Notes by Mrs Pritee Parwekar – ANITS

Reference : Cloud Computing A Practical Approach by Anthony T Velte

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  Topic 1 – Overview
 Topic 2 - What Makes Up A Cloud Computing
System?
 Topic 3– Cloud Computing Applications
 Topic 4: The Business Case for Going to the Cloud

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  Definition: Cloud computing is a general term for anything
that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet.
These services are broadly divided into three categories:
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service
(PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). The name cloud
computing was inspired by the cloud symbol that's often
used to represent the Internet in flowcharts and diagrams.

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  When plugging an electric appliance into an outlet, we care
neither how electric power is generated nor how it gets to
that outlet. This is possible because electricity is
virtualized; that is, it is readily available from a wall socket
that hides power generation stations and a huge
distribution grid. When extended to information
technologies, this concept means delivering useful
functions while hiding how their internals work.

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  Technologies such as cluster, grid, and now, cloud computing, have all
aimed at allowing access to large amounts of computing power in a
fully virtualized manner, by aggregating resources and offering a single
system view. In addition, an important aim of these technologies has
been delivering computing as a utility. Utility computing describes a
business model for on-demand delivery of computing power; consumers
pay providers based on usage ("pay-as-you-go"), similar to the way in
which we currently obtain services from traditional public utility
services such as water, electricity, gas, and telephony.

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  In its simplest terms, cloud computing can be described as a way to
house data and applications in remote central servers that can be
accessed and updated by multiple users simultaneously. Essentially, a
standard desktop or laptop computer becomes a portal where users
tap into programs or information through the internet. However, the
way that users access the information or applications is not quite as
simple as logging into a website. The platforms that manage or
enable access, as well as the actual application themselves, and the
infrastructure required to coordinate all of these elements, form the
basic elements of cloud computing.

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  Cloud computing has become a great solution for providing a flexible,
on-demand, and dynamically scalable computing infrastructure for
many applications. Cloud computing also presents a significant
technology trends, and it is already obvious that it is reshaping
information technology processes and the IT marketplace.

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  Cloud computing can be defined as a new style of computing in which
dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a
services over the Internet. Cloud computing has become a significant
technology trend, and many experts expect that cloud computing will
reshape information technology (IT) processes and the IT
marketplace. With the cloud computing technology, users use a
variety of devices, including PCs, laptops, Smartphones, and PDAs to
access programs, storage, and application-development platforms
over the Internet, via services offered by cloud computing providers.
Advantages of the cloud computing technology include cost savings,
high availability, and easy scalability.

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 Applications
Saas

Platform
Paas

Infrastructure
Iaas

Virtualization

Servers & Storage

DSaas
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  Figure 1, adapted from Voas and Zhang (2009),
shows six phases of computing paradigms, from
dummy terminals/mainframes, to PCs, networking
computing, to grid and cloud computing.

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Pritee Parwekar ANITS Figure 1.
  The emergence of Web services (WS) open standards has significantly
contributed to advances in the domain of software integration. Web
services can glue together applications running on different
messaging product platforms, enabling information from one
application to be made available to others, and enabling internal
applications to be made available over the Internet.

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  A step beyond distributed processing, involving large
number of networked computers (often geographically
dispersed and possibly of different types and capabilities)
that are harnessed to solve a common problem. Clouds are
usually organized as a computer grid.

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  Grid computing enables aggregation of distributed resources and
transparently access to them. Most production grids such as TeraGrid
and EGEE seek to share compute and storage resources distributed
across different administrative domains, with their main focus being
speeding up a broad range of scientific applications, such as climate
modeling, drug design, and protein analysis.

 The development of standardized protocols for several grid

computing activities has contributed—theoretically—to allow delivery
of on-demand computing services over the Internet.

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 This is for user population in the tens of millions.

 Example: Each query on George search is resolved by a

purpose-built grid of up to 1,00 servers. George routes
queries to many search grids.

 Yahoo also has a massively scaled-out email system. It

caters to more than 260 million users, of which tens of
millions must be active at a time.

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  A cloud service has three distinct characteristics that differentiate it
from traditional hosting. It is sold on demand, typically by the minute
or the hour; it is elastic -- a user can have as much or as little of a
service as they want at any given time; and the service is fully
managed by the provider (the consumer needs nothing but a personal
computer and Internet access). Significant innovations in
virtualization and distributed computing, as well as improved access
to high-speed Internet and a weak economy, have accelerated
interest in cloud computing.

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  A cloud can be private or public. A public cloud sells services to anyone
on the Internet. (Currently, Amazon Web Services is the largest public
cloud provider.). A private cloud is a proprietary network or a data
center that supplies hosted services to a limited number of people.
When a service provider uses public cloud resources to create their
private cloud, the result is called a virtual private cloud. Private or
public, the goal of cloud computing is to provide easy, scalable access
to computing resources and IT services.

