Danish Public High School Sukkur

Mathematics X
Unit one: Sets
Exercise 1.2

Given that the sets A = {f, a, c, e} and B = {e, g, d, f } are subsets of the universal set U = {a,
b, c, d, e, f, g}, list the elements of:
(1)A’  
Solution:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
A = {f, a, c, e} 
A’ = U-A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} - {f, a, c, e} 
A’ = {b, d, g}

(2) B’
Solution:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}
B = {e, g, d, f } 
B’ = U-B= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} - {e, g, d, f } 
B’ = {a, b, c}

(3) A ∩B
Solution:
A = {f, a, c, e} 
B = {e, g, d, f } 
A ∩B = {f, a, c, e} ∩ {e, g, d, f }
 A ∩B = {e, f}
(4) (AUB)'
Solution:
A = {f, a, c, e}, B= {e, g, d, f } 
AUB = {f, a, c, e } U {e, g, d, f } 
AUB = {a, c, d, e, f, g}
(AUB)’ =?
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, AUB = {a, c, d, e, f, g}
(AUB)’ = U-AUB = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}- {a, c, d, e, f, g}
(AUB)’= {b}

(5) A ∩B’
Solution:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, B = {e, g, d, f } 
B’ = U-B= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}-{e, g, d, f }
B’ = {a, b, c}
A ∩B’ =?
A = {f, a, c, e} , B’ ={a, b, c}
A ∩B’= {f, a, c, e} ∩ {a, b, c}
A ∩B’= {a, c}

(6) A’ ∩B'
Solution:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},A = {f, a, c, e} 
A’ = U-A = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}-{f, a, c, e} = {b, d, g}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g},B = {e, g, d, f } 
B’ = U-B= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}-{e, g, d, f } ={a, b, c}
A’ ∩B’=?
A’ = {b, d, g}, B’ ={a, b, c}
A’ ∩B’ = {b, d, g} ∩ {a, b, c}
A’ ∩B’ = {b}

(7) UUØ   
Solution:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, Ø = {}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} U {}
UUØ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}

(8) U ∩Ø
Solution:
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g}, Ø = {}
U = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g} ∩{}
U ∩Ø = {}

Given the sets

A = (x | x is positive even integer less than 10} and
B = {x | x is positive odd integer less than 10} are subsets of the universal set U = {x | x is a
positive integer less than 10} list the elements of
Solution:
Given ,
A = {2,4,6,8}
B = {1,3,5,7,9}
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

(9) AUB'
Solution:
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , B = {1,3,5,7,9}
B’ = U-B = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - {1,3,5,7,9} = { 2,4,6,8}
AUB’ = ?
A = {2,4,6,8}, B’ = {2,4,6,8}
AUB’ = {2,4,6,8} U {2,4,6,8}
AUB’ = {2,4,6,8}
AUB’ = A

(10) A’∩B
Solution:
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A = {2,4,6,8}
A’ = U-A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - { 2,4,6,8} = {1,3,5,7,9}
A’∩B = ?
A’ = {1,3,5,7,9} , B= {1,3,5,7,9}
A’∩B = {1,3,5,7,9} ∩ {1,3,5,7,9}
A’∩B = {1,3,5,7,9}
A’∩B = B

(11) A’∩B’
Solution:
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A = {2,4,6,8}
A’ = U-A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - { 2,4,6,8} = {1,3,5,7,9}
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , B = {1,3,5,7,9}
B’ = U-B = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - {1,3,5,7,9} = { 2,4,6,8}
A’∩B’= ?
A’ = {1,3,5,7,9} , B’={2,4,6,8}
A’∩B’ = {1,3,5,7,9} ∩{2,4,6,8}
A’∩B’ = {} = Ø

(12) AΔB
Solution:
A = {2,4,6,8}
B = {1,3,5,7,9}
AΔB = {2,4,6,8}Δ{1,3,5,7,9}
AΔB = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
AΔB = U

(13) A-B’
Solution:
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , B = {1,3,5,7,9}
B’ = U-B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - {1,3,5,7,9} = { 2,4,6,8}
B’= {2,4,6,8}
A - B’ = ?
A={2,4,6,8}, B’= {2,4,6,8}
A - B’ = {2,4,6,8}-{2,4,6,8}
A - B’ = { } = Ø

