ECC206 – Statics

Tariku A. Asress

Chapter 6: Distributed Forces –

Centroids and Centers of Forces
Contents
• Introduction • Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
• Center of Gravity of a 2D Body • Distributed Loads on Beams
• Centroids and First Moments of • Center of Gravity of a 3D Body:
Areas and Lines Centroid of a Volume
• Centroids of Common Shapes of • Centroids of Common 3D
Areas Shapes
• Centroids of Common Shapes of • Composite 3D Bodies
Lines
• Composite Plates and Areas
• Determination of Centroids by
Integration
Objectives
By the end of this lesson you should be able to:
1) Describe the centers of gravity of two and three dimensional bodies.
2) Define the centroids of lines, areas, and volumes.
3) Consider the first moments of lines and areas.
4) Determine centroids of composite lines, areas, and volumes.
5) Apply the theorems of Pappus-Galdinus to analyze surfaces and bodies
of revolution.
6) Analyze distributed loads on beams and forces on submerged surfaces.
Application

There are many examples in engineering analysis of distributed loads. It is

convenient in some cases to represent such loads as a concentrated force
located at the centroid of the distributed load.
Introduction
• The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles forming a
body – consider how your weight is distributed throughout your body.
These forces can be replaced by a single equivalent force equal to the
weight of the body and applied at the center of gravity for the body.
• The centroid of an area is analogous to the center of gravity of a body; it
is the “center of area.” The concept of the first moment of an area is used
to locate the centroid.
• Determination of the area of a surface of revolution and the volume of a
body of revolution are accomplished with the Theorems of Pappus-
Guldinus.
Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
• Center of gravity of a plate • Center of gravity of a wire

M y x W   xW
  x dW
M y yW   y W
  y dW
Centroids and First Moments of Areas and Lines
• Centroid of an area • Centroid of a line

x W   x dW
x W   x dW x  La    x  a dL
x At    x t dA x L   x dL
x A   x dA  Q y yL   y dL
 first moment wit h respect to y
yA   y dA  Q x
 first moment wit h respect to x
Determination of Centroids by Integration
x A   xdA   x dxdy   xel dA • Double integration to find the first
yA   y dA   y dxdy   yel dA moment may be avoided by defining dA
as a thin rectangle or strip.

x A   xel dA xA   xel dA
x A   xel dA
2r 1 2 
  x  ydx  
ax
 a  x dx    3 cos   r d 
2 
yA   y el dA 2
yA   y el dA
yA   yel dA
y 1 2 
   ydx 
2r
  y a  x dx    3 sin   r d 
2 2 
Example 1
SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
• Evaluate the total area.
• Using either vertical or horizontal
Determine by direct integration the strips, perform a single integration to
location of the centroid of a find the first moments.
parabolic spandrel. • Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
First, estimate the location of the
centroid by inspection. Discuss
with a friend where it is located,
roughly, and justify your answer.
Example 1 – Solution
• Determine the constant k.
y  k x2
b
b  k a2  k 
a2
b a
y 2
x 2
or x  1 2 y1 2
a b
• Evaluate the total area.
A  dA
a
a
b 2  b x3 
  y dx   2 x dx   2 
0 a 
 a 3 0

ab

3
Example 1 – Solution

• Using vertical strips, perform a single

integration to find the first moments.
a  b 2 
Qy   x el dA   xy dx   x 2 x d x
0 a 
a
 b x 4  a 2b
  2  
a 4 0 4
2
y a 1  b 
Qx   y el dA   y dx    2 x 2  dx
2 0 2 a 
a
 b 2 x 5  ab2
  4  
2a 5 0 10
Example 1 – Solution
• Or, using horizontal strips, perform a single
integration to find the first moments. Try
calculating Qy or Qx by this method, and
confirm that you get the same value as
before.
ax b a2  x2
Qy   x el dA  
2
a  x dy  
2
dy
0

1 b  2 a 2  a 2b
  a  y dy 
2 0  b  4
 a 1 2 
Qx   y el dA   y a  x dy   ya  1 2 y d y
 b 
b  a 3 2  ab2
  ay  1 2 y d y 
0  b  10
Example 1 – Solution
• Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
xA  Q y
ab a 2b 3
x  x  a
3 4 4

yA  Q x
ab ab 2 3
y  y b
3 10 10

Is this “center of area” close to where

you estimated it would be?
First Moments of Areas and Lines
• An area is symmetric with respect to an axis BB’ if for every
point P there exists a point P’ such that PP’ is perpendicular
to BB’ and is divided into two equal parts by BB’.
• The first moment of an area with respect to a line of symmetry is
zero.
• If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its centroid lies on that
axis
• If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its centroid lies at
their intersection.
• Area is symmetric with respect to a center O if for every element
dA at (x,y) there exists an area dA’ of equal area at (-x,-y).
• The centroid of the area coincides with the center of symmetry.
Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
Composite Plates and Areas
• Composite plates
X W   x W
Y W   y W

• Composite area
X  A   xA
Y  A   yA
Example 2
SOLUTION:
• Divide the area into a triangle, rectangle,
and semicircle with a circular cutout.
• Calculate the first moments of each area
with respect to the axes.
• Find the total area and first moments of
the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle.
For the plane area shown, Subtract the area and first moment of the
determine the first moments circular cutout.
with respect to the x and y axes • Compute the coordinates of the area
and the location of the centroid. centroid by dividing the first moments by
the total area.
Example 2 – Solution

• Find the total area and first moments of the Q x  506.2  10 3 mm 3

triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. Subtract the Q y  757.7  10 3 mm 3
area and first moment of the circular cutout.
Example 2 – Solution
• Compute the coordinates of the area centroid by dividing the first
moments by the total area.

