AIR CONDITIONING

AIR CONDITIONING
Air Conditioning
- controlling the properties of air so that the air will be suitable
for its intended use.

Functions of Air Conditioning

1. Control the temperature
2. Control the humidity
3. Control the purity, that is, removal of dust and other impurities
4. Control the air movement or circulation
AIR CONDITIONING
• Psychrometry – study of the properties of air and its water vapour
content.
• Psychrometer – instrument used in the study of the properties of air.
• Saturated Air – air whose condition is such that any decrease in
temperature will result in condensation of the water vapour into
liquid; mixture of dry air and saturated water vapour; air is saturated,
if the vapour pressure of air is equal the saturation pressure; if air is
saturated, the dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and dew
point temperatures are equal.
𝑇𝑑𝑏 = 𝑇𝑤𝑏 = 𝑇𝑑𝑝
AIR CONDITIONING
• Moist Air – is a binary mixture of dry air and water vapour.
• Dry Air – non-condensing components of a mixture mainly nitrogen
and oxygen.
• Vapor – condensable components of the mixture.
• Unsaturated Air – air containing superheated vapour; air which is a
mixture of dry and superheated vapor; if air is unsaturated, the dew
point temperature is less than the wet-bulb temperature and dry
bulb temperature.
𝑇𝑑𝑏 < 𝑇𝑤𝑏 < 𝑇𝑑𝑝
PROPERTIES OF AIR
PROPERTIES OF AIR
1. Temperature, ⁰C

Dry bulb temperature (DB)

- The actual temperature of the air
- The temperature of air as registered by an ordinary thermometer.
- Equilibrium temperature of atmospheric air measured using a regular
thermometer.
PROPERTIES OF AIR
1. Temperature, ⁰C (continuation)

Wet bulb depression

- Difference between wet bulb and dry bulb thermometers.

Psychrometer
- Is an instrument consisting of two thermometers, one to measure the dry bulb
and the other to measure the wet bulb temperature of the air.

T = 15 – 0.0065 (Z)
Z= Elevation (m)
T= °C
PROPERTIES OF AIR
1. Temperature, ⁰C (continuation)

Wet bulb temperature (WB)

- Temperature of air if it is saturated
- Temperature of air as registered in a wetted wick thermometer.
- Temperature of atmospheric air when it goes through an adiabatic
saturation process
PROPERTIES OF AIR
2. Pressure, kPa
From Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure, the total pressure of
atmospheric air is the sum of the partial pressure of dry air and the partial
pressure of water vapor.
P = Pa + Pv or (Pa = P − Pv )
P = 101.325 (1 -2.25577 x 10-5 (Z))^ (5.2559) kpa
where:
P = total pressure of air-water vapor mixture
Pa = partial pressure of dry air
Pv = partial pressure of water vapor
PROPERTIES OF AIR
2. Pressure, kPa
PROPERTIES OF AIR
3. Specific Volume and Density
From PV = mRT Note:
𝑉 𝑅 𝑇 𝑅 𝑇
v = 𝑎 = 𝑎 = 𝑎 m³/kg dry air𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑣 ; 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑣
𝑚 𝑃𝑎 𝑃−𝑃𝑣
1
Density, ρ = kg/m³ dry air
𝑣

v = 0.2871(td + 273.15)(1 + 1.6078W ) ⁄ Pb

where:
v = specific volume of dry air
𝑅𝑎 = gas constant of air
PROPERTIES OF AIR
4. Specific humidity γ is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to total
mass of the moist air sample:
γ = Mw/(Mw + Mda)
In terms of the humidity ratio,
γ = W/(1 + W)
where:
W = Humidity Ratio, kg vapor / kg air
PROPERTIES OF AIR
4. Absolute humidity - (alternatively, water vapor density) dv is the
ratio of the mass of water vapor to total volume of the sample:
Dv = Mw/V