(14) A’ΔB
Solution:
U = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A = {2,4,6,8}
A’ = U-A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - { 2,4,6,8} = {1,3,5,7,9}
A’= {1,3,5,7,9}
A’ΔB=?
A’= {1,3,5,7,9}, B= {1,3,5,7,9}
A’ΔB={1,3,5,7,9}Δ{1,3,5,7,9}
A’ΔB = { } = Ø

(15) (A'∩B)’
Solution:
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9},A = {2,4,6,8}, B = {1,3,5,7,9}
A’ = U-A = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - { 2,4,6,8} = {1,3,5,7,9}
 A’= {1,3,5,7,9}
A’∩B={1,3,5,7,9} ∩{1,3,5,7,9} ={1,3,5,7,9}
(A'∩B)’=?
U = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} , A’∩B={1,3,5,7,9}
(A'∩B)’= U- A’∩B ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} - {1,3,5,7,9}
(A'∩B)’= {2,4,6,8},
(A'∩B)’= A

Question 16 SKIP

If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, show that

(17) AΔB = (AUB)-(A ∩B)
L.H.S : AΔB =?
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
AΔB ={ 1, 3, 6, 8}
R.H.S:(AUB) - (A ∩B)
AUB={1,2,3,4,6,8}
A ∩B={2,4}
(AUB) - (A ∩B)={1,2,3,4,6,8}-{2,4}
(AUB)-(A ∩B)={1,3,6,8}
Hence, AΔB = (AUB) - (A ∩B)
Proved.
(18) AΔB = (A - B) U (B - A)
L.H.S : AΔB =?
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
AΔB ={ 1, 3, 6, 8}
R.H.S: (A - B) U (B - A)
A-B= {1, 2, 3, 4} – {2, 4, 6, 8}={1,3}
B-A= {2, 4, 6, 8}- {1, 2, 3, 4} ={6,8}
(A - B) U (B - A)={1,3} U {6,8}
(A - B) U (B - A)={1,3,6,8}
Hence, AΔB =(A - B) U (B - A)
Proved
(19) A - B = A - (A∩B)
L.H.S : A-B =?
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
A-B ={ 1, 3,}
R.H.S: A - (A∩B)
A∩B= {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩{2, 4, 6, 8} ={2,4}
A - (A∩B)= {1, 2, 3, 4} -{2,4}
A - (A∩B)={1,3}
Hence, A - B = A - (A∩B)
Proved.

(20) If U = {1, 2, 3, . 20}, A = {1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 20} and B = {2, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18}, verify De
Morgan's Laws
Solution:
De Morgan's laws are as follows:
(i) (AUB)' = A'∩B'                                                                         
(ii) (A∩B)' = A’UB’
First, we will verify
(i) (AUB)' = A'∩B’ 
Taking L.H.S: (AUB)’ =?
Where,
AUB= {1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 20} U {2, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18}
AUB={1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18, 20}                                                          
(AUB)’= U-AUB=
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}-{1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16, 18,
20}                                                          
(AUB)’={3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19}
Taking R.H.S: A’∩B’=?                                                                         
Now A’=U-A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}-{1, 2, 4, 8, 10,
16, 20}
A’={3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19}
Now B’=U-B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}-{2, 6, 8, 10, 14,
18}
B’={1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20}
We have, A’={3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13,14,15,17,18,19} and
B’={1,3,4,5,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17,19,20}
So,
A’∩B’={3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,14,15,17,18,19}∩{1,3,4,5,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17,19,20}
A’∩B’={ 3,5,7,9,11,12,13,15,17,19}
As, {3,5,7,9,11,12,13,15,17,19}={3,5,7,9,11,12,13,15,17,19}   
(AUB)' = A'∩B'                                                           
First statement is verified
Now let's verify the second statement
(ii) (A∩B)' = A’UB’
Taking L.H.S: (A∩B)’
Where, A∩B= {1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 20} ∩ {2, 6, 8, 10, 14, 18}
A∩B= {2, 8, 10}
(A∩B)’ =U-A∩B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}-{2,8,10}
(A∩B)’ {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
Taking R.H.S: A’UB’
Where, A’=U-A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}-{1, 2, 4, 8,
10, 16, 20}
A’={3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19}
And, B’=U-B= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}-{2, 6, 8, 10, 14,
18}
B’={1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20}
A’UB’={3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19} U {1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 19,
20}
A’UB’={1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
As, {1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}={1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20}
(A∩B)’ =A’UB’
Second statement is verified
(21) Verify the commutative property of union and intersection for the following sets.
 (a) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
Solution:
Commutative property of Union is AUB=BUA
→ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}U{3, 5, 7, 9 }={3, 5, 7, 9}U{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
→ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
→ L.H.S=R.H.S
Commutative property of Intersection is A∩B= B∩A
→ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩{3, 5, 7, 9 }={3, 5, 7, 9} ∩{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
→ {3, 5}={3, 5}
→ L.H.S=R.H.S

