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Sample/practice Exam 2014, Questions and Answers Sample/practice Exam 2014, Questions and Answers

This document contains an 11 question practice exam on algorithms and Python. The questions cover topics like loop behavior, function outputs, sorting algorithms like merge sort and heapsort, and the decision version of the uniqueDegree graph problem. Sample code is provided for questions and a scoring table outlines the points for each question. Students are instructed to write Python 3 compliant code that follows concepts from lectures and to not run any code until after completing the exam.

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Alireza Kafaei
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56 views14 pages

Sample/practice Exam 2014, Questions and Answers Sample/practice Exam 2014, Questions and Answers

This document contains an 11 question practice exam on algorithms and Python. The questions cover topics like loop behavior, function outputs, sorting algorithms like merge sort and heapsort, and the decision version of the uniqueDegree graph problem. Sample code is provided for questions and a scoring table outlines the points for each question. Students are instructed to write Python 3 compliant code that follows concepts from lectures and to not run any code until after completing the exam.

Uploaded by

Alireza Kafaei
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sample/practice exam 2014, questions and answers

Introduction to Algorithm and Python (Monash University)

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■♠♣♦rt❛♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❆❧❧ P②t❤♦♥ ❝♦❞❡ ②♦✉ ✇r✐t❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❡①❛♠ ♠✉st s❛t✐s❢② t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✿
❼ ❙②♥t❛① s❤♦✉❧❞ s❛t✐s❢② P②t❤♦♥ ✸ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts

❼ ❯s❡ s②♥t❛①✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✱ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str✉❝ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❧❡❝t✉r❡s✳

❼ ❆✈♦✐❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜✉✐❧t ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♥♦♥✲tr✐✈✐❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s

❼ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❡①❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♦❢
t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✭♦r t❤❛t ②♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡✮ ✉♥t✐❧ ❛❢t❡r ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣
❲r✐t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥② ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ②♦✉ ♠❛❦❡✳
❚❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✐s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥❝❡
◗✉❡st✐♦♥ P♦✐♥ts ❙❝♦r❡
✶ ✶
✷ ✶
✸ ✶
✹ ✶
✺ ✼
✻ ✺
✼ ✾
✽ ✻
✾ ✽
✶✵ ✽
✶✶ ✼
❚♦t❛❧✿ ✺✹

P❛❣❡ ✸ ♦❢ ✷✻

✵
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✶✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
✇❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ♦✉t♣✉t❄
❞❡❢ ❞♦❚❤✐♥❣ ✭ ♥ ✮ ✿
❙ ❂ ✵
❢♦r ✐ ✐♥ r❛♥❣❡ ✭ ♥ ✱ ✵ ✱ − ✸ ✮ ✿
❙✰❂✐
♣r✐♥t ✭ ❙ ✮
❞♦❚❤✐♥❣ ✭ ✾ ✮
❆✳ ✾
❇✳ ✶✽
❈✳ ✷✼
❉✳ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r✉♥ ♦r ✇✐❧❧ r✉♥ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧②

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✷✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
✇❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ♦✉t♣✉t❄
❞❡❢ ❞♦❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣❊❧s❡ ✭ ① ✮ ✿
✐❢ ① ❃ ✵✿
① ❂ −①
✇❤✐❧❡ ① ❁ ✵ ✿
✐ ❢ ❛❜s ✭ ① ✮ ❃✶✿
① ✯❂ ❛❜s ✭ ① ✮
❡❧s❡ ✿
① ✰❂ ✶
r❡t✉r♥ ①
♣r✐♥t ✭ ❞♦❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣❊❧s❡ ✭ ✶ ✵ ✮ ✮
❆✳ ✶✵
❇✳ ✲✶✵
❈✳ ✲✶✵✵
❉✳ ✵
❊✳ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r✉♥ ♦r ✇✐❧❧ r✉♥ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧②

P❛❣❡ ✺ ♦❢ ✷✻

✷
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✸✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
❲❤✐❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❞♦❡s ♠❡r❣❡ s♦rt ✉s❡ t♦ s♦rt ❛ ❧✐st❄

❆✳ ❣r❡❡❞②

❇✳ ❜❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣

❈✳ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥q✉❡r

❉✳ ❜r✉t❡ ❢♦r❝❡

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✹✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❤❡❛♣ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt❄

❆✳ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡❧② ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛


❤❡❛♣

❇✳ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt ✐s t❤❡ ❛❝t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡❧② ✐♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ✐t❡♠s ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❤❡❛♣❀ t❤✐s ❤❡❛♣ ✐s t❤❡♥