where:
MW = Mass of Vapor, kg Vapor
Dv = Density of water vapor, kg Vapor / m3
PROPERTIES OF AIR
4. Density ρ of a moist air mixture is the ratio of total mass to total
volume:
ρ = (Mda + Mw)/V = (1/v)(1 + W)

where:
MW = Mass of Vapor, kg Vapor
𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑚3/𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
W = Humidity Ratio, kg vapor / kg air
PROPERTIES OF AIR
4. Humidity Ratio (the moisture content or mixing ratio)
- Is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the mass of dry air. The mass
of water vapor is usually measured in grains. (7000 grains = 1 lb)
kg water vapor
Humidity Ratio, W,
kg dry air
𝑃𝑣 𝑃𝑣
W = 0.622 = 0.622
𝑃𝑎 𝑃−𝑃𝑣
where:
P = total pressure, kPa
Pv = partial pressure of water vapor, kPa
PROPERTIES OF AIR
4. Saturation humidity ratio Ws(t, p) is the humidity ratio of moist air
saturated with respect to water (or ice) at the same temperature t and
pressure p.
Degree of saturation µ is the ratio of air humidity ratio W to humidity
ratio Ws of saturated moist air at the same temperature and pressure:
where:
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑊
% Saturation = =
𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑡
PROPERTIES OF AIR
5. Enthalpy, h, kJ/kg dry air
h = Cpt + Whg
where:
Cp = specific heat of dry air = 1.0 kJ/kg-⁰C
t = temperature (dry bulb), ⁰C
W = humidity ratio, kg water vapor/kg dry air
hg = enthalpy of saturated water vapor at air temperature, kJ/kg
PROPERTIES OF AIR
6. Relative Humidity, RH, %
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑣
RH = =
𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡

𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝐻 × 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡

(𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = saturation pressure can be found at the steam table at dry bulb
temperature)
PROPERTIES OF AIR
7. Dew Point
- the temperature at which the water vapor in the air condenses
when the air is cooled at constant pressure.
- the temperature which the air becomes saturated at constant
pressure.
PROPERTIES OF AIR

8. Percent Saturation (Degree of Saturation or Percentage Humidity)

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑊
% Saturation = =
𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑊𝑠𝑎𝑡
THE PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
PROCESSES IN THE
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
0 – 1 Cooling
0 – 2 Heating (Heater)
0 – 3 Humidifying (Isothermal Dryer)
0 – 4 Dehumidifying
0 – 5 Cooling and Dehumidifying (Air
conditioner)
0 – 6 Heating and Humidifying (Cooling
Tower)
0 – 7 Cooling and Humidifying (Adiabatic
Dryer)
0 – 8 Heating and Dehumidifying
(Chemical Dehumidification)
AIR MIXING
By heat balance:
m₁h₁ + m₂h₂ = (m₁ +m₂)h₃

By moisture balance:
m₁W₁ + m₂W₂ = (m₁ +m₂)W₃

By temperature balance (dry bulb):

