National Textile University, Faisalabad.

BS. Textile Engineering, Spring 2020.

Course Title: Electrical and electronic systems

Course code: EE-3001

Practical No.

Title of Practical Identify and test the transistor, and operate it as a switch.

Group members

Registration No.

Semester /
Section / Group

Date of Practical June 1, 2020

Date of lab report June 8, 2020

submission
• Abstract:
This experiment has been performed to study the identification and testing of transistor in
proteus professional software. It is also about to study transistor as switch. In this experiment,
NPN and PNP transistor it used as switch. In case of NPN transistor when Vin was 0, we got
Vout 12V and LED was not glowing because both collector base junction and emitter base
junction are reverse biased. When we increased Vin to 5V we get Vout 1.321 and LED was
glowing because, both the emitter base and collector base junctions are forward biased. In
case of PNP transistor when Vin was 0, we got Vout 4.60V and LED was glowing because, ,
both the emitter base and collector base junctions are forward biased. When Vin was
increased to 5V we got Vout 0 volts and LED was not glowing, because both collector base
junction and emitter base junction are reverse biased. Thus, NPN and PNP are opposite to
each other.

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Table of Contents
 Abstract:.............................................................................................................................1
 Title:...................................................................................................................................3
 Introduction:.......................................................................................................................3
 Objectives:.......................................................................................................................3
 Theory:............................................................................................................................3
 Apparatus:..........................................................................................................................5
 Procedure:..........................................................................................................................5
 Circuit diagrams on Proteus:..............................................................................................6
 Results/ Readings:..............................................................................................................7
 Discussion:.........................................................................................................................7
 What is saturation? How is it demonstrated in this experiment?.......................................7
Operating Regions..........................................................................................................8
 What is cut-off? How is it demonstrated in this experiment?............................................8
 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................9

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 Experiment # 06

• Title:
Identify and test the transistor, and operate it as a switch

• Introduction:
• Objectives:
1. Identification and testing of transistor
2. Operating transistor as an amplifier
• Theory:
 Proteus professional:
The Proteus Design Suite is a proprietary software tool suite used primarily for electronic
design automation. The software is used mainly by electronic design engineers and
technicians to create schematics and electronic prints for manufacturing printed circuit
boards. Proteus is a simulation and design software tool developed by Lab center Electronics
for Electrical and Electronic circuit design. It is a software suite containing schematic,
simulation as well as PCB designing.
1. ISIS is the software used to draw schematics and simulate the circuits in real time. The
simulation allows human access during run time, thus providing real time simulation.
2. ARES is used for PCB designing. It has the feature of viewing output in 3D view of the
designed PCB along with components.
3. The designer can also develop 2D drawings for the product.
 Transistor:
A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or gate for
electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each
capable of carrying a current.

Fig#1: Transistor
 Transistor basics:

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A transistor is a three terminal device as shown in fig above. Names are following:

 Base: This is responsible for activating the transistor.

 Emitter: This is the negative lead.
 Collector: This is positive lead.

A transistor is a device that let you control the flow of current through one channel by
varying the intensity of a much smaller current that’s flowing through a second channel.
 Transistor types:
There are two types of transistor:

 Bipolar junction transistor (BJT).

 Field-effect transistor (FET).

The Bipolar Junction Transistor is a semiconductor device which can be used for switching
or amplification. A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) has three terminals connected to three
doped semiconductor regions. It comes with two types, P-N-P and N-P-N.

Fig#02: Bipolar junction transistor.

 Identification of Transistor:
Transistors may be NPN or PNP which are available in the plastic casing or metal can
package. In plastic casing, one side of the transistor is flat which is the front side and the
pins are arranged serially. To identify the pins, keep the front flat side facing you and
count the pins as one, two etc. In most NPN transistors it will be 1 (Collector), 2 (Base)
and 3 (Emitter) as shown in Figure. Thus CBE. But in PNP transistors, the condition will
be just reversed. That is EBC.

Figure 1: Pin Configuration of NPN transistor

 Testing of Transistor:

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  Transistor as Switch:
In a transistor switch circuit, a voltage level applied to the base terminal will control the
potential at the collector. In this manner, the transistor can be used to turn on or off circuitry
connected to the collector.

• Apparatus:
In proteus professional software, we selected:
 Variable DC Power Supply
 Npn Transistors,
 Resistors
 Digital Multi-meter,
 Connecting leads.

