Lecture-10

Analysis and Design of Two-way Slab

System without Beams
(Flat Plate and Flat Slabs)

B Prof
By: P fD
Dr. Qaisar
Q i Ali
Civil Engineering Department
NWFP UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Two Way Slabs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 2

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 r

Topics Addressed
y Two Way Slabs
y Behavior

y Types

y Analysis and Design Considerations

y Direct Design Method for Flat plate Analysis

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 3

Two Way Slabs

y Behavior
e a o
z A slab having bending in both directions is called two-way
slab (Long span/short span < 2).
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 4

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

y Behavior 25′

y Short direction moments in two-way slab. 20′

25′

25′
20′

20′ 25′

Short
Direction

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 5

Two Way Slabs

y Behavior: 25′

y Long direction moments in two-way slab 20′

25′

25′
20′

20′ 25′

L
Long
Direction

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 6

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 Two Way Slabs
y Behavior: More Demand (Moment) in short direction
due to size of slab
z ∆central Strip = (5/384)wl4/EI

z As these imaginary strips are part of monolithic slab, the deflection at any
point, of the two orthogonal slab strips must be same:

z ∆a = ∆b

(5/384)wala4/EI = (5/384)wblb4/EI

z wa/wb = lb4/la4 wa = wb (lb4/la4)

z Thus, larger share of load (demand) is taken by the shorter direction.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 7

Two Way Slabs

y Types
z Wall Supported

z Beam supported

z Flat Plate

z Flat slab

z Waffle Slab

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 8

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

y Analysis
y Unlike beams and columns, slabs are two dimensional
members. Therefore their analysis except one-way slab
systems is relatively difficult.

y Design
y Once the analysis is done, the design is carried out in the
usual manner. So no problem in design, problem is only in
analysis of slabs.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 9

Two Way Slabs

y Approximate Analysis Methods of ACI
Slab System Applicable Analysis Methods
One-Way Slab Strip Method for one-way slabs

Moment Coefficient Method,

Two-way slabs supported on stiff
beams and walls Direct Design Method,

Equivalent Frame Analysis Method

Direct Design Method,
Two-way slabs with shallow
Equivalent Frame Analysis Method
beams
Slab without beams
Direct Design Method,
Two-way slab without beams
Equivalent Frame Analysis Method
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 10

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 11

Topics
y Direct Design Method
z Introduction

z Limitations

z Frame Analysis Steps for flat plates and flat slabs

z Frame marking

z Column and middle strips marking

z Static moment calculation

z Longitudinal distribution of static moment

z Lateral distribution of longitudinal moment

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 12

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 Direct Design Method
y Introduction
y In DDM, frames rather than panels are analyzed as is done in
analysis of two way slabs with beams using ACI moment
coefficients
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Exterior Frame
20'-0"

Interior Frame

20'-0"

Interior Frame

20'-0"

Exterior Frame
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 13

Direct Design Method

y Introduction
y For complete analysis of slab system frames, are analyzed in
E-W and N-S directions.
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

E-W Frames
N-S Frames
20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 14

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Introduction
z Though DDM is useful for analysis of slabs, specially without
beams, the method is applicable with some limitations as
discussed next.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 15

Direct Design Method

y Limitations (ACI 13.6.1)
Uniformly distributed loading (L/D ≤ 2)

l1 ≥2ll1 /3
≥2 l1
Three or more spans

l2 Rectangular slab
panels (2 or less:1) Column offset
≤ l2 /10

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 16

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Limitations (ACI 13.6.1): Example

15
15′′ If ≥10′
≥10′ 15
15′′
DDM APPLICABLE as 2/3 (15) = 10′
10′

15
15′′ If <10
<10′′ 15
15′′
DDM NOT APPLICABLE
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 17

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01: Slab is divided in frames (for E-W analysis,
slab is divided into E-W frames and vice versa for N-S
analysis).
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Exterior Frame
20'-0"

Interior Frame

20'-0"

Interior Frame

20'-0"
Exterior Frame
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 18

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 D

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01 (continued):

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"
Interior Frame l2

l1
20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 19

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01 (continued):

