Scribd
Upload
26 views

BSNL Report - 2 - NBA

Uploaded by

khadarbasha.n n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views

BSNL Report - 2 - NBA

Uploaded by

khadarbasha.n n
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

EXCHANGE:

All new technology switching systems are based on Stored Program Control
concept. 

The call processing programs are distributed over different control organs of the
system and are stored in ROM / RAM of different control units. 

Processor in the control units by using the programs and data stored in unit ROM
/ RAM process and handle calls. 

Handling or processing call means to ultimately establish a connection in a


switch between incoming line and outgoing line. 

Depending on the name and architecture of control units and switch may change
but criterion for switching remains more or less the same.

There are two types telephone exchange. They are:

1. Manual exchange

2. Automatic exchange

1. Manual exchange:

With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks the
operator to connect the call to a requested number. Provided that the number is in the
same central office, the operator connects the call by plugging into the jack on the
switchboard corresponding to the called customer's line. If the call is to another central
office, the operator plugs into the trunk for the other office and asks the operator
answering (known as the "inward" operator) to connect the call.

In these exchanges there are two types of switch boards used:

a. Cordless type switch board:

It is used for small Private Exchange, where number of telephone lines is less
than 12.
b. Cord type switch board:

It is used when number of telephone lines exceeds 12 telephone lines.

2. Automatic exchange:

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges.

Today’s automatic exchanges use a pair of computers.

One, running the program that provides services.

Second, monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take over in a few seconds
in the event of equipment failure.

There are two types of Automatic exchanges:

1. Electromechanical Switching system:

I) Strowger Type Switching system

II) Crossbar Type Switching system

2. Electronic Switching system:

Various exchanges present in BSNL are: C-DOT, OCB, EWSD etc.

I) Strowger Type Switching system:

Almon B. Strowger was an undertaker in Kansas city, USA, the story goes that
there was a competing undertaker locally whose wife was an operator at the local
telephone exchange.

Whenever a caller asked to be put through to Strowger, calls were deliberately


put through to his competitor. This obviously frustrated Strowger greatly & he set about
developing a system for doing away with the human part of the equation!
Strowger developed a system of automatic switching using an electromechanical
switch based around electromagnets & pawls. With the help of his nephew (W.S.
Strowger) he produced a working model in 1888.in this selector, a moving wiper (with
contacts on the end) moved up to & around a bank of many other contacts, making
connection with any one of them.

II) Crossbar Type Switching system:

A crossbar switch is one of the principle architecture used to construct switches


of many types. Crossbar switches are some times referred to as “cross point switches”.
The other principle switch architectures are that of memory switches or crossover
switch(banyan switch).

A CB exchange was divided into an originating side and a terminating side when
a user picked up their handset, the resulting line loop operating the user’s line relay
caused the exchange to connect the user’s telephone to an originating sender, which
returns the user a dial tone. The sender then recorded the dialed digits and passed
them to the originating marker,which selected an outgoing trunk & operated the various
crossbar switches stages to connect the calling user to it .

Basic Concept:

1. Switching equipment:

Equipment which effects interconnected of telephones is known as switching


equipment. Basically it is a device or a system that connects one telephone line to
another so that 2 or more people can have a conversation over their respective
telephones or so that your computer’s modem can connect to a remote modem such as
a remote modem owned by an ISP (internet service provider ) which in turn connects
you to the internet.

2. Telephone exchange:

The switching centre, which houses the terminating and switching equipment is
called telephone exchange.
EXCHANGE LAYOUT:

Typical exchange consists of:

 Switch Room
 Operations and Maintenance (OMC) Room
 Input Output processor (IOP) Room
 Power Plant Room
 Battery Room
 Main Distribution Frame (MDF) Room

MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL:

A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets of the base. Once the
dial tone is heard, the caller uses a rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the
handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the telephone number of called
party.

The switching equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from the line
after the first digit is received and after receiving the last digit, determines the called
party is in the same exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same exchange,
burst of ringing current is applied to the called party’s line.

Each telephone contains a ringer that responds to specific electric frequency.


When the called party answers the telephone by pocking up the handset, steady start to
flow in the called party’s line and is detected by the exchange.

The exchange than stops applying ringing and sets up the connection between
the caller and the called party. If the called party is in different exchange from the caller,
the caller exchange set up the connection over the telephone network to the called
party’s exchange.

The called party then handles the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and
notifying the calling and billing machinery when the call is completed.
When conversation is over, one or both parties hang up by replacing their
handset on the base, stopping the flow of current. The exchange when initiates the
process of taking down the connection, including notifying billing equipment of the
duration of the call if appropriate.

You might also like