Chapter 2: Lesson 1

UNPACKING THE SELF

LESSON I: PHYSICAL SELF

“You yourself, as much as anybody in the entire universe, deserve your love and affection.”
– Buddha

Learning OBJECTIVES of the Course:

1. Understand what the physical self is;
2. Examine the relationship between the physical self and self-confidence/esteem\
3. Recognize one’s own and other’s cultural standard of beauty
4. Understand and embody the ways to preserve a beautiful self

Activity: “Me and what I see”

Find a Partner (anyone, siblings, or friend/s) and discuss and answer the following
questions.
1. What do I like about my Body image?
- I like my face
2. What do I dislike and want to change about my body image?
-
3. If I have to choose a body image, I would choose my face, because I got it from my
dad,
4. What is your ideal man/women? (Physical attributes)

5. What does your body tell you about yourself?

As globalization arises, we watch and celebrate with both awe and disappointment that many people
Analysis: What have you discovered about yourself from the activity? List down
who are famous and those who became famous because of their body change and modifications. Fat
people want to become slim, white people want to become black, and black people want to become
white, not to mention the LGBTs, who want to change their inner organs. The generation of today
admire the courage of these people who are so brave to show who they really are, but some criticize
their decisions. Why do you think people would want to spend millions of money, go to great
lengths and endure physical pain just to change a part of their physical self? Obviously, many want
to look better, so they adhere to what they believe is the standard of what is beautiful and what is
handsome. In their efforts, they somehow get acceptance, and this definitely boosts their self-
esteem, which was absent in their past physical selves.
If you have the luxury, will you undergo cosmetic surgeries to enhance your physical appearance?
If yes, what part/s? if not why

There are some people, want to look better, get acceptance, and this definitely boosts their self-
esteem, which was absent in their past physical selves. Or some people will not undergo
cosmetic surgeries because they are contented with what they have.

The Self as Impacted by the Body

Physical self refers to the body, a concrete dimension, and a tangible aspect of the person
that can be directly observed and examined. The body is a marvelous container and a complex,
finely tuned machine that we use to interface with our environment and fellow beings.
Our physical self is fundamental in answering the most difficult question, “Who Am I?” We are
sometimes guilty of the fact that our first assessment of people is based on how they look. Or worse,
we let our physical appearance define who we are. We are created a culture of how we do and
should look. The brand of our dress, our skin tone, our coca cola shape, our height and even the
make-up we use to make us appear “beautiful” greatly affects how our selfesteem is formulated.

What is self-esteem?
Self-esteem is all about how much we feel we are worth and how much we feel other people value
us. If we have a positive body image, we like and accept ourselves the way we are even if we do not
fit in which media “ideals”. On the other hand, feeling badly about the way we look can be
devastating to our overall self-confidence, affecting multiple aspects of our selves. Issue of bullying,
generally cause of low self-esteem.
It Is Very Important to Reframe the Way We View, Think, and Talk About our Physical Selves.
Here are some tips:

1. Recognize that your body is your own, no matter what shape or size it comes in.

 Try to focus on how strong and healthy your body is and the things it can do, not what‟s
wrong with it.
 No one‟s business but your own what your body is like-ultimately, you have to be happy
with yourself.
2. Identify which aspects of your appearance you can realistically

 It is what makes each of us unique and original.

 Everyone has things he/she cannot change for instance, height and shoe size

3. When you hear negative comments coming from within, tell yourself to stop

 Appreciate that each person is more than just how he or she look on given day.

4. Try building your self-esteem by giving yourself three compliments every day.

 By focusing on the good things you do and the positive aspects of your life, you
can change how you feel about yourself.

The Impact of Culture on Body Image and Self-esteem

This is the “Golden ration” or Perfect image by Stephen Marquardt. If you have this golden
ratio, you are considered beautiful. Of course you may disagree and argue that beauty is in the eye
of the beholder, but as long as the fashion industry dictates who and what is beautiful, many
countless people will never be satisfied with their physical bodies.

Beauty is not one‟s own but a reflection of one‟s culture. There are culturally defined
attitudes concerning male and female attractiveness. Different cultures have different definitions of
what is beautiful and what is not. But because culture changes, our definition of beauty changes as
well. Because of some universal metrics of beauty, the surgical and nonsurgical methods of altering
physical appearance are now widespread and routine, and is now a kind of entertainment. No culture
has remained completely static, because of these changes, we develop a multicultural self as well.

The Importance of Beauty across Cultures:

1. KOREA
Korean and woman like to be pale because if you are tanned, it means that you are peasant
working outdoors, compared to people who have pale skin, which represents luxury, wealth, and
lack of wrinkles. Another thing is to have double eyelids and lastly is to have a V-line face.
 2. INDIA
Indians are known for their gorgeous long, and short hair. Furthermore, if you are dark-
skinned, it means life is tough unlike having a fair skin, which means more success in life. Indians
are known for their gorgeous long, and short hair. Furthermore, if you are dark-skinned, it means
life is tough unlike having a fair skin, which means more success in life.

3. UNITED STATE OF AMERICA

American beauty is having big butts, as always shown in their hip-hop music videos. If you have
bigger lips, bigger breast, and bigger butts, sexy skinny and flawless body you are beautiful.

4. ENGLAND
Land of kings and queens, Basically, an ideal British beauty is the beauty of the princesses.
Beautiful woman are sexy and slim, and well-toned bodies these are clearly what common women
do not appreciate.
 5. THE ARAB WORLD
Arab countries focus on being attractive through their eyes. They say that the eyes are the mirror of
the soul.

