lOMoARcPSD|4755966

Sample/practice exam 2014, questions and answers

Introduction to Algorithm and Python (Monash University)

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■♠♣♦rt❛♥t ■♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥
❆❧❧ P②t❤♦♥ ❝♦❞❡ ②♦✉ ✇r✐t❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❡①❛♠ ♠✉st s❛t✐s❢② t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✿
❼ ❙②♥t❛① s❤♦✉❧❞ s❛t✐s❢② P②t❤♦♥ ✸ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts

❼ ❯s❡ s②♥t❛①✱ ♠♦❞✉❧❡s✱ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥str✉❝ts ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ✐♥ ❧❡❝t✉r❡s✳

❼ ❆✈♦✐❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❜✉✐❧t ❧✐❜r❛r✐❡s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♣❡r❢♦r♠✐♥❣ ♥♦♥✲tr✐✈✐❛❧ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥s

❼ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st r❡❛❧✐st✐❝ ❡①❛♠ ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡✱ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛✈♦✐❞ ❛❝t✉❛❧❧② r✉♥♥✐♥❣ ❛♥② ♦❢
t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✭♦r t❤❛t ②♦✉ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡✮ ✉♥t✐❧ ❛❢t❡r ②♦✉ ❤❛✈❡ ✜♥✐s❤❡❞ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣
❲r✐t❡ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥② ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ②♦✉ ♠❛❦❡✳
❚❤❡ t❛❜❧❡ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✐s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ❢♦r ②♦✉r ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥❝❡
◗✉❡st✐♦♥ P♦✐♥ts ❙❝♦r❡
✶ ✶
✷ ✶
✸ ✶
✹ ✶
✺ ✼
✻ ✺
✼ ✾
✽ ✻
✾ ✽
✶✵ ✽
✶✶ ✼
❚♦t❛❧✿ ✺✹

P❛❣❡ ✸ ♦❢ ✷✻

✵
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✶✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
✇❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ♦✉t♣✉t❄
❞❡❢ ❞♦❚❤✐♥❣ ✭ ♥ ✮ ✿
❙ ❂ ✵
❢♦r ✐ ✐♥ r❛♥❣❡ ✭ ♥ ✱ ✵ ✱ − ✸ ✮ ✿
❙✰❂✐
♣r✐♥t ✭ ❙ ✮
❞♦❚❤✐♥❣ ✭ ✾ ✮
❆✳ ✾
❇✳ ✶✽
❈✳ ✷✼
❉✳ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r✉♥ ♦r ✇✐❧❧ r✉♥ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧②

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✷✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
✇❤❛t ✇✐❧❧ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦❞❡ ♦✉t♣✉t❄
❞❡❢ ❞♦❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣❊❧s❡ ✭ ① ✮ ✿
✐❢ ① ❃ ✵✿
① ❂ −①
✇❤✐❧❡ ① ❁ ✵ ✿
✐ ❢ ❛❜s ✭ ① ✮ ❃✶✿
① ✯❂ ❛❜s ✭ ① ✮
❡❧s❡ ✿
① ✰❂ ✶
r❡t✉r♥ ①
♣r✐♥t ✭ ❞♦❙♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣❊❧s❡ ✭ ✶ ✵ ✮ ✮
❆✳ ✶✵
❇✳ ✲✶✵
❈✳ ✲✶✵✵
❉✳ ✵
❊✳ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r✉♥ ♦r ✇✐❧❧ r✉♥ ✐♥❞❡✜♥✐t❡❧②

P❛❣❡ ✺ ♦❢ ✷✻

✷
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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✸✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
❲❤✐❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s ❞♦❡s ♠❡r❣❡ s♦rt ✉s❡ t♦ s♦rt ❛ ❧✐st❄

❆✳ ❣r❡❡❞②

❇✳ ❜❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣

❈✳ ❞✐✈✐❞❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥q✉❡r

❉✳ ❜r✉t❡ ❢♦r❝❡

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✹✿ ❬✶ ♠❛r❦s❪
❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛ ❤❡❛♣ ❛♥❞ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt❄

