NOTES ON COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEMS

(A Reviewer for Law Enforcement Administration)

Compiled and Edited By:

Dr. Rommel K. Manwong

Registered Criminologist

For the 2011 Review Season

Uploaded material for www.rkmfiles.net

With contributions from:

Mr. Aldrin Farinas

Registered Criminologist

Mr. Nicholas Caballero

Registered Criminologist

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

Course Description under CHED Memo 21 S 2005

This study covers the different transnational crimes, it nature and effects as well as the
organization of the law enforcement set-up in the Philippines and its comparison of selected police
models and their relation with Interpol and UN bodies in the campaign against transnational
crimes and in the promotion of world peace.

Comparative

Denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or
quality greater or less in extent than that of another.

Police

Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law,
and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions are known as
policing. Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and regulatory activities. The word
comes via French word Policier, from Latin politia ("civil administration"), from ancient Greek polis
("city").

Characteristics common to most police forces include a quasi-military organization, a

uniformed patrol and traffic-control force, plainclothes divisions for criminal investigations, and a
set of enforcement priorities that reflects the community’s way of life. Administration may be
centralized at the national level downward, or decentralized, with local police forces largely
autonomous.

Recruits usually receive specialized training and take an exam. The modern metropolitan
police force began with Sir Robert Peel in Britain c. 1829. Secret police are often separate, covert
organizations established by national governments to maintain political and social orthodoxy,
which typically operate with little or no control.

The study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law is a fairly new field and has
corresponded with rising interest in a more established field, comparative criminology. However,
in this chapter, we will present some issues which will bring you to discover ideas useful in the
conceptualization of successful crime control policies.

System

Combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some common law;

collection of rules and principles in science or art; method of transacting business (Webster)

Comparative POLICE System

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order
to discover insights in the field of international policing.

THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under
various circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs
modernization to meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting. Comparative research
is usually carried out by the “safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or
“collaborative” method (the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).

Globalization

Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global
economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world.
Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible
largely by advances in communication, transportation, and infrastructure.

Effects of Globalization
(http://socyberty.com/society/effects-of-globalization/)

If you visit several countries, you can easily feel the effect globalization has on our daily
lives. The following are some of the most significant effects of globalization.

Industry: The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in
any part of the world. There are a lot of international brands operating worldwide. These include

Culture: Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world
earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Westerners. Food is another good
example. Young people especially are eating more of American or Chinese foods then their own
cultural dishes. The way people speak is also changing. For example teenagers in the Middle East
are much influenced by the way the black Americans speak. They think its “cool”.

Legislation: There has been an increase in the establishment of International courts of justice
where someone accused could be dealt with in any part of the world. Interpol is another example of
International law enforcement agency.

Language: With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use English
instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. This might also help them in
job searches etc.

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 Information: With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it has
become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels are another good
example of quick information sharing.

Finance: Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside
the country. The International Monetary Fund is a good example of an International Institute
which lends money to countries in need for finance.

Politics: Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole world,
not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the whole of
the world politics.
It is believed that globalization is a positive development generating more trade and hence welfare
of the whole world. Nevertheless it also has some significant disadvantages which should not be
forgotten.

These include:

 Increasing trends in migration of labor to developing countries as large firms shift their
production to developing countries.
 Some powerful people and countries control the whole world
 Loss of jobs in countries that cannot compete with larger firms
 Increased dependency on each other. The recent financial crisis is a good example of that.

The negative effects of globalization

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-globalization.html

Opponents of globalization point out to its negative effects. Some of them are listed below.

 Developed nations have outsourced manufacturing and white collar jobs. That means less-jobs for
their people. This has happened because manufacturing work is outsourced to developing nations
like China where the cost of manufacturing goods and wages are lower. Programmers, editors,
scientists and accountants have lost their jobs due to outsourcing to cheaper locations like India.
 Globalization has led to exploitation of labor. Prisoners and child workers are used to work in
inhumane conditions. Safety standards are ignored to produce cheap goods.
 Job insecurity. Earlier people had stable, permanent jobs. Now people live in constant dread of
losing their jobs to competition. Increased job competition has led to reduction in wages and
consequently lower standards of living.
 Terrorists have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing their ability to inflict damage. Terrorists
use the Internet for communicating among themselves.
 Companies have set up industries causing pollution in countries with poor regulation of pollution.
 Fast food chains like McDonalds and KFC are spreading in the developing world. People are
consuming more junk food from these joints which has an adverse impact on their health.
 The benefits of globalization are not universal. The rich are getting richer and the poor are
becoming poorer.
 Bad aspects of foreign cultures are affecting the local cultures through TV and the Internet.
 Enemy nations can spread propaganda through the Internet.
 Deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS are being spread by travelers to the remotest corners of the globe.
 Local industries are being taken over by foreign multinationals.
 The increase in prices has reduced the government’s ability to sustain social welfare schemes in
developed countries.
 There is increase in human trafficking.
 Multi-National Companies and corporations which were previously restricted to commercial
activities are increasingly influencing political decisions.
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 The positive aspect of globalization

Globalization has a positive side as well. Supporters of globalization argue that it is good and
beneficial. Some of their arguments are listed below.

1. Globalization has created the concept of outsourcing. Work such as software development,
customer support, marketing, accounting and insurance is outsourced to developing countries like
India. The company that outsourced the work enjoys the benefit of lower costs because the wages
in developing countries is far lower than that of developed countries. The workers in the developing
countries get employment. Developing countries get access to the latest technology.
2. Increased competition forces companies to lower prices. This benefits the end consumers.
3. Increased media coverage draws the attention of the world to human right violations. This leads to
improvement in human rights.

The Future

Globalization is a tool that should benefit all sections of mankind. One cannot ignore its negative
effects. These must be addressed for the world’s peace and prosperity.

Impact of globalization and new technologies on drug-related crime and Criminal

organizations
(http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/ar/2001/incb_report_2001_1.pdf)

Cyber Crime

The term “cyber crime” covers many types of activities but essentially can be used to describe
violations of law that are committed and/or facilitated through the use of electronic media.

In comparison with ordinary crime, cyber crime requires few resources relative to the
damage that can be caused, it can be committed in a jurisdiction without the offender being
physically present in it and, in many countries, offences are inadequately defined or not defined at
all; hence, personal risk and the likelihood of detection are low.

Impact on Drug-Related Organized Crime

Organized crime has its own operative code, which flouts the rule of law and depends upon
violence for its enforcement. It has, however, adopted some of the business practices that
characterize the legitimate economy. Organized criminality has become more transnational and
has been restructured and decentralized; in other words, it too has globalized.

The pyramid-shaped structure of the single organized criminal group has tended to make
way for fluid networks of cell-type structures in which national identity is subordinate to function
or skill, although nationality itself can be a function if it opens the door to a new market or permits
the penetration or corruption of a particular institution.

Transnational criminals do not respect borders in that, in carrying out their activities, they
trail their activities across several jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risks and maximize
profit; thus, no single State can presume that a particular criminal activity falls entirely under its
jurisdiction. The network is the organizational form that characterizes globalization in both the
licit and illicit sphere.

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 For a drug trafficking organization, the network structure has distinct advantages over the
traditional hierarchy: it has a well-protected, dense core of organizations or people connected to a
looser border by a multiplicity of links, which makes it more capable of evading law enforcement
efforts.

Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies in two distinct ways: to improve the
efficiency of product delivery and distribution through the medium of secure, instant communications;
and to protect themselves and their illicit operations from investigation by drug law enforcement
agencies, sometimes using techniques of counter-attack.

New technologies enable drug trafficking groups to commit traditional crimes with new
methods—for example, to conceal information about the shipment of illicit drug consignments by
means of encrypted messages or to launder drug-related funds by electronic transfer—and to
commit new offences with new means, for example, by using information warfare or digital attack
against intelligence activities of drug law enforcement agencies.

Drug traffickers use computers and electronic pocket organizers for storing information
(such as bank account numbers, contact details of associates, databases of assets and financial
activity, sales and other business records, grid coordinates of clandestine landing strips and
recipes for synthetic drug manufacture) and for electronic mail (e-mail) and other correspondence.

Surrogates receive instructions by telephone, fax, pager or computer on where to deliver

warehouse loads, whom to contact for transportation services and where to send the profits.
Greater protection derives from the use of prepaid telephone cards, broadband radio frequencies,
restricted-access Internet chat rooms, encryption, satellite telephony and “cloned” cellular
telephones (so called when the identity codes assigned to legitimate customers are intercepted and
programmed into cellular telephones used by criminals).

Members of drug trafficking organizations can program their computers to detect attempted
intrusion and to use “back-hacking” techniques in order to damage the investigating source. Such
techniques are of particular value to the organizers of drug trafficking activities, who rarely need to
leave the protection of their home base in order to organize or supervise their operations.

Narcotics police in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China report that
detecting the laundering of drug-related funds has become more difficult with the advance of
electronic commerce and Internet banking facilities.

Drug traffickers communicate with each other mainly by using mobile telephones with
prepaid cards that can be bought anonymously. China has also reported a case in which criminals
tried to avoid detection by penetrating the customs database to alter the details and status of a
commercial freight consignment, a case that undoubtedly has implications for drug trafficking.

In Australia, drug traffickers use a facility offered to all clients by worldwide courier services
to track their shipments on the company’s web site. A delay may indicate to the traffickers that a
controlled delivery operation has been set in motion. Drug law enforcement authorities involved in
such operations must therefore act within an extremely narrow time limit in order to avoid
suspicion.

The Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD) of the Organization of

American States (OAS) noted in its Hemispheric Report 1999-2010 that the Internet had become
the most widely used medium for expanding the production of synthetic drugs in some countries and
that globalization, instant communication and electronic fund transfers had been utilized by
organized criminal groups to improve the efficiency of drug trafficking activities.
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 Drug law enforcement authorities in the Czech Republic report that nowadays illicit drug
sales and purchases are agreed online at Internet cafes or through the use of cellular telephones .
Because illicit drug deals are arranged instantaneously and over short distances, interception by
drug law enforcement authorities is much more difficult.

Since 1996, companies based in the Netherlands have been using the Internet to sell
cannabis seeds and derivatives. According to the International Criminal Police Organization
(Interpol), at the beginning of the year 2000 authorities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland identified over 1,000 websites worldwide offering to sell illicit drugs, mostly
cannabis but also methylene dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, commonly known as Ecstasy),
cocaine and heroin, in direct violation of the international drug control treaties.

The Netherlands and Switzerland had the highest number of such web sites. Law
enforcement agencies in the United States of America attribute the rapid increase in seizures of
laboratories used for the illicit manufacture of methamphetamine to the evolution of technology
and the increased use of the Internet.

In the past, drug recipes were closely guarded secrets but, with modern computer technology
and chemists’ increasing willingness to share their knowledge, this information is now available to
anyone with computer access. It does not require a college-educated chemist to produce
amphetamine. Less than 10% of suspects arrested for illicitly manufacturing methamphetamine
are trained chemists, a fact that explains the many fires, explosions and injuries in clandestine
laboratories.

A drug investigation carried out jointly by Colombian and United States authorities led to the
arrest of 31 drug traffickers in October 1999. It was found that the traffickers had kept in touch
with each other by using Internet chat rooms protected by firewalls to make them impenetrable.

The details of each day’s trafficking activities had been fed into a computer located on a ship
off the coast of Mexico, ensuring that even if other computers had been penetrated it would have
been impossible to bring down the whole network. The same group had used encryption that law
enforcement authorities had been unable to break in time to act on the information. Those
methods, in addition to “cloned” cellular telephones, had enabled the traffickers to move hundreds
of tons of cocaine during a period of several years before being detected.

Colombian and Mexican drug association have used sophisticated equipment for the
surveillance of investigating officers and interception of their communications, collecting
photographs of the officers and other personal information.

This has also occurred in Europe. In 1995, a drug trafficking group in the Netherlands hired
computer specialists to carry out hacking operations and to encrypt their communications.
Encryption software installed on palmtop computers enabled the traffickers to create a secure
database on unmarked police and intelligence vehicles. A laptop computer and disks belonging to
the investigating authorities were stolen and the resultant information was used to intercept
communications between police officers, who were subsequently observed and threatened.

The Effects of Globalization on Human Rights http://www.ehow.com/info_8491128_effects-human-rights-

globalization.html

Human rights and globalization are profoundly, though not always positively, linked. When
countries export labor or increase international co-operation, human rights are sometimes

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

trampled. Subsequently, many of the effects of human rights on globalization are reactions to the
exploitation of people.

Would globalization enhance the implementation of human rights as stated in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, particularly the covenant on civil and political rights and the
covenant on economic, social and cultural rights?

Attempting an answer to this question is not an easy task, mainly because of the different
and contradictory connotations of the term globalization.

If globalization is conceived as turning the whole world into one global village in which all
peoples are increasingly interconnected and all the fences or barriers are removed, so that the
world witnesses a new state of fast and free flow of people , capital , goods and ideas then the world
would be witnessing unprecedented enjoyment of human rights every where because globalization
is bringing prosperity to all the corners of the globe together with the spread of the highly
cherished values of democracy , freedom and justice .

On the other hand if globalization is conceived as turning the world into a global market for
goods and services dominated and steered by the powerful gigantic transnational corporations and
governed by the rule of profit then all the human rights of the people in the world, particularly in
the south would be seriously threatened.

Literature on globalization, in general, by both the so called advocates and opponents of

globalization is abundant. However the critics of globalization lay much more emphasis on its
impact on human rights, particularly of the poor people and of the developing countries. Their
analysis and conclusions are usually supported by facts and figures drawn from international
reports and statistics to prove that human rights have been adversely affected by globalization.

They usually relate one or the other aspect of human rights to one or the other aspect of
globalization, such as relating poverty in developing countries to debt or relating unemployment to
privatization, or relating health deterioration to the monopoly of medicine patents, or they
enumerate the aspects of deteriorations in human rights, such as impoverishment and lowering
standards of living, increasing inequality discrimination , deprivation of satisfaction of basic needs
such as food clean water and housing , illiteracy, etc and explain these facts by globalization in
general through making comparisons between the state before globalization ( usually before the
1990s ) and after it , such as stating that “ progress in reducing infant mortality was considerably
slower during the period of globalization (1990-1998) than over the previous two decades.

The advocates of globalization do not deny the fact that in some regions basic human rights
are not respected during the past decade but they explain this by the resistance of some countries
and peoples to globalization and they claim that globalization must have winners and losers. The
loser’s resistance to globalization is attributed to their state of stagnation and rigidity or to their
traditional culture or even to the nature of their religions which is anti democratic and anti
modernization.

So both advocates and critics of globalization agree on the fact that human rights are in
some way or the other adversely affected by globalization particularly in the south , but they differ
in their explanation of this fact and hence in their prescription for the remedies . While the
advocates prescribe more absorption of peoples and countries in the global system, the critics of
globalization prescribe opposition and resistance of the hegemony of the transnational corporations
and the injustice inherent in the globalization process.

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

THE INTERNATIONAL POLICE ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL) http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/default.asp

INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police organization, with 188 member countries.
Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and assists all
organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or combat international crime.

INTERPOL aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where diplomatic relations do
not exist between particular countries. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Interpol’s constitution
prohibits ‘any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character.’

Interpol’s Four Core Functions

http://www.interpol.int/Public/icpo/about.asp

Interpol’s activities are guided by the following four core functions:

Secure global police communication services

Interpol’s global police communications system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all
member countries to request, submit and access vital data instantly in a secure environment.

Operational data services and databases for police

Member countries have direct and immediate access to a wide range of databases including
information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA profiles and stolen or lost travel documents.
INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related data through a system of international notices.

Operational police support services

INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the field with emergency support and
operational activities, especially in its priority crime areas. A Command and Co-ordination Centre
operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the
scene of a serious crime or disaster

Police training and development

INTERPOL provides focused police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity
of member countries to effectively combat transnational crime and terrorism. This includes sharing
knowledge, skills and best practices in policing and establishing global standards.

Interpol’s Leadership and Governance

The President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work closely together in providing
strong leadership and direction to the Organization.

Interpol’s Structure

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 As defined in Article 5 of its Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The International
Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL’) comprises the following:

 General Assembly
 Executive Committee
 General Secretariat
 National Central Bureaus
 Advisers
 The Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files

The General Assembly and the Executive Committee form the organization’s Governance.

General Assembly

Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s

supreme governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major decisions affecting general
policy, the resources needed for international co-operation, working methods, finances and
program of activities. It also elects the Organization's Executive Committee. Generally speaking,
the Assembly takes decisions by a simple majority in the form of resolutions. Each Member State
represented has one vote.

Executive Committee

The Executive Committee is Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a
year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.

Its role, in accordance with Article 22 of the Constitution, is to:

 supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly

 prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly
 submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which it considers useful
 Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General.

In accordance with Article 15 of the Constitution, the Executive Committee has 13 members
comprising the president of the organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates. These members are
elected by the General Assembly and should belong to different countries; in addition, the
president and the 3 vice-presidents must come from different regions.

The president is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3. They are not immediately
eligible for re-election either to the same posts, or as delegates to the Executive Committee.
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 Voting is by secret ballot. A two-thirds majority is required for the election of the president. If
this majority is not obtained after the second ballot, a simple majority is then sufficient. Vice-
Presidents and delegates are elected on a simple majority. Each member state has one vote; those
member states attending the General Assembly are eligible to take part in the election, providing
they are not prevented from doing so under Article 52 of the General Regulations.

Composition of the Executive Committee

 President
 Vice Presidents
 Delegates

The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984 - Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)

General Secretariat

Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than 80 countries work side-by-side in
any of the Organization’s four official languages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish. The
Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El
Salvador, Kenya, Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at the United
Nations in New York and at the European Union in Brussels.

Secretary General

The Secretary General of the Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a period
of 5 years. He may be re-elected.

The Secretary General is effectively the Organization’s chief full-time official. He is

responsible for seeing that the day-to-day work of international police co-operation is carried out,
and the implementation of the decisions of the General Assembly and Executive Committee.

National Central Bureaus (NCB) - Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central
Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for
the General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance with
overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

Advisers – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF) – this is an independent body whose
mandate is threefold:

 to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization's regulations,
 to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter involving
the processing of personal information and
 To process requests concerning the information contained in Interpol’s files.

INTERPOL 188 Member Countries   

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

Afghanistan | Albania | Algeria | Andorra | Angola | Antigua & Barbuda | Argentina |
Armenia | Aruba | Australia | Austria | Azerbaijan Bahamas | Bahrain | Bangladesh | Barbados |
Belarus | Belgium | Belize | Benin | Bhutan | Bolivia | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Botswana | Brazil | Brunei |
Bulgaria | Burkina - Faso | BurundiCambodia | Cameroon | Canada | Cape Verde | Central African Republic |
Chad | Chile | China | Colombia | Comoros | Congo | Congo (Democratic Rep.) | Costa Rica | Côte d'Ivoire |
Croatia | Cuba | Cyprus | Czech Republic Denmark | Djibouti | Dominica | Dominican Republic Ecuador |
Egypt | El Salvador  | Equatorial Guinea | Eritrea | Estonia | Ethiopia Fiji | Finland | Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia Gabon | Gambia | Georgia | Germany | Ghana | Greece | Grenada | Guatemala | Guinea | Guinea
Bissau | Guyana | France Haiti | Honduras | Hungary Iceland | India | Indonesia | Iran | Iraq | Ireland | Israel |
Italy Jamaica | Japan | Jordan Kazakhstan | Kenya | Korea (Rep. of) |Kuwait | Kyrgyzstan Laos | Latvia |
Lebanon | Lesotho | Liberia | Libya | Liechtenstein | Lithuania | Luxembourg Madagascar | Malawi | Malaysia |
Maldives | Mali | Malta | Marshall Islands | Mauritania | Mauritius | Mexico | Moldova | Monaco | Mongolia |
Montenegro | Morocco | Mozambique | Myanmar Namibia | Nauru | Nepal | Netherlands | Netherlands
Antilles | New Zealand | Nicaragua | Niger | Nigeria | Norway Oman Pakistan | Panama | Papua New Guinea |
Paraguay | Peru | Philippines | Poland | Portugal Qatar Romania | Russia | Rwanda St Kitts & Nevis | St Lucia |
St Vincent & the Grenadines | Samoa | San Marino | Sao Tome & Principe | Saudi Arabia | Senegal | Serbia |
Seychelles | Sierra Leone | Singapore | Slovakia | Slovenia | Somalia | South Africa | Spain | Sri Lanka | Sudan |
Suriname | Swaziland | Sweden | Switzerland | Syria Tajikistan | Tanzania | Thailand | Timor - Leste | Togo |
Tonga | Trinidad & Tobago | Tunisia | Turkey | Turkmenistan Uganda | Ukraine | United Arab Emirates | United
Kingdom | United States | Uruguay | Uzbekistan Vatican City State | Venezuela | Vietnam Yemen Zambia |
Zimbabwe
 
Sub Bureaus

United Kingdom: Bermuda | Gibraltar | Cayman Islands | Anguilla | Montserrat |

British Virgin Islands | Turks and Caicos
United States: Puerto Rico | American Samoa
China: Hong Kong, Macao

Interpol’s distinctive signs

(http://www.interpol.int/Public/icpo/LegalMaterials/emblem/default.asp#1)

The official abbreviations

O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization internationale de police criminelle'

ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police Organization'.

The official name is 'ICPO-INTERPOL'

The word 'INTERPOL' is a contraction of 'international police', and was chosen in 1946 as the
telegraphic address. In 1956, the International Criminal Police Commission changed its name to
become the International Criminal Police Organization - INTERPOL.

The Emblem

The emblem, in use since 1950, comprises the following elements:

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the INTERPOL
 The olive branches in either sides of the globe symbolize PEACE
 the name 'INTERPOL' below the globe in the center of the olive branches
 The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing police action
 The Scales below the olive branches symbolize JUSTICE

The flag

The flag has been in use since 1950, it has a light-blue background the emblem is in the
center the four lightning flashes arranged symmetrically around the emblem represent
telecommunications and speed in police action.

Background to the organization's distinctive signs

 At the 1947 General Assembly session in Paris, it was recommended that all member
states adopt the name 'INTERPOL' as the telegraphic address (Resolution AGN/16/RES/12)
 At the 1949 General Assembly session in Berne, the organization (then known as the
International Criminal Police Commission) adopted the INTERPOL emblem and flag
 At the 1956 General Assembly session in Vienna, the name 'International Criminal
Police Organization' was adopted
 At the 1958 General Assembly session in London, member states were asked to take
measures to protect the word 'INTERPOL' (AGN/27/RES/1)
 At its 1961 session in Copenhagen, the General Assembly recommended that members
take further measures to protect the name 'ICPO-INTERPOL' from unauthorized use
(AGN/30/RES/6)
 At the 1972 General Assembly session in Frankfurt, Indonesia proposed that Interpol’s
emblem be modified so that all regions would be represented.

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 At the 1973 General Assembly session in Vienna, the emblem was modified, and now
depicts all the regions of the world.

Protection of the distinctive signs

As an international organization, Interpol’s distinctive signs are protected by the 1883 Paris
Convention.

Under the terms of Article 6 of this Convention, which has been ratified by the majority of
Interpol’s member states, the signatory countries have agreed to refuse to register as trademarks
and ban the use of coats of arms, flags, emblems, initials and names of states and
intergovernmental organizations.

The organization's emblem and the name 'INTERPOL' have, in addition, been registered as
European Community and US trademarks.

Authorization to use Interpol’s distinctive signs

In exceptional cases, the organization may authorize a third party to use its distinctive signs.
Authorization can only be given by Interpol’s Secretary General.

In any event, authorization to use the organization's distinctive signs is limited:

 authorization is given for a specific, identified project

 the duration of the authorization is specified
 authorization does not confer any exclusive rights
 The authorization specifies that the organization's signs may not be modified or
adapted.

Where appropriate, the media (documents, films, etc.) must be submitted to the organization
for approval before publication.

The organization may automatically revoke the entitlement to use its distinctive signs if it
transpires that the project for which the organization has given its agreement is likely to prejudice
its reputation or image.

The Interpol National Central Bureau – Manila

Director General Philippine National Police ---------Chairman

Director, National Bureau of Investigation -----------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Customs ------------------- --Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue ---------Member
Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration -----------------Member
Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas -----------------Member
Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board ----------Member
Commissioner, EIIB ---------------------------------------------Member

The first four were designated by the President, and the last four were unanimously chosen by
members of the NATIONAL Law Enforcement

Coordinating Committee (NALECC) as authorized by the President thru NALECC Resolution 93-
10 dated 21 July 1993.
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 What is Transnational Organized Crime?

Transnational organized crime is a crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups with the
aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a
financial or other material benefit. In order to be considered as transnational, a crime must
involve the crossing of borders or jurisdictions.

Criminal Organizations
http://www.interpol.int/Public/OrganisedCrime/default.asp

Definitions of what constitutes organized crime vary widely from country to country.
Organized groups are typically involved in many different types of criminal activity spanning
several countries. These activities may include trafficking in humans, weapons and drugs, armed
robbery, counterfeiting and money laundering.

Interpol acts as a central repository for professional and technical expertise on transnational
organized crime and as a clearinghouse for the collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of
information relating to organized crime and criminal organizations. It also monitors the organized
crime situation on a global basis and co-ordinates international investigations.

Interpol’s mission in this regard is to enhance co-operation among member countries and
stimulate the exchange of information between all national and international enforcement bodies
concerned with countering organized crime groups and related corruption.

What are the examples of Transnational Crimes?

 Pharmaceutical crime
 Trafficking in Persons
 Environmental Crime
 Economic Crime
 Cyber Crimes
 Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships
 Intellectual Property Theft
 Cultural Property Theft
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 Illegal Trafficking of Small Arms
 Money Laundering
 Terrorism
 Drug trafficking

Pharmaceutical Crimes
http://www.interpol.int/Public/PharmaceuticalCrime/Default.asp

Counterfeit medical products and illicit medicines represent a global public health crisis.
They range from inactive, useless preparations to harmful, toxic substances, and are often
indistinguishable from the genuine product. They pose a major risk to public health and are
becoming increasingly prevalent in all parts of the world.

High costs of legitimate drugs and inadequate controls mean that patients turn increasingly
(knowingly or otherwise) to counterfeit drugs. At best, these substandard drugs are likely to be less
effective, but they can also be harmful, even life-threatening. Fake anti-malarial drugs are believed
to be a contributory factor in a significant number of tragedies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Also
increasingly available are counterfeited treatments for life threatening diseases such as
tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

The dangers of counterfeit medical products http://www.interpol.int/Public/PharmaceuticalCrime/Dangers.asp

Counterfeit products are harmful and can even be fatal. Fake medicines range from useless
to highly dangerous. They often contain the wrong level of active ingredient – too little, too much or
none at all – or an active ingredient intended for a different purpose. In some cases, fake medicines
have been found to contain highly toxic substances such as rat poison. In all these scenarios, the
person taking the counterfeit medicine is putting their health, even their life, at risk.

One can easily be deceived by counterfeit medicines: they are often packaged to a high
standard with fake pills that look identical to the genuine ones. Sometimes a laboratory test is the
only way to identify the difference.

The Extent of the Problem

Counterfeit medicine is now a truly global phenomenon, and all countries of the world are
affected as source, transit or destination points.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that up to 1% of medicines available in the
developed world are likely to be counterfeit. This figure rises to 10% globally, but in some areas of
Asia, Africa and Latin America counterfeit goods can form up to 30% of the market.

Counterfeiting applies not only to 'lifestyle' medicines, including erectile dysfunction and
weight loss medicines, but also to 'lifesaving medicines' including those used to treat cancer, heart
disease and other serious illnesses.

And it's not just medicines. Fake medical devices also pose a risk. The term 'medical device'
covers a wide range of healthcare products from contact lenses to condoms; syringes to surgical
instruments; and wheelchairs to radiotherapy machines.

Risks of buying medicines over the Internet

More and more people are buying medicines and medical devices over the Internet, through
online pharmacies and auction sites. Unfortunately, a large number of these Internet sites are

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

unauthorized, unregulated and trade in illicit or sub-standard products. If an online supplier
conceals its physical address, this is a warning sign that their products could be dangerous – the
WHO estimates that 50% of medicines available from such websites are counterfeit. In particular,
buying prescription-only medicines from unauthorized or dubious sources significantly increases
the risk of getting substandard or fake products. It is important to consult a healthcare
professional for prescription-only medicines and to obtain the medicines from a regulated source.
Buying medicines online may seem cheaper, quicker and more convenient than going through your
doctor and high street pharmacy, but the dangers outweigh the benefits by far. Don't take the risk.

The Response

At INTERPOL, the Medical Product Counterfeiting and Pharmaceutical Crime (MPCPC) Unit
works to bring together different players – from police, customs, health regulatory authorities,
scientists, and the private sector – to tackle these crimes. Our network of 188 member countries
allows us to connect stakeholders across the world, and carry out effective training and operations
in specific regions.

We have also developed targeted enforcement activities against counterfeit medical products
through our membership of the International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce
(IMPACT), led by the World Health Organization.
SELECTED POLICE SYSTEMS

CANADIAN POLICE

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is the Canadian national police service and an agency of the
Ministry of Public Safety Canada. The RCMP is unique in the world since it is a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body. We provide a total federal policing service to all Canadians
and policing services under contract to the three territories, eight provinces (except Ontario and
Quebec), more than 190 municipalities, 184 Aboriginal communities and three international
airports.

JAPANESE POLICE - please check this website www.npa.go.jp/english/index.htm

CHINESE POLICE

Rank Insignia
Police Rank 4 警佐四階 One Star on One Horizontal Bar
Police Rank 3 警佐三階 Two Stars on One Horizontal Bar
Police Rank 2 警佐二階 Three Stars on One Horizontal Bar
Police Rank 1 警佐一階 Four Stars on One Horizontal Bar
Police Officer Rank 4 警正四階 (Inspector)(Sub-Lieutenant) One Star on Two Horizontal Bars
Police Officer Rank 3 警正三階 (Senior inspector)(Captain) Two Stars on Two Horizontal Bars
Police Officer Rank 2 警正二階 (Superintendent) Three Stars on Two Horizontal Bars
Police Officer Rank 1 警正一階 (Senior Superintendent) Four Stars on Two Horizontal Bars
Police Supervisor Rank 4 警 監 四 階 (Superintendent One Star on Three Horizontal Bars
General)
Police Supervisor Rank 3 警監三階 Two Stars on Three Horizontal Bars
Police Supervisor Rank 2 警監二階 Three Stars on Three Horizontal
Bars
Police Supervisor Rank 1 警監一階 Four Stars on Three Horizontal Bars
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
Police Supervisor Rank Supreme (Police General) 警監特階

MALAYSIAN POLICE

The Royal Malaysian Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM;) is a part
of the security forces structure in Malaysia. The force is a centralized organization with
responsibilities ranging from traffic control to intelligence gathering. Its headquarters is located at
Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur. The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP). The
post is held by Tan Sri Ismail Omar.

In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted by a support group
comprising of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets
and a civilian service element.
Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched in 9 August 2005.
The RMP constantly co-operates closely with police forces worldwide, which include those from the
four neighbouring countries Malaysia shares border with: Indonesian National Police, Royal Brunei
Police Force, Royal Thai Police and Singapore Police Force.

Police rank

Senior Officers

Gazetted Officers Commissioners Inspector-General of Police (IGP)

Deputy Inspector-General of Police (DIGP)
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I (SAC I)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Superintendents
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP)
Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP)
Non-gazetted Officers Inspectors Chief Inspector (C/Insp)
Inspector (Insp)
Probationary Inspector (P/Insp)

Rank In File Officers

Subordinate Officers Sub-Inspector (SI)
Sergeant Major (SM)
Sergeant (Sgt)
Corporal (Cpl)
Lance Corporal (L/Cpl)
Constable (PC)

Low rank of police officers apart from sub-inspectors wear their rank insignia on the right
sleeve of their uniforms. Sub-inspectors and higher ranks wear their rank insignia on epaulettes
on both shoulders.

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 INDONESIAN POLICE

The Indonesian National Police (Indonesian: Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) is the
official police force for Indonesia. It had formerly been a part of the Tentara Nasional Indonesia
since its independence from the Dutch. The police were formally separated from the military in
April 1999, a process which was formally completed in July 2000. [1] With 150,000 personnel, the
police form a much smaller portion of the population than in most nations. The total number of
national and local police in 2006 was approximately 470,000.
The strength of the Indonesian National Police stood at approximately 285,000 in 2004. The
national police force was formally separated as a branch of the armed forces and placed under the
Office of the President in 1999. It also includes 12,000 marine police and an estimated 40,000
People’s Security (Kamra) trainees who serve as a police auxiliary and report for three weeks of
basic training each year.
The Headquarter, known as Markas Besar/Mabes in Indonesian, is located in Kebayoran Baru,
South Jakarta, Indonesia.

RANKS

In the early years, the Polri used European police style ranks like inspector and
commissioner. When the police were included into the military structure during the 1960s, the
ranks changed to a military style such as Captain, Major and Colonel. In the year 2000, when the
Polri conducted the transition to a fully independent force out of the armed forces 2000, they use
British style police ranks like Inspector and Superintendent. The Polri have returned to Dutch style
ranks just like in the early years.

 High ranking officers

o Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
o Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent
Lieutenant General
o Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major
General
o Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier
General
 Mid rank officers
o Police Grand Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
o Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent
Lieutenant Colonel
o Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
 Low rank officers
o Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
o First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
o Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
 Warrant officers
o First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief
Warrant Officer
o Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent
Warrant Officer
 Non-commissioned officers
o Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
o Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant
o First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
o Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second Sergeant
 Enlisted
o Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
o First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First
Corporal
o Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent
Second Corporal
o Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
o First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
o Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private

POLICE IN BRUNEI

The Royal Brunei Police Force (Malay: Polis Diraja Brunei (PDRB)) was founded in 1921 with
the passing of the Brunei Police Force Enactment. The police force is in charge of prisons, fire
services, the issuing of licenses, immigration, and keeping law and order in the streets. The RBP
has been a member of INTERPOL since 1984

SINGAPOREAN POLICE

The Singapore Police Force (Abbreviation: SPF; Chinese: 新加坡警察部队; Malay: Pasukan Polis
Singapura; Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் காவல் துறை) is the main agency tasked with maintaining law and
order in the city-state[1]. Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police (Abbreviation: RSP;
Malay: Polis Republik Singapura), it has grown from an 11-man organization to a 38,587 strong
force. It enjoys a relatively positive public image, [2] and is credited for helping to arrest Singapore's
civic unrests and lawlessness in its early years, and maintaining the low crime rate today despite
having a smaller police-citizen ratio compared to other major cities. Singapore has been ranked
consistently in the top five positions in the Global Competitiveness Report in terms of its reliability
of police services.
The organization structure of the SPF is split between the staff and line functions, roughly modeled
after the military.[6] There are currently 15 staff departments and 13 line units. The headquarters is
located in a block at New Phoenix Park in Novena, adjacent to a twin block occupied by the
Ministry of Home Affairs.

RANK

A standard rank structure is used throughout the police force, although some ranks may be
unique to specific organisations. These ranks are denoted where applicable in the following list,
which lists them in ascending seniority:
Police officers

The rank of Corporal was abolished in 1972, but reinstated in 1976. In 1997, all ranks were
shifted from the sleeves to the epaulettes, except for the Gurkha Contingent. Also in the same year,
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
the Station Inspector rank was changed from collar pips to epaulettes with a new design similar to
that of the SAF Warrant Officers, and the rank of Senior Station Inspector was introduced. In
1998, the Senior Station Inspector (2) rank was introduced, and changes were made to the SI, SSI,
and SSI(2) rank designs. The rank of Lance Corporal was abolished in 2002 [23]. The 2006, the
Gurkha Contingent adopted embroidered ranks as part of an overhaul of its combat dress, but are
worn on the right front pocket.

Rank Abbreviation Trainee Regular NSF NSmen VSC Gurkha

Constable PC T/PC NA NA PC PC PC
Special SC T/SC NA SC NA NA NA
Constable
Corporal CPL T/CPL CPL SC/CPL CPL (NS) CPL (V) CPL
Sergeant SGT T/SGT SGT SC/SGT SGT SGT (V) SGT
(NS)
Staff Sergeant SSGT NA SSGT SC/SSGT SSGT SSGT (V) SSGT
(NS)
Senior Staff SSSGT NA SSSGT NA SSSGT SSSGT SSSGT
Sergeant (NS) (V)
Station SI NA SI NA SI (NS) SI (V) SI
Inspector
Senior Station SSI NA SSI NA SSI (NS) SSI (V) NA
Inspector
Senior Station SSI (2) NA SSI (2) NA SSI(2) SSI(2)(V) NA
Inspector (2) (NS)

Senior police officers

Rank Abbreviation Trainee Regular NSF NSmen VSC Gurkha

Inspector INSP OCT(NSF) INSP NSPI INSP INSP (V)
P/INSP NSI (NS)
Chief Inspector NA NA NA NA NA NA C/INSP
Assistant ASP P/ASP ASP ASP ASP ASP (V) ASP
Superintendent (NS) (NS)
Deputy DSP NA DSP NA DSP DSP (V) DSP
Superintendent (NS)
Superintendent SUPT NA SUPT NA SUPT SUPT(V) SUPT
(NS)
Deputy Assistant DAC NA DAC NA NA DAC (V) DAC
Commissioner
Assistant AC NA AC NA NA AC(V) AC
Commissioner
Senior Assistant SAC NA SAC NA NA NA NA
Commissioner
Deputy DCP/DC NA DCP NA NA NA NA
Commissioner of
Police
Commissioner of CP NA CP NA NA NA NA
Police

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 INDIAN POLICE

Ranks of Gazetted Officers

 Director Intelligence Bureau (post held by senior most Indian Police Service officer; not a
rank)
 Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police
 Special Commissioner of Police or Additional Director General of Police
 Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police
 Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police
 Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police
 Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police
 Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police
 Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police
 Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 2 years of service)
 Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 1 year of service)

Ranks of Non-Gazetted Officers

 Inspector of Police
 Sub-Inspector of Police
 Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police
 Police Head Constable
 Senior Police Constable
 Police Constable

HONG KONG POLICE

The Hong Kong Police Force (香港警務處, HKPF，alias Hong Kong Police，HKP) is the largest
disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the World's second and Asia's
first police agency to operate with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844, with
strength of 32 officers. Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force
in 1969 for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots, renaming the Hong Kong Police Force as
the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the Police
Force now uses the current name. The Hong Kong Police Force has been recognized for its
professionalism, organisation, attitude on law enforcement and prompt response and efficiency,
leading journalist Kevin Sinclair, Federal Bureau of Investigation and INTERPOL have
acknowledged that the Hong Kong Police Force as "Asia's Finest". And in having set up the
foundation for the social stability of Hong Kong, and has won a good reputation as one of the safest
cities in the World.

In 2008, a rating investigation of Asian police departments voted by the Political and
Economic Risk Consultancy Agency, result in the Hong Kong Police Force have been rated the
excellence of Asian police departments. The rating awarders commented that the Hong Kong Police
Force are respectable and outstanding in their performance of upholding the law and maintaining
public orders, keeping the Hong Kong people living and working in peace and contentment.
Furthermore, a quantitative research derived from the United States of America and United

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 Kingdom with its statistical outcome, aims for the World's police forces' overall quality, including
local public security, case cracking rate, incorruptibility, professionalism and language proficiency,
etc. The result is the Hong Kong Police Force has been rated in the top of Asia, also as one of the
best of the World.

The current Commissioner of Police is Tang King Shing, including the Hong Kong Auxiliary
Police Force and civil servants, leading a force of about 40,000 personnel, which makes Hong Kong
the second greatest citizen-officer ratio society in the world. In addition, the Marine Region with
about 3,000 officers, and a fleet of 143 is the largest of any civil police force.

RANKS

The HKPF continues to use similar ranks and insignia to those used in British police forces.
Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the
Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. The crest of the force was modified in 1997:
 Commissioner of Police (CP)
 Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
 Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
 Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
 Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
 Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
 Superintendent of Police (SP)
 Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain)
 Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
 Inspector of Police (IP)
 Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
 Station Sergeant (SSGT)
 Sergeant (SGT)
 Senior Constable (SPC)
 Police Constable (PC)

ENGLISH POLICE (UNITED KINGDOM)

The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for policing
Greater London, excluding the "square mile" of the City of London which is the responsibility of the
City of London Police.[10] The MPS also has significant national responsibilities such as co-
ordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and protection of the Royal Family of the
United Kingdom and senior figures of HM Government.

At the end of February 2010, the MPS employed 52,111 personnel. This includes sworn
33,258 police officers and 4,226 Special Constables, 14,332 civilian police staff, and 4,520 non-
sworn Police Community Support Officers.[6] This makes it the largest police force within the United
Kingdom by a significant margin.[12] The Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis, known
commonly as Commissioner, is the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and
accountable to the Metropolitan Police Authority. The post of Commissioner was first held jointly
by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne. The Commissioner since 27 January 2009 is Sir
Paul Stephenson, QPM who had previously been the Acting Commissioner since 1 December 2008.

A number of informal names and abbreviations exists for the Metropolitan Police Service,
such as "the Met", "Met Pol", "MP" and "the MPS". In statutes it is referred to in the lower case as
the "metropolitan police force" or the "metropolitan police", without the appendage "service". The
MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard after the location of its original headquarters buildings in
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 and around Great Scotland Yard, Whitehall. The current headquarters of the MPS is New Scotland
Yard

RANKS

The Metropolitan Police uses the standard UK police ranks, indicated by shoulder boards, up
to Chief Superintendent, but it has five ranks above that level instead of the standard three.
The Metropolian Police approved the use of name badges in October 2003, with new recruits
wearing the Velcro badges from September 2004. The badge consists of the wearer's rank, followed
by their surname.

Following controversy over alleged assaults by uniformed officers with concealed shoulder
identification numbers during the G20 summit, Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Paul
Stephenson stated that "The public has a right to be able to identify any uniformed officer whilst
performing their duty" by their shoulder identification numbers.
 Police Constable (PC) (Divisional call sign and shoulder number)
 Sergeant (Sgt or PS) (three point down chevrons above divisional call sign and Shoulder
Number) – an "acting" Sergeant, i.e. a substantive constable being paid an allowance to undertake
the duties of a sergeant for a short period of time, displays two point down chevrons above
divisional call sign, and Shoulder Number. The use of the three chevrons by an acting Sergeant is
technically incorrect, and should only be used during a period of temporary promotion.
 Inspector (Insp) (two Order of the Bath stars, informally known as "pips")
 Chief Inspector (C/Insp) (three Order of the Bath stars)
 Superintendent (Supt) (single crown)
 Chief Superintendent (Ch Supt) (crown over one pip)
 Commander (Cmdr) (crossed tipstaves in a bayleaf wreath); the first ACPO rank.
 Deputy Assistant Commissioner (DAC) (one pip over Commander's badge)
 Assistant Commissioner (AC) (crown over Commander's badge);
 Deputy Commissioner (crown above two side-by-side small pips, above Commander's badge)
 Commissioner (crown above one pip above Commander's badge)

POLICE MODEL COMPARISON

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 PARTICULAR PHILIPPINES COLUMBIA MYANMAR JAPAN N

National Police of Law

Organizational Philippine National People’s Police
Columbia Policia Enforcement in
Name Police(PNP) force
National Japan

Department of the
Ministry on National Ministry of Home National Police G
Agency Interior and local
Defense Affairs Agency or NPA
Government (DILG)

Entrance Age 21 years old 21 years old 18 years old 21 years old

Retirement age 56 years old 50 years old 60 years old 60 years old

Police Officer one Police Officer

Minimum Rank Patroller Constables
(PO1) (Junsa)

Commissioner of Chief
Police Director Police Director
Highest Rank Columbia/National Superintendent
General General
Police (Keishie)

Upper-
High school secondary-
Minimum Baccalaureate Baccalaureate
Graduate/College school graduate
Qualification Degree Holder Degree Holder
Graduate and university
Graduates

PARTICULAR AUSTRALIA AFGHANISTAN SRI LANKA SPAIN

Australia Federal
Organizational Afghanistan National Cuerpo National
Police (AFP) Sri Lanka Police
Name Police Police (CNP)

Ministry of
Federal Bureau of North Atlantic Treaty defense, Public Cuerpo Superior
Agency
Narcotic Australia Organization(NATO) Security, Law and De Policia (CSP)
order

Entrance Age 21 years old 18 years old 22 years old 18 years old

Retirement age 57 years old 58 years old 58 years old 67 years old

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 Police Constable
Minimum Rank Probation Constable Sergeant Private
Rank4

Inspector General
Highest Rank Commissioner Master General Chief Lieutenant
of Police

Minimum High School Secondary

Bachelor’s Degree Baccalaureate
Qualification Graduate Education

PARTICULAR MALAYSIA HONGKONG THAILAND CHELI P

Organizational Royal Malaysia Hongkong Police Carabeneros de Pak

Royal Thai Police
Name Police (RMP) Force (HKPF) Cheli P

Malayan Union Thailand National

Security Bureau of Ministerio de
Agency Police Force Police Department In
Hongkong Defensa Nacional
(MUPF) (TNPD)

Entrance Age 20 years old 18 years old 20 years old 15 years old 2

Retirement age 58 years old 60 years old 50 years old 49 years old 6

Aspiranti a
Police constable Official (Officer
Minimum Rank Constable Constable/Police
(PC) Aspirant)

Inspector General Commissioner of Director General Insp

Highest Rank Police General
Police (IGP) Police (General Director

Five Subjects
Minimum Have a High including Chinese High School Baccalaureate H
Qualification School Diploma language and Graduate Degree
English language

ARGENTINA INDONESIA BRUNEI LAOS

PARTICULAR
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 Laos N
Organizational Police Federal of Royal Brunei
Indonesia National Police National F
Name argentine (PFA) Police Force
Police Nati
Under Secretary for
Policia de Buenos Polis Diraja Ministry of
Agency Public Diplomacy and Min
aires Brunei (PDRB) Defense
Public Affairs
21 years
Entrance Age 21years old 18 years old 18 years old
old

60 years
Retirement age 55 years old 45 years old 60 years old
old
Second Bhayangkara/
Gar
Minimum Rank Candidate or Cadet bhayangkara Corporal Private
(Kee
Dua (Bharada)

Superintendent
Dire
General or Police General/Jenderal
Highest Rank Inspector General General la p
Commissioner Polisi (Jend.Pol.)
(De
General

required to
voluntary military service;
posses atleast the
Minimum 2years conscript service Bachelor Fren
University Degree Brunei Junior
Qualification obligation to age Degree
Certificate of
45;Indonesia citizens only
Education(BJCE)

PARTICULAR URUGUAY GERMANY ABU DHABI UNITED KINGDOM

Organizational National Police of Federal Police of Abu Dhabi Police Metropolitan Police N
Name Uruguay Germany (ADP) Service

Ministry of the
Federal Ministry
Agency Interior of Ministry of Interior Ministry of defense
of Interior
Uruguay

Entrance Age 21 years old 16 years old 18 years old 18 years old

Retirement age 54 years old 60 years old 60 years old 62 years old

Minimum Rank Republican Guard Senior Constable Policeman Policemen/ P

Metropolitan Constable
Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy
 Guard

Ministry of the Commander National

Highest Rank Inspector Police
Interior General Commissioner R

High school
Minimum High School Complete college
/College Bachelor’s Degree
Qualification Degree Education
Graduate

UNITED
PARTICULAR SUDAN SINGAPORE ISRAEL BRAZIL
AM

Organizational Sudan Police Policia Militar

Singapore Police Israel Police Sta
Name Force (PM)
National Public
Minister of Security And Departme
Agency Ministry Interior Singapore Agency
Internal Affairs Social Defense Pub
System
Entrance Age 18 years 18 years old 21 years old 18 years old 21 y
55 y
Retirement age 55 years 45 years old 55 years old 49 years old
Except S
Volunteer Special Private
Minimum Rank Lance Corporal Constable T
Constable (Soldado)

Inspector Commissioner of Inspector Colonel

Highest Rank Supe
General Police General (Coronel)

Secondary  Must be proficient in

Minimum School English Bachelor’s High School Bachelo
Qualification Certificate  Minimum 3 GCE’O’ Degree Graduate Accredit
Examination level credited

PARTICULAR MEXICO

Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy

 Organizational
Federal Police Of Mexico
Name

 Secretariat of Public Security

 Mexican Army’s3rd Brigade of
the Military Police
(Terecera Brigada E Policia
Federal De Caminos)
 Fiscal Police (Policia
Agency
Fiscal Federal)
 Interior Ministry’s
Investigation And National
Security Center(Center E
Investigacion Y Seguridad
Nacional)

Entrance Age 18 years old

Retirement age 60 years old

Minimum Rank Seargent /Private

Highest Rank General/Colonel

Minimum
High School Graduate
Qualification

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Jovie Rose D. Dacoycoy