Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR

MATRIX MATRIX
INTRODUCTION S u p p os e we wi s h t o ex p r es s t he
The theory of matrices finds its origin in information that Radha has 15 notebooks.
different kind of linear problems. The We ma y ex pr ess it as [ 1 5] wit h the
most impor tant of them concer ns the understanding that the number inside [ ]
nature of solutions of any given system is the number of notebooks that Radha
of linear equation and the various linear has. Now, if we have to express that
transformations in geometry. Initially, the Radha has 15 notebooks and 6 pens. We
subject was related to determinants and 
15 6  wit h t he
ma y ex p r es s it a s 
 
it wa s t hou gh t t ha t ma t r ices a nd
determinants are inseparably related. understanding that first number inside [ ]
is the number of notebooks while the
other one is the number of pens possessed
by Radha.
Let us now suppose that we wish to
express the information of possession of
notebooks and pens by Radha and her two
friends Fauzia and Simran which is as
follows:
Radha has 15 notebooks and 6 pens,
Fauzia has 10 notebooks and 2 pens,
Simran has 13 notebooks and 5 pens.

Now this could be arranged in the tabular

form as follows:  a11 a12 ... a1n 
Radha 15 6 a a 22 ... a 2n 
Fauzia 10 2 A   21 
 ... ... ... ... 
Simran 13 5  
a m1 a m2 ... a mn 
OR
Radha Fauzia Simran
(Matrices are represented by [ ], ( ), || ||
Notebooks 15 10 13
In a compact form, the above matrix is
Pens 6 2 5
represented by
which can be expressed as:
A = [a ij ], 1  i  m, 1  j  n or simply
DEFINITION
[a ij ] m×n .
A matrix is a rectangular array of symbols
The numbers a 11 , a 12 , ...., etc., of this
(which could be real or complex numbers)
rectangular array are called the elements
arranged in a row and column. If a matrix
of the matrix.
has m rows and n columns, then the order
The element a ij belongs to the ith row and
of matrix is m × n. The order of matrix
jth column and is called the (i, j)th element
represents the number of elements in the
of the matrix.
arrangement. Matrix A of order m × n is
Following are some examples of matrices
usually written as :
:

Matrices Page 1
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
Q. If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the
2 1 1
(i) A   is a matrix having 2 possible orders it can have ?
1 3 2  Q. Construct the matrix of order 3 × 2 whose
rows and 3 columns and so it is a matrix elements are given by a ij = 2i – j.
Q. In a given matrix A, find the following
 sin x cos x  whenever they exist
of order 2 × 3 (ii) B   
 cos x  sin x 
is a matrix having 2 rows and 2 columns  4 2i 2i 3
2  i 3 2i 3i 
and so it is a matrix of order
A 
Q. C ons id er t he f oll owing inf or ma t ion  2  i 2i 2 5
regarding the number of Boys and Girls  3 3i 5 1 

students in three sections A, B and C of
any class (a) a 11 , a 22 , a 33 , a 44 , a 34 , a 45
Boys Students Girls Students (b) second row and third column
A 25 27
B 37 40 TYPES OF MATRICES
C 49 35 ROW MATRIX
represent the above information in the A matrix having only one row is called a
form of a 3 × 2 matrix. What does the row-matrix or a row-vector.
entry in the third row and second column
represent ?

COLUMN MATRIX and the line along which they lie is called
A matrix having only one column is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal
a column matrix or a column-vector. of the matrix.
DIAGONAL MATRIX
HORIZONTAL MATRIX : A matrix of order A square matrix A = [a ij] n×n is called a
m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m. diagonal matrix if all the elements, except
those in the leading diagonal, are zero i.e.
VERTICAL MATRIX : A matrix of order m × a ij = 0, for all i  j
n is a horizontal matrix if n < m. A diagonal matrix of order n × n having
Note : Every row matrix is a horizontal and d1 , d 2 , ...., d n as diagonal elements is
ever y colu mn ma tr ix is ver t ica l bu t den ot ed by d ia g
converse is not necessarily true [d1 , d2 , ...., dn ].
SQUARE MATRIX
A matrix in which the number of rows is TRIANGULAR MATRIX
equal to the number of columns (say n),
is called a square matrix of order n. Triangular Matrix
A square matrix of order n is also called
a n-rowed square matrix. The elements Upper triangular Lower triangular
matrix matrix
a ij of a square matrix A = [a ij ] n×n for
if ai j = 0  i > j if ai j = 0  i < j
which i = j, i.e., the elements a 11 , a 22 ,
...., a nn are called the diagonal elements

Matrices Page 2
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the
 x1 x 2 x3   x1 0 0 matrix.
A   0 x4 x5 A   x 2
 x3 0 SCALAR MATRIX
   
 0 0 x 6   x 4 x5 x 6  A square matrix A = [a ij] n×n is called a
scalar matrix if
Note : (i) a ij = 0 for all i  j, and
(i) Minimum number of zeros in an upper or (ii) a ii = c for all i, where c  0.
lower triangular matrix of order n, is In other words, a diagonal matrix in which
n(n  1) all the diagonal elements are equal is
1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + (n – 1) = called the scalar matrix.
2
IDENTITY OR UNIT MATRIX
(ii) Minimum number of cyphers in a diagonal
A square matrix A = [a ij] n×n is called an
matrix of order n, is n 2 – n = n (n – 1)
identity or unit matrix if
(i) a ij = 0 for all i  j and,
Q. A is square matrix of order n.
(ii) a ii = 1 for all i
l = maximum number of distinct entries
In other words, a square matrix each of
if A is a triangular matrix
whose diagonal element is unity and each
m = maximum number of distinct entries
of whose non-diagonal elements is equal
if A is a diagonal matrix
to zero called an identity or unit matrix.
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a
The identity matrix of order n is denoted
triangular matrix
by I n .

NULL MATRIX REAL MATRIX

A matrix whose all elements are zero is If all the elements of a matrix are real,
called a null matrix or a zero matrix. the matrix is called a real matrix.

TRACE OF A MATRIX SUB MATRIX

The sum of all the elements of a square Let A be an m × n matrix. Then a matrix
matrix A lying along the principal diagonal ob t ained by lea ving s ome r ows a nd
is called the trace of A, and we write tr columns or both of A is called submatrix
(A). of A.
Thus if A = [a ij] n×n , then
SINGULAR MATRIX
n
tr (A) =  a ii  a11  a 22  ...  a nn
i 1 A square matrix A is said to be singular
if |A| = 0.
A squ a r e mat r ix is sa id t o be no n-
PROPERTIES OF TRACE OF A MATRIX
singular if |A|  0.
Let A = [a ij] n×n and B = [b ij] n × n and 
(wher e |A| denotes the determinant of
be a scalar, then
matr ix A, to evaluate it students ar e
(i) tr (A) =  tr (A)
a dv is ed t o s ee t he ex p a ns ion of
(ii) tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B)
det er mi na nt given in D et er mina nt s
(iii) tr (AB) = tr(BA)
chapter).

Matrices Page 3
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR

0 0 
Note : If A    t h a n det ( A) = 0 b u t  x y   1 0 
0 0   
Q. If  z a    2 3  , then find
 
 b c   5 1/ 2
1 2
con ver s e is n ot t r u e a s   has
3 6  the unknowns a, b, c, x, y, z :-
determinant = 0 but it's not a null matrix.
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Let us discuss equality of two matrices.
x  y 2x  z   4 7 
For equality of two matrices, their order Q. If   , then find
x  y 2z  w   0 10 
must be equal. T her e after, take any
general element of one matrix, then it the values of x, y, z, w.
mu st b e equ al t o t he cor r es p onding
element of t h e s a me r ow a nd s a me Q. F or what va lu es of x and y a r e the
column of another matrix. following matrices equal?
Two matrices A = [ aij] and B = [b ij] are
 2x  1 3y   x  3 y2  2
said to be equal, if :   , B   
A=
(i) They are of the same order,  0 y 2  5y   0 6 
(ii) Each element of 'A' is equal to the
corresponding element of B, that is a ij =
b ij for all i and j.

Q. If A is a n-rowed square matrix, A = [a ij]

2 5 7 
i   9 12 4  as the sum of a
wher e a ij =   ,[] denot es gr ea t es t Q. Express  
 j
15 13 6 
integer, then find the value of det (A).
lower triangular matrix and a strictly
Q. Find the values of x ; x  [–4, –1] for upper triangular matrix.

 3 x 1 2  ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
whi ch ma t r i x
 3 1 x  2  is Addition of matrices
 
 x  3 1 2  Before we give the formal definition of
addition of matrices, we will discuss an
singular. example from a real life situation. Let the
marks of the three students S 1 , S 2 , S 3 in
maths, physics and chemistry in two tests
 1 2 0
 6 3 3 be as follows:
Q. Let A + 2B =   and 2A – B = Test1
 5 3 1 
P C M
 2 1 5  S1  40 40 60 
 2 1 6  S2 30 70 40 
  , then find tr (A) – tr (B).  
 0 1 2  S3  25 50 55 

Matrices Page 4
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
Test 2 Thus, any two matrices can be added if
P C M t hey a r e of t he s a me or der a nd t he
S1  55 65 78 resulting matrix is of the same order. If
S2  40 65 35 two matrices A and B are of the same
 
S3  42 65 70 order, they are said to conformable for
Now, if we want to find the aggregate addition.
marks in both tests, then we must have Let A, B be two matrices, each or der
Test1 m × n. Then, their sum A + B is a matrix
P C M of order m × n and is obtained by adding
S1  40 40 60  the corresponding elements of A and B.
Aggregate marks = S2 30 70 40  + Thus, if A = [a ij] m×n and B = [b ij] m×n are
 
S3  25 50 55  two matrices of the same order, their sum
Test 2 A + B is defined to be the matrix of order
P C M m × n such that (A + B) ij = a ij + b ij for i
S1  55 65 78 = 1, 2, ...., m a nd

S2  40 65 35 j = 1, 2, ....., n.
 
S3  42 65 70

Example 1 If (ii) Matrix addition is associative

i.e., if A, B, C are three matrices of the
1 2 3  6 5 4 
A  , B  3 2 1  t h en same order, then
4 5 6   (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
find A + B : (iii) Existence of Identity
The null matrix O is the identity element
for matrix addition, i.e., A + O = A = O +
1 2 3 A where order of A and O are same
Example 2 If A =  4 5 6 , B =
  (iv) Existence of Inverse
For every matrix A = [a ij] m × n there exists
 1 2 1  a matrix [–a ij] m×n , denoted by – A, such
3 2 1 that
  , then A + B is not defined,
A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A.
 2 5 2 
(v) Cancellation laws hold good in case
of addition of matrices
Properties of Matrix addition If A, B, C are matrices of the same
(i) Matrix addition is commutative order, then
i.e., if A and B are two m × n matrices, A+ B=A+ C B = C
then A + B = B + A. (left cancellation law)
and, B+A= C +AB = C
(right cancellation law)