• Procedure:
The circuit for Transistor as Switch (NPN) was connected as shown in figure. The correct
polarity of voltage was applied to VCC.. The point A was connected to ground. The voltage
from point B to ground was measured and recorded in the Table#01. Now the point A was
connected to +5. The voltage from point B to ground was measured and recorded in the
Table#1. Ammeter was connected in the circuit and appropriate readings were taken to
measure β gain of the transistor in both cases. At the end calculated and measured values
were compared.

Figure 2: NPN Transistor as a Switch

The circuit for Transistor as Switch (PNP) was connected as shown in figure. The correct
polarity of voltage was applied to VEE. The point A was connected to ground. The voltage
from point B to ground was measured and recorded in the Table#02. Now the point A was
connected to +5. The voltage from point B to ground was measured and recorded in the
Table#1. Ammeter was connected in the circuit and appropriate readings were taken to
measure β gain of the transistor in both cases. At the end calculated and measured values
were compared.

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 Figure 3: PNP Transistor as a Switch
For recording the values of VBE / V, VBE / V and VEB / V the cursor was placed on the
Transistor and the shown values were recorded in the Table#03

• Circuit diagrams on Proteus:

NPN circuit:

PNP circuit:

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• Results/ Readings:
Table#01: Testing of Transistor:
Transistor VCE / V VBC / V VEB/ V
NPN 1.321 0.9366
PNP 0.4011 -0.4826
Table#02: Transistor as Switch (NPN):
Vcc / V Vin / V Vout/ V Ib/mA Ic/mA Measured Calculated
β gain β gain

+12 0 12 -4×10-9 18.88×10 4.72 0

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+12 +5 1.321 1.857 41.46 22.54 22.95

Table#03: Transistor as Switch (NPN):

Vcc / V Vin / V Vout/ V Ib/mA Ic/mA Measured Calculated
β gain β gain

+12 0 4.80 1.87 11.95 6.39 -6.4107

+12 +5 0.00 - 6.938×10 -4.19 ∞
1.668×10- -9
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• Discussion:

 What is saturation? How is it demonstrated in this experiment?

Saturation is the fully conducting state in a semiconductor junction. The term is used
especially in applications involving diodes and bipolar transistor s. As the forward bias in a
semiconductor P-N junction increases, the current through the junction also increases, up to a
certain point.
When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing voltage is applied in such a
way that it always operates within its “active” region, that is the linear part of the output
characteristics curves are used.
However, both the NPN & PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to operate as “ON/OFF”
type solid state switch by biasing the transistors Base terminal differently to that for a signal
amplifier. The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as the Saturation
Region and the Cut-off Region. This means then that we can ignore the operating Q-point
biasing and voltage divider circuitry required for amplification, and use the transistor as a
switch by driving it back and forth between its “fully-OFF” (cut-off) and “fully-ON”
(saturation) regions as shown below.

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Operating Regions

 What is cut-off? How is it demonstrated in this experiment?

In electronics, cut-off is a state of negligible conduction that is a property of several types
of electronic components when a control parameter (that usually is a well-
defined voltage or electric current, but could also be an incident light intensity or a magnetic
field), is lowered or increased past a value (the conduction threshold). The transition
from normal conduction to cut-off can be more or less sharp, depending on the type
of device considered, and also the speed of this transition varies considerably.
 In cut off region, both emitter to base and base to collector junctions are in the reverse
bias and no current flows through the transistor. The transistor acts as an open
switch. In the saturation region, both the junctions are in forwarding bias, and
the transistor acts as a closed switch.
 In the saturation region, both the junctions are in forwarding bias, and the transistor
acts as a closed switch.

Results:
To put a PNP into saturation VC and VE must be higher than VB. You pull the base low to
turn the PNP on, and make it higher than the collector and emitter to turn it off. And, to put a
PNP into active mode, VE must be at a higher voltage than VB, which must be higher than
VC.

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Another opposing characteristic of the NPNs and PNPs is the direction of current flow. In
active and saturation modes, current in a PNP flows from emitter to collector. This means the
emitter must generally be at a higher voltage than the collector.
Ic is maximum in saturation and minimum in Cutoff.
NPN Transistor
In case of NPN transistor when Vin was 0, we got Vout 12V and LED was not glowing
because both collector base junction and emitter base junction are reverse biased. This in turn
not allows the current to flow from collector to emitter when the base-emitter voltage is low.
When we increased Vin to 5V we get Vout 1.321 and LED was glowing because, both the
emitter base and collector base junctions are forward biased. Current flows freely from
collector to emitter when the base-emitter voltage is high.
PNP Transistor
In case of PNP transistor when Vin was 0, we got Vout 4.60V and LED was glowing
because, , both the emitter base and collector base junctions are forward biased. Current
flows freely from collector to emitter when the base-emitter voltage is high
When Vin was increased to 5V we got Vout 0 volts and LED was not glowing, because both
collector base junction and emitter base junction are reverse biased. This in turn not allows
the current to flow from collector to emitter when the base-emitter voltage is low.

