Best Approach

MATRICES
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Pattern-2

By Mathematics Wizard
Manoj Chauhan Sir (IIT Delhi)
No. 1 Faculty of Unacademy,
Exp. More than 12 Years
in Top Coaching of Kota
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MCSIR Matrices
MATRICES

DEFINITION COLUMN MATRIX

A matrix is a rectangular array of symbols (which could be A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix or
real or complex numbers) arranged in a row and column. If a a column-vector.
matrix has m rows and n columns, then the order of matrix is
3 
m × n. The order of matrix represents the number of elements 1   2
in the arrangement. Matrix A of order m × n is usually written  For example, A   2  and B    are column-matrices
5 
as :  1  
 4
of order 3 × 1 and 4 × 1 respectively.
 a11 a12 ... a1n 
a a 22 ... a 2 n 
A   21
SQUARE MATRIX
 ... ... ... ...   A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number
 
a m1 aa2 ... a mn  of columns, say n, is called a square matrix of
order n.
(Matrices are represented by [ ], ( ), || ||)
 A square matrix of order n is also called a n-rowed square
 In a compact form, the above matrix is represented by
matrix.
A = [aij ], 1  i  m, 1  j  n or simply [aij ]m×n.
 The elements a ij of a square matrix
 The numbers a11, a12, ...., etc., of this rectangular array are A = [aij]n×n for which i = j, i.e., the elements a11, a22, ...., ann are
called the elements of the matrix. called the diagonal elements and the line along which they lie
 The element aij belongs to the ith row and jth column and is is called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal of the
called the (i, j)th element of the matrix. matrix.
 Following are some examples of matrices :
 2 1 1
2
(i) A  
1 1
is a matrix having 2 rows and 3  For example, the matrix  3 2 5  is square matrix of or-
 
1 3 2  1 5 3
col umns and so it is a matrix of order 2 × 3 such that
der 3 in which the diagonal elements are 2, –2
a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = – 1, a21 = 1, a22 = 3, a23 =2. and –3.
 sin x cos x  DIAGONAL MATRIX
(ii) B    is a matrix having 2 rows and
 cos x  sin x   A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a diagonal matrix if all the
2 columns and so it is a matrix of order 2 × 2 such elements, except those in the leading diagonal, are zero i.e.
that b11 = sin x, b12 = cos x, b21 = cos x, b22= – sinx. aij = 0, for all i  j
 A diagonal matrix of order n × n having d1, d2, ...., dn as diago-
Q . If a matrix has 12 elements, what are the nal elements is denoted by diag [d1, d2, ...., dn].
possible orders it can have ?
1 0 0
Q. Construct the matrix of order 3 × 2 whose elements are given  For example, the matrix A = 0 2 0 is a diagonal matrix, to
by aij = 2i – j. 0 0 3

be denoted by A = diag (1, 2, 3).

TYPES OF MATRICES
ROW MATRIX
SCALAR MATRIX
A matrix having only one row is called a row-matrix or a row-  A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called a scalar matrix if
vector. (i) aij = 0 for all i  j, and
(ii) aii = c for all i, where c  0.
 For example, A = 1 2 1 2  is a row matrix of order 1 ×
 In other words, a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal
4.
elements are equal is called the scalar matrix.
 For example, the matrices

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COMPLEX MATRIX
1  2i 0 0 
2 0 
A  and B 0 1  2i 0  If at least one of the elements of a matrix contains an imagi-
0 2 nary number, then the matrix is called a complex matrix.
 0 0 1  2i 

are scalar matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively. 1  2i 1 0

A 2 3  2i 5
 
IDENTITY OR UNIT MATRIX   5 0 2 
 A square matrix A = [aij]n×n is called an identity or unit matrix if
(i) aij = 0 for all i  j and, SUB MATRIX
(ii) aii = 1 for all i  Let A be an m × n matrix. Then a matrix obtained by leaving
 In other words, a square matrix each of whose diagonal ele- some rows and columns or both of A is called submatrix of A.
ment is unity and each of whose non-diagonal elements is
 2 2 5 6
equal to zero called an identity or unit matrix.  
 e.g., A =  5 7 1 0
 The identity matrix of order n is denoted by In.
 2 1 1 7 
1 0 0
1 0  0 1 0 2 2 5 6
 For example, the matrices I2 =   , I3 =   are 5 7 0
0 1 0 0 1 
 
  5 7 1 0  = (sub matrix of A) =  2 1 7 
 
 2 1 1 7 
identity matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.