Matrices Page 5
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR

SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES Multiplication of Matrix by scalar

Definition : Before we give the formal definition of
For two matrices A and B of the same scalar multiplication, we will discuss an
order, we define A – B = A + (–B). example from a real life situation. Let the
marks of the three students S 1 , S 2 , S 3 in
 3 2 1
Example If A    and maths, phys ics, and chemistr y b e as
 1 4 7  follows:

3 5  2
B , then find A – B P C M
 1 4  2 
S1  40 40 60 
S2 30 70 40 
 
S3  25 50 55 
2 3 4 3 0 5
   
Q. If A 0 4 6 , B  5 3 2 , After the result, the examination body
   
 5 8 9  0 4 7  realizes that the test papers were too
difficult for the students to perform well,
find 3A – 2B.
So they decided to give 10% grace marks
to each students in each subject. Then
the revised result is

 2 3 5
 P C M  Q. If A    , then find 2A, 3A
   6 7 8  23
S1  40 40 60  
(1.1)   
 S2 30 70 40  
  
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR
 S3  25 50 55  
MULTIPLICATION
If A = [ aij] m×n, B = [b ij] m×n are two
matrices and k, l are scalars, then
P C M
(i) k (A + B) = k A + k B
S1  44 44 66 
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA
= S2  33 77 44  (iii) (kl)A = k (l A) = l (k A)
 
S3  27.5 55 60.5 (iv) (–k)A = – (k A) = k (– A)
(v) 1.A = A
Thus, the matrix obtained by multiplying (vi) (–1)A = – A.
every element of a matrix A by a scalar
 is called the scalar multiple of A by 
and is denoted by A, i.e., if A = [a ij ]
then A = [a ij].

Matrices Page 6
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
Q. Solve the equation,
5 2
[x 2y 3z] – 2 [y z – x] + 3 [–z x y] Q. Find X and Y, if X + Y =   and X –
= [–12 1 17] 0 9 

3 6
 2 1 1 4 Y=  .
Q. If A =  and B =   0 1
 ,
3 1 7 2
find 3A – 2B.  9 1 1 5
Q. If A =   and B =  7 12  , find
 7 8  
Q. If A = diag (1, – 1, 2) and B = diag (2, 3, matrix C such that 5A + 3B + 2C is a null
– 1), then find 3 A + 4B. matrix.
Q. Find the value of , a non-zero scalar, if :

1 0  1 2  1 0 2   1 2 3   4 4 10 
 3 1  2 2      2  
Q. If A =   and B =   , then 3 4 3   1 3 2   4 2 10 
 5 2   1 1  Q. S ol ve the ma t r ix equ a t ion

find the matrix 'X' such that 3A + 2X = 5  x 2   x   2 

B.    3     .
 y 2   2y   9 

Q. Simplify After 2 years, the population of the inner

city 0.6 (0.6I + 0.3S) + 0.3 (0. 4 I + 0.7S)
 cos  sin    sin   cos 
cos     sin    and the suburban population is given by
  sin  cos    cos  sin   0.4 (0.6I + 0.3S) + 0.7 (0.4 I + 0.7S).
Is there a nice way of representing the
MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES two populations after a certain number
Before we give the formal definition of of years ?
how to multiply two matrices, we will Let us show how matrices may be helpful
discus s an exa mp le f r om a r eal lif e to answer this question.
situation. Consider a city with two kinds Let us represent the two populations in
of population : the inner city population one table (meaning a column object with
and the suburb population. We assume two entries):
that every year 40% of the inner city
I 
population moves to the suburbs, while S
30% of the suburb population moves to  
the inner part of the city. Let I (resp. S) So after one year the table which gives
be the initial population of the inner city
 0.6I  0.3S 
(resp. the suburban area). So after one the two populations is  0.4I  0.7S
year, the population of the inner part is  
0.6I + 0.3S, while the population of the
suburban is 0.4I + 0.7S.

Matrices Page 7
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
If we consider the following rule (the In other words, we have
product of two matrices)
 a b   e f   ae  bg af  bh 
 a b   I   aI  bS  c d   g h    ce  dg cf  dh 
    
 c d  S   cI  dS
     In fact, we do not need to have two
then the populations after one year are matrices of the same size to multiply
given by the formula them. Above, we did multiply a (2 × 2)
matrix with a (2 × 1) matrix [which gave
 0.6 0.3   I 
 0.4 0.7  S a (2 × 1) matrix].
   In fact, the general rule says that in order
After two years, the populations are to perform the multiplication AB, where
A is a m × n matrix and B is a k × l matrix,
 0.6 0.3    0.6 0.3   I   then we must have n = k. The result will
 0.4 0.7    0.4 0.7  S 
     be a m × l matrix.
For example, we have
Combining this formula with the above
result, we get
x 
a b c    ax  by  cz 
 0.6 0.3  0.6 0.3 d y 
 0.4 0.7  0.4 0.7   e f    dx  ey  fz 
    z 

 0.6  0.6  0.3  0.4 0.6  0.3  0.3  0.7 

 
 0.4  0.6  0.7  0.4 0.4  0.3  0.7  0.7 
Two matrices A and B are conformable Let A = [a 1 a 2 ... a n ] be a row matrix and
for the pr oduct AB if the number of
column is A (pre-multiplier) is same as
the number of rows in B (post-multiplier).  b1 
Thus, if A = [a ij] m× n B = [b ij] n × p are b 
two matrices of order m × n and n × p, B   2  be a column matrix.
 
respectively, then their product AB is of  
 bn 
order m × p and is defined as
(AB) ij =
n Then, AB = a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + ··· + a n b n
 a ir brj  a i1b1j  a i2b2 j  ain bnj = ......(ii)
r 1 Thus, form (i), we have (AB) ij, the sum
 b1j  of the product of elements of ith row of
 
b2 j A with the corresponding elements of jth
[a il a i2  a in ]  
 column of B.
 
 b nj 
 2 1 3 1 2 
= (i th row A) (jth column of  
Q. If A  3 2 1 and B   2 1  ,
B) ....(i)    
where i = 1,2,....., m and j = 1, 2, ...., p.  1 0 1 1 3
Now, we define the product of a r ow
then find AB if possible.
matrix and a column matrix.