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 A cloud is used in network diagrams to depict the internet

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 Clients are the devices the end users interact with to
manage their information on the cloud. Clients generally
fall into three categories:

•Mobile devices include PDAs or Smartphones, like a

Blackberry, Windows Mobile Smartphone, or an iPhone.

•Thin Clients are computers that do not have internal hard

drives, but rather let the server do all the work, but then
display the information.

•Thick Clients: This type of client is a regular computer,

using a web browser like Firefox or Internet Explorer to
connect to the cloud. Servers do all the work, but then
display the information.
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  Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) like Amazon Compute Cloud (EC2)
provides virtual server instance API to start, stop, access and
configure their virtual servers and storage. In the enterprise, cloud
computing allows a company to pay for only as much capacity as is
needed, and bring more online as soon as required. Because this pay-
for-what-you-use model resembles the way electricity, fuel and water
are consumed, it's sometimes referred to as utility computing.
Another player in the field is GoGrid.

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 Offering virtualized resources (computation, storage, and
communication) on demand is known as Infrastructure as a
Service (IaaS) A cloud infrastructure enables on-demand
provisioning of servers running several choices of operating
systems and a customized software stack. Infrastructure
services are considered to be the bottom layer of cloud
computing systems.

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  Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) in the cloud is defined as a set of
software and product development tools hosted on the provider's
infrastructure. Developers create applications on the provider's
platform over the Internet. PaaS providers may use APIs, website
portals or gateway software installed on the customer's
computer. Force.com, (an outgrowth of Salesforce.com) and
GoogleApps are examples of PaaS. Developers need to know that
currently, there are not standards for interoperability or data
portability in the cloud. Some providers will not allow software
created by their customers to be moved off the provider's
platform.

 Google's App Engine is an example of a platform, where users

may access the apps through the platform

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  Google's App Engine is an example of a platform, where users may
access the apps through the platform. The apps themselves provide
functions or services that are based on data collected from a variety
of different sources. Some applications are more specific to industry,
such as a sales software suite that tracks the individual calls and
progress of a team of roaming representatives who can input their
information from a mobile device into a centralized application that
displays all information in real time. The fee systems for these
services constitute the infrastructure.

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 A central server administers the system, monitoring traffic and client
demands to ensure everything runs smoothly. It follows a set of rules
called protocols and uses a special kind of software called
middleware. Middleware allows networked computers to
communicate with each other. Most of the time, servers don't run at
full capacity. That means there's unused processing power going to
waste. It's possible to fool a physical server into thinking it's actually
multiple servers, each running with its own independent operating
system. The technique is called server virtualization. By maximizing
the output of individual servers, server virtualization reduces the
need for more physical machines.

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  In the software-as-a-service (SaaS) cloud model, the vendor supplies
the hardware infrastructure, the software product and interacts with
the user through a front-end portal. SaaS is a very broad market.
Services can be anything from Web-based email to inventory control
and database processing. Because the service provider hosts both the
application and the data, the end user is free to use the service from
anywhere.

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  When talking about a cloud computing system, it's
helpful to divide it into two sections: the front end and
the back end. They connect to each other through a
network, usually the Internet. The front end is the side
the computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the
"cloud" section of the system.

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  The front end includes the client's computer (or computer
network) and the application required to access the cloud
computing system. Not all cloud computing systems have
the same user interface. Services like Web-based e-mail
programs leverage existing Web browsers like Internet
Explorer or Firefox. Other systems have unique applications
that provide network access to clients.

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  On the back end of the system are the various computers,
servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of
computing services. In theory, a cloud computing system
could include practically any computer program you can
imagine, from data processing to video games. Usually,
each application will have its own dedicated server.

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 If a cloud computing company has a lot of clients, there's likely to be a
high demand for a lot of storage space. Some companies require
hundreds of digital storage devices. Cloud computing systems need at
least twice the number of storage devices it requires to keep all its
clients' information stored. That's because these devices, like all
computers, occasionally break down. A cloud computing system must
make a copy of all its clients' information and store it on other
devices. The copies enable the central server to access backup
machines to retrieve data that otherwise would be unreachable.
Making copies of data as a backup is called redundancy.

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  The applications of cloud computing are practically limitless. With
the right middleware, a cloud computing system could execute all
the programs a normal computer could run. Potentially,
everything from generic word processing software to customized
computer programs designed for a specific company could work
on a cloud computing system.

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 Why would anyone want to rely on another computer system to
run programs and store data? Here are just a few reasons:

 Clients would be able to access their applications and data from

anywhere at any time. They could access the cloud computing
system using any computer linked to the Internet. Data wouldn't
be confined to a hard drive on one user's computer or even a
corporation's internal network.

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 It could bring hardware costs down. Cloud computing systems would
reduce the need for advanced hardware on the client side. You
wouldn't need to buy the fastest computer with the most memory,
because the cloud system would take care of those needs for you.
Instead, you could buy an inexpensive computer terminal. The
terminal could include a monitor, input devices like a keyboard and
mouse and just enough processing power to run the middleware
necessary to connect to the cloud system. You wouldn't need a large
hard drive because you'd store all your information on a remote
computer.

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 Corporations that rely on computers have to make sure they have the
right software in place to achieve goals. Cloud computing systems
give these organizations company-wide access to computer
applications. The companies don't have to buy a set of software or
software licenses for every employee. Instead, the company could
pay a metered fee to a cloud computing company.

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 Servers and digital storage devices take up space. Some
companies rent physical space to store servers and
databases because they don't have it available on site.
Cloud computing gives these companies the option of
storing data on someone else's hardware, removing the
need for physical space on the front end.

Corporations might save money on IT support.

Streamlined hardware would, in theory, have fewer
problems than a network of heterogeneous machines
and operating systems.

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 If the cloud computing system's back end is a grid
computing system, then the client could take advantage of
the entire network's processing power. Often, scientists and
researchers work with calculations so complex that it
would take years for individual computers to complete
them. On a grid computing system, the client could send
the calculation to the cloud for processing. The cloud
system would tap into the processing power of all available
computers on the back end, significantly speeding up the
calculation.

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 . Good performance measures are:

 Related to the strategic and tactical goals of the company

 Balanced between short-term and long-term goals
 Understandable Easily comprehended by those it affects
 Objective Measurable without significant bias
 Consistent Used on a regular basis
 Actionable Affected by actions of employees
You can't improve what you don't measure. Performance
measurement is vital for the long-term success of any endeavor.
In our complex world, everyone has multiple goals and
mechanisms for reaching them. For example, in addition to
financial performance goals, many firms place great importance
on employee satisfaction and community contribution.

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  Whether or not you move to the cloud depends on your
organization, what you need to accomplish, and whether or
not the cloud can help you do it.

 We’ll also talk about how different cloud services (PaaS,

SaaS, and so on) can serve you.

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 Infrastructure as a Service--Amazon EC2
 Platform as a Service—RightScale, Salesforce.com
 Software as a Service--Google App Engine and Salesforce
 Software plus Services--Microsoft’s take on SaaS is slightly
different with their Software plus Services (sometimes they
shorten it to S+S).

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  Let’s first talk about Infrastructure as a Service. In this
scenario, you’re using the cloud provider’s machines.
Another term for this type of computing is Everything as a
Service. That is, you are using a virtualized server and
running software on it. One of the most prevalent is
Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2). Another player in the
field is GoGrid. In this section we’ll take a closer look at
both Amazon and GoGrid.

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  Amazon EC2’s simple web service interface allows
businesses to obtain and configure capacity with
minimal friction. It provides control of computing
resources and lets organizations run on Amazon’s
computing environment.

 Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and

boot new server instances to minutes, allowing quick
scaling capacity, both up and down, as computing
requirements change. Amazon EC2 changes the
economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for
capacity that you actually use.

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  Customers can employ Amazon EC2 running Windows
Server or SQL Server with all of the benefits of Amazon
EC2. Windows with Amazon EC2 has been a common
request of AWS customers since the service launched.
Amazon EC2 provides an environment for deploying
ASP.NET web sites, high-performance computing clusters,
media transcoding solutions, and many other Windows-
based applications.

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  With over two years of operation Amazon EC2 exited its
beta into general availability and offers customers a
Service Level Agreement (SLA). The Amazon EC2 SLA
guarantees 99.95 percent availability of the service within
a region over a trailing 365-day period, or customers are
eligible to receive service credits back. The Amazon EC2
SLA is designed to give customers additional confidence
that even the most demanding applications will run
dependably in the AWS cloud.

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  Load balancing-- Enables customers to balance incoming requests and
distribute traffic across multiple Amazon EC2 compute instances.
 Auto-scaling --Automatically grows and shrinks usage of Amazon EC2
compute capacity based on application requirements.
 Monitoring --Enables customers to monitor operational metrics of
Amazon EC2, providing even better visibility into usage of the AWS
cloud.
 Management Console-- Provides a simple, point-and-click web interface
that lets customers manage and access their AWS cloud resources.

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  GoGrid is a service provider of Windows and Linux cloud-
based server hosting, and offers 32-bit and 64-bit editions
of Windows Server 2008 within its cloud computing
infrastructure. Parent company ServePath is a Microsoft
Gold Certified Partner, and launched Windows Server 2008
dedicated hosting in February of 2010.