X   x A  757.7  103 mm 3

 A 13.828 103 mm 2
X  54.8 mm

Y   y A  506.2  103 mm 3

A 13.828  103 mm 2
Y  36.6 mm
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus

• Surface of revolution is generated by rotating a plane curve about a fixed

axis.
• Area of a surface of revolution is
equal to the length of the generating
curve times the distance traveled by
the centroid through the rotation.
A  2 yL
Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus

• Body of revolution is generated by rotating a plane area about a fixed axis.

• Volume of a body of revolution is

equal to the generating area times
the distance traveled by the centroid
through the rotation.
V  2 y A
Example 3
SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-
Guldinus to evaluate the volumes
of revolution of the pulley, which
we will form as a large rectangle
with an inner rectangular cutout.
The outside diameter of a pulley is • Multiply by density and
0.8 m, and the cross section of its acceleration to get the mass and
rim is as shown. Knowing that the weight.
pulley is made of steel determine
the mass and weight of the rim.
  7.85 103 kg m 3
Example 3 – Solution
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus to
evaluate the volumes or revolution for the
rectangular rim section and the inner cutout
section.
• Multiply by density and acceleration to get
the mass and weight.

  
m  V  7.85103 kg m3 7.65106 mm3 109 m3 /mm3  m  60.0 kg
W  mg 60.0 kg9.81 m s 
2
W  589 N
Distributed Loads on Beams

L
• A distributed load is represented by plotting the load
W   wdx   dA  A per unit length, w (N/m) . The total load is equal to
0
the area under the load curve.
OP W   xdW • A distributed load can be replace by a concentrated
L load with a magnitude equal to the area under the
OP  A   xdA  x A
0 load curve and a line of action passing through the
area centroid.
Example 4 SOLUTION:
• The magnitude of the concentrated
load is equal to the total load or the
area under the curve.
• The line of action of the concentrated
load passes through the centroid of
the area under the curve.
A beam supports a distributed • Determine the support reactions by
load as shown. Determine the (a) drawing the free body diagram for
equivalent concentrated load and the beam and (b) applying the
the reactions at the supports. conditions of equilibrium.
Example 4 – Solution
• The magnitude of the concentrated load is equal
to the total load or the area under the curve.
F  18.0 kN
• The line of action of the concentrated load
passes through the centroid of the area under
the curve.
63 kN  m
X  X  3.5 m
18 kN
Example 4 – Solution
• Determine the support reactions by applying
the equilibrium conditions. For example,
successively sum the moments at the two
supports:
 MA  0 : By 6 m 18 kN3.5 m 0

B y  10.5 kN

  MB  0 :  Ay 6 m 18 kN6 m 3.5 m 0

Ay  7.5 kN
• And by summing forces in the x-direction:

 Fx  0 : Bx  0
Center of Gravity of a 3D Body: Centroid of a Volume

• Center of gravity G  • Results are independent of body


 W j    W j  orientation,
  xW   xdW yW   ydW zW   zdW
rG   W j    r   W j 
 
 
rGW   j    r W    j 
  • For homogeneous bodies,
W   V and dW   dV
 
W   dW rGW   r dW xV  yV  zV 
 xdV  ydV  zdV
Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
Composite 3D Bodies
• Moment of the total weight concentrated at
the center of gravity G is equal to the sum of
the moments of the weights of the component
parts.
X W   x W Y W   yW Z W   z W

• For homogeneous bodies,

X V   x V Y V   yV Z V   z V
Example 5
SOLUTION:
• Form the machine element from a
rectangular parallelepiped and a
quarter cylinder and then
subtracting two 1-in. diameter
cylinders.

Locate the center of gravity of the

steel machine element. The
diameter of each hole is 1 in.
Example 5 – Solution
Example 5 – Solution

X   xV V  3.08 i n  5.286 i n 
4 3

X  0.577 in.


Y   yV V  5.047 i n  5.286 i n 
4 3

Y  0.577 in.


Z   zV V  1.618 i n  5.286 i n 
4 3

Z  0.577 in.
End of Chapter

Homework, Announcemets… etc

References
[1] Beer F.P. , Johnston Jr. E.R., Mazurek D.F. , Cornwell P.J. and Eisenberg E.R., Vector Mechanics For
Engineers: Statics and Dynamics, 9th SI Version, McGraw Hill Companies, USA, 2010.