Matrices Page 8
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
NOTE In this case BA does not exist, because  Matrix multiplication is associative : A
the number of column in B is not same as (BC) = (AB) C.
the number of rows in A.  For every square matrix A, there exist an
identity matrix I of same order such that
IA = AI = A.
2 3  If A = O  det A = 0 however det A = 0
1 2 3   1 2  does not imply A = O
Q. Let A =   and B =  .
3 2 1  2 5
1 2
For example : A=   then det A
Find AB and BA and show that AB  BA. 3 6 
= 0 but A is not a null matrix.
Properties of matrix multiplication  Matrix multiplication is distributive with
 Commutative law does not necessarily respect to addition
hold for matrices i.e., AB  BA is not A (B ± C) = AB ± AC.
always true.
 If AB = BA, then matrices A and B are
called commutative matrices.

 2 0  4 0
eg. : A    and B   
 0 3 0 5
 If AB = –BA, then matrices A and B are
called anticommutative matrices.

 If the product AB = O, it is not necessary  Cancellation law does not necessarily

that at least one of the matrix should be hold, i.e., if AB = AC, then in general B
a zero matrix. For example,  C, even if A  O.
For example :
 0 2 1 0
if A  and B    . t hen
0 0 0 0  1 3 2   1 4 1 0
 
A  2 1 3 , B   2 1 1 1 
   
0 0  4 3 1   1 2 1 2 
AB =   , while neither A nor B is    
0 0
the null matrix.
 2 1 1 2 
 A & B are two square matrix of same  
and C  3 2 1 1
order such that AB = O and det. A  0  
 2 5 1 0 
then B = O (null matrix)  
For example :
t hen b ot h AB a nd AC =
1 2   a b   0 0
3 4   c d   0 0 then a = b = c =  3 3 0 1 
      1 15 0 5  . same while B  C.
 
d=0  3 15 0 5 
 

Matrices Page 9
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
 If A = diag (a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a n ) and B = (I + A) n = n C 0 I + n C 1 A + n C 2 A2 + ···+
diag (b 1 , b 2 , b 3 , ..., b n ), nC An
n
then A × B = diag (a 1 b 1 , a 2 b 2 , ...., a n b n ).  If A1 , A2 , ...., An are square matrices of
t he s a me or der, t hen |A 1 A 2 . . . A n |=
Thus, Am = diag (a1m , a m m m
2 , a 3 ,....., a n )
|A 1 ||A 2 | ... |A n |.
 If A and B are diagonal matrices of the  If k is scalar, then |kA| = k m |A|, where m
same order, then AB = BA i.e. diagonal is order of the matrix A.
matrices are commutative.  If A and B are square matrices of same
 If A and B are commutative, then order, then |AB| = |BA| even though AB
(A + B) 2 = (A + B) (A + B)  BA.
= A2 + AB + BA + B 2
= A2 + 2AB + B 2 Q. If A, B, C are given matrices such that
Similarly AB = O and BC = I then prove that
(A + B) 3 = A3 + 3A2 B + 3AB 2 + B 3 (A + B) 2 (A + C) 2 = I where O & I are
null and identity matrix respectively.
In general,
(A + B) n = n C 0 An + n C 1 An–1 B Q. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the
+ n C 2 An–2 B2 + ··· + n C n Bn
M a t r ices A a nd I a r e a lw a ys  3 2  3 3
commutative. Hence, 3 0   y y   3y 3y 
equations    x x   .
 2 4  10 10 

1 2 a b  1 2 3  7 8 9 
Q. If the matrices A =   and B =  c d 
Q. If X   4 6 
Find X.
3 4   4 5 6  2
(a, b, c, d not all simulataneously zero)

db 1 2
commute, find the value of . Also Q. If A =  . Find X such that AX = O.
a cb
2 3
show that the matrix which commutes with A
Where O is null-matrix.

 2 
   3
Q. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix given by A =
is of the form   (a ij ) 3×3 . If for every column vector X,
  
X T AX = O a nd
a 23 = –2006, then true that sum of digits
of element a 32 must be equal to 8. Where
 2 1
Q. A=   . Find X if AX = A O is a null matrix.
 2 1
a b  p  0 
Q. Let A =   and B =      . Such
c d  q  0 
 2 1
Q. A=   . Find X if XA = I2 where I2 is an that AB = B and a + d = 2,
 2 1 then find the value of (ad – bc).
identity matrix of order 2.

Matrices Page 10
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
Q. Prove that the product of matrices Q. Find all matrices which commute with A

 cos2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin  1 1

  and   =
sin 2   sin 2   
 cos  sin  cos  sin   0 1
is the null matrix, when  and  differ by
an odd multiple of /2. Q. Consider the two matrices A and B where

1 2 5 
1 1 a 1  A=   ; B =   . If n(A) denotes
Q. If A =   ,B    and (A + B) 2 4 3  3
1 1  b 1
the number of elements in A. When the
2 2
= A + B , find a and b. two matrices X and Y are not conformable
f or mu l t ip li ca t i on t hen
n(XY) = 0, If C = (AB)(B'A); and D =
 0  tan( / 2) 
Q. Let A =   and I ( B' A) ( A B) t h en, f ind t he v a lu e of
 tan( / 2) 0 
be the identity matrix of order 2. 
 n(C) | D |2  n(D)
   .
Show that  
n(A)  n(B)
 
cos   sin  
I  A  (I  A)  
 sin  cos  

Q. Consider the matrix A, B, C, D with order

p q
2 × 3, 3 × 4, 4 × 4, 4 × 2, respectively. Q. If A =  , then show that
0 1 
Let X = ( AB  C 2 D) 3 where  and 
are scalars. Let |X| = k |ABC 2 D|3 . Then
find the value of k.  8  p8  1  
p q 
A8    p  1  
 
PO S I T I V E I N T E G R A L PO W E R S O F A  
SQUARE MATRIX 0 1 
Let A be square matrix. Then, we define
(i) A1 = Aand,
(ii) An+1 = An ·A, where n  N.  3 4  n  f (n) g(n) 
Q. If A =   and A  
It is evident from this definition that 1 1  n(n) k(n) 
A2 = AA, A3 = A2 A = (AA) A. etc.
then find the value of
It can be easily seen that
(i) Am .A n =A m+n and, 10 5 15 20
m n mn
(ii) (A ) = A for all m, n  N.  f (r)   g(r)   h(r)   k(r)
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1

Matrices Page 11
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL
Let f(x) = a 0 x n + a 1 x n–1 + a 2 x n–2 + ... + 1 2 0 
a n–1 x + a n Q. A   2 1 0 
 
be a polynomial and let A be a square  0 0 1 
 
matrix of order n. Then,
f (A) = a 0 An + a 1 An–1 + a 2 An–2 + Prove that 5A–1 = A2 + A –5I where I is
... + a n–1 A + a n I n the identity matrix.
is called a matrix polynomial.
n
For example, if f(x) = x 2 – 3 x + 2 is a 1 2 a  1 18 2007 
polynomial and A is a square matrix, then
 0 1 4   0 1 36  , t hen
Q. If    
A2 – 3 A + 2 I is a matrix polynomial.  0 0 1  0 0 1 
N o t e : E ver y s q u a r e ma t r ix A s a t i s f ies it
characterstic equation |A – xI| = 0 where evaluate (n + a).
x is known as characteristic value TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX
Let us consider a matrix

 2 3 2
Q. Let A    and f(x) = x – 4x + 7.  a11 a12 a13   R1
 1 2 
A  a 21 a 22 a 23   R2
 
Show that f(A) = O. Use this result to  a 31 a 32 a 33   R3
find A5 .   
33
C1 C2 C3

transpose of A. Transpose of the matrix

 a11 a 21 a 31  A i s denoted by A ' or (A T ). In other
New matrix  a12 a 22 a 32  words, if A = [a ij] m×n ; then A' = [a ji] n×m .
 
 a13 a 23 a 33  33
1 2 
This new matrix is given the name A T or For example, A  3 4  , then A' =
 
transpose of A. Similarly, take up another 5 6  32
example.
 a11 a12   R1
1 3 5 
A  a 21 a 22   R 2  2 4 6
    23
a 31 a 32  32  R 3
Change row into column and vice-versa.
 
C1 C2 PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF
MATRIX
 a11 a 21 a 31  (i) Transpose of transpose of a matrix A is
T hu s , AT    =
 a12 a 22 a 32  23 equal to matrix A.
(AT ) T = A
Transpose of matrix A
If A = [a ij], be an m × n matrix, then the
(ii) (kA) T = kAT (where k is any constant.)
matrix obtained by interchanging the rows
wit h t he colu mns of A is ca lled the
Matrices Page 12
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
(iii) (A + B) T = AT + B T SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC
MATRICES.
(iv) (AB) T = BT AT Symmetric Matrix :
A squar e matr ix A = [a ij ] is called a
symmetric matrix if a ij = a ji for all i, j.
 cos   sin  
Q. If A =  then find the value For example, the matrix
 sin  cos  

of  satisfying the equation A T + A = I 2 .  3 1 1 

A   1 2 5 
 
 1 5 2 
1 2 2 
 2 1 2  is symmetric, because a 12 = –1 = a 21 , a 13
Q. If A =   is a matrix satisfying
= 1 = a 31 , a 23 = 5 = a 32 .
 a 2 b 
I t f ollo ws f r om t h e def init ion o f a
AAT = 9I 3 , then find the values of a and symmetric matrix that A is symmetric
b.  a ij = a ji for all i, j  (A) ij =
T
(A ) ij for all i, j  A = A . T

Thus, a square matrix A is symmetric

matrix if AT = A.
Matrices

symmetric.
a h g 2  i 1 3  This implies and is implied by
  
A  h b f ,B  1 2 3  2i 
    a ij = –a ji for i, j
 g f c   3 3  2i 4   (A) ij = – (AT ) ij for all i,j
 A = – AT
are symmetric matrices, because A T = A  AT = – A
and B T = B. T hus , a squa r e mat r ix A is a s kew-
symmetric matrix if AT = – A.
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX Q. Ar e t he ma t r i ces
A square matr ix A = [a ij ] is a skew-
symmetric matrix if a ij = –a ji for all i, j.  0 2i 3  0 3 5 
A  2i 0 4 , B   3 0 2 
 
