Statistics Scores of 50 Students

Class Interval f x Class Boundary <cf >cf RF%

LL - UL Lower Upper
51 - 55 4 53 50.5 55.5 4 50 8
56 - 60 3 58 55.5 60.5 7 46 6
61 - 65 4 63 60.5 65.5 11 43 8
66 - 70 10 68 65.5 70.5 21 39 20
71 - 75 9 73 70.5 75.5 30 29 18
76 - 80 7 78 75.5 80.5 37 20 14
81 - 85 5 83 80.5 85.5 42 13 10
86 - 90 8 88 85.5 90.5 50 8 16
50 100
 Relative Frequency
Distribution
25
Relative Frequency
20 20
18
16
15
14

10 10
RF (%)
8 8
6
5

0
51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 71 - 75 76 - 80 81 - 85 86 -90
Class Interval
 Example 2:

Suppose, a statistics class with 60 students were given an

examination and the results are shown below.

48 73 57 57 69 88 11 80 82 47

46 70 49 45 75 81 33 65 38 59

94 59 62 36 58 69 45 55 58 65

30 49 73 29 41 53 37 35 61 48

22 51 56 55 60 37 56 59 57 36

12 36 50 63 68 30 56 70 53 28
 Solution:
1. R = HS – LS
R = 94 – 11
R = 83
2. k = 1+ 3.3 log n
k = 1+ 3.3 log 60
k = 6.867899126
k=7
3. i = R/k
i = 83/7
i = 11.85714286
i = 12
 Solution:
The Frequency Distribution of the Examination Results of Sixty
Students
in a Statistics Class
Class
Interval f x Class Boundary <cf >cf RF%
LL UL Lower Upper

11 22 3 16.5 10.5 22.5 3 60 5

23 34 5 28.5 22.5 34.5 8 57 8
35 46 11 40.5 34.5 46.5 19 52 18
47 58 19 52.5 46.5 58.5 38 41 32
59 70 14 64.5 58.5 70.5 52 22 23
71 82 6 76.5 70.5 82.5 58 8 10
83 94 2 88.5 82.5 94.5 60 2 3
60 100