6. PHILIPPINES
Women who have fair skin, having a long, straight black hair, high bridged nose, and
slanted eyes, to look more “Chinitas and Mestizos”.

Always remember, “Real people aren’t perfect, and perfect people aren’t real”.

“Our Physical beauty will fade as we aged, but not our inner beauty. All we need is a strong
self-esteem and re-affirmation that we are beautiful and handsome no matter what corner of the
globe we are in, and that we can be beautiful forever.”

SUMMARY:

Undeniably, our physical image or physical self is a marvelous creation. It is one of the core
aspects of who we are as individuals. Having an in-depth understanding of the physical self will
help us answer the most difficult question “Who am I?” It is a fact that our physical appearance, our
face and our body shape greatly influence how we perceive others and ourselves. Every culture has
its standard metrics of beauty and the negative effects on people who cannot cope with the metrics
are very alarming. It is vital for us to show appreciation of our physical bodies by constantly
respecting and accepting our body image. True enough, our physical self helps us know who we
really are.
Name: ________________________________________
Course, Year & Section: __________________________ SCORE:

Chapter 2: Lesson 1
PHYSICAL SELF

Activity #1
1. Make a reflection essay on this: “Is beauty really in the eye of the beholder”?
2. What is your understanding of the song? What is the song trying to say? How do you feel
about the song? Write your reflection on your journal.

Song Analysis. Listen to the song “Unpretty” by TLC.

I wish I could tie you up in my shoes

Make you feel unpretty too I was told I was
beautiful
But what does that mean to you? Now I'm bein' stupid
Look into the mirror, who's inside there I used to be so cute to me
The one with the long hair Just a little bit skinny
Same old me again today, yeah Why do I look to all these things?
To keep you happy
My outsides look cool Maybe get rid of you
My insides are blue And then I'll get back to me
Every time I think I'm through
It's because of you My outsides look cool
I try different ways My insides are blue
But it's all the same Every time I think I'm through
At the end of the day It's because of you
I have myself to blame I've tried different ways
I'm just trippin' But it's all the same
At the end of the day
You can buy your hair if it won't grow I have myself to blame
You can fix your nose if he says so Can't believe I'm just trippin'
You can buy all the make-up
That M.A.C. can make, but if You can buy your hair if it won't grow
You can't look inside you You can fix your nose if he says so
Find out who am I to You can buy all the make up
Be in the position that makes me feel That M.A.C. can make
So damn unpretty But if you can't look inside you
Find out who am I
Never insecure until I met you To be in the position that make me feel
 So damn unpretty

Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: __________________________

Chapter 2: Lesson 1
PHYSICAL SEL

TEST YOURSELF:

I. Answer the following:

1. A famous saying by Confucius goes like this… “Everything has beauty, but not
everyone can see it”. Expound it using the different cultural standards of beauty.
_________________________________________________________________________
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2. How do you maximize your self-esteem in terms of Physical Appearance? List down all
the things you have in mind.

First you need to exercise, it does not only improve your self-esteem but also improve your
physical appearance Second buy the trends because it will also improve your confidence
 Chapter 1: Lesson 2
SEXUAL SELF

Creating a foundation of healthy sexual thoughts, feelings and beliefs is vital to

accepting one’s sexual identity and embracing one’s sexuality
-Laura M. Brotherson

Learning Outcomes:
1. Define the development of secondary sex characteristics and the human reproductive
system;
2. Recognize the erogenous zone in the body;
3. Differentiate infatuation, lust, love and attachment
4. Enumerate the diversity of sexual behavior
5. Name ways on how to prevent premarital sex; 6. Expound the importance of family
planning; and
7. Classify the methods of contraception.

LOVE QUIZ:
A. Analyze the following questions. Write YES on the blank if you agree with the question;
otherwise, write NO. Be ready to defend your answer.
YES1. Is there really such a thing as love at first sight?
YES2. Do you believe that one particular person is intended for each of us to marry and that fate
will guide us together?
3. Is it easy to distinguish real attraction, lust, and attached?
NO, because you will still feel that you are lonely even if you married someone because there is no
love between the two of you4. Is it better to marry any person than to remain single and lonely
throughout life?
YES5. Is long courtship, like many months or years, the best for long lasting relationship?
YES6. If the couple is truly in love, is the condition permanent?
YES7. Is it sinful to have sexual intercourse before marriage even if the couple has a meaningful
relationship?
YES8. is safe sex really safe?
NO, touching isn’t the only way to show affection to your partner9. Can I just allow my partner to
touch any part of my body to express affection?
10. Is the modern method of family planning more effective than the traditional methods?
Teenage life is a stage of curiosity, exploration, and peer pressure. It is the time when one is
attracted to the opposite sex and enters into a relationship. Many questions arise in this
youthful stage.

Questions of the youth today:

A. What is love? Am I ready to fall in love?

B. Why I am attracted to a certain person?
C. Do I need a girlfriend/boyfriend while studying?
D. What is sex? Is it good or bad?
E. How can I avoid an unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases?

DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS AND THE HUMAN

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Human beings
are all sexual
beings. Sexual

development takes place when humans are still inside the womb of mothers. The
development continues when they are born and mature. Primary sex characteristics are
seen after birth because of the sex organs. A person is considered male because he has a
penis and a female because she has a vagina.
 The Male Reproductive
System. The organs of the male
reproductive system produce
sperm and deliver it to the female reproductive system.

THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION

Normally, people are born with on sex only, but there are people born with two sexes or
different sexual orientation:

1. Pseudo hermaphrodites – are formed who are individuals having accessory

reproductive structures that do not ―match‖ their gonads. Many of them undergo sex change
(external fit to internal)
2. Hermaphrodites – are individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues but
this condition is rare in nature.

• It has been believed that the sex chromosomes of humans define the sex (female or

male) and their secondary sexual characteristics.

• From childhood, we are controlled by our genetic makeup. It influences the way we
treat ourselves and others. However, there are individuals who do not accept their
innate sexual characteristics and they tend to change their sexual organs through
medications and surgery.

• Aside from our genes, our society or the external environment helps shape our selves
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR

Human sexual behavior is defined as any activity – solitary, between two persons, or in a
group – that induces sexual arousal (Gebhard, 2017).

There are two major factors that determine human sexual behavior:

A. The inherited sexual response patterns that have evolved as a means of

ensuring reproduction and that become part of each individual’s genetic
inheritance, and

B. The degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by

society in the expression of his sexuality.

There is a difficulty in enforcing abstinence among sexually experienced and usually older
people for societies that try to confine coitus in married couples.

A behavior may be interpreted by society or the individual as erotic (i.e. capable of

engendering sexual response) depending on the context in which the behavior occurs. For
instance, a kiss may be interpreted as a gesture of expression or intimacy between couples
while others may interpret it as a form of respect or reverence, like when kissing the hand of
an elder or someone in authority. Examination and touching someone’s genitalia is not
interpreted as sexual act especially when done for medical purposes. Consequently, the
apparent motivation of the behavior greatly determines its interpretation.

SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR
Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of sociosexual behavior that occurs between
only one male and one female. It usually begins in childhood and may be motivated by
curiosity, such as showing or examining genitalia.

• Petting– expression of affection and a source of pleasure; preliminary to coitus; way

of learning how to interact with another person sexually
• Coitus – insertion of the male reproductive structure into the female reproductive
organ. It is viewed differently in the society depending on their marital status.

Erogenous Zones

They refer to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal
when touched in a sexual manner. Commonly known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts,
genitals, and anus; other common areas of the body that can be aroused easily may include
the neck, thighs, abdomen, and feet.

PHYSIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE

Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or phases when sexual activity is
continued.
The E P O R Model by Masters & Johnson:

1.Excitement phase

2.Plateau phase

3.Orgasm/ Sexual Climax

4.Resolution phase

1. Excitement phase
It is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure; a sudden rise in blood supply to
the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature, flushing, and swelling of all
distensible body parts (particularly noticeable in the male reproductive structure and female
breasts), more rapid breathing, the secretion of genital fluids, vaginal expansion, and a
general increase in muscle tension. These symptoms of arousal eventually increase to a near
maximal physiological level that leads to the next stage.

2. Plateau phase
It is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs.

3. Orgasm/ Sexual Climax

 It is marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid increase in pulse rate and
blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female
reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male. It is also characterized by involuntary
vocalizations. Sexual climax may last for a few seconds (normally not even ten), after which
the individual enters the resolution phase.

4. Resolution phase
It is the last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal physiological
state. Males and females are similar in their response sequence. Whereas males return to
normal even if stimulation continues, but continued stimulation can produce additional
orgasms in females. Females are physically capable of repeated orgasms without the
intervening ―rest period‖ required by males.

Nervous System Factors

• The autonomic system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses.
• The hypothalamus and the limbic system are the parts of the brain believed to
be responsible for regulating the sexual response.
• The lower spinal cord leads to erection and ejaculation for male, and vaginal
discharges and lubrication for female when the genital and perineal areas are
stimulated.

CHEMISTRY OF LOVE

What is Love for you at this point of your life? Have you encountered an ideal person, yet you
are not attracted at all?
Compatibility and Chemistry is everything.

The Three Stages of Love:

1. Lust- A strong sexual desire. It is driven by initial physical attraction and flirting.
 Testosterone
 Estrogen
 Pheromones

2. Falling in love– Attraction. The next stage is where romantic or passionate love is
characterized by euphoria when things are going well, but there are terrible mood
swings when they are not. There are physical symptoms when you experience this.
 Monoamines
 Dopamine
 Phenylethylamine
 Serotonin
  Norepinephrine

3. Attachment. Staying Together. There is a sense of calm and stability that one
feels with a long-term partner, a sort of bond that keeps a couple together.
 Oxytocin
 Vasopressin
 Endorphins

SEXUAL PROBLEMS

 Physiological problems. Diseases that are due to abnormal development of the

genitalia or that part of the neurophysiology controlling sexual response;
 Psychological problems. Caused by socially induced inhibitions, maladaptive
attitudes, ignorance, and sexual myths held by society;
 Premature emission of semen is a common problem, especially for young
males;
 Erectile impotence is almost always of psychological origin in males under 40;
in older males, physical causes are more often involved;
 Ejaculatory impotence, which results from the inability to ejaculate in coitus,
is uncommon and is usually of psychogenic origin.
 Vaginismus is a strong spasm of the pelvic musculature constricting the
female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible

Diseases associated with the reproductive system :

In females:
 Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most common reproductive cancers in
adult females.
 Vaginal infections are more common in young and elderly women and in
those whose resistance to diseases is low.
In males:
 Prostate cancer (a common sequel to prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread
problem in adult males.
 Although aging men show a steady decline in testosterone secretion, their
reproductive capability seems unending.

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES/ STDS

STDs are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person through
sexual contact. Cause: STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
Examples:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
STDs can lead to long-term health problems, usually in women and infants. Among the
health complications that arise from STDs are pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, tubal
or ectopic pregnancy, cervical cancer, and perinatal or congenital infections in infants born to
infected mothers.
One of the leading STDs worldwide is AIDS, which is caused by HIV. The virus attacks the
immune system making the individual more prone to infections and other diseases. The virus
usually targets the T-cells (CD4 cells) of the immune system, which serve as the regulators of
the immune system. The virus survives throughout the body but may be transmitted via body
fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. AIDS occurs in the advanced
stage of HIV infection.

1. Chlamydia.

In 2016, a total of 1,598,354 cases of Chlamydia Trachomatis infection were reported

to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention making it the most notifiable condition in
USA. Rates
of reported
cases among
men are
generally
lower than
the rates among
women.

2. Gonorrhea

In 2016, 468,514 gonorrhea cases were reported for a rate of 145.8 cases per 100,000
populations, an increase of 18.5% from 2015. During 2015 to 2016, the rate of reported case
increased 22.2% among men and 13.8% among women.
 3. Syphilis

In 2016, 27,814
Primary and
Secondary (P&S) syphilis cases were reported.
Overall, the rate increased 14.7% among men and 35.7% among women. During
2012 to 2016, P&S syphilis rates were consistently highest among persons aged 20 to 29
years old, but rates increased in every 5-year age group among those aged 15 to 64 years.

4. Chancroid
Is caused by infection with the bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi. Clinical
manifestations include genital ulcers and inguinal lymphadenopathy or buboes. Reported
cases declined steadily. In 2016, a total of 7 cases of chancroid were reported in USA.

5. Human Papillomavirus
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in USA. Persistent infection
with some HPV types can cause cancer and genital warts.
 6. Herpes Simplex Virus
It is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted infections. Although most
infections are sub-clinical, clinical manifestations are characterized by recurrent, painful
genital and/or anal lesions.

7.Trichomonas Vaginal
Is a common sexually transmitted protozoal infection associated with adverse health
outcomes such as preterm birth and symptomatic vaginitis. It is not a nationally reportable
condition, and trend date are limited to estimates of initial physician office visits for this
condition. Visits appear to be fairly stable since the 1990s; the number of initial Trichomonas
Vaginalis infection in 2015 was 139,000.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION

1. The Natural Method:

The natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or foreign body
introduction into the human body. People who are very conscious of their religious belief are
more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and others follow such natural methods
because they are more cost-effective (Nurseslabs, 2016).

A. Abstinence
It involves refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective natural birth
control method with ideally 0% fail rate. It is considered to be the most effective way to
avoid STIs. However, most people find it difficult to comply with abstinence, so only a few
use this method.

B. Calendar Method
It is also called rhythm method. It entails withholding from coitus during the days that
the woman is fertile. According to menstrual cycle, the woman is likely to conceive three or
four days before and three or four days after ovulation. The woman needs to record her
menstrual cycle for six months in order to calculate the woman’s safe days to prevent
conception.

C. Sympthothermal Method
The symptothermal method is basically a combination of the BBT method and the
cervical mucus method. The woman records her temperature every morning and also takes
note
of changes in her cervical mucus. She should abstain from coitus three days after a rise in her
temperature or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus change.

D. Ovulation Detection
The ovulation detection method uses an over-the- counter kit that requires the urine
sample of the woman. The kit can predict ovulation through the surge of luteinizing hormone
(LH) that happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
•It’s not the same with PT
•I – Negative
•II – Positive
E. Coitus Interrupts
It is one of the oldest methods that prevents conception. A couple still goes on with coitus,
but the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the spermatozoa outside of the
female reproductive organ. A disadvantage of this method is the pre-ejaculation fluid that
contains a few spermatozoa that may cause fertilization.
ARTIFICIAL BIRTH CONTROL

Any product, procedure or practice that uses artificial or unnatural means to prevent
pregnancy. Consider these factors: healthy, desire for children in the future, your moral and
spiritual beliefs, and even convenience.

1. Oral Contraceptives
Also known as the pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone. Estrogen suppresses the Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and LH to
prevent ovulation. Moreover, progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus
to limit the sperm’s access to the ova. It is suggested that the woman takes the first pill on the
first Sunday after the beginning of a menstrual flow, or as soon as it is prescribed by the
doctor.

2. Transdermal patch
The transdermal patch contains both estrogen and progesterone. The woman should
apply one patch ever week for three weeks on the following areas: upper outer arm, upper
torso, abdomen, or buttocks. At the fourth week, not patch is applied because the menstrual
flow would then occur. The area where the patch is applied should be clean, dry and free of
irritation.

3. Vaginal Ring
The vaginal ring releases a combination of estrogen and progesterone and it surrounds
the cervix. This silicon ring is inserted in the female reproductive organ and remains there for
three weeks and then removed on the fourth week, as menstrual flow would occur. The
woman becomes fertile as soon as the ring is removed.
 4. Subdermal Implants
These are two rod-like implants are inserted under the skin of the female during her
menses or on the seventh day of her menstruation to make sure that she will not get pregnant.
The implants are made with etonogestrel, desogestrel, and progestin and can be helpful for
three to five years.
5. Hormonal Injections
A hormonal injection contains medroxyprogesterone, a progesterone, and is usually
give once every 12 weeks intramuscularly. The injection causes changes in the endometrium
and cervical mucus and can help prevent ovulation.

6. Intrauterine Device
An IUD is a small, T-shaped object containing progesterone that is inserted into the
uterus via the female reproductive organ. It prevents fertilization by creating a local sterile
inflammatory condition to prevent implantation of the zygote. The IUD is fitted only by the
physician and inserted after the woman’s menstrual flow. The device can be effective for five
to seven years.
CHEMICAL BARRIERS

Chemical barriers such as spermicides vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are
used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix and to lower the pH level
of the female reproductive organ so it will not become conducive for the sperm. On the other
hand, these chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections.

1. Diaphragm
It is a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and should be placed before coitus.
Diaphragm works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm into the female reproductive organ
and it works better when use together with a spermicide. The diaphragm should be fitted only
by the physician, and should remain in place for six hours after coitus.

2. Cervical Cap
The cervical cap is made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of the cervix. It is
shaped like a thimble with a thin rim, and could stay in place for not more than 48 hours

3. Male Condoms
 The male condom is a latex or
synthetic rubber sheath that is placed
on the erect male reproductive organ
before penetration into the female
reproductive organ to trap the sperm
during ejaculation. It can prevent
STIs and can be bought over-the-counter. Male condoms have an ideal fail rate of 2% and a
typical fail rate of 15% due to break in the sheath’s integrity or spilling of semen.

4. Female Condoms
Female condoms are made up to latex rubber sheaths that are pre-lubricated with
spermicide. They are usually bound by two rings. The outer ring is first inserted against the
opening of the female reproductive organ and the inner ring covers the cervix. It is used to
prevent fertilization of the egg by the sperm cells.

SURGICAL METHODS

During vasectomy, a small incision is made on each side of the scrotum. The vas deferens is
then tied cauterized, cut or plugged to block the passage of the sperm. The patient is advised
to use a backup contraceptive method until two negative sperm count results are recorded
because the sperm could remain
viable in the vas deferens for 6
months.

In women, tubal ligation is

performed after menstruation and
before ovulation. The procedure is done
through a small incision under the
woman’s umbilicus that targets the
fallopian tube for cutting cauterizing, or blocking to inhibit the passage of both the sperm and
the ovary.
Summary:

All human beings are

sexual human beings.
We are supposedly
products of our parent’s
sexual love. Whatever
the circumstance
is, we were born with
sexual energies that
we have to understand, appreciate, control, regulate, and integrate. Human sexuality is not the
same as sex. Sexuality is not the center of our life, but it affects everything we do.

The brain is the most important organ that influences our sexual self. We have to know how
the brain functions to understand how our body reacts. When one has relevant sex education,
one will judge, decide, and act responsibly.

Premarital sex and sexually transmitted infections are avoided. Teenagers are prepared well
to become responsible married couples and parents in the future. Sexuality is a gift and a
responsibility. Even contemporary time chastity and purity remain to be great virtues we have
to uphold.

“Carefully educate your grownups about the right values of sex. If you don’t, the society will
teach them the wrong values.”

Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________
 Chapter 2: Lesson 1
SEXUAL SELF

Activity #1
1. Draw the male and female’s secondary sex characteristics. Label each part
(Scoring: Completeness (10), Creativity (10), Neatness (10))

Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________
Chapter 2: Lesson 1
SEXUAL SELF
Activity #2

Answer the Following question.

1. Is premarital acceptable or not? Yes, or no? Defend your answer.
Yes, because it is based on their love to each other, that even if there is no marriage they
will still love each other, marriage is not always the thing to show that you love someone
because sometimes there are some forced marriage, the parents are the one to decide for
their children.

2. Regarding on family planning methods. Which do you think is the best to utilize by
married couples? Why?

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3. Is love and infatuation the same? How are they different?

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Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________
Chapter 2: Lesson 1
SEXUAL SELF
Activity #3
 1. Answer this question: What is the importance of knowing the erogenous zones in your
body? (10 pts)

2.Differentiate the natural and artificial ways of family planning, and give five
examples for each method. Organize it in a table. (20 pts) (Scoring: Content (10),
Organization of Idea (5), Relevance (5))

Chapter 2: Lesson 3
MATERIAL SELF

“Money is neither my god nor my devil. It is a form of energy that tends to make us more of
who we already are , whether it’s greedy or loving.
- Dan Millman
 Learning Outcomes:

1. Determine the signs of a materialistic person

2. Name ways on how to avoid materialism; and

3. Assess the statement, ―I shop, therefore, I am.‖

Activity:

TRY ME: MONEY BUDGETING AND SPENDING:

List down the things that you would want to buy with any amount of money. After which, ponder on the
activity and answer the following questions on your journal:

1. What did you learn in the activity about money?

2. Do the things that you have gave value to your being as a person? Why or why not?
3. What do you feel when you buy something?
4. Why do we buy? What are your criteria in buying?
5. ―I shop, therefore I am: I have therefore, I am? Do you agree or disagree?

William Jame, understanding the self can be examined through its different components:

(1) its constituents; (2) the feelings and emotions they arouse—self-feelings; (3) the actions
to which they prompt—self-seeking and self-preservation

The constituents of self are composed of the material self, the social self, the spiritual self,
and the pure ego.

The material self, according to James primarily is about our bodies, clothes, immediate
family, and home. The more investment of self-given to the particular thing, the more we
identify ourselves to it. We also tended to collect and possess properties. The collections in
different degree of investment of self, becomes part of the self.

I. BIOLOGICAL DRIVE

 Hypothalamus: ―I need that‖

 Prefontal Cortex: Correct! Its necessary.
 Amygdala: I want this.
 Prefontal Cortex: Ok..

II. PSYCHOLOGICAL DRIVE

 A. Sigmund Freud’s Concept of the ID (Our ―Pleasure Principle‖). We are
pleasure-seeking organisms.
B. Abraham Maslow – In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, there are needs that we
need to satisfy. There are now 8 needs of human beings. We need to satisfy
these needs to fulfill our highest potential

The Eight Hierarchy of Needs

 Biological and physiological needs- air, food, drink, shelter, sleep and
sex.
 Safety needs- protection from the elements, security, order, law, stability,
etc.
 Love and belongingness needs- friendship, intimacy, trust and
acceptance, receiving and giving affection and love; Affiliating, being part
of the group (family, friends, work)
 Esteem needs- which Maslow classified into 2 categories:
a. esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence)
b. desire for reputation or respect from other (status, prestige
 Cognitive needs- knowledge and understanding, curiosity,
exploration, need for meaning and predictability.
 Aesthetic need- appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.
 Self-actualization needs-self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and
peak experiences.
 Transcendence needs- A person motivated by values which transcend
beyond the personal self (experiences with, sexual experiences, service
to others, religious, faith and nature).

III. SPIRITUAL ASPECT

1. Peripheral or Masked Self: is the self that serves as the means for the growth of the
authentic self. This includes the following:
• Body
• Power
• Sexual Power
• Mind
• Talent
• Job
• Position
• Money
• Feelings
• Ideas
• Character
• Possession
 2. Authentic Self: It is the self that will to not change, will not rot, will not die, and will
remain-self.

To choose our authentic self is to fully accept our humanness; to be aware of human
limitations and be willing to learn from them; to be aware of our gifts, talent, and our
potentials, which we appreciate and use to the fullest for our god and learn from mistakes and
failures rather than crushed by them.

WE ARE WHAT WE HAVE

Russel Belk (1988) posits that ―we regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what
we have and what we possess. Then identification of the self to things started in our infancy
stages when we make distinction among self and environment and others who may desire our
possessions. As we grow older, putting importance to material possessions decreases.
However, material possessions gain higher value in our lifetime if we use material possession
to find happiness, associated these things with significant events, accomplishment, and
people in our lives.

Example:

The chair in the dining room on which the person is always seated, the chair will be the
constant reminder of the person seated there; a well-loved and kept vehicle of the person,
which some of the bereaved family members have a difficulty to sell or to let go of because
that vehicle is very much identified with the owner who passed away; the favorite pet or
book, among others that the owner placed a high value, these favorites things are symbol of
the owner.

CONSUMER CULTURE

It is a form of capitalism and a way of life that focuses on the selling of consumer goods and
spending of money. It emphasizes a life style where material goods provide happiness and
satisfaction. It is a culture driven by the power of money where happiness is attained in
buying and owning a personal property. Industrial Revolution paved the way for
consumerism and was seen as an effective political option to sustain a healthy, balanced
economy. How do you know that you are a slave of consumerism?

Manifestations include the following:

Being a shopaholic, panic buying, purchasing the latest gadgets or any piece of merchandize,
competing with peers in economic aspect, seeking happiness from consuming, and buying
expensive brands, and always wanting more.

In a positive sense, consumerism helps drive the economy because people are encouraged to
spend. Negatively however, it encourages people to overspend, consequently, it can lead to
personal debts. Since not all people have the means to buy things, consumerism leads to class
division. In understanding ourselves, do we need to be shaped by the consumer culture we are
in? Is ―human having‖ the same as ―human being‖?
SUMMARY:

We are material beings so we have our material self. The things we own are extensions of our
self. They say something of who we are. When we possess something, we can see it as part of
human development, but we should incorporate this thing well into the extended self. We
have many reasons for buying, and these reasons can be explained in various fields:
philosophy, biology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, and religion. We need to buy
things necessary for survival and development as a person, but we have to guard ourselves
too, against consumer culture. We should strengthen our willpower, self-control and wisdom
not to confuse ourselves with materialism. Material blessing are gifts, fruits of our labor and
success. These remind us also to give more and bless others. All that we possess may change,
vanish and be rotten but the authentic self will remain.
Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________
Chapter 2: Lesson 3
MARERIAL SELF
Activity #1
1. Make a collage of your treasured possessions including your current clothing style.
You may use symbols or pictures of your treasured possessions. Put a short note why
you treasure each item. Scoring: Relevance (10) Creativity (5) Neatness (5)
Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________

Chapter 2: Lesson 3
MARERIAL SELF
Activity #2

1. Make a list about the things you want to obtain using money in the future. Write your
long term plans for obtaining these. Write it on space below.

2. List down your spending habits. Evaluate it. Afterwhich, formulate your own
financial management plan

Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________

Chapter 2: Lesson 3
MARERIAL SELF
Self-Assessment #1

I. Answer the following guide questions briefly, neatly, and correctly. (5 pts. each)

1. How much money would it take to make you happy?

How much money would it take to make me happy?, it does not matter if I am poor or
rich what matters is wether I am with my loved ones because money does not bring my
happiness, my loved one does.
2. How can you live in such a possession-oriented culture and believe in the value
system of this culture?
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3. Can you think of a time when you tried to satisfy a spiritual or emotional craving
with something tangible? In what circumstances? Explain.
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4. To be happy or to be rich? Explain.

For me Being happy is the same to being rich, the only difference is that when you are happy,
you are rich emotionally on the other side being physically rich is you can get anything that
you want but the happiness is limited but for me I would choose to be happy, no money can
compare to being happy.

Scoring: Content (2), Coherence (2), Grammar (1)

Chapter 2: Lesson 4
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
 Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with
thanksgiving, present your requests to God. 7 And the peace of God, which transcends all
understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus.
- Philippians 4:6-7
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LEARNING OBJECTIVESOF THE COURSE:

a. Uncover and understand identity and spiritual component of the self.
b. Illustrate vital, analytical insight as main facets of self and identity are
integrated.
c. Assess the self toward various concepts and ideas pertaining to its spiritual
component.