❛ s♦rt❡❞ ❧✐st

❈✳ ❛ ❤❡❛♣ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt

❉✳ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✱ t❤❡✐r ♥❛♠✐♥❣ ✐s ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧

P❛❣❡ ✼ ♦❢ ✷✻

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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✺✿ ❬✼ ♠❛r❦s❪
■♠❛❣✐♥❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ✇❤❡r❡ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥ t❤✐s s✉❜s❡t ❤❛s
❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡❞❣❡s✳ ▲❡t✬s ❝❛❧❧ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❤❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡❉❡❣r❡❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❨♦✉ ❛r❡
❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇❤❡r❡ ❛ s❡t ♠✉st ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ s✐③❡ ❦
✭❛✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❉❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ t♦ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠✐❣❤t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❄

t❤❡ ♦♥❧② t❤✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s

✭❜✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ Pr♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♣②t❤♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✭❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥❝② ▼❛tr✐①
❢♦r♠❛t✱ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ t♦ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❦✮ ❝❛♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤✐s
❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ✐s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❦✳

✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥
t❤❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ t♦ s♦♠❡ str✉❝t✉r❡❀ ✐❢ ❛t ❛♥② ♣♦✐♥t t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡
❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡t✉r♥ ❢❛❧s❡✱ ✐❢ ❡✈❡r② ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐s ✉♥✐q✉❡ t❤❡♥
✐t ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡t✉r♥ tr✉❡✳
■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❡r❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣❡t t❤✐s ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ s✉❣❣❡st ②♦✉ ❛tt❡♠♣t t❤✐s ♥♦✇ ✉s✐♥❣
♦✉r ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❙❡❡ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ❛s t♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✭♣❡r❤❛♣s
❝❤❡❝❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r st✉❞❡♥t ♦r ❛s❦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✉s✮

✭❝✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ②♦✉r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❀ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t❤❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡❉❡✲
❣r❡❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❄ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥ ②♦✉r ❛♥s✇❡r✳

♥♦t❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡❧② ❜❡ ❛ P ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ✐t✬s ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡
t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❀ s♦ ✇❤❛t ❝❧❛ss ✐s ✐t ✐♥❄ ■❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ✉♥s✉r❡✱ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ✇❡❡❦ ✶✷
❧❡❝t✉r❡s✳

P❛❣❡ ✾ ♦❢ ✷✻

✼
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✻✿ ❬✺ ♠❛r❦s❪
❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❇✐♥❛r② ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❚r❡❡s✿
✭❛✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❧✐st ♦❢ ✐t❡♠s ❬✶✱✼✱✹✱✻✱✷✱✺✱✸❪✱ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❇✐♥❛r② ❙❡❛r❝❤
❚r❡❡ ❜② ✐♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ tr❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡② ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❣✐✈❡♥

♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s tr❡❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ tr❡❡✱ t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ②♦✉r ❛♥s✇❡r ❝❤❡❝❦ ✇❤❡t❤❡r
t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜tr❡❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦❞❡ ❛r❡ s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ ✐t ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❡♥t✐r❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜tr❡❡ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦❞❡ ❛r❡ ❧❛r❣❡r t❤❛♥ ✐t✳
❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢ ✺ ✇❛s ❛ ❧❡❢t ❝❤✐❧❞ ♦❢ ✶✵ ❜✉t ✶✵ ✇❛s ❛ r✐❣❤t ❝❤✐❧❞ ♦❢ ✼✱ t❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞
♥♦t ❜❡ ❛ ❇❙❚ ❛s ②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✺ ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ ✼ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t tr✉❡✮

✭❜✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞
✐♥t♦ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② s❡❛r❝❤ tr❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡② ❛♣♣❡❛r✱ t❤❡ ❇❙❚ ✐s ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞

♦♥❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❬✹✱ ✷✱ ✻✱ ✶✱ ✸✱ ✺✱ ✼❪

✭❝✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤❛t ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② s❡❛r❝❤ tr❡❡ ❤❛s ♦♥ t❤❡
❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ✐ts ✜♥❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤②✳

❲❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿


❼ ✇❤❛t ✐t ♠❡❛♥s ❢♦r ❛ tr❡❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞

❼ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❛✛❡❝ts t❤❡ ❤❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❡❡✬s ❧❡❛❢ ♥♦❞❡s

❼ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡ t❤✐s ❤❡✐❣❤t ❛✛❡❝ts t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t❛❦❡♥ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

P❛❣❡ ✶✶ ♦❢ ✷✻

✺
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✼✿ ❬✾ ♠❛r❦s❪
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✉♥❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ● ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡❞❣❡s✿

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❡❞❣❡s ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤


st❛rt ✈❡rt❡① ❡♥❞ ✈❡rt❡① ❝♦st
✶ ✸ ✷✵
✷ ✸ ✼
✷ ✹ ✶
✷ ✺ ✶
✸ ✻ ✷
✹ ✺ ✾
✹ ✼ ✷
✺ ✼ ✸
✻ ✼ ✶✺

✭❛✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❞r❛✇ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ t❤❛t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ t❤✐s s❡t ♦❢ ❡❞❣❡s ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡
✇❡✐❣❤ts✮

✭❜✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥❝② ❧✐st t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤✐s ❣r❛♣❤❀ ♣❧❡❛s❡ ♣✉t ✇❡✐❣❤ts
✐♥ ❜r❛❝❦❡ts

t❤❡ ❛❞❥▲✐st ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿

✶ ✲❃ ✸✭✷✵✮
✷ ✲❃ ✸✭✼✮✱✹✭✶✮✱✺✭✶✮
✸ ✲❃ ✶✭✷✵✮✱✷✭✼✮✱✻✭✷✮

P❛❣❡ ✶✸ ♦❢ ✷✻

✹
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✹ ✲❃ ✷✭✶✮✱✺✭✾✮✱✼✭✷✮
✺ ✲❃ ✷✭✶✮✱✹✭✾✮✱✼✭✸✮
✻ ✲❃ ✸✭✷✮✱✼✭✶✺✮
✼ ✲❃ ✹✭✷✮✱ ✺✭✸✮✱ ✻✭✶✺✮

P❛❣❡ ✶✹ ♦❢ ✷✻

✵
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✭❝✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❯s✐♥❣ ♣r✐♠✬s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❣r❛♣❤✳
▼❛❦❡ s✉r❡ ②♦✉ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❛❢t❡r s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❡❞❣❡❀ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ st❛rt ✇✐t❤
✈❡rt❡① ✸✳

✭❞✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❙✉❣❣❡st ❛ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ Pr✐♠✬s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❦t❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
♦✉t❡r ❧♦♦♣✳

❢♦r t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❡✐t❤❡r ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s ♦r
❡❞❣❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❦t❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥✳
❇♦♥✉s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❍♦✇ ♠✐❣❤t t❤✐s ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❤❡❧♣ ②♦✉ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠
✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t❄

P❛❣❡ ✶✻ ♦❢ ✷✻

✺
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✽✿ ❬✻ ♠❛r❦s❪
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ◆◗✉❡❡♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r ❛ ◆ ♦❢ ✹
✭❛✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ✇❤❛t ❢♦r♠ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t❛❦❡❄

❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ◗✉❡❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s

✭❜✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❍♦✇ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❡ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❡❧❧ t❤❛t ❛ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❢❛❝t ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥❄

②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆ ◗✉❡❡♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳
❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② q✉❡❡♥s ❤❛✈❡ ②♦✉ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ♣❧❛❝❡❞❄

✭❝✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❉r❛✇ ❛ ❜❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❧✐st r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ◆ ◗✉❡❡♥s

✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t ❛❧❧ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♠♣t② st❛t❡✮❀
st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r✲
t✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛t ❡❛❝❤ st❛❣❡❀ st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✭♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦✿ ✶✸✵✷ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✸✶✮

P❛❣❡ ✶✽ ♦❢ ✷✻

✻
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✾✿ ❬✽ ♠❛r❦s❪
❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t s♦rt✐♥❣
✭❛✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥ ❤♦✇ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt s♦rts ❛ ❧✐st

st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥

❼ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s♦rt❡❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ✭♦r r✐❣❤t✮

❼ ♥❡✇ ✐t❡♠s ❛r❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧❧② ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s♦rt❡❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥

❼ t❤✐s ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s❤✐❢t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❜❛❝❦ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s♦rt❡❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s
st✐❧❧ s♦rt❡❞

✭❜✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ●✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❧✐st ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ✇♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡
t❤❡ ♠♦st t✐♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ✇♦✉❧❞
t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❧❡❛st t✐♠❡✳ ▼❛❦❡ s✉r❡ ❜♦t❤ ❧✐sts ❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✳
②♦✉ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛s❝❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r

✇❡ ❛r❡ ❡①♣❡❝t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❧✐st ✐s ✐♥ s♦rt❡❞ ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✇❤❡r❡
t❤❡ ❧✐st ✐s ✐♥ r❡✈❡rs❡ s♦rt❡❞ ♦r❞❡r

✭❝✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ●✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❧✐st ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs✱ s❤♦✇ ✇❤❛t q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥
t❤✐s ❧✐st ✐♥t♦✿
❬✶✵✱✻✱✷✱✼✸✱✷✱✽✱✼❪
②♦✉ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛ ♣✐✈♦t ♦❢ ✼

❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❛♥s✇❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✭✻✱✷✱✷✮ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ✼ ❛♥❞ ✭✶✵✱✼✸✱✽✮ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢
✐t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♦r❞❡r ✐s ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✼ ❛r❡ ✐t❡♠s ❧❛r❣❡r t❤❛♥
✐t ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ✼ ❛r❡ ✐t❡♠s s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ ✐t✳ ❙t✉❞❡♥ts ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ✇r✐t❡ ♦✉t
t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ ✧❧❡❢t ❧✐st✧ ❛♥❞ ✧r✐❣❤t ❧✐st✧

P❛❣❡ ✷✵ ♦❢ ✷✻

✺
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✭❞✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r q✉✐❝❦ s♦rt❄

❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❛♥s✇❡r ❤❡r❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t q✉✐❝❦s♦rt st♦♣s ✇❤❡♥ ✐t r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛
❧✐st ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s tr✐✈✐❛❧ t♦ s♦rt ✭❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♥ ❡♠♣t② ❧✐st ♦r ♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ✐t❡♠✮

✭❡✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❤♦✇ ❞♦❡s q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✉s❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡
s♦rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐st❄

❼ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐✈♦t t❡❧❧s q✉✐❝❦ s♦rt ✇❤❡r❡ t♦ s♣❧✐t

❼ q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✐s t❤❡♥ r✉♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐✈♦t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢
t❤❡ ♣✐✈♦t

P❛❣❡ ✷✷ ♦❢ ✷✻

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lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✶✵✿ ❬✽ ♠❛r❦s❪


✭❛✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❲r✐t❡ ❛ ♣②t❤♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ ❛
❧✐st❀ t❤✐s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❛ ❧✐st ❛s ❛♥ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st
✐t❡♠✳
❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ❬✾✱✲✷✱✻✱✶✱✽✵✱✾✱✲✷❪✱ ②♦✉r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞
r❡t✉r♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ✶ ♦r ✻ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ♦❢ ✲✷✮✳

✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ✉♥s✉r❡ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇❡ s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r
❛s ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❝❛s❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st ✭❛♥❞ ♣❛ss t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✮✳
✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❧✐❦❡❧② ♣❛ss ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢
t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st s♦ ❢❛r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛♥② ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐t❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠ ❛t t❤❛t s♣♦t
♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts✿

❼ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❧✐st✱ ✇❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐st❄
❼ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ◆✲✶ ✐t❡♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❛♥❞ ②♦✉
❦♥❡✇ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ✐t❡♠ ✇❛s✱ ❤♦✇ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ✜❣✉r❡ ♦✉t t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢
t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐st❄

■❢ ②♦✉ st✐❧❧ ❛r❡♥✬t s✉r❡ ✇❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ②♦✉ t♦ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤✐s ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r st✉❞❡♥t ♦r
♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✉s

✭❜✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❲r✐t❡ ❛ ♣②t❤♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✉s❡s ②♦✉r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❧✐st
♦❢ t❤❡ ❦ s♠❛❧❧❡st ✐t❡♠s ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐st✳
❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❬✾✱✲✷✱✻✱✶✱✽✵✱✾✱✲✷❪ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❦ ♦❢ ✹✱ ②♦✉r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞
♣r✐♥t ✭♦r r❡t✉r♥✮ ❬✲✷✱✲✷✱✶✱✻❪

✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t st✉❞❡♥ts ❤❡r❡ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❣❡t▼✐♥ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠✱ ❛❞❞ ✐t t♦
❛♥♦t❤❡r ❧✐st ❛♥❞ ♥❡①t r✉♥ ❣❡t▼✐♥ ♦♥ ❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠
❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳

P❛❣❡ ✷✹ ♦❢ ✷✻

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lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✶✶✿ ❬✼ ♠❛r❦s❪


✭❛✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳

✭❜✮ ✭✺ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤② ②♦✉r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳

st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❛♥s✇❡r✿


❼ ✜♥✐t❡♥❡ss

❼ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ st❡♣s

❼ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss

❼ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡♥❡ss

❼ ✐♥♣✉t ✭③❡r♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡✮

❼ ♦✉t♣✉t ✭✶ ♦r ♠♦r❡✮

✭❝✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❤♦✇ ❞♦❡s ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞✐✛❡r ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❄

t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♦♥ ✜♥✐t❡♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t✬s r❡s♣♦♥s❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤✐s ❝❧❡❛r

P❛❣❡ ✷✻ ♦❢ ✷✻

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