Marking an E-W Interior Frame

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Panel Centerline 20'-0"

Half width of panel
Interior Frame l2 on one side
Col Centerline
Half width of panel
l1 on other side
Panel Centerline 20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 20

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01 (continued):

Marking an E-W Exterior Frame

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" h2/2

l2 Half width of panel

Exterior Frame on one side
20'-0"
l1

20'-0" l2 = Panel width/2 +h2/2

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 21

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02: A frame is divided further into strips known as
column and middle strips (Defined in ACI 13.2).
• Column Strip: A column strip is a design strip with a width on each
side of a column centerline equal to 25 percent of l1 or l2, whichever
is less.

• Middle Strip: Middle strips are design strips bounded by two column
strips.

Column strip
Middle strip
Column strip

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No.
No 02 (continued): Why a frame is divided into column
and middle strips?
y Because the slab portion on the column centerline will offer more
resistance than the rest of the slab.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 23

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02 (continued):

a) Marking Column Strip 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

b) Middle Strip
20'-0"
l2 M.S/2
Half Column stripp CS/2
CS
C.S
CS/2
M.S/2
20'-0"

CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4

ln
20'-0"
l1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 24

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 Direct Design Method
(l2)B z Step No. 02 (continued): Frame and strips in 3D.

½ column
l strip idth l1/4 or (l2)B/4,
t i width: /4 whichever
hi h iis minimum
i i
(l2)A

½-Middle strip

Column strip

½-Middle
½ Middle strip
ln

½ column strip width: l1/4 or (l2)A/4, whichever is minimum

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 25

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02 (continued): For l1 = 25′ and l2 = 20′, CS and
MS widths are given as follows.
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"
a) Marking Column Strip
b) Middle Strip
20'-0"
l2 5′
Half Column stripp 5′
10′
5′
5′
20'-0"

CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4

ln
l2/4 = 20/4 = 5′
20'-0"
l1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 26

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 03: Calculate Static Moment ((Mo) for interior span
p of
frame.
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Span of frame
wu l2 ln2 20'-0"
Mo = Mo
8 ln l2
20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 27

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 04: Longitudinal
g Distribution of Static Moment ((Mo)).
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"
M+
M − = 0.65Mo
M + = 0.35
0.35Mo
M− M−
20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 28

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
p
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

M − = 0.65Mo 0.60M +

0.75M − 0.75M −
M + = 0.35
0.35Mo
20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 29

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 03: Calculate Static Moment ((Mo) for exterior span
p of
frame.
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

Mo

20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 30

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 04: Longitudinal
g distribution of static moment ((Mo)).
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo Mext+

Mext − Mint−
M ext+ = 0.5
0.52Mo
20'-0"

Mint- = 0.70Mo

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 31

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
p
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo 1.00Mext− 0.75Mint−

0.60Mext+

M ext+ = 0.5
0.52Mo
20'-0"

Mint- = 0.70Mo

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 32

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step
p No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.
p
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo
20'-0"
M ext+ = 0.52Mo
1.00Mext− 0.75Mint− 0.60M+

Mint- = 0.70Mo 0.60Mext+ 0.75M− 0.75M−

20'-0"
M - = 0.65Mo
M + = 0.35Mo
20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 33

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Example: Analyze the slab shown below using DDM.
DDM The slab
supports a live load of 144 psf. All columns are 14″ square. Take fc′ =
4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 34

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Step A: Sizes
y ACI table 9.5
9 5 (c) is used for finding flat plate and flat slab
thickness.

y hmin = 5 in (slabs without drop panels)

y hmin = 4 in (slabs with drop panels)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 35

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Step A: Sizes
z Exterior panel governs.
governs Therefore,
Therefore

z hf = ln/30 = [{25 – (2 × 14/2)/12}/30] × 12 = 9.53″ (ACI minimum

requirement)

z Take hf = 10″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 36

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Step B: Loads
z Service Dead Load (D
(D.L)
L) = γslab
l bhf

= 0.15 × (10/12) = 0.125 ksf

z Superimposed Dead Load (SDL) = Nil

z Service Live Load (L.L) = 144 psf or 0.144 ksf

z Factored Load (wu) = 1.2D.L + 1.6L.L

= 1.2 × 0.125 + 1.6 × 0.144 = 0.3804 ksf

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 37

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 01 : Marking E-W Interior Frame.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Panel Centerline 20'-0"

Half width of panel
Interior Frame l2 on one side
Col Centerline
Half width of panel
l1 on other side
Panel Centerline 20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 38

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 02 : Marking column and middle strips.

a) Marking Column Strip 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

b) Middle Strip
20'-0"
l2 5′
Half Column stripp 5′
10′
5′
5′
20'-0"

CS/2 = Least of l1/4 or l2/4

ln
l2/4 = 20/4 = 5′
20'-0"
l1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 39

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 03: Static Moment (Mo) calculation.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mo = wul2ln2/8
20'-0"
= 540 ft-kip
l2
Mo = Mo =
540 ft-k 540 ft-k
20'-0"

ln =23.83′

l1
20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 40

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 04: Longitudinal distribution of Static Moment (Mo).

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378 Mext+ M+
Mext− Mint- M − M−
M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo =189

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 41

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 04: Longitudinal distribution of Static Moment (Mo).

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
281 189
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378
140 378 405 405
M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo = 189

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 42

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378 1.00Mext − 0.75Mint− 0.75M − 0.75M −
0.60Mext+ 0.60M+

M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo = 189

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 43

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378 140 0.75Mint− 0.75M − 0.75M −
0.60Mext+ 0.60M+

M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo = 189

100 % of M ext- goes to

column strip and 20'-0"
remaining to middle strip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 44

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 05: Lateral Distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378 140 0.75Mint − 0.75M − 0.75M −
168 113

M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo = 189

60 % of Mext+ & M + goes

to column strip and 20'-0"
remaining to middle strip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 45

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378 140 283 304 304
168 113

M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo = 189

75 % of Mint- goes to
column strip and 20'-0"
remaining to middle strip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 46

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (E-W Interior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 140

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 281 0 112/2 94/2 101/2 76/2 101/2

Mint − = 0.70Mo = 378 140 283 304 304

168 113

M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 405 0 112/2 94/2 101/2 76/2 101/2
20'-0"
M + = 0.35Mo = 189

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 47

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (E-W Interior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"
Mu (per foot width) 0 112/2
11.2 9.4
94/2 101/2
10.1 76/2
7.6 101/2
10.1 5′ half middle strip

= M / strip width 140

14.0 283
28.3 304
30.4 304
30.4
168
16.8 11.3
113 10′ column strip
55′ half middle strip
20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 48

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (E-W Exterior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mo = 285.68 ft-kip 67.3 89 136 126 55 126

Mext- = 0.26Mo = 67.3 0 59 45 42 36 42

20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 148 l2 =10.58′
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 181

M - = 0.65Mo = 168 20'-0"

M + = 0.35Mo = 91

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 49

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (E-W Exterior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mo = 285.68 ft-kip 12.06 15.94 24.4 22.5 9.85 22.5

l2 =10.58′
Mext- = 0.26Mo = 67.3 0 11.87 9 8.4 7.2 8.4
20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 148
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 181

M - = 0.65Mo = 168 20'-0"

M + = 0.35Mo = 91

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 50

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (N-S Interior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mo = 421.5 ft-kip 0 110 0

Mext- = 0.26Mo = 110 131 88/2 20'-0"

Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 219
74/2 221
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 295
206 69/2

M - = 0.65Mo = 274 59/2 88.8 20'-0"

M + = 0.35Mo = 148
206 69/2

l2 =25′ 20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 51

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (N-S Interior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mo = 421.5 ft-kip
0 11.0 0
Mext- = 0.26Mo = 110
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 219 13.1 8.8 20'-0"
Mint- = 0.70Mo = 295
4.9 22.1

20.6 4.6
M - = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 274
M + = 0.35Mo = 148 3.9 8.88 20'-0"

20.6 4.6

l2 =25′ 20'-0"

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (N-S Exterior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Mo = 220.5 ft-kip 58 0

Mext − = 0.26Mo = 58
69 45 20'-0"
Mext+ = 0.52Mo = 114
Mint − = 0.70Mo = 154 115.5 38.5

107.3 35.75

M − = 0.65Mo = 143 46.2 30.8 20'-0"

M + = 0.35Mo = 77
107.3 35.75

l2 =13.08′ 20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 53

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (N-S Exterior Frame)
y Step No. 05: Lateral distribution to column and middle strips.

Mo = 220.5 ft-kip
10.4 0
Mext − = 0.26Mo = 58
Mext+ = 0.50Mo = 110 12.32 6

Mint − = 0.70Mo = 154 20.69 5.13

19.2 4.76
M − = 0.65M
0 65Mo = 143
M + = 0.35Mo = 77 8.27 4.12

19.2 4.76

l2 =13.08′

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (E-W Direction Moments)

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

12.06 15.94 24.4 22.5 9.85 22.5

0 11.87 9 8.4 7.2 8.4

20'-0"
0 9.4 7.6

14.0 28.3 30.4 30.4

16.8 11.3

0 11.2 10.1 10.1

20'-0"

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 55

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Frame Analysis (N-S Direction moments)

25'-0
25 0" 25'-00"
25 25'-00"
25 25'-00"
25

10.4 0 00 11.0 0

12.32 6 8.8 13.1 8.8 20'-0"

20.69 5.13 4.9 22.1

19.2 4.76 4.6 20.6 4.6

8.27 4.12 3.9 8.88 20'-0"

19.2 4.76 4.6 20.6 4.6

20'-0"

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 56

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Comparison with SAP

y EW direction moments from SAP
24 14.9 24 24 10.0 24
(12) (13.79) (24) (22.5) (9.85) (22.5)

0 11.0 8 8 8 6.8
(0) (10.4) (9.4) (8.4) (7.6) (8.4)
20 16.0 28 28 10.5 28
(14) (16.8) (28) (30.4) (11.3) (30.4)
20 16.0 28 28 10.5 28
(14) (16.8) (28) (30.4) (11.3) (30.4)
0 12.5 9 9 8 7.7
(0) (11.2) (9.4) (10.1) (7.6) (10.1)

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Comparison with SAP

y NS direction moments from SAP
24 4.5 25 25 4.5
(10.4) (0) (11) (11) (0)

10 7 12 9 7
(11.9) (5.8) (12.7) (12.7) (5.6)
20 2.6 22 22 1.8
(20.69) (5.13) (22.1) (22.1) (5.13)
20 1.5 22 22 1
(19.2) (4.76) (20.6) (20.6) (4.6)
9 4.5 9 9 3.8
(8.27) (4.12) (8.88) (8.88) (4.12)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 58

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement
requirement:
z Maximum spacing (ACI 13.3.2):
smax = 2 hf in each direction.

z Minimum Reinforcement (ACI 7.12.2.1):

Asmin = 0.0018 b hf for grade 60.

Asmin = 0.002 b hf for grade 40 and 50.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 59

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column
supported two-way slabs:
z At least 3/4” cover for fire or corrosion protection.

Slab

3/4″

Support

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 60

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column
supported two-way slabs
z In case of two way slabs supported on beams, short-direction bars
are normally placed closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab,
with the larger effective depth because of greater moment in short
direction.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 61

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column
supported two-way slabs
z However in the case of flat plates/slabs, the long-direction negative
and positive bars, in both middle and column strips, are placed
closer to the top or bottom surface of the slab, respectively, with the
larger effective depth because of greater moment in long direction.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 62

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Detailing
eta g o of flexural
e u a reinforcement
e o ce e t for
o co
column
u
supported two-way slabs
z ACI 13.3.8.5 requires that all bottom bars within the column strip in
each direction be continuous or spliced with length equal to 1.0 ld, For
development length see ACI 12.2.3 or Nelson 13th Ed, page 172
chapter 5) or mechanical or welded splices.

Slab
ld

Support
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 63

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Detailing
eta g o of flexural
e u a reinforcement
e o ce e t for
o co
column
u
supported two-way slabs
z At least two of the column strip bars in each direction must
pass within the column core and must be anchored at exterior
supports (ACI 13.3.8.5).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 64

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Detailing of flexural reinforcement for column
supported two-way slabs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 65

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs

(Requirements of ACI Code)
y Standard Bar Cut off Points ((Practical
Recommendation):
z For column and middle strips both
0.33Ln 0.33L n 0.33L n

Ln Ln

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 66

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Summary
z Decide about sizes of slab and columns.
columns The slab depth can
be calculated from ACI table 9.5 (c).

z Find Load on slab (wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL)

z On given column plan of building, decide about location and

dimensions of all frames (exterior and interior)

z For a particular span of frame, find static moment (Mo =

wul2ln2/8).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 67

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Summary
z Find longitudinal distribution of static moment:
z Exterior span (Mext - = 0.26Mo; M ext + = 0.52Mo; Mint - = 0.70Mo)

z Interior span (Mint - = 0.65Mo; M int + = 0.35Mo)

z Find lateral Distribution of each longitudinal moment:

z 100 % of Mext – goes to column strip

z 60 % of Mext + and Mint+ goes to column strip

z 75 % of Mint – goes to column strip

z The remaining moments goes to middle strips

z Design and apply reinforcement requirements (smax = 2hf)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 68

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design of Two Way Slab

Systems for Shear
(Flat Plate and Flat
Sl b )
Slabs)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 69

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics
y Shear in Slabs Without Beams
y Two-way
o ay sshear
ea (pu
(punch
c out sshear)
ea )

y Shear strength of slab in punching shear

y Various Design Options for Shear

y Example

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 70

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear)
z In addition to flexure, flat plates shall also be designed for two way shear
(punch out shear) stresses.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 71

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical section

z In shear design of beams, the critical section is taken at a

distance “d” from the face of the support.
Shear
crack

Beam

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 72

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical section

z In shear design of beams, the critical section is taken at a

distance “d” from the face of the support.
Shear
crack

Beam

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 72

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical section

z In shear design of flat plates, the critical section is an area

taken at a distance “d/2” from all face of the support.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 73

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical section

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 74

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical perimeter, bo

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

20'-0"

C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

20'-0"

C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

20'-0"
bo = 2(c1+d)+2(c2+d) C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 75

2
 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Two way shear (Punch out shear): Critical perimeter, bo

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

20'-0"

C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

20'-0"

C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

20'-0"

bo = 2(c1+d/2)+ (c2+d) C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 76

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Shear
S ea St
Strength
e gt oof S
Slab
ab in pu
punching
c g sshear:
ea
z ΦVn = ΦVc + ΦVs

z ΦVc is least of:

z Φ4√ (fc′)bod

z (2 + 4/βc) √ (fc′)bod

z {(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod

βc = longer side of column/shorter side of column

αs = 40 for interior column, 30 for edge column, 20 for corner columns

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 77

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Shear Strength of Slab:
z When ΦVc ≥ Vu (Φ = 0.75) O.K, Nothing required.

z When ΦVc < Vu, then either increase ΦVc = Φ4√ (fc′)bod by:
z Increasing d ,depth of slab: This can be done by increasing the slab depth
as a whole or in the vicinity of column (Drop Panel)

z Increasing
g bo, critical shear perimeter:
p This can be done by
y increasing
g
column size as a whole or by increasing size of column head (Column
capital)

z Increasing fc′ (high Strength Concrete)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 78

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Shear Strength
g of Slab:
z And/ or provide shear reinforcement (ΦVs) in the form of:
z Integral beams

z Bent Bars

z Shear heads

z Shear studs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 79

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Drop Panels (ACI 9.5.3.2 and 13.3.7.1):

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 80

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Column Capital:

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 81

5
 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Shear in slab without beams
z Minimum depth
p of slab in case of shear reinforcement to be
provided as integral beams or bent bars:

z ACI 11.12.3 requires the slab effective depth d to be at least

6 in., but not less than 16 times the diameter of the shear
reinforcement.

z When bent bars and integral

g beams are to be used, ACI
11.12.3.1 reduces ΦVc by 2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 82

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Calculation of Punching shear demand (Vu):

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"
Critical perimeter:
C4 C3 C3 C3 C4
d = h – 1 = 9″
bo = 4(c+d) 20'-0"
= 4(14+9) = 92″
C2 C1 C1 C1 C2
Tributary
y area ((excluding
g area
of bo): 20'-0"
At = (25×20) – (14+9)2/144
= 496.3 ft2
C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

wu = 0.3804 kip/ft2 20'-0"

C4 C4
Vu = wu × At = 189 kip C3 C3 C3

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 83

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Calculation of Punching shear capacity (ΦVc):

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"
√ (fc′)bod=√(4000)×92×9/1000=52 k
C4 C3 C3 C3 C4
ΦVc is least of:
20'-0"
Φ4√ (fc′)bod = 156 k
(2 + 4/βc) √ (fc′)bod = 312 k C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

{(αsd/bo +2} √ (fc′)bod = 307 k 20'-0"

Therefore, C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

ΦVc = 156 k < Vu (190 k) , N.G 20'-0"

C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 84

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 01): Drop panels

y In drop panels, the slab thickness in the vicinity of the columns is increased
to increase the shear capacity (ΦVc = Φ4√ (fc′)bod) of concrete.

y The increased thickness can be computed by equating Vu to ΦVc and

simplifying the resulting equation for “d” to calculate required “h”.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 85

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 01): Drop panels

Equate Vu to ΦVc:
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"
Vu = ΦVc
189 = 0.75 × 4 √ (fc′) × 92 × d C4 C3 C3 C3 C4
25/6 = 4.25′
d = 10.82″ 20'-0"

Therefore, h = d+1≈ 12″ 20/6 = 3.5′

This gives 2″ drop panel. C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

According to ACI, minimum 20'-0"

thickness of drop panel = h/4 =
10/4 = 2.5″, which governs. C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

Drop Panel dimensions: 20'-0"

25/6 ≈ 4.25′; 20/6 ≈ 3.5′
C4 C3 C3 C3 C4
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 86

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 02): Column Capitals

y Occasionally, the top of the columns will be flared outward, as shown in
figure. This is known as column capital.

y This is done to provide a larger shear perimeter at the column and to

reduce the clear span, ln, used in computing moments.

y ACI 6.4.6 requires that the capital concrete be placed at the same time as
the slab concrete. As a result, the floor forming becomes considerably
more complicated and expensive.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 87

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 02): Column Capitals

Equate Vu to ΦVc: 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

Vu = ΦVc C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

190 = 0.75 × 4 √ (fc′) × bo × 9 20'-0"

bo = 111.26″
C2 C1 C1 C1 C2

Now, 20'-0"
bo = 4 (c + d)
111.26 = 4(c + 9) C2 C1 C1 C1 C2
Simplification gives,
20'-0"
c = 18.8 ≈ 19″
C4 C3 C3 C3 C4

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 88

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 02): Column Capitals

c = 19″

According to ACI code, θ < 45o 2.5″

y = 2.5/ tanθ θ y

Let θ = 30o, then y ≈ 4.35″

capital 14″
For θ = 20o, y ≈ 7″

column

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 89

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams

Vertical stirrups
Vertical stirrups are used in For 4 sides, total
conjunction with supplementary stirrup area is 4
horizontal bars radiating outward lv times individual 2
in two perpendicular directions legged stirrup area
from the support
pp to form what are
termed integral beams contained
entirely within the slab thickness. Horizontal bars
Increased
critical
In such a way, critical perimeter is
perimeter
increased

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 90

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams

bo = 4R + 4c
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 91

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams

y ΦVc = 156 kips

y When integral beams are to be used, ACI 11.12.3 reduces ΦVc by 2.

Therefore ΦVc = 156/2 = 78 kips

y Using 3/8″ Φ, 2 legged (0.22 in2), 4 (side) = 4 × 0.22 = 0.88 in2

y Spacing (s) = ΦAvfyd/ (Vu – ΦVc)

s = 0.75 × 0.88 × 60 × 9/ (190 – 78) = 3.18 ≈ 3″

y Maximum spacing allowed d/2 = 6/2 = 3″ controls.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 92

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams

y Four #5 bars are to be provided in each direction to hold the stirrups. We know minimum bo =
111.26″

y bo = 4R + 4c1 ........ (1)

y R = √ (x2 + x2)

y From figure, x = (3/4)(lv – c1/2), therefore,

y R = √ (2) x, and eqn. (1) becomes,

y bo = 4√ (2) x + 4c1

bo = 4√ (2){(3/4)(lv – c1/2)} + 4c1

Or bo = 4.24lv – 2.12c1 + 4c1= 4.24lv + 1.88c1

y Therefore lv ≈ 20″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 93

11
 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Example: Calculate the shear capacity of slab at 14″ column C1
of the 10″ flat p
plate shown.

y Design for shear (option 03): Integral Beams details.

lv = 20″ ≈ 24″ or 2′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 94

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z DDM Limitations:
z For slabs with beams between supports on all sides (ACI 13.6.1.6):

0.2 ≤ α1l22/α2l12 ≤ 5.0

α = EcbIb / EcsIs

Where,

Ecb = Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete

Ecs = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete
Ib = Moment of inertia of beam section
Is = Moment of inertia of slab section

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 95

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z DDM Limitations:
z Explanation of Ib and Is:

α = EcbIb / EcsIs

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 96

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Example on α calculation
z hf = 7″, hw = 18″, bw = 12″

z Effective flange width

20′
z bw + 2hw = 48″, bw + 8hf = 68, 48″ governs 20′
25′
z Ib = 33060 in4 OR,

z IT-section ≈ 2Irectangle section & IL-section ≈ 1.5Irectangle section

z Ib = 2 × 12 × 243/12 = 27648 in4

z Is = (10 + 10) × 12 × 73/12 = 6860 in4

z α = Ib/Is = 33060/ 6860 = 4.82

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 97

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moments

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 98

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Longitudinal Distribution of Static Moments

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 99

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Column Strip Moments

z ACI tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI are used to
assign moments to column strip.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 100

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Column Strip Moments

z ACI tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI are used to
assign moments to column strip.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 101

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Column Strip Moments

z ACI tables 13.6.4.1, 13.6.4.2 and 13.6.4.4 of the ACI are used to
assign moments to column strip.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 102

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Middle Strip Moments

z The remaining moments are assigned to middle strip in accordance

with ACI 13.6.6.

z Beams between supports shall be proportioned to resist 85 percent of

column strip moments if α1l2/l1 {Where l2 shall be taken as full span
length irrespective of frame location (exterior or interior)} is equal to or
greater than 1.0 (ACI 13.6.5.1).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 103

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Graph A4

z Lateral distribution of longitudinal moments can also be done using

Graph A.4 (Design of Concrete Structures, Nilson 13th Ed)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 104

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional
Requirements for
Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of
Longitudinal Moments
z In graph A.4, l2 shall be
taken as full span
length irrespective of
frame location (exterior
or interior).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 105

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Example on graph A4:

z Find the lateral distribution to column strip of positive and

interior negative moments using graph A4. Take

z l2/l1 = 1.3

z αl2/l1 > 1.
1

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 106

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional
Requirements for
Slab with Beams
z Example on graph A4

z l2/l1 = 1.3

z αl2/l1 > 1

65 % of interior
positive
negative
longitudinal
longitudinal
moment
moment
will go towill
column
go to
column
strip strip
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 107

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Torsional Stiffness Factor (βt)

z In the presence of an exterior beam, all of the exterior negative

factored moment goes to the column strip, and none to the middle
strip, unless the beam torsional stiffness is high relative to the flexural
stiffness of the supported slab.

z Torsional stiffness factor βt is the parameter accounting for this effect.

βt reflects the relative restraint provided by the torsional resistance of
the effective transverse edge beam.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 108

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Torsional Stiffness Factor (βt)

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

For a considered frame, the

20'-0"
transverse edge beam
provides restraint through its
torsional resistance.
20'-0"

20'-0"

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Torsional Stiffness Factor (βt)

5
 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt

z Where walls are used as supports along column lines, they can be
regarded as very stiff beams with an α1l2/l1 value greater than one.

z Where the exterior support consists of a wall perpendicular to the

direction in which moments are being determined,
determined βt may be taken as
zero if the wall is of masonry without torsional resistance.

z βt may be taken as 2.5 for a concrete wall with great torsional

resistance that is monolithic with the slab.

111

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt:

z βt can be calculated using the following formula:

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt:

z Where,

Ecb = Modulus of elasticity of beam concrete;

Ecs = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete

C = cross-sectional constant to define torsional properties

x = shorter overall dimension of rectangular part of cross section, in.

y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part of cross section, in.

Is = Moment of inertia of slab section spanning in direction l1 and having

width bounded by panel centerlines in l2 direction.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 113

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt:

z C for βt determination can be calculated using the following formula.

y2 y2

x2 x2
x1
x1

y1
y1

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example): For determination of E-W frame exterior
negative moment distribution to column strip, find βt for beam marked. Take
slab depth = 7″ and Ecb = Ecs.
25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

Exterior edge beam

20'-0"
(12″ × 24″)

20'-0"

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example):

βt = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)
hw ≤ 4hf = 17″
z Calculation of C:

7″
24″

12″

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example):

βt = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)

z Calculation of C:

C = {1 – 0.63×12/24}{123 ×24/3} + {1 – 0.63×7/17}{73 ×17/3} = 10909 in4

y2 = 17″

2 x2 = 7″
y1= 24″ 1

x1 =12″

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example):

βt = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)

z Calculation of C:

C = {1 – 0.63×12/17}{123 ×17/3} + {1 – 0.63×7/29}{73 ×29/3} = 8249 in4

y2 = 17″ + 12″ = 29″

2 x2 = 7″

y1= 17″ 1

x1 =12″

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example):

βt = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)

z Calculation of C:

Therefore, C = 10909 in4

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example): βt = EcbC/(2EcsIs) = C/ (2Is)

z Calculation of Is:

Is = bhf3/12 = (20 × 12) × 73/12 = 6860 in4

25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0" 25'-0"

20'-0"

20'-0"

20'-0"

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional Requirements for Slab with Beams
z Lateral Distribution of Longitudinal Moments
z Determination of βt (Example):

z βt = C/ (2Is)

= 10909/ (2 × 6860) = 0.80

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

z Additional
Requirements for
Slab with Beams βt = 0.8strip
90 % of exterior negative moment goes to column

z Lateral Distribution of
Longitudinal Moments
z Once βt is known,
exterior negative
moment in column strip
can be found. For,

z l2/l1 = 1.3

z αl2/l1 > 1 and βt = 0.8

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 122

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Minimum thickness for two way slab:
z For 0
0.2
2 ≤ αm ≤ 2:
⎛ fy ⎞
ln ⎜⎜ 0.8 + ⎟⎟
200,000
h= ⎝ ⎠
36 + 5β (α m − 0.2 )

But not less than 5 in. fy in psi.

z For αm > 2:
⎛ fy ⎞
ln ⎜⎜ 0.8 + ⎟
200,000 ⎟⎠
h= ⎝
36 + 9β
But not less than 3.5 in. fy in psi.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 123

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Two Way Slabs (General)

y Minimum thickness for two way Slab:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams.

ln = length of clear span in direction that moments are being

determined, measured face-to-face of supports.

β = ratio of clear spans in long to short direction of two-way

slabs.

αm = average value of α for all beams on edges of a panel.

z For αm < 0.2, use the ACI table 9.5 (c).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali 124

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 Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Direct Design Method

y Special Reinforcement at exterior corner of Slab
z The reinforcement at exterior ends of the slab shall be provided as per ACI
13.3.6 in top and bottom layers as shown.

z The positive and negative reinforcement in any case, should be of a size and
spacing equivalent to that required for the maximum positive moment (per foot
of width) in the panel.

Department of Civil Engineering, N-W.F.P. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The End

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