After this Lesson, STUDENTS MUST BE ABLE TO:

a. Comprehend the difference between believing in the supernatural powers and
religious activity.
b. Differentiate the gaps from which society and people perceive, soul and spirit.
c. Aim and ponder on the essence of life and what makes it special for an
individual.

Politics and faith seem to draw an individual's enthusiasm and intense emotional response.
People seem to feel strenuously that they can't stand but react in accordance to their
emotions because their beliefs are being targeted. Nevertheless, one can't really avoid
these two important concepts in their day to day experience. In this section, it explores
more about the religious / spiritual component of a person and tries to look at it from a
cultural and historical / social point of view in order to assess its influence on self-
concept.

THE SPIRITUAL SELF

 The spiritual self is the most intimate, subjective intrinsic aspect of a person.
o It is the most personal aspect of self because of the gratification obtained when talking
of an individual's abilities to contend and distinguish, of an individual's spiritual resilience
and conviction, and of one's uncompromising will, which is nobler compared to any other
feelings of satisfaction.
 Every person has a spiritual belief and practice that establishes the principles of
moral values in their lifestyles.
 Though morality cannot be equated to religion, it still contributes to the moral
standards of a person in dealing with different circumstances.
 The assessment of the spiritual self is a little difficult because a person has to
understand two things: the double definition of the belief and practice of one's
religion.
  A belief or faith of an individual is what lays the ground for one’s behavior. This
may not be immediately presented until one expresses his conviction or an
individual can discern it clearly from the religious practitioner's action.

 A religious practice is the behavior that reflects the person's belief values and
convictions. It's simpler to recognize and evaluate, since it's measurable.

The freedom of citizens to believe is protected by the Constitution, but the expression of
that belief is restricted, since it can influence the society and perhaps other people's
interests.

 The spiritual self would be coherent in accepting and observing that one's own
actions mirror the conviction of an individual.
 In certain instances, however, one's conviction may not actually be mirrored in
that person's behavior, eventually, the individual would choose between the two,
either to reject his conviction or to alter his behavior in full accordance with his
belief.

 Christians has become the world's leading religious’ sect in 2015, accounting for
about a third (31 percent) of the 7.3 billion people in the world, trailed by
Muslims, with 1.8 billion individuals, or 24% of the world's population.
  However, the global population is projected to rise by 32% to 9.6 billion between
2015 and 2060. The percentage of Muslims, the largest religious sect with the
youngest population and the highest fertility, is expected to rise by 70% over the
same period. The proportion of Christians is expected to increase by 34%, a little
faster than the global population, but much slower than Muslims.
 According to the Pew Research Center’s estimates, by 2060, the Muslim
population (3.0 billion, or 31% of the population) would be similar to the Christian
count (3.1 billion, or 32%).

BELIEF AND PRACTICES IN SUPERNATURAL BEING AND POWER

Which of these came first? God or the idea that there is a God?

 Disputes on spiritual life persisted over centuries. Following

are the main concerns of which of these came up first-- God
or the idea that there is a God?
If the answer was God, we might all accept the concept of creation, but if
it was the latter, that would remind us that the conception of God is a
manifestation of a person’s apprehension of the unseen and the
indecipherable.
 It is impossible to discount the effect that the response brings to the
development of the self.
 An individual’s conviction will lead them and serve as a basis for ethical
choices and behavior.
 For instance, one of the first things an individual would take into consideration
before traveling or moving to other place would be the existence of others who
share the same beliefs as theirs.
o This offers them the confidence that they are with people with the
same mind and thus are comfortable with them
 In one lifetime, the most crucial choices will always often be influenced by
one's faith, based on how strong a religious conviction is in a person. o An
individual usually would rather find those of the
same faith as partners or convert to the religion of someone they want to be spouses. o
However, these choices can also indicate lethal, as in the case of members of Peoples
Temple.
Image retrieved from https://www.aswangproject.com/philippines-tribal-religions-today/

This occurred on November 18, 1978, when more than 900 members of an American cult
called the Peoples Temple died in a mass suicide-murder under the direction of their leader
Jim Jones (1931-78).

At least 92% of the population is Christian: About 82.9% belong to the Roman Catholic
Church while about 5.4% belong to the Protestant Christian denominations, such as
seventh-day Adventist Church, united church of Christ in the Philippines and Evangelicals.
At least 92% of the population is Christian
The definition of one's spiritual self is closely connected to the heart of faith and
worship.

A. Buddhism and Hinduism: man’s goal is to reach Nirvana

 Nirvana- that is the removal of desires and sufferings.
 A transcendent condition in which there is no pain, no desire, no sense of self, and
the person is liberated from the consequences of karma and the phase of life and
death.
 Worship is done as a sign of respect rather than veneration.

B. Christians: the most common belief in the Philippines.

 It is believed that God the Father sent his only Son (Jesus) who was conceived of
the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified died and was buried
for the forgiveness of sins of mankind.
 The third day He rose again and was seated at the right hand of God the Father.
 God is the Alpha and Omega, omnipotent, omniscient, and omnipresent. He is
God the Father, God the Son and the Holy Spirit (the Holy Trinity).
 Matters and concerns in this world are irrelevant, as long as they obey God.
Protestants: introduced by the Americans.
 Salvation through Christ Jesus was deeply highlighted and one must be born again
in Spirit and accept Jesus Christ as the Lord and Savior.

C. Muslims: second largest religious sect on the Philippines.

 The name “Muslim” itself defines a person who surrenders and submits to
God- Allah and his laws.
 Allah was the one who gave the message to Mohammed, the founding
prophet.
o Jesus is considered as a prophet not as the Messiah, who was
shown one of the gospels- Taurah (Quran).
o He was also believed to have been born of Mary, the virgin mother
just like Christian tradition.
  Halal (Arabic for permissible), permissible meat which address to Islamic
law, is not gaining popularity.