m₁T₁ + m₂T₂ = (m₁ +m₂)T₃
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
A. Air Conditioner
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
A. Air Conditioner (continuation)
Process 1 → 2: Cooling and Dehumidifying (Air Conditioner)
1. Refrigerating Capacity
𝑉
Refrigerating capacity = m(h₁ - h₂) kw or = (h₁ - h₂) kw
𝑣1
2. Rate of Moisture Removal
𝑉
Rate of Moisture Removal = m(W₁ - W₂) kg/s or = (W₁-W₂) kg/s
𝑣1
where:
m = mass flow rate of air, kg/s
𝑣1 = specific volume at 1
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
B. Cooling Tower
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
B. Cooling Tower (continuation)
Process 1 → 2: Heating and Humidifying (Cooling Tower)
Range = 𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏
Approach = 𝑡𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
Efficiency of Cooling Tower =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
𝑡𝑎 −𝑡𝑏
Efficiency of Cooling Tower =
𝑡𝑎 −𝑡𝑤𝑏
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
B. Cooling Tower (continuation) where:
Make-up Water Requirement m₅ = make-up water requirement
m₁W₁ + m₃ = m₁W₂ + m₄ m₁ = mass flow of air entering
m₅ = m₃ - m₄ = m₁(W₂ - W₁) W₁ = humidity ratio of air entering
W₂ = humidity ratio of air leaving
% make-up water:
m₃ = mass flow of water entering
𝐴𝑚𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒−𝑢𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑚5
= = m₄ = mass flow of water leaving
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚3
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
B. Cooling Tower (continuation)
Energy Balance Heat Balance
m₁h₁ + m₃h₃ + m₅h₅ = m₁h₂ + m₄h₄ Heat absorbed by air = Heat rejected by water
Where: m₅ = m₃ - m₄ m₁(h₂ - h₁) = m₃Cp (t a − t b )
m₁h₁+m₃h₃+(m₃-m₄)h₅ = m₁h₂+m₄h₄
where:
m₃ = mass flow rate of water
flowing, kg/s
Cp = specific heat of water =
4.187 kJ/kg-⁰C
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
C. Dryer
Hygroscopic materials – substances which are particular variable in the
moisture content.
Bone-dry weight (Bdw) – final constant weight reached by a
hygroscopic substance after being dried out.
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
Moisture content =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
Gross Weight = Bone-dry weight + weight of moisture
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
C. Dryer (continuation)
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
C. Dryer (continuation)
Process 1 → 2: Heating (Heater)
Process 2 → 3: Cooling and Humidifying

1. Moisture Balance:
Moisture removed from materials = Moisture absorbed by air
m₄ - m₅ = mₐ(W₃ - W₂) kg/s
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHROMETRY
C. Dryer (continuation)
2. Bone Dry Weight Balance:
Bone dry weight of wet feed = bone dry weight of dried product
Bdw₄ = Bdw₅

3. Heat Supplied in Heater:

heat supplied in heater = mₐ(h₂ - h₁) kw

4. Efficiency of Dryer
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠
Efficiency of Dryer =
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
AIR CONDITIONING
CALCULATIONS
Air Conditioning Equipment:
1. Cooling and dehumidifying coils of a refrigerating system
2. Water chiller
3. Spray Equipment
AIR CONDITIONING
CALCULATIONS
Processes:
Process 1 → 2: Heating and Humidifying (Conditioned Space)
Process 2 → 4: Heating and Humidifying (Air mixing)
Process 3 → 4: Cooling and Dehumidifying (Air mixing)
Process 4 → 1: Cooling and Dehumidifying (Air Conditioner)
AIR CONDITIONING
CALCULATIONS
1. Sensible Heat Load, 𝐐𝐒 2. Latent Heat Load, 𝐐𝐋
QS = mS Cp(t₂ - t₁) kw QL = mS (W₂ - W₁) hv kw
Where: Where:
Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg-⁰C hv = 2442 kJ/kg (average)
t₁, t₂ = dry bulb temperatures, QT = total heat load = QS + QL
⁰C = mS (h₂ - h₁) kw
AIR CONDITIONING
CALCULATIONS
3. Sensible Heat Ratio, SHR 5. If recirculated air and outside
𝑄𝑆 air separately enter the
SHR = conditioner:
𝑄𝑆 +𝑄𝐿
Air conditioner capacity =
4. If recirculated air and outside
mO (h₃ - h₁) +(mS − mO )(h₂ - h₁) kw
are mixed before entering
conditioner: Ventilation Load = mO (h₃ - h₁)
m O h 3 + mS − m O h 2 = mS h 4
Air conditioner capacity = mS (h₄-h₁) kw
AIR CONDITIONING

PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 0
In an ammonia refrigeration system, the temperature in the evaporator
evaporator is -12°C and the ammonia at the evaporator entry 0.1511
dry while at exit is 0.95 dry. If the rate of ammonia circulation is 5.64
kg/min, determine the refrigerating capacity of the system. Enthalpy of
saturated liquid and vapor at -12°C is 144.929 kJ/kg and 1447.74 kJ/kg
respectively.
A. 17.25 TR B. 34.28 TR C. 27.6 TR D. 27.82 TR
PROBLEM 1
A mechanical draft dry cooling tower cools the cooling water from 60⁰C
to 25⁰C at the rate of some 149.4 giga grams per hour. Atmospheric air
enters the tower at 20⁰C and leaves at 35⁰C. The fan is driven by a
7460 kw motor. What is the mass flow rate of the air into the cooling
tower in kg per second?
a. 105,628
b. 541,752
c. 254,168
d. 403,023
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 1
149.4×109
𝑚𝑤 = = 41,500 kg/s
1000(3600)
Heat loss by water = Heat gain by air
𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = (𝑚𝐶𝑝∆𝑡)𝑎𝑖𝑟
41,500(4.187)(60-25) = mₐ(1.006)(35-20)
mₐ = 403,023 kg/s

Answer: D. 403,023
PROBLEM 2
Air at 29⁰C db and 23.5⁰C wb enters a cooling tower at a rate of 102
kg/min. It leaves the cooling tower at 38⁰C db and humidity ratio of
0.0436 kg moisture per kg dry air. Hot water enters the tower at 46.5⁰C
and a flow rate of 142.2 kg/min. Determine the cooling tower efficiency
in percent.
Air Properties:
At 29⁰C db and 23.5⁰C wb, h = 70.02 kJ/kg dry air; w = 0.016 kg
moisture per kg dry air.
At 38 ⁰C db and w = 0.436 kg moisture per kg dry air.
a. 56% c. 60%
b. 43% d. 48%
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑎 −𝑡𝑏
Cooling Tower Efficiency = =
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑏 −𝑡𝑏𝑤
Heat Balance:
Heat loss = Heat gain
𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑃𝑤 𝑡𝑎 − 𝑡𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = (142.2)(4.187)(46.5-𝑡𝑏 ) = 102 (149.24 – 70.02)
27,685.7 – 595.4 𝑡𝑏 = 8080.4
𝑡𝑏 = 32.9⁰C
46.5−32.9
Cooling Tower Efficiency = × 100% = 59.13%
46.5−23.5

Answer: C. 60%
PROBLEM 3
An evaporator has a cooling capacity of 12,000 Btu/hr with a sensible
heat ratio of 0.85. Compute the latent cooling capacity.
a. 1000 Btu/hr
b. 1200 Btu/hr
c. 1500 Btu/hr
d. 1800 Btu/hr
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 3
𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑇 = 𝑄𝑆 + 𝑄𝐿
SHR =
𝑄𝑇
𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝐿 = 1800 Btu/hr
0.85 =
12,000
𝑄𝑆 = 10,200 Btu/hr Answer: D. 1800 Btu/hr
PROBLEM 4
Determine the barometric pressure if saturated air at 30⁰C has a
humidity ratio of 0.029 kg water per kg dry air. Saturation pressure at
30⁰C is 4.241 kPa.
a. 92.5 kPa
b. 95.2 kPa
c. 93.5 kPa
d. 94.2 kPa
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 4
Saturated air is 100% RH. 4.241
0.029 = 0.622
𝑃−4.241
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝐻 × 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 P = 95.2 kPa
𝑃𝑣 = 1.0 x 4.241 = 4.241 kPa

W= 0.622
𝑃𝑣 Answer: B. 95.2 kPa
𝑃−𝑃𝑣

P = total pressure and the

barometric pressure of air
PROBLEM 5
In an air conditioning unit 3.5 m³/sec of air at 27⁰C dry bulb and 50%
RH (v = 0.85m³/kg, h = 55.2 kJ/kg, w = 0.0112 kg/kg) and standard
atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving condition of air is
13⁰C dry bulb and 90% RH (h = 34 kJ/kg, w = 0.0083 kg/kg). Calculate
the refrigerating effect in kw and the rate of water removal kg/sec.
a. 83.7 and 0.021
b. 78.3 and 0.102
c. 87.3 and 0.012
d. 73.8 and 0.120
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 5
𝑣 3.5
RE = m(h₁ - h₂) = (h₁ - h₂) = (55.2 – 34) = 87.3 kw
𝑣1 0.85

𝑣 3.5
Moisture Removal = m(W₁ - W₂) = (W₁ - W₂) = (0.0112 – 0.0083)
𝑣1 0.85
= 0.012 kg/sec

Answer: C. 87.3 and 0.012

PROBLEM 6
A certain conference hall holds 500 people for an evening performance.
An average sensible heat each person gives off is 200 kJ/hr and 170 kJ
of latent heat per hour. What would the air conditioning load be to
maintain a comfortable temperature during this period of time? Give
the answer in tons of air conditioning.
a. 8.5
b. 9.0
c. 14.6
d. 56
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 6
Total heat = No. of people x (sensible heat + latent heat)
Total heat = (500) x (200 + 170)
Total heat = 185,000 kJ/hr
185,000 𝑘𝐽Τℎ𝑟
Total Heat = = 14.61 tons
(211 𝑘𝐽Τ𝑚𝑖𝑛−𝑡𝑜𝑛)(60𝑚𝑖𝑛Τℎ𝑟)

Answer: C. 14.6
PROBLEM 7
A certain manufacturing plant of 6000 m² has 4.5-m high ceilings and
changes its inside air three times per hour by maintaining a slightly
positive air pressure 1 bar. The room temperature is maintained 25⁰C
and the average outside temperature available is -20⁰C. Determine the
heating required to compensate for the infiltration.
a. 875 kw
b. 250 kw
c. 900 kw
d. 1184 kw
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 7
𝑃 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Density, ρ = = 𝑘𝐽 = 1.169 kg/m³
𝑅𝑇 0.287𝑘𝑔−𝐾(298 𝐾)

Heat required, Q = density x Cp x Volume x Air Changes/hr (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )

𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽 3 ℎ𝑟
Q= 1.169 3
𝑚
1.0
𝑘𝑔−𝐾
6000 × 4.5𝑚 3/ℎ𝑟
3600𝑠
25 − (−20) K
Q = 1183.6 kw

Answer: D. 1184 kw
PROBLEM 8
An industrial heat pump provides some 3.8 x 10⁶ kJ/day in order to
maintain the building at 20⁰C. the design condition is for the outside
temperature to be –18⁰C. If the electricity cost $0.11/kw-hr, determine
the ideal COP of the system and the minimum theoretical operating
cost per day.
a. COP = 12.2 and $20
b. COP = 8.5 and $12
c. COP = 6.8 and $10
d. COP = 7.71 and $15
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 8
𝑇𝐻 20+273
COP = = = 7.71
𝑇𝐻 −𝑇𝐿 20−(−18)

𝑄𝐻 3.8 ×106
COP = = = 7.71
𝑊 𝑊
W = 4.92 x 10⁵ kJ/kg
Cost = (4.92 x 10⁵)(0.11)(1/3600) = $15.03/day

Answer: D. COP = 7.71 and $15

PROBLEM 9
A room being air conditioned is being held at 25⁰C dry bulb and 50%
relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m³/sec of supply air at 15⁰C dry bulb
and 80% relative humidity is being delivered to the room to maintain
that steady condition. What is the sensible heat absorbed from the
room air in kw?
a. 50.8
b. 60.8
c. 40.5
d. 70.9
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 9
PV = mRT
100(5) = m(0.287)(15 + 273)
m = 6.049 kg/s
𝑄𝑠 = sensible heat
𝑄𝑠 = mCp(t₂ - t₁)
𝑄𝑠 = 6.049 (1.003)(25 – 15)
𝑄𝑠 = 60.8 kw