   
 0 2  3  3 4 0   5 2 0 
A   2 0 5  is s kew-
 
 3 5 0  are skew-symmetric matrices ?
Note :
symmetric because (i) the pair of conjugate elements in skew
a 12 = 2, a 21 = –2  a 12 = – a 21 symmetric matrix are additive inverse of
a 13 = –3, a 31 = 3  a 13 = – a 31 each other.
a 23 = 5, a 32 = –5  a 23 = – a 32
It follows from the definition of a skew-
s ymmet r i c ma t r ix t h a t A is s k ew-

Matrices Page 13
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
(ii) Maximum number of distinct entries in a Properties of Symmetric and Skew-
symmetric Matrices
n(n  1)
symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
(i) : If A be a square matrix then
 n(n  1)  (a) A + AT is a symmetric matrix.
 1  2  3  .........  n   (b) A – AT is a skew symmetric matrix.
 2 
(c) AA T a nd A T A a r e s y mmet r ic
(iii) Maximum number of distinct non zero
matrices.
entries in a skew symmetric matrix of
(ii) : Ever y square matrix can be uniquely
n(n  1) n(n  1) expressed as the sum of a symmetric and
order n is n  .
2 2 a skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) The digonal elements of a skew square
matrix are all zero, but the converse is (iii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then –A, kA,
not necessarily true. AT , An ,A–1 , B T AB are also symmetric
(v) For a skew symmetric matrix A of order matrices,
(2p – 1), where n  N, k  R and B is a square
p  N, |A| = 0 matrix of order that of A
Since A is skew symmetric hence
AT = – A then |AT | = |–A| = (–1) 2p–1 |A|
= – |A|
but |AT | = |A|, hence |A| = – |A|  |A| =
0

(iv) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then (vii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is

(a) A2n is a symmetric matrix for n  N, a column matrix, then C T AC is a zero
(b) A2n+1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for matrix.
n  N,
(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix,
where k  R,  3 2 3
(d) BT AB is also skew-symmetric matrix Q. Express the matrix A   4 5 3 as the
 
where B is a square matrix of order that  2 4 5
of A.
(v) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then s u m of a s ymmet r i c a nd a s k ew-
(a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric symmetric matrix.
matrices,
(b) AB – BA is a s kew- s ymmet r ic  3 a 1
2 5 c 
matrix, Q. A =   is symmetric and B =
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB  b 8 2 
= BA.
 d 3 a 
 b  a e 2b  c 
(vi) I f A, B a r e t wo s kew- s ymmet r ic   is skew-symmetric,
matrices, then  2 6 f 
(a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric
matrices, then find AB.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
Matrices Page 14
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
Q. Given matrices
Q. Find a Matrix X such that X = P'Q 2017 P.
 3 3 z  1 x 1
A  3 2 3 ; B   x
  2 y  3 1 
   
 z 3 1   1 y 3    1 1
2 2 
wher e P , A 
 1 3 0 1
Obtain x, y and z if the matrix AB is  
 2 2 
symmetric.
Q. What is the maximum number of different
and Q = PAP'.
elements required to form a symmetric
SPECIAL MATRICES
matrix of order 12?
Orthogonal Matrix
Q. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal
find |(A – AT ) 2011 |.
matrix if the product of the matrix A and
its transpose A' is an identity matrix. i.e.,
Q. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then
AA' = A'A = I.
show that AB is symmetric iff AB = BA
i.e. A and B commute.
Q. Show that positive odd integral powers
of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-
symmetr ic and positive even integr al
powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are
symmetric.

 a1 a 2 a3   a1 b1 c1   a1 a 2 a3 
Let A   b1 b 2 b3  t h en A A  a 2
T
b2 c 2   b1 b 2 b3 
    
 c1 c 2 c3   a 3 b3 c3   c1 c 2 c3 

 a1 b1 c1   a12  b12  c12 a1a 2  b1b 2  c1c2 a1a 3  b1b3  c1c3 

A T  a 2 b2 c2  
 a 2a1  b 2 b1  c 2c1 a 22  b 22  c 22

a 2 a 3  b2 b3  c2 c3 
   
 a 3 b3 c3   a 3a1  b3b1  c3c1 a 3a 2  b3b 2  c3c 2 a 32  b32  c32 

1 0 0 
 0 1 0
 a12  a 22  a 32 a1b1  a 2 b 2  a 3 b3 a1c1  a 2c 2  a 3a 3 
 

AA T   b1a1  b 2 a 2  b3a 3 b12  b 22  b32 b1c1  b 2 c2  b3c3 
  0 0 1 
 
 c1a1  c2a 2  c3a 3 c1b1  c 2b 2  c3b3 c12  c 22  c32  comparing,
3 3 3
1 0 0   a i2   bi2   ci2  1 ;

 0 1 0
i 1 i 1 i1
 
 0 0 1  3 3 3
 a i bi   bici   cia i  0
and i 1 i 1 i1

a nd a12  b12  c12  1  a 22  b 22  c 22 =

Matrices Page 15
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
orthogonal matrix is ± 1.
a 32  b32  c32
a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c 1 c 2 = 0, a 1 a 3 + b 1 b 3 + a b c 
c 1 c 3 = 0, a 2 a 3 + b 2 b 3 + c 2 c 3 = 0  
Q. Given a matrix A =  b c a  , where a,
 c a b 
N ot e: All the 3 rows or 3 columns of an
orthogonal matrix are pair wise b, c are real numbers, abc = 1 and A T A =
orthogonal triad of 3 unit vectors. I, then find the value of a 3 + b 3 + c 3 .
Q. If li , mi , ni ; i = 1, 2, 3 denote the direction
cosines of three mutually perpendicular
 0 2b c 
vectors in space, prove that the matrix  a b c 
Q. If the matr ix A =   is an
 1 m1 n1   a  b c 
A   2 m2 n 2  is a n or t hogo na l
  orthogonal matrix, find the values of a, b
  3 m3 n 3 
and c.
matrix. Q. If A is an orthogonal matrix and B = AP
Note : where P is a non singular matrix then
(i) If AA' = I, then A–1 = A' i.e. inverse of A s ho w t h a t t h e ma t r ix P B – 1 i s a l s o
equals A'. orthogonal.
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also
orthogonal.
(iii) Value of corresponding determinant of

Idempotent Matrix Q. If (A + I) n = I + 255A. Then find the

A square matrix A is called idempotent value of n. when A is idempotent and I is
provided it satisfies the relation A 2 = A. identity matrix
Properties Q. If AB = A and BA = B then show that A 2
(i) If A is an idempotent matrix then det. |A| = A, B 2 = B
= 0 or 1
(ii) If A is an idempotent matrix A n = A  n Q. If A and B are square matrices of order
 2, n  N n, then prove that A and B will commute
(iii) If A and B are idempotent matrices, then if a nd only if
AB is an idempotent matrix, if AB = BA (A – I) and (B – I) commute for every
(iv) If A and B are idempotent matrices, then scalar .
A + B is an idempotent if AB + BA = O.
(v) A is idempotent and A + B = I, then B is
also idempotent and AB = BA = O. Periodic Matrix
A square matrix A is called periodic, if
 2 2 4  Ak+1 = A, where k is a positive integer.
Q. Show that the matrix A =  1 3 4 If k is the least positive integer for which
 
 1 2 3 Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be period of
A. For k = 1, we get A 2 = A and hence a
is idempotent. p er iodic ma t r ix w it h p er io d one is
idempotent matrix.

Matrices Page 16
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR

 2 3 5  1 1 3
Q. Prove that the matrix A   1 4 5 Q. S ho w t ha t A   5 2 6  is a
   
 1 3 4   2 1 3
nilpotent matrix of order 3.
is periodic matrix where period is 1.
Involutory Matrix
 cos  sin   n
Q. If A   and A = A find the A square matrix A is called involutory
  sin  cos   matrix provided is satisfies the relation
min value of n when  = /6, n  N (n  A2 = I, where I is identity matrix.
1)
1 0 1 0
Nilpotent Matrix e.g., A =   and A2 =  0 1   I
A square matrix A is called nilpotent  0 1  
matrix of order k provided it satisfies the Properties
relation (i) A is involutory iff (A + I) (A – I) = O
Ak = O and Ak–1  O, (ii) Identity matrix is a trivial example of
where k is positive integer and O is null involutory matrix.
matrix and k is the order of the nilpotent (iii) A = A–1
matrix A. (iv) |A| = 1, –1
Note : Nilpotent matrix is always singular.

 5 8 0   a11 a12 a13 

 5 0 
If A  a 21 a 22 a 23  , then adj A
Q. Show that the matrix A =  3   
 1 2 1  a 31 a 32 a 33 

is involutory.
Q. A is an involutary matrix then prove that
(A + I) n = 2 n–1 (A + I)
ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
Let A = [a ij] be a square matrix of order p q 
For example, A   
n and let C ij be cofactor of a ij in A. Then r s
the transpose of the matrix of cofactors
of elements of A is called the adjoint of A Here, C 11 = s, C 12 = – r, C 21 =
and is denoted by adj A. –q, C 22 = p. Therefore,
Thus, adj A = [C ij] T or (adj A) ij = C ji ; a dj A =
 1  i, j  n T
where C ij denotes the cofactor of a ij  s r   s q 
q p   r p 
in A.    

Note : A (adj A) = |A| I n = (adj A) A.

Matrices Page 17
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
Q. F in d t he a djo int of ma t r ix
 1 1 1 
 1 1 1  
Q. L et A =  2 1 3 a n d 1 0 B =
A   2 1  3 .  1 1 1 
 
 1 2 3 

Inverse of A Matrix  4 2 2
 5 0  
A nonsingular square matrix of order n is   If B is the inverse of A,
invertible if there exists a square matrix  1 2 3 
B of the same order such that
AB = I n = BA then find the value .
In such a case, we say that the inverse Properties of Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix
of A is B and we write 1. Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then
A–1 = B A (adj A) = |A| I n = (adj A) A.
Also from A (adj A) = |A|I n = (adj A) A,
we can conclude that
2. E ver y inver t ib le mat r ix poss ess es a
1 1
A  adjA unique inverse.
|A|

3. (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible 7. If A is an invertible square matrix, then

matrices of the same order, then AB is adj (AT ) = (adj A) T (using (AT ) –1
inv er t i b le a nd = (A–1 ) T )
(AB) –1 = B –1 A–1 .
In general, if A, B, C, ... are invertible 8. If A is a nonsingular square matrix, then
Matrices, then (ABC···) –1 = ··· C –1 B –1
adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A
A –1 .

4. If A is an invertible square matrix, then n 2 n

Note : (i) adj adjA    A  |A|
AT is also invertible and (A T ) –1 = (A–
1) T .
n 2  2n 1  n 12
= A | A |
5. If A is a nonsingular square matrix of
order n, then |adj A| = |A| n–1 . ( ii ) In gener a l, we ca n concl u de

6. Reversal law for adjoint : If A and B are r

Adj Adj.....Adj A | A |(n 1)
nonsingular square matrices of the same 
order, then r times Adj

adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (using (AB) –1

= B –1 ·A–1 )

Matrices Page 18
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
9. If A is a nonsingular matrix, then |A –1 | = Q. Let A be a non-singular square matrix. If
|A|–1 , A is symmetric, then prove that A–1 is also
i.e., |A–1 | = 1 / |A|. symmetric.

10. T he kth power of the inver se of A is

inverse of the kth power of A

Some more example on inverse Q. Let P be a nonsingular matrix, and

I + P + P 2 + ··· + P n = O, then find P –1 .
 2 3
Q. Show that the matrix A =  satisfies
1 2 

the equation A2 – 4A + I = O, where I is Q. Matr ices A and B satisfy AB = B –1 ,

2 × 2 identity matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero
 2 1
matrix. Using this equation, find A –1 . where B    . Find
2 0 
Without finding B –1 , the value of k for
Q. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix which
kA – 2B –1 + I = O.
 2 1   3 2  1 0 
equation  3 2  A  5  3   0 1 
     

Q. Matr ices A and B satisfy AB = B –1 ,

SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR
 2 1
where B    . Find the matrix X EQUATIONS
2 0  W he n S y s t em o f E quat io n is N o n-
satisfying A–1 XA = B. H o mo geneo us
Consider the following system of m linear
Q. If there are three square matrix A, B, C equ a t ion ( non - homogeno u s ) i n n
of same order satisfying the equation A 2 u n k n o w n s
= A–1 a nd l et x 1 , x 2 , ....x n
n (n 2) a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + .... + a 1n x n = b 1
B = A 2 and C = A 2 , then prove that
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ..... + a 2n x n = b 2
det (B–C) = 0, n  N.
...................................................
a m1 x 1 + a m2 x 2 + ..... + a mn x n = b n
Q. If A and B be two non-singular square T hi s s ys t em o f eq u a t io n ca n b e
matrices of the same order, prove that written in matrix form, as follows
| A | = | B –1 AB |
 a11 a12  a1n   x1   b1 
a a 22 a 2n  x  b 
Q. If A is a nonsingular matrix satisfying  21   2  2
AB – BA = A, then prove that det (B + I)       =  
     
= det (B – I).  a m1 a m2 ..........a mn   x n   bn 
 AX = B (say)

Matrices Page 19
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
N ot e:
(i) A system is said to be consistent if it has  a1 b1 c1  x   d1 
atleast one set of solution other wise
a b2 c 2 , X  y , B   d 2 
  
A=  2   
known as inconsistent system.  a 3 b3 c3   z   d3 
(ii) AX = B is called homogenous if B = O,
otherwise it is called a non-homogenous Now : AX = B  (adj A) (AX) = (adj A) B
.
system of equations. (adj A A)X = (adj A) B
IX or X = (adj A) B
S y s t em o f L inear E quat io ns in T hree
Unknowns Criteria for Consistency
Consider the system of equations 1. If | A |  0, System is consistent having
a 1 x + b 1 y + c 1 z = d1 unique solution
....(i) System is consistent having unique non-
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z = d2 trivial solution
....(ii) 2. If | A | = 0, Matrix method fails; then
a 3 x + b 3 y + c 3 z = d3 the system of equation given by AX = B
....(iii) can be consistent with infinitely many
The given system of equations can be solution or it can be inconsistent (no
written as: solution).
AX = B where

Case I : If (adj A). B = null matrix  System Q. By the method of matrix inversion, solve
can have infinitely many solutions the system.

Case II : I f ( a dj A) . B  O  S y s t em is
 1 1 1   x1 y1   9 2 
inconsistent i.e. system has no solution 2 5 7  x y 2   52 15 
Q. Examine the consistency of the system   2   
 2 1 1  x 3 y3   0 1
of equations.
x + 3y = 5
2x + 6y = 8
Q. Solve the system
x+y+z=3
Q. Solve the system of equations 2x + y = 3
x+y+z=2
and 4x + 2y = 6
x+y+z=1
Q. Examine the consistency of the system
of equations.
3x – y - 2z = 2
2y – z = –1
3x – 5y = 3

Q. Solve the following system of equations,

using matrix method : x + 2y + z = 7, x +
3z = 11, 2x – 3y = 1.

Matrices Page 20
Maths IIT-JEE MC SIR
When System of Equations is Homogeneous  AX = O
and Linear Equations (i) If | A |  0, the system of equations
C on s ider t he f ollow ing s ys t em of has only trivial solution and that will be
homogeno u s li nea r equ a t ion i n n the only solution.
unknowns x 1 , x 2 , ....x n (ii) If | A | = 0, the system of equations
a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + ..... + a 1n x n = 0 has non-trival solution and besides this it
a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + ..... + a 2n x n = 0 has infinite solutions also.
................................................
a n1 x 1 + a n2 x 2 + ..... + a nn x n = 0 Q. Let  and  be real. Find the set of all
This system of equation can be written real values of  for which the systemof
in matrix form, as follows: linear equations :
x + (sin ) y + (cos )z = 0
 a11 a12 ...........a1n   x1  0  x + (cos ) y + (cos )z = 0
a a a 2n   x  0  –x + (sin ) y – (cos )z = 0
 21 22   2   
         has non-trivial solution. For =1, find all
      values of .
 a n1 a n2 ............a nn   x n  0 

Matrices Page 21