D. Iglesia Ni Cristo: a local church that has expanded exponentially in the last few
years.
 It believes that God is a singular Being and not the Holy Trinity.

E. Animism: this are indigenous beliefs.

 A form of worship before the Spaniards came to the Philippines and
known to have been continually practiced up to today’s era.
 Trees, plants, sun, sea or any inanimate objects may be worshipped, or it
could also be all of them at the same time.
 Various kinds of Spirits and practices are also pervasive in rural areas.
o Many of them are precolonial practices that persisted and were
mixed with religious traditions.

Every group in a given area in the Philippines would have unique system of beliefs and
artifacts of creed.


It is as varied as the pre-colonial cultures; therefore, it is not shocking that
only a certain supernatural entity is present in one area but never would
have been thought of in another.
 There are several other nocturnal, unidentified creatures believed to be
residing in various regions of the Philippines — aswang, mangkukulam,
tikbalang, tiktik, kapre, dwende, etc.
 Belief in these entities is shown in the way many people will welcome
them as an aspect of human life. It is also not uncommon to see people of
good faith who still subscribe to superstitious beliefs.
THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION

• The practice of religion may include

rites, rituals, worship, sacrifices, fiestas,
trances, mediation, baptismal, etc. as
provided by human culture. It is more
limited than belief, since this would
influence other individuals.

• These exercises become religious

practices when a certain religion consider it as
sacred depending on their belief and it is not
always easy to acknowledge which is
consecrated as what will be categorized as such.
 “Prayer is a General Practice in almost all religions”

RELIGION, MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT.

• There's a trend among contemporary anthropologists to put magic under religion.
Even, some would not include it in religion as there are important variations in the
part of these two.
• Magic is defining as techniques that interact with the supernatural in some way,
and through which individuals can obtain specific effects (Stein & Stein, 2011).

 Edward Tyler (1871) asserts that magic is not a part of religion as there is
no spirit involved.
 For James Frazer (1890), it is magic that took initial step of becoming a
religion that would then propagate as science.
 Emile Durkheim (1912) says that Religious rites require the society while
magic redirects only on the individual's wishes and desires.
 This is not the same as the current definition of magic nowadays, which is
something like an illusion than one that entails the spiritual. Whether or not
we agree that magic can be labeled as supernatural depends on our
understanding of the latter.
 In certain cases, magic is evident in how we related a certain success of a
ritual to a certain outcome. The primary reason people generally fall into
this magic trap is the correlation of certain actions performed and
consequently the resulting accomplishment.
 The doer would be replicating the actions to reproduce the same outcome.
One cannot miss a single action for the reason that one will not know
which of these certain acts produced the resulting success.
 When expected results was not achieved, it is not the failure of the magic
but because of a fault done by the magician. There is also a possibility that
someone used to counter the magic against the magician.
 Witchcraft: refers to individuals who have inherent potential to do evil o
Significantly linked with acts of immorality and being antisocial such as
greed, revenge and jealousy (Stein & Stein, 2011).
o As long as someone tries to do something wrong with another
human, that assumes witchcraft. o If taken into religious context,
witchcraft is associated with the work of the devil or collusion
with the devil.
  Witch: to be branded as such is dangerous for it is known that they are blamed for
the misfortunes of the community.
o There is no good witch.
o A personification of all evil characteristics in the society
 Sorcery: Includes ceremonies and spells which are not a witchcraft prerequisite.
Take for example a student having an exam which will determine whether the one will
graduate or not. Given that the student tried hard to review his notes, it is inevitable that
there is still a possibility of failing the exam no matter how hard one studies due to
unforeseen factors. So what then the student need to do?

A. Pray. Go in the path of worship, and ask God or a deity for support. Maybe
even providing a sacrifice, building an altar, carrying a holy symbol during the
review something that allows the god to help control the test outcome.

B. Go towards the direction of magic by connecting to the divine, so that the

student can monitor the situation personally. Neither the gods nor the spirits
would be concerned. The only thing students need to remember is how to
conduct the magic rite so that the student moves through. It should be
remembered that magic is mostly used in circumstances where threat is
strongly present.

Probing Question:

Think of the greatest suffering that you have ever experienced. How did you
deal with it? If you can go back to that time, and considering what you have learned
now, would you still react the same way you did then? What (if there is) would you do
differently.

Summary:

Belief in divine entities is perhaps one of the oldest convictions that man has ever
had. When people experience events in their lives, particularly tragedy, they turn to
various means of finding an understanding of what is happening around them Perhaps it is
in the spiritual world that people are supposed to adhere. The concept of one’s faith is
very much in line with one's set of values originating from religion, magic or sorcery. A
person turns to them as part of their existence interestingly. The way a person identifies
his or her self-dictates the judgment they take. This is through Frankl, stresses that one
should not question what the meaning of life is, but instead one should recognize that it is
life that questions us-what purpose does a person attribute to life?
Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________

Chapter 2: Lesson 4
SPIRITUAL SELF

ACTIVITY #1

1. Art recall, when was the first time you realized that there is a higher being than yourself?
How old were you then? What made you believe that there is a higher being?
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2. Talk to at least 3 of your friends (from different regions and cultural background as
possible). Ask them at least 3 different spiritual beliefs that they have. Compare them with
your own beliefs
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Name: _______________________________________
SCORE:
Course, Year & Section: _________________________

Chapter 2: Lesson 4
SPIRITUAL SELF

ACTIVITY #2
1.Make a poster about the instance or the situation that made you believe in the existence
of higher being.