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  Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a way to build applications
and have them hosted by the cloud provider. It allows you
to deploy applications without having to spend the money
to buy the servers on which to house them. In this section
we’ll take a closer look at companies RightScale and
Google. We’ll talk about their services, what they offer,
and what other companies are getting out of those
services.

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  RightScale entered into a strategic product and partnership,
broadening its cloud management platform to support emerging
clouds from new vendors, including FlexiScale and GoGrid, while
continuing its support for Amazon’s EC2. RightScale is also working
with Rackspace to ensure compatibility with their cloud offerings,
including Mosso and CloudFS. RightScale offers an integrated
management dashboard, where applications can be deployed once
and managed across these and other clouds.

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  Salesforce.com offers Force.com as its on-demand
platform. Force.com features breakthrough Visualforce
technology, which allows customers, developers, and ISVs
to design any app, for any user, anywhere with the world’s
first User Interface-as-a-Service. The Force.com platform
offers global infrastructure and services for database,
logic, workflow, integration, user interface, and
application exchange.

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  Google has partnered with Salesforce to make it easy for companies of
all sizes to run their business in the cloud with Salesforce for Google
Apps. The combination of the Google Apps suite of productivity
applications and the Salesforce suite of Customer Relationship
Management (CRM) applications enables businesses to effectively
communicate and collaborate without any hardware or software to
download, install, or maintain. Salesforce for Google Apps also
leverages the Force.com Platform and Google’s open APIs, opening up
even more development opportunities for developers and partners.

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  Salesforce for Google Apps is a combination of essential applications
for business productivity (email, calendaring, documents,
spreadsheets, presentations, instant messaging) and CRM (sales,
marketing, service and support, partners) that enables an entirely new
way for business professionals to communicate, collaborate, and work
together in real time over the Web. Salesforce for Google Apps offers a
complete way for businesses to harness the power of cloud computing
without the cost and complexity of managing hardware or software
infrastructure.

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  Salesforce and Gmail Businesses can now easily send, receive, and store
email communication, keeping a complete record of customer
interactions for better sales execution and improved customer
satisfaction.

 Salesforce and Google Docs Create, manage, and share online Google
Documents, Google Spreadsheets, and Google Presentations within your
sales organization, marketing group, or support team for instant
collaboration.

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  Salesforce and Google Talk Instantly communicate with colleagues or
customers from Salesforce and optionally attach Google Talk
conversations to customer or prospect records stored in Salesforce.

 Salesforce and Google Calendar Expose sales tasks and marketing

campaigns from Salesforce on Google Calendar. Built by Appirio, this
application is one example of a new category of partner extensions to
Salesforce for Google Apps.

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 Microsoft’s take on SaaS is slightly different with their
Software plus Services (sometimes they shorten it to S+S).
In this model, typical SaaS is bolstered with software
running locally. That is, you run some software on-site and
reach out to the cloud for additional services. This provides
the flexibility of using a cloud provider, and also the
reliability of having data stored on-site, as well.

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 Cloud computing offers a number of benefits that your
organization can realize. There’s a reason cloud
computing is the latest “big” thing in the world of
computing. It helps your organization on a number of
levels, not the least of which is the bottom line. In this
section, let’s talk a little bit about why a move to the
cloud helps your organization.

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  Reduced cost Since technology is paid incrementally, your organization
saves money in the long run.
 Increased storage You can store more data on the cloud than on a
private network. Plus, if you need more it’s easy enough to get that extra
storage
 Automation Your IT staff no longer needs to worry that an application is
up to date—that’s the provider’s job. And they know they have to keep it
up to date or they’ll start losing customers.
 Flexibility You have more flexibility with a cloud solution. Applications
can be tested and deployed with ease, and if it turns out that a given
application isn’t getting the job done, you can switch to another.

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  Better mobility Users can access the cloud from anywhere
with an Internet connection. This is ideal for road warriors or
telecommuters—or someone who needs to access the
system after hours.

 Better use of IT staff IT staff no longer has to worry about

server updates and other computing issues. They can focus
on duties that matter, rather than being maintenance staff.

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  People We hate to suggest that anyone lose their job, but the honest-
to-goodness truth (we’re sorry) is that by moving to the cloud, you’ll
rely on fewer staffers. By having fewer staff members, you can look at
your team and decide if such-and-such a person is necessary.

 Hardware With the exception of very large enterprises or governments,

major cloud suppliers can purchase hardware, networking equipment,
bandwidth, and so forth, much cheaper than a “regular” business.

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  Process Each Google application is built with security in mind.
Applications are constantly reviewed for security as part of their Secure
Code development process. The application development environment is
also restricted and monitored for an additional layer of security. External
security audits are also routinely conducted.

 Technology Google Apps data is divided between multiple servers and

disks, which makes it impossible to read, if someone were to breach a
lone server. Also, the way in which the Google servers are built makes it
possible to rapidly distribute updates and configuration changes.

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