NULL MATRIX 2 2 5 6
 A matrix whose all elements are zero is called a null matrix or a  
Also,  5 7 1 0  = (sub matrix of A) = [2 1 7]
zero matrix.  2 1 1 7 
0 0 0 0 0  SINGULAR MATRIX
 For example,  ,   are null matrices of
0 0 0 0 0   A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0. A square
order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively. matrix is said to be non-singular if |A|  0.
TRACE OF A MATRIX (where |A| denotes the determinant of matrix A)
 The sum of all the elements of a square matrix A lying along EQUALITY OF MATRICES
the principal diagonal is called the trace of A, i.e.,
 Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal, if :
tr (A).
(i) They are of the same order,
 Thus if A = [aij]n×n, then (ii) Each element of 'A' is equal to the corresponding
n
element of B, that is aij = bij for all i and j.
tr (A) =  a ii  a11  a 22  ...  a nm
i 1  For Example :
PROPERTIES OF TRACE OF A MATRIX  1 1 1 1 1 1
Let A = [aij]n×n and B = [bij] n × n and  be a scalar, then  2 3  and 2 3  are equal matrices but  2 3  and
     
(i) tr (A) =  tr (A)
 1 1
(ii) tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B)  2 3 are not equal matrices. Symbolically if two matrices
 
(iii) tr (AB) = tr(BA) A and B are equal we write A = B.

 1 0
REAL MATRIX x y  
 a    2 3
 If  z , then
If all the elements of a matrix are real, the matrix is called a real  1
matrix.  b c   5 
 2
1
x = –1, y = 0, z = 2, a = 3 , b = 5 , c =
2

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 x  y 2x  z  4 7  1  6 2  5 3  4
Q. If    , then find the values of x, y, z, A + B = 4  3 5  2 6  1 
 x  y 2z  w  0 10   
w.
7 7 7
A + B = 7 7 7
Q. For what values of x and y are the following matrices equal?  

 2x  1 3y   x  3 y2  2  1 2 1 
A=  , B     1 2 3 3 2 1
 0 y 2  5y   0 6  Ex. If A = 4 5 6 , B =  , then
   2 5 2
Q. If A is a n-rowed square matrix, A = [a ij ] where
A + B is not defined, because A and B are not of the same
i  order.
aij =   ,[] denotes greatest integer, then find the value of
 j Properties of Matrix addition
det (A). (i) Matrix addition is commutative
i.e., if A and B are two m × n matrices, then A + B = B + A.
Proof Let A = [aij], B = [bij] be two m × n matrices. Then, A + B and
3 x 1 2
B + A both are m × n matrices such that
Q. Find the values of x for which matrix 3 1 x  2 is
(A + B)ij = aij + bij
x3 1 2
= bij + aij
singular.
= (B + A)ij for i = 1, 2, ....., m and j = 1, 2, ...., n
Q. A is square matrix of order n.
Thus, A + B and B + A are two matrices such that their orders
I = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular
are same and the corresponding elements are equal.
matrix
Hence,A + B = B + A
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal
matrix
p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix (ii) Matrix addition is associative
If I + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix. i.e., if A, B, C are three matrices of the same order, then
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Q. If a matrix has 18 elements, what are the possible orders it can Proof Let A = [a ij], B = [bij] and C = [cij] be three m × n
have? What, if it has 5 elements? matrices.
Then, (A + B) + C and A + (B + C) are m × n matrices such
Q. The number of all possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each
that
entry 0 or 1 is:
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 81 (D) 512 ((A + B) + C)ij
ALGEBRA OF MATRICES = (A + B)ij + (C)ij
Addition of matrices = (aij + bij) + cij
 Any two matrices can be added if they are of the same order
= aij + (bij + cij)
and the resulting matrix is of the same order. If two matrices A
= (A)ij + (B + C)ij
and B are of the same order, they are said to conformable for
= (A + (B + C))ij for i = 1, 2, ...., m and j = 1, 2, ..., n
addition.
Thus, (A + B) + C and A + (B + C) are two matrices such that
 If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n are two matrices of the same
their orders are same and the corresponding elements are
order, their sum A + B is defined to be the matrix of order m ×
equal.
n such that (A + B)ij = aij + bij for i = 1, 2, ...., m and j = 1, 2, ....., Hence, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
n. For example,
(iii) Existence of Identity
The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition, i.e.,
1 2 3 6 5 4
Ex. If A   4 5 6  , