C++ OOPs Concepts

Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as inheritance, data
binding, polymorphism etc.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented
Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects.
It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

• Object
• Class
• Inheritance
• Polymorphism
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behaviour is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance

When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known
as inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.
Advantage of OOPs over Procedure-oriented programming language

1. OOPs makes development and maintenance easier where as in Procedure-oriented

programming language it is not easy to manage if code grows as project size grows.
2. OOPs provide data hiding whereas in Procedure-oriented programming language a global
data can be accessed from anywhere.
3. OOPs provide ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively. We can provide
the solution of real word problem if we are using the Object-Oriented Programming
language.

Polymorphism

When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example:
to convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.

In C++, we use Function overloading and Function overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Abstraction

Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example:
phone call, we don't know the internal processing.

In C++, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation

Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as
encapsulation. For example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

C++ Object and Class

Since C++ is an object-oriented language, program is designed using objects and classes in
C++.

C++ Object

In C++, Object is a real world entity, for example, chair, car, pen, mobile, laptop etc.

In other words, object is an entity that has state and behavior. Here, state means data and
behavior means functionality.

Object is a runtime entity, it is created at runtime.

Object is an instance of a class. All the members of the class can be accessed through object.

Let's see an example to create object of student class using s1 as the reference variable.

1. Student s1; //creating an object of Student

In this example, Student is the type and s1 is the reference variable that refers to the instance
of Student class.

C++ Class
In C++, object is a group of similar objects. It is a template from which objects are created. It
can have fields, methods, constructors etc.

Let's see an example of C++ class that has three fields only.

1. class Student
2. {
3. public:
4. int id; //field or data member
5. float salary; //field or data member
6. String name;//field or data member
7. }

C++ Object and Class Example

Let's see an example of class that has two fields: id and name. It creates instance of the class,
initializes the object and prints the object value.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Student {
4. public:
5. int id;//data member (also instance variable)
6. string name;//data member(also instance variable)
7. };
8. int main() {
9. Student s1; //creating an object of Student
10. s1.id = 201;
11. s1.name = "Sonoo Jaiswal";
12. cout<<s1.id<<endl;
13. cout<<s1.name<<endl;
14. return 0;
15. }

Output: 201
Sonoo Jaiswal
C++ Class Example: Initialize and Display data through method

Let's see another example of C++ class where we are initializing and displaying object
through method.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Student {
4. public:
5. int id;//data member (also instance variable)
6. string name;//data member(also instance variable)
7. void insert(int i, string n)
8. {
9. id = i;
10. name = n;
11. }
12. void display()
13. {
14. cout<<id<<" "<<name<<endl;
15. }
16. };
17. int main(void) {
18. Student s1; //creating an object of Student
19. Student s2; //creating an object of Student
20. s1.insert(201, "Sonoo");
21. s2.insert(202, "Nakul");
22. s1.display();
23. s2.display();
24. return 0;
25. }

Output:

201 Sonoo
202 Nakul
C++ Class Example: Store and Display Employee Information

Let's see another example of C++ class where we are storing and displaying employee
information using method.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Employee {
4. public:
5. int id;//data member (also instance variable)
6. string name;//data member(also instance variable)
7. float salary;
8. void insert(int i, string n, float s)
9. {
10. id = i;
 11. name = n;
12. salary = s;
13. }
14. void display()
15. {
16. cout<<id<<" "<<name<<" "<<salary<<endl;
17. }
18. };
19. int main(void) {
20. Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
21. Employee e2; //creating an object of Employee
22. e1.insert(201, "Sonoo",990000);
23. e2.insert(202, "Nakul", 29000);
24. e1.display();
25. e2.display();
26. return 0;
27. }

Output:

201 Sonoo 990000

202 Nakul 29000

C++ Constructor
In C++, constructor is a special method which is invoked automatically at the time of object
creation. It is used to initialize the data members of new object generally. The constructor in
C++ has the same name as class or structure.

There can be two types of constructors in C++.

• Default constructor
• Parameterized constructor

C++ Default Constructor

A constructor which has no argument is known as default constructor. It is invoked at the

time of creating object.

Let's see the simple example of C++ default Constructor.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Employee
4. {
5. public:
6. Employee()
7. {
 8. cout<<"Default Constructor Invoked"<<endl;
9. }
10. };
11. int main(void)
12. {
13. Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
14. Employee e2;
15. return 0;
16. }

Output:

Default Constructor Invoked

Default Constructor Invoked
C++ Parameterized Constructor

A constructor which has parameters is called parameterized constructor. It is used to provide

different values to distinct objects.

Let's see the simple example of C++ Parameterized Constructor.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Employee {
public:
int id;//data member (also instance variable)
string name;//data member(also instance variable)
float salary;
Employee(int i, string n, float s)
{
id = i;
name = n;
salary = s;
}
void display()
{
cout<<id<<" "<<name<<" "<<salary<<endl;
}
};
int main(void) {
Employee e1 =Employee(101, "Sonoo", 890000); //creating an object of
Employee
Employee e2=Employee(102, "Nakul", 59000);
e1.display();
e2.display();
return 0;
}

Output:

101 Sonoo 890000

102 Nakul 59000
C++ Destructor
A destructor works opposite to constructor; it destructs the objects of classes. It can be
defined only once in a class. Like constructors, it is invoked automatically.

A destructor is defined like constructor. It must have same name as class. But it is prefixed
with a tilde sign (~).

C++ Constructor and Destructor Example

Let's see an example of constructor and destructor in C++ which is called automatically.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Employee
4. {
5. public:
6. Employee()
7. {
8. cout<<"Constructor Invoked"<<endl;
9. }
10. ~Employee()
11. {
12. cout<<"Destructor Invoked"<<endl;
13. }
14. };
15. int main(void)
16. {
17. Employee e1; //creating an object of Employee
18. Employee e2; //creating an object of Employee
19. return 0;
20. }

Output:

Constructor Invoked
Constructor Invoked
Destructor Invoked
Destructor Invoked

C++ this Pointer

In C++ programming, this is a keyword that refers to the current instance of the class. There
can be 3 main usage of this keyword in C++.

• It can be used to pass current object as a parameter to another method.

• It can be used to refer current class instance variable.
• It can be used to declare indexers.
C++ this Pointer Example

Let's see the example of this keyword in C++ that refers to the fields of current class.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Employee {
4. public:
5. int id; //data member (also instance variable)
6. string name; //data member(also instance variable)
7. float salary;
8. Employee(int id, string name, float salary)
9. {
10. this->id = id;
11. this->name = name;
12. this->salary = salary;
13. }
14. void display()
15. {
16. cout<<id<<" "<<name<<" "<<salary<<endl;
17. }
18. };
19. int main(void) {
20. Employee e1 =Employee(101, "Sonoo", 890000); //creating an object of Employee
21. Employee e2=Employee(102, "Nakul", 59000); //creating an object of Employee
22. e1.display();
23. e2.display();
24. return 0;
25. }

Output:

101 Sonoo 890000

102 Nakul 59000

C++ static
In C++, static is a keyword or modifier that belongs to the type not instance. So instance is
not required to access the static members. In C++, static can be field, method, constructor,
class, properties, operator and event.

Advantage of C++ static keyword

Memory efficient: Now we don't need to create instance for accessing the static members, so
it saves memory. Moreover, it belongs to the type, so it will not get memory each time when
instance is created.
C++ static field example

Let's see the simple example of static field in C++.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Account {
4. public:
5. int accno; //data member (also instance variable)
6. string name; //data member(also instance variable)
7. static float rateOfInterest;
8. Account(int accno, string name)
9. {
10. this->accno = accno;
11. this->name = name;
12. }
13. void display()
14. {
15. cout<<accno<< "<<name<< " "<<rateOfInterest<<endl;
16. }
17. };
18. float Account::rateOfInterest=6.5;
19. int main(void) {
20. Account a1 =Account(201, "Sanjay"); //creating an object of Employee
21. Account a2=Account(202, "Nakul"); //creating an object of Employee
22. a1.display();
23. a2.display();
24. return 0;
25. }

Output:

201 Sanjay 6.5

202 Nakul 6.5
C++ static field example: Counting Objects

Let's see another example of static keyword in C++ which counts the objects.

1. #include <iostream>
2. using namespace std;
3. class Account {
4. public:
5. int accno; //data member (also instance variable)
6. string name;
7. static int count;
8. Account(int accno, string name)
9. {
10. this->accno = accno;
11. this->name = name;
12. count++;
 13. }
14. void display()
15. {
16. cout<<accno<<" "<<name<<endl;
17. }
18. };
19. int Account::count=0;
20. int main(void) {
21. Account a1 =Account(201, "Sanjay"); //creating an object of Account
22. Account a2=Account(202, "Nakul");
23. Account a3=Account(203, "Ranjana");
24. a1.display();
25. a2.display();
26. a3.display();
27. cout<<"Total Objects are: "<<Account::count;
28. return 0;
29. }

Output:

201 Sanjay
202 Nakul
203 Ranjana
Total Objects are: 3