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Numerical Solution of Non-Linear Equations (Root Finding Method)

The document discusses numerical methods for finding the roots of non-linear equations. It focuses on the bisection method, which is a bracketing or closed method for finding roots. The document provides examples of using the bisection method to determine the real roots of sample non-linear equations. It calculates the estimated and true errors at each iteration and iterates until the estimated error falls below 10%.

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beena saleem
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1K views

Numerical Solution of Non-Linear Equations (Root Finding Method)

The document discusses numerical methods for finding the roots of non-linear equations. It focuses on the bisection method, which is a bracketing or closed method for finding roots. The document provides examples of using the bisection method to determine the real roots of sample non-linear equations. It calculates the estimated and true errors at each iteration and iterates until the estimated error falls below 10%.

Uploaded by

beena saleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numerical solution of non-linear equations Bisection method Instructor: Miss Urooj

Numerical solution of non- linear equations


(Root finding method)
1. Open Methods
 Newton’s Rapson Method
 Secant Method
2. Closed Methods (Bracketing Methods)
 Bisection Method
 False Position Method

Errors
1. True Errors
Percentage Relative Error
𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝜀𝑡 = | |*100
𝑇𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Absolute Error |𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒|
2. Estimated Error
𝑥3𝑛𝑒𝑤 −𝑥3𝑜𝑙𝑑
Percentage Relative Error 𝜀𝑎 = | |*100
𝑥3𝑛𝑒𝑤
Absolute Error |𝑥𝑛𝑒𝑤
3 − 𝑥𝑜𝑙𝑑
3 |

Closed Method
Bisection Method

Formula 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑥3 =
2

If 𝑓(𝑥1) ∗ 𝑓(𝑥3 ) < 0 set 𝑥2 = 𝑥3


𝑓 (𝑥1 ) ∗ 𝑓 (𝑥3 ) > 0 set 𝑥1 = 𝑥3
Numerical solution of non-linear equations Bisection method Instructor: Miss Urooj

Question: Determine the real root of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = −0.5𝑥 2 + 2.5𝑥 + 4.5


(a). Using the three iterations of bisection method to determine the highest root.
Employ the initial guesses of 𝑥𝑙 = 5, and 𝑥𝑢 = 10. Compute the estimated error
and true error after each iteration.
(b). Using the quadratic formula.
Solution:
(b). Apply quadratic formula.
Roots are 6.4051, -1.4051
(a). Bisection method
𝑥1 = 5 , 𝑓 (𝑥1 = 5) = 4.5
𝑥2 = 10, 𝑓(𝑥2 ) = −20.5
𝑥3 𝜀𝑡
Iterations 𝑥1 𝑥2 f(𝑥3 ) f(𝑥1 )f(𝑥3 ) 𝜀𝑎
6.4051 − 7.5
-21.9375<0 | | ∗ 100
0 5 10 7.5 -4.875 _ 6.4051
𝑥2 = 𝑥3
=17.0937%
4.5*0.593 = 6.25 − 7.5 6.4051 − 6.25
| | ∗ 100 | | ∗ 100
1 5 7.5 6.25 0.5937 2.6718>0 6.25 6.4051
𝑥1 = 𝑥3 =20% = 2.42189%
0.5937*- 6.875 − 6.25 6.4051 − 6.875
| | ∗ 100 | | ∗ 100
2 6.25 7.5 6.875 -1.9453 1.9453 6.875 6.4051
-1.1550<0 =9.091% =7.3359%

Ans. The real root of given equation is 6.875


Numerical solution of non-linear equations Bisection method Instructor: Miss Urooj

Question: Determine a real root of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 5𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2


Using bisection method to locate the root. Employ the initial guesses of 𝑥𝑙 = 0,
and 𝑥𝑢 = 1 and iteration until the estimated error 𝜀𝑎 fall below the level of 10%.

Solution:
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐
𝑥1 = 0 , 𝑓 (𝑥1 = 0) = -2 𝒙𝟑 =
2

𝑥2 = 1, 𝑓 (𝑥2 ) = 4

𝜺𝒂
Iterations 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 f(𝒙𝟑 ) f(𝒙𝟏 )f(𝒙𝟑 ) 𝑥3𝑛𝑒𝑤 −𝑥3𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑎 = | |*100
𝑥3𝑛𝑒𝑤

-0.75<0
0 0 1 0.5 --
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑
1.46876>0
1 0 0.5 0.25 100%
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑
0.13913>0
2 0.25 0.5 0.375 33.3%
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑
-0.01642<0
3 0.375 0.5 0.4375 14.285%
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑
0.00994>0
4 0.375 0.4375 0.40625 7.692%
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑

The real root of given equation is 0.40625, with 7.692% error.


Numerical solution of non-linear equations Bisection method Instructor: Miss Urooj

Question: Determine a real root of 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 3 − cos(𝑥) − 1


Use bisection method to locate a real root of function, and iteration until the
estimated error 𝜀𝑎 fall below the level of 10%.
Solution: (convert the mode of calculator in radians)
Let 𝑥1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥2 = 2
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐
At, 𝑥1 = 0 , 𝑓 (𝑥1 ) = −2 𝒙𝟑 =
2

And at, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑓(𝑥2 ) = 7.41615

𝜺𝒂
Iterations 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 f(𝒙𝟑 ) f(𝒙𝟏 )f(𝒙𝟑 ) 𝑥3𝑛𝑒𝑤 −𝑥3𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝜀𝑎 = | 𝑥3𝑛𝑒𝑤
|*100

1.080604 >0
0 0 2 1 -0.540302 --
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑
-1.244998<0
1 1 2 1.5 2.304263 33.33%
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑
-0.344606<0
2 1 1.5 1.25 0.637803 20%
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑
0.0039701>0
3 1 1.25 1.125 -0.007348 11.11%
𝒙𝟏 = 𝒙𝟑
-0.002209<0
4 1.125 1.25 1.1875 0.300581 5.263%
𝒙𝟐 = 𝒙𝟑

The real root of given equation is 1.1875, with 5.263% error.

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