Answer: B. 60.8
PROBLEM 10
A 4m x 4m x 4m room has a relative humidity of 80%. The pressure in
the room is 120 kPa and temperature is 35⁰C (𝑃𝑠 = 5.628 kPa). What is
the mass of vapor in the room? (𝑅𝑣 = 0.4615 kPa-m³/kg-deg K).
a. 2.03 kg
b. 1.50 kg
c. 0.80 kg
d. 4.80 kg
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 10
𝑅𝑣 for water vapor = 0.461 kJ/kg-⁰K
𝑃𝑣 = RH x 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 0.80 x 5.628 = 4.5024 kPa
𝑃𝑣 𝑉 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑇
4.5024 (4 x 4 x 4) = 𝑚𝑣 (0.461)(35 + 273)
𝑚𝑣 = 2.029 kg

Answer: A. 2.03 kg
PROBLEM 11
What is the specific volume (m3/kg) of an air-vapor
mixture at 24oC and a relative humidity of 50% at
101.3 kPa pressure?
(From steam table: @24 oC, Psat = 2.982 kPa)

A. 0.954 B. 0.924
C. 0.894 D. 0.854
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 11
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝐻(𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝑅𝑎 𝑇
𝑣=
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣
PROBLEM 12
What is the enthalpy of the air-vapor mixture at 65% relative humidity
and 34oC when the barometric pressure is 101.3 kPa?
(@34oC, Psat = 5.318 kPa, hg = 2563.6 kJ/kg)

A. 90.4 kJ/kg B. 86.7 kJ/kg

C. 95.5 kJ/kg D. 87.3 kJ/kg
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 12
𝑃𝑣 = 𝑅𝐻(𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 )

𝑃𝑣
𝑤 = 0.622
𝑃 − 𝑃𝑣

ℎ = 𝐶𝑝 𝑡 + 𝑤ℎ𝑔
PROBLEM 13
A product has a moisture content of 150% on dry basis. What is the
moisture content on wet basis?

A. 45% B. 55%
C. 60% D. 75%
SOLUTION – PROBLEM 13
Let
a = amount of moisture
b = amount of solid

𝑎
= 1.5 (moisture content on dry basis)
𝑏

𝑎
= (moisture content on wet basis)
𝑎+𝑏
PROBLEM 14
An air-vapor mixture has a DB temperature of 30 oC and a humidity
ratio of 0.015 kg/kg d.a. Calculate the enthalpy.
a) 68.527 kJ/kg d.a. b) 78.527 kJ/kg d.a.
b) c) 58.527 kJ/kg d.a. d) 88.527 kJ/kg d.a.

Calculate the moisture content of moist air at 20 oC DB, 15 oC WB, and

95 kPa barometric pressure. Let the saturation pressure of water at 15
oC equals to 1.7057 kPaa and at 20 oC is 2.339 kPaa.

a) 0.00923 kg/kg d.a. b) 0.00293 kg/kg d.a.

c) 0.00392 kg/kg d.a. d) 0.00239 kg/kg d.a.
PROBLEM 14
The approach and efficiency of cooling tower are 10 oC and 65 %,
respectively. If the temperature of water leaving the tower is 27 oC,
determine the temperature of water entering the tower.
a) 54.57 oC b) 55.47 oC
c) 45.57 oC d) 54.75 oC

If the sensible heat ratio is 0.80 and the cooling load is 100 kW, what is
the amount of sensible heat?
a) 100 kW b) 125 kW
c) 80 kW d) 60 kW
PROBLEM 14
2.5 m3/s of humid air at a state of 28°C DB, 21 WB and 101.325 Kpaa flow across a
cooler coil and leaves at 12.5°C DB and 0.0083 kg vapor per kg dry air. If the
apparatus dew point (ADP) is 8.5, compute for the contact factor (CF).
a) 0.835 b. 0.795
c. 0.579 d. 0.306