❆✳ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡❧② ❡①tr❛❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ❢r♦♠ ❛

❤❡❛♣

❇✳ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt ✐s t❤❡ ❛❝t ♦❢ s✉❝❝❡ss✐✈❡❧② ✐♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ✐t❡♠s ✐♥t♦ ❛ ❤❡❛♣❀ t❤✐s ❤❡❛♣ ✐s t❤❡♥

❛ s♦rt❡❞ ❧✐st

❈✳ ❛ ❤❡❛♣ ❝❛♥ ♦♥❧② ❜❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t❡❞ ✈✐❛ ❤❡❛♣s♦rt

❉✳ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥s❤✐♣✱ t❤❡✐r ♥❛♠✐♥❣ ✐s ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡♥t❛❧

P❛❣❡ ✼ ♦❢ ✷✻

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◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✺✿ ❬✼ ♠❛r❦s❪
■♠❛❣✐♥❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ s✉❜s❡t ♦❢ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ✇❤❡r❡ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥ t❤✐s s✉❜s❡t ❤❛s
❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❡❞❣❡s✳ ▲❡t✬s ❝❛❧❧ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ t❤❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡❉❡❣r❡❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳ ❨♦✉ ❛r❡
❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❞❡❝✐s✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇❤❡r❡ ❛ s❡t ♠✉st ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞ ♦❢ s✐③❡ ❦
✭❛✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❉❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ t♦ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♠✐❣❤t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❄

t❤❡ ♦♥❧② t❤✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ ✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s

✭❜✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ Pr♦✈✐❞❡ ❛ ♣②t❤♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✭❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❣r❛♣❤ ✐♥ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥❝② ▼❛tr✐①
❢♦r♠❛t✱ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ t♦ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❦✮ ❝❛♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤✐s
❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ✐s ❛ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ ❦✳

✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ t♦ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡ ❣❡tt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ✈❡rt❡① ✐♥
t❤❡ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ t♦ s♦♠❡ str✉❝t✉r❡❀ ✐❢ ❛t ❛♥② ♣♦✐♥t t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡
❝♦♥t❛✐♥s ❞✉♣❧✐❝❛t❡s t❤❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡t✉r♥ ❢❛❧s❡✱ ✐❢ ❡✈❡r② ❞❡❣r❡❡ ✐s ✉♥✐q✉❡ t❤❡♥
✐t ❝♦✉❧❞ r❡t✉r♥ tr✉❡✳
■❢ ②♦✉ ✇❡r❡ ✉♥❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❣❡t t❤✐s ✐♥✐t✐❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ s✉❣❣❡st ②♦✉ ❛tt❡♠♣t t❤✐s ♥♦✇ ✉s✐♥❣
♦✉r ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡✳ ❙❡❡ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥✈✐♥❝❡❞ ❛s t♦ ❝♦rr❡❝t♥❡ss ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦❞❡ ✭♣❡r❤❛♣s
❝❤❡❝❦ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r st✉❞❡♥t ♦r ❛s❦ ♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✉s✮

✭❝✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❇❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ②♦✉r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❀ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❝❧❛ss ♦❢ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✐s t❤❡ ✉♥✐q✉❡❉❡✲
❣r❡❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❄ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥ ②♦✉r ❛♥s✇❡r✳

♥♦t❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡❧② ❜❡ ❛ P ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ✐t✬s ✈❡r✐❢②✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❡rt✐✜❝❛t❡
t♦ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠❀ s♦ ✇❤❛t ❝❧❛ss ✐s ✐t ✐♥❄ ■❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ✉♥s✉r❡✱ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❡ ✇❡❡❦ ✶✷
❧❡❝t✉r❡s✳

P❛❣❡ ✾ ♦❢ ✷✻

✼
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 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✻✿ ❬✺ ♠❛r❦s❪
❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t ❇✐♥❛r② ❙❡❛r❝❤ ❚r❡❡s✿
✭❛✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❧✐st ♦❢ ✐t❡♠s ❬✶✱✼✱✹✱✻✱✷✱✺✱✸❪✱ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❛ ❇✐♥❛r② ❙❡❛r❝❤
❚r❡❡ ❜② ✐♥s❡rt✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ tr❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡② ❛♣♣❡❛r ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❣✐✈❡♥

♥♦t❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s tr❡❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞ tr❡❡✱ t♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ ②♦✉r ❛♥s✇❡r ❝❤❡❝❦ ✇❤❡t❤❡r
t❤❡ ❡♥t✐r❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜tr❡❡ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦❞❡ ❛r❡ s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ ✐t ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❡♥t✐r❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ s✉❜tr❡❡ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢ ❛ ♥♦❞❡ ❛r❡ ❧❛r❣❡r t❤❛♥ ✐t✳
❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✐❢ ✺ ✇❛s ❛ ❧❡❢t ❝❤✐❧❞ ♦❢ ✶✵ ❜✉t ✶✵ ✇❛s ❛ r✐❣❤t ❝❤✐❧❞ ♦❢ ✼✱ t❤✐s ✇♦✉❧❞
♥♦t ❜❡ ❛ ❇❙❚ ❛s ②♦✉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ s❛②✐♥❣ t❤❛t ✺ ✐s ❣r❡❛t❡r t❤❛♥ ✼ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t tr✉❡✮

✭❜✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ ✐♥s❡rt❡❞
✐♥t♦ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② s❡❛r❝❤ tr❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♦r❞❡r t❤❡② ❛♣♣❡❛r✱ t❤❡ ❇❙❚ ✐s ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞

♦♥❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦r❞❡r✐♥❣ ♠✐❣❤t ❜❡ ❬✹✱ ✷✱ ✻✱ ✶✱ ✸✱ ✺✱ ✼❪

✭❝✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤❛t ✐♠♣❛❝t t❤❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❜✐♥❛r② s❡❛r❝❤ tr❡❡ ❤❛s ♦♥ t❤❡
❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ♦❢ ✐ts ✜♥❞ ♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❤②✳

❲❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t st✉❞❡♥ts t♦ t❛❧❦ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿

❼ ✇❤❛t ✐t ♠❡❛♥s ❢♦r ❛ tr❡❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❜❛❧❛♥❝❡❞

❼ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❛✛❡❝ts t❤❡ ❤❡✐❣❤t ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❡❡✬s ❧❡❛❢ ♥♦❞❡s

❼ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❝✐r❝✉♠st❛♥❝❡ t❤✐s ❤❡✐❣❤t ❛✛❡❝ts t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t❛❦❡♥ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡

P❛❣❡ ✶✶ ♦❢ ✷✻

✺
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✼✿ ❬✾ ♠❛r❦s❪
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✉♥❞✐r❡❝t❡❞ ❣r❛♣❤ ● ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❡❞❣❡s✿

❚❛❜❧❡ ✶✿ ❡❞❣❡s ✐♥ ❣r❛♣❤

st❛rt ✈❡rt❡① ❡♥❞ ✈❡rt❡① ❝♦st
✶ ✸ ✷✵
✷ ✸ ✼
✷ ✹ ✶
✷ ✺ ✶
✸ ✻ ✷
✹ ✺ ✾
✹ ✼ ✷
✺ ✼ ✸
✻ ✼ ✶✺

✭❛✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❞r❛✇ t❤❡ ❣r❛♣❤ t❤❛t ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ t❤✐s s❡t ♦❢ ❡❞❣❡s ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡
✇❡✐❣❤ts✮

✭❜✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥❝② ❧✐st t❤❛t r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤✐s ❣r❛♣❤❀ ♣❧❡❛s❡ ♣✉t ✇❡✐❣❤ts
✐♥ ❜r❛❝❦❡ts

t❤❡ ❛❞❥▲✐st ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧♦♦❦ ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿

✶ ✲❃ ✸✭✷✵✮
✷ ✲❃ ✸✭✼✮✱✹✭✶✮✱✺✭✶✮
✸ ✲❃ ✶✭✷✵✮✱✷✭✼✮✱✻✭✷✮

P❛❣❡ ✶✸ ♦❢ ✷✻

✹
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

✹ ✲❃ ✷✭✶✮✱✺✭✾✮✱✼✭✷✮
✺ ✲❃ ✷✭✶✮✱✹✭✾✮✱✼✭✸✮
✻ ✲❃ ✸✭✷✮✱✼✭✶✺✮
✼ ✲❃ ✹✭✷✮✱ ✺✭✸✮✱ ✻✭✶✺✮

P❛❣❡ ✶✹ ♦❢ ✷✻

✵
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

✭❝✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❯s✐♥❣ ♣r✐♠✬s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✱ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❣r❛♣❤✳
▼❛❦❡ s✉r❡ ②♦✉ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t ❛❢t❡r s❡❧❡❝t✐♥❣ ❡❛❝❤ ❡❞❣❡❀ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ st❛rt ✇✐t❤
✈❡rt❡① ✸✳

✭❞✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❙✉❣❣❡st ❛ ✉s❡❢✉❧ ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ♦❢ Pr✐♠✬s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❦t❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
♦✉t❡r ❧♦♦♣✳

❢♦r t❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥✱ ②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❡✐t❤❡r ♠❡♥t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ✈❡rt✐❝❡s ♦r
❡❞❣❡s ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ s♣❛♥♥✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❦t❤ ✐t❡r❛t✐♦♥✳
❇♦♥✉s q✉❡st✐♦♥✿ ❍♦✇ ♠✐❣❤t t❤✐s ✐♥✈❛r✐❛♥t ❤❡❧♣ ②♦✉ r❡❛s♦♥ ✇❤❡t❤❡r t❤❡ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠
✐s ❝♦rr❡❝t❄

P❛❣❡ ✶✻ ♦❢ ✷✻

✺
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✽✿ ❬✻ ♠❛r❦s❪
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ◆◗✉❡❡♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r ❛ ◆ ♦❢ ✹
✭❛✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ✇❤❛t ❢♦r♠ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t❛❦❡❄

❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ◗✉❡❡♥ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s

✭❜✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❍♦✇ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♦♥❡ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ t❡❧❧ t❤❛t ❛ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ✐s ✐♥ ❢❛❝t ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥❄

②♦✉ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤✐s ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ◆ ◗✉❡❡♥s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✳
❍♦✇ ♠❛♥② q✉❡❡♥s ❤❛✈❡ ②♦✉ s✉❝❝❡ss❢✉❧❧② ♣❧❛❝❡❞❄

✭❝✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❉r❛✇ ❛ ❜❛❝❦tr❛❝❦✐♥❣ tr❡❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❧✐st r❡♣r❡s❡♥✲
t❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ◆ ◗✉❡❡♥s

✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t ❛❧❧ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✭✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡♠♣t② st❛t❡✮❀
st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r✲
t✐❛❧ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❛t ❡❛❝❤ st❛❣❡❀ st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❧s♦ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ✭♦❢ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ t✇♦✿ ✶✸✵✷ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✸✶✮

P❛❣❡ ✶✽ ♦❢ ✷✻

✻
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✾✿ ❬✽ ♠❛r❦s❪
❚❤✐s q✉❡st✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❜♦✉t s♦rt✐♥❣
✭❛✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❊①♣❧❛✐♥ ❤♦✇ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt s♦rts ❛ ❧✐st

st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❡♥t✐♦♥

❼ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ s♦rt❡❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ✭♦r r✐❣❤t✮

❼ ♥❡✇ ✐t❡♠s ❛r❡ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥t❛❧❧② ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ s♦rt❡❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥

❼ t❤✐s ✐s ❞♦♥❡ ❜② s❤✐❢t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t ❜❛❝❦ ✉♥t✐❧ t❤❡ s♦rt❡❞ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s
st✐❧❧ s♦rt❡❞