(b) A=(x| x ∈ Z+ and x ≤ 5) B = {x| x ∈ Z and l ≤ x ≤ 4}

Solution:
A={1,2,3,4,5},B={1,2,3,4}
Commutative property of Union is AUB=BUA
→ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}U{1,2,3,4}={1,2,3,4}U{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
→ {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
→ L.H.S=R.H.S
Commutative property of Intersection is A∩B= B∩A
 → {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩{1,2,3,4 }={1,2,3,4} ∩{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
→ {1, 2, 3, 4}={1, 2, 3, 4}
→ L.H.S=R.H.S

(22) Verify the following properties for the sets given below:
 Associative property of union.
AU(BUC) = (AUB) UC
Associative property of intersection.
A ∩(B∩C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Distributive property of union over intersection.
AU(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC)
Distributive property of intersection over union.
A∩(BUC) = (A∩B) U (A∩C)

(a) A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, C = {4, 8, 10, 12}

Solution:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8}, C = {4, 8, 10, 12}
Associative property of union.
AU(BUC) = (AUB) UC
Taking L.H.S= AU(BUC)
As, BUC={2, 4, 6, 8}U{4, 8, 10, 12}
={2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
So, AU(BUC) ={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
AU(BUC)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Taking R.H.S = (AUB) UC
As, AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}U{2, 4, 6, 8}
AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
So, (AUB) UC={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}U{4, 8, 10, 12}
(AUB) UC={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12}
Hence, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12}
AU(BUC) = (AUB) UC
Verified
Associative property of intersection.
A ∩(B∩C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Taking L.H.S= A ∩(B∩C)
As, B∩C ={2, 4, 6, 8} ∩{4, 8, 10, 12}
={4, 8}
So, A∩(B∩C)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩{4,8}
A∩(B∩C)={4}
Taking R.H.S = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
As, A ∩ B={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
A ∩ B={2, 4}
So, (A ∩ B) ∩ C={2, 4} ∩ {4, 8, 10, 12}
(A ∩ B) ∩ C={4}
Hence, {4}={4}
A ∩(B∩C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
Verified
Distributive property of union over intersection.
AU(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC)
Taking L.H.S= A U(B∩C)
As, B∩C ={2, 4, 6, 8} ∩{4, 8, 10, 12}
={4, 8}
So, AU(B∩C)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U {4, 8}
AU(B∩C)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}
Taking R.H.S=(AUB) ∩ (AUC)
Where, AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U {2, 4, 6, 8}
AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
And, AUC={1, 2, 3, 4, 5}U{4, 8, 10, 12}
AUC={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12}
So, (AUB) ∩ (AUC)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8} ∩{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12}
(AUB) ∩ (AUC)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}
Hence, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8}
AU(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC)
Verified
Distributive property of intersection over union.
A∩(BUC) = (A∩B) U (A∩C)
Taking L.H.S= A ∩(BUC)
As, BUC ={2, 4, 6, 8} U {4, 8, 10, 12}
={2, 4, 6, 8,10,12}
So, A ∩ (BUC)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩{2, 4, 6, 8,10,12}
A∩(BUC)={2, 4}
Taking R.H.S=(A∩B) U (A∩C)
As, A ∩ B={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8}
A ∩ B={2, 4}
And, A ∩ C={1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩{4, 8, 10, 12}
A ∩ C={4}
So,(A∩B) U (A∩C)={2, 4}U{4}
(A∩B) U (A∩C)={2, 4}
Hence {2, 4}={2, 4}
A∩(BUC) = (A∩B) U (A∩C)
Verified

(b) A = {x|x ∈ Z+ and x ≤ 4}, B = {x|x ∈ Z and 0 < x < 5}, C = {1,2,3}
Converting into tabular form: A={1,2,3,4}, B={1,2,3,4}, C={1,2,3}

Assignment