A stream of outdoor air is mixed with a stream of return air in an air conditioning
system that operated at 101.325 kPa barometric pressure. The flow rate of outdoor
air is 2 kg/s, and its conditions are 35 oC DB, 25 oC WB, and 0.0159 kg/kg d.a.. The
flow rate of return air is 3 kg/s, and its conditions are 24 oC DB, 50 % RH, and
0.00925 kg/kg d.a. Determine the temperature of the mixture.
a) 28.4 oC b) 26.4 oC
c) 29.4 oC d) 30.4 oC
PROBLEM 14
A dryer is to deliver 1000 kg/hr of cassava with 2 % moisture and 20 % moisture in the
feed. Determine the mass of air required per hour if the change in humidity ratio is
0.0165.
a) 16 136.36 kg/hr b) 13 636.36 kg/hr
c) 13 163.63 kg/hr d) 16 336.63 kg/hr

Fifty gallons per minute of water enters a cooling tower at 46°C (v=0.001013 m3/kg) .
Atmospheric air at 16°C, 55 % RH (h =32 kJ/kg; v=0.828 m3/kg; W =0.0056 kg wv/kg da)
enters a 2.85 m3/sec leaves at 32°C, saturated (h =111 kJ/kg; W =0.0307 kg wv/kg da ),
Determine the mass of water that leaves the tower & Determine the the exit
temperature of the tower water.
a) 7.69 kg/sec, 25.9 Deg C b) 3.026 kg/sec, 27.8Deg C
c) 5.65 kg/sec, 26.7 Deg C d) 3.45 kg/sec, 29.5 Deg C
PROBLEM SITUATIONAL

Water enters a cooling tower at 52°C and leaves at 38 °C. Air enters at
29°C, 50 % RH ( h = 61 Kj/kg ; W = 0.0127 kg wv/kg da V = 0.874 m3/kg)
and leaves in a saturated condition at 40°C (h = 165 kJ/kg ; W = 0.0485 kg
wv/kg da ). Determine:
( a ) the mass and volume of air needed to cool 1 kg of water entering,
( b ) the quantity of water that can be cooled by 1 m3/S of air, kgs.
(c) the quantity of water that can be cooled by 5,000 cfm of air, kgs.
PROBLEM SITUATIONAL

Wet material containing 215 % moisture ( dry basis) is to be dried at the

rate of 1.5 kgls in a continuous dryer to give a product containing 5 %
moisture (wet basis). Determine the mass of the product in kg/s. &
Determine the mass of the moisture removed in kg/s
A.0.501 B.0.701 C.0.601 D.0.401
A.0.333 B.0.999 C.0.666 D.0.777
 PROBLEM SITUATIONAL

The temperature of the air in a dryer is maintained constant by the use of

steam coils within the dryer. The product enters the dryer at the rate of one
metric ton per hour. The initial moisture content is 3 kg moisture per kg of
dry solid and will be dried to moisture content of 0.10 kg moisture per kg of
dry solid. Air enters the dryer with a humidity ratio of 0.016 kg moisture per
kg of dry air and leaves with a relative humidity of 1OO %while the
temperature remains constant at 60°C (psat = 19.94 kPa). If the total
pressure of the air is 101.3 kPa, determine the capacity of the forced draft
fan to handle this air in m3/min.
A. 85.35 m3/min B. 87.55 m3/min C. 55.87 m'/min D. 58.75 m3/min
PROBLEM SITUATIONAL

Copra enters a dryer containing 60 % water and 40 % of solids and leaves

witb 5 % water and 95 % solids. Find the weight of water removed based on
eacb pound of original product
A. 0.58 Ib B. 0.40 Ib C. 0.47 Ib D. 0.67 Ib

Wet material, containing 220% moisture (dry basis), is to be dried at a rate

of 1.5 kg/s in a continuous dryer to give a product containing 10% (dry
basis). Find the moisture removed in kg/hr.
A. 3543.75 kg/hr B. 3513.75 kg/hr C. 3563.75 kg/hr D. 3593.75 kg/hr