• Conclusion
In this experiment we identified different types of transistor which may be NPN or PNP
which are available in the plastic casing or metal can package. In plastic casing, one side of
the transistor is flat which is the front side and the pins are arranged serially. To identify the
pins, keep the front flat side facing you and count the pins as one, two etc.
After this we used these transistors(NPN and PNP) as a switch and operate them and get to
know that for NPN transistors voltage applied at the base terminal of a transistor switching
operation is performed. When a sufficient voltage (Vin > 0.7 V) is applied between the base
and emitter, collector to emitter voltage is approximately equal to 0. Therefore, the transistor
acts as a short circuit. The collector current Vcc/Rc flows through the transistor. Similarly,
when no voltage or zero voltage is applied at the input, transistor operates in cutoff region
and acts as an open circuit. Load (here LED lamp) is connected to the switching output with a
reference point. Thus, when the transistor is switched ON, current will flow from source to
ground through the load.
PNP transistor works same as NPN for a switching operation, but the current flows from the
base. In this switching, base current flows when the base voltage is more negative. Simply a
low voltage or more negative voltage makes transistor to short circuit otherwise it will be
open circuited or high impedance state.In this connection, load is connected to the transistor
switching output with a reference point. When the transistor is turned ON, current flows from
the source through transistor to the load and finally to the ground.

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 RUBRIC FOR ASSESSING LAB REPORTS

Course & course code: Electrical and Electronics System EE-3001.

Title: Identify and test the transistor, and operate it as a switch.

Total Marks Obtained: _____________

Attributes Max. Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Obtained

Marks
Mark Beginning or incomplete Developing Accomplished Exemplary
s

Abstract/ Several major aspects of the Abstract misses one or Abstract references most The abstract contains
experiment are missing, more major aspects of of the major aspects of the reference to all major aspects
Summary 04 student displays a lack of carrying out the experiment, some minor of carrying out the experiment
understanding about how to experiment or the details are missing and the results, well-written
write an abstract results

Introduction Very little background Some introductory The introduction is nearly Introduction complete and
information provided or information, but still complete, missing some well-written; provides all
04
information is incorrect missing some major minor points necessary background
points principles for the experiment

Experimenta Missing several important Written in paragraph Written in paragraph Well-written in paragraph
l procedure experimental details or not format, still missing format, important format, all experimental
04 written in paragraph format some important experimental details are details are covered
experimental details covered, some minor
details missing

Results: Figures, graphs, tables contain Most figures, graphs, All figures, graphs, tables All figures, graphs, tables are
errors or are poorly tables OK, some still are correctly drawn, but correctly drawn, are numbered
data, figures, 08 constructed, have missing missing some important some have minor and contain titles/captions.
graphs, titles, captions or numbers, or required features problems or could still be
tables, etc. units missing or incorrect, etc. improved

Discussion Very incomplete or incorrect Some of the results Almost all of the results All-important trends and data
interpretation of trends and have been correctly have been correctly comparisons have been
comparison of data indicating interpreted and interpreted and discussed, interpreted correctly and
08 a lack of understanding of discussed; partial but only minor improvements discussed, a good
results incomplete are needed understanding of results is
understanding of results conveyed
is still evident

Conclusions Conclusions missing or Conclusions regarding All-important conclusions All-important conclusions

missing the important points major points are drawn, have been drawn, could have been clearly made, the
04 but many are misstated, be better stated student shows good
indicating a lack of understanding
understanding

Spelling, Frequent grammar and/or Occasional Less than 3 All grammar/spelling correct
grammar, spelling errors, the writing grammar/spelling grammar/spelling errors, and very well-written
sentence style is rough and immature errors, generally mature, readable style
04
structure readable with some
rough spots in writing
style

Appearance Sections out of order, too Sections in order All sections in order, All sections in order, well-
and much-handwritten copy, contain the minimum formatting generally good formatted, very readable
formatting sloppy formatting allowable amount of but could still be
04
handwritten copy, improved
formatting is rough but
readable

PS: Make necessary conversion as per the number of laboratory

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