✭❜✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ●✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❧✐st ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ✇♦✉❧❞ t❛❦❡
t❤❡ ♠♦st t✐♠❡✱ ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ✇♦✉❧❞
t❛❦❡ t❤❡ ❧❡❛st t✐♠❡✳ ▼❛❦❡ s✉r❡ ❜♦t❤ ❧✐sts ❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ s✐③❡ ❛♥❞ ✐❞❡♥t✐❢② ✇❤✐❝❤
❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ ✇❤✐❝❤ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥✳
②♦✉ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤✐s ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ ✐♥s❡rt✐♦♥ s♦rt ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s s♦♠❡t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛s❝❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦r❞❡r

✇❡ ❛r❡ ❡①♣❡❝t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ s✐t✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❧✐st ✐s ✐♥ s♦rt❡❞ ♦r❞❡r ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ✇❤❡r❡
t❤❡ ❧✐st ✐s ✐♥ r❡✈❡rs❡ s♦rt❡❞ ♦r❞❡r

✭❝✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ●✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❧✐st ♦❢ ♥✉♠❜❡rs✱ s❤♦✇ ✇❤❛t q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✇♦✉❧❞ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥
t❤✐s ❧✐st ✐♥t♦✿
❬✶✵✱✻✱✷✱✼✸✱✷✱✽✱✼❪
②♦✉ ♠❛② ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛ ♣✐✈♦t ♦❢ ✼

❛ ❝♦rr❡❝t ❛♥s✇❡r ✇♦✉❧❞ ❤❛✈❡ ✭✻✱✷✱✷✮ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ✼ ❛♥❞ ✭✶✵✱✼✸✱✽✮ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢
✐t✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①❛❝t ♦r❞❡r ✐s ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢ ✼ ❛r❡ ✐t❡♠s ❧❛r❣❡r t❤❛♥
✐t ❛♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ ✼ ❛r❡ ✐t❡♠s s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ ✐t✳ ❙t✉❞❡♥ts ♠❛② ❛❧s♦ ✇r✐t❡ ♦✉t
t❤❡ ❝♦♥t❡♥ts ♦❢ ❛ ✧❧❡❢t ❧✐st✧ ❛♥❞ ✧r✐❣❤t ❧✐st✧

P❛❣❡ ✷✵ ♦❢ ✷✻

✺
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

✭❞✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❲❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❜❛s❡ ❝❛s❡ ❢♦r q✉✐❝❦ s♦rt❄

❛ ✈❛❧✐❞ ❛♥s✇❡r ❤❡r❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ ✐t ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t q✉✐❝❦s♦rt st♦♣s ✇❤❡♥ ✐t r❡❝❡✐✈❡s ❛
❧✐st ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s tr✐✈✐❛❧ t♦ s♦rt ✭❢♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❛♥ ❡♠♣t② ❧✐st ♦r ♦♥❡ ✇✐t❤ ❥✉st ♦♥❡ ✐t❡♠✮

✭❡✮ ✭✷ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❤♦✇ ❞♦❡s q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✉s❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡
s♦rt✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧✐st❄

❼ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐✈♦t t❡❧❧s q✉✐❝❦ s♦rt ✇❤❡r❡ t♦ s♣❧✐t

❼ q✉✐❝❦s♦rt ✐s t❤❡♥ r✉♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣✐✈♦t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ♦❢
t❤❡ ♣✐✈♦t

P❛❣❡ ✷✷ ♦❢ ✷✻

✸
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✶✵✿ ❬✽ ♠❛r❦s❪

✭❛✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❲r✐t❡ ❛ ♣②t❤♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ r❡❝✉rs✐✈❡❧② ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ ❛
❧✐st❀ t❤✐s s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❝❝❡♣t ❛ ❧✐st ❛s ❛♥ ❛r❣✉♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ r❡t✉r♥ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st
✐t❡♠✳
❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ❬✾✱✲✷✱✻✱✶✱✽✵✱✾✱✲✷❪✱ ②♦✉r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞
r❡t✉r♥ ❡✐t❤❡r ✶ ♦r ✻ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❛r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥❞✐❝❡s ♦❢ ✲✷✮✳

✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ✉♥s✉r❡ ❤♦✇ t♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇❡ s✉❣❣❡st t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r
❛s ❛ ❜❛s❡ ❝❛s❡ t❤❛t ②♦✉ ❛r❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st ✭❛♥❞ ♣❛ss t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✮✳
✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢ t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st ②♦✉ ✇✐❧❧ ❧✐❦❡❧② ♣❛ss ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① ♦❢
t❤❡ s♠❛❧❧❡st s♦ ❢❛r ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ❛♥② ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐t❡♠ t♦ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠ ❛t t❤❛t s♣♦t
♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡s❡ t❤♦✉❣❤ts✿

❼ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❡❢t ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r✐❣❤t ❤❛❧❢ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❧✐st✱ ✇❤❛t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐st❄
❼ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❦♥❡✇ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ◆✲✶ ✐t❡♠s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❛♥❞ ②♦✉
❦♥❡✇ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst ✐t❡♠ ✇❛s✱ ❤♦✇ ✇♦✉❧❞ ②♦✉ ✜❣✉r❡ ♦✉t t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠ ♦❢
t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ❧✐st❄

■❢ ②♦✉ st✐❧❧ ❛r❡♥✬t s✉r❡ ✇❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡ ②♦✉ t♦ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤✐s ✇✐t❤ ❛♥♦t❤❡r st✉❞❡♥t ♦r
♦♥❡ ♦❢ ✉s

✭❜✮ ✭✹ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❲r✐t❡ ❛ ♣②t❤♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✉s❡s ②♦✉r ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ t♦ ♠❛❦❡ ❛ ❧✐st
♦❢ t❤❡ ❦ s♠❛❧❧❡st ✐t❡♠s ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐st✳
❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❧✐st ❬✾✱✲✷✱✻✱✶✱✽✵✱✾✱✲✷❪ ❛♥❞ ❛ ❦ ♦❢ ✹✱ ②♦✉r ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉❧❞
♣r✐♥t ✭♦r r❡t✉r♥✮ ❬✲✷✱✲✷✱✶✱✻❪

✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❡①♣❡❝t st✉❞❡♥ts ❤❡r❡ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❣❡t▼✐♥ t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✉♠✱ ❛❞❞ ✐t t♦
❛♥♦t❤❡r ❧✐st ❛♥❞ ♥❡①t r✉♥ ❣❡t▼✐♥ ♦♥ ❛ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♥❝❧✉❞❡ t❤❡ ✐t❡♠
❛t t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠✐♥✐♠❛❧ ♣♦s✐t✐♦♥✳

P❛❣❡ ✷✹ ♦❢ ✷✻

✽
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])
 lOMoARcPSD|4755966

◗✉❡st✐♦♥ ✶✶✿ ❬✼ ♠❛r❦s❪

✭❛✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳

✭❜✮ ✭✺ ♠❛r❦s✮ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ✇❤② ②♦✉r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠✳

st✉❞❡♥ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❛❞❞r❡ss t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❛s♣❡❝ts ♦❢ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❛♥s✇❡r✿

❼ ✜♥✐t❡♥❡ss

❼ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ st❡♣s

❼ ❡✛❡❝t✐✈❡♥❡ss

❼ ❞❡✜♥✐t❡♥❡ss

❼ ✐♥♣✉t ✭③❡r♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡✮

❼ ♦✉t♣✉t ✭✶ ♦r ♠♦r❡✮

✭❝✮ ✭✶ ♠❛r❦✮ ❤♦✇ ❞♦❡s ❛♥ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ❞✐✛❡r ❢r♦♠ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss❄

t❤❡ ♦♥❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✐s ♦♥ ✜♥✐t❡♥❡ss✱ t❤❡ st✉❞❡♥t✬s r❡s♣♦♥s❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♠❛❦❡ t❤✐s ❝❧❡❛r

P❛❣❡ ✷✻ ♦❢ ✷✻

✼
Downloaded by Alan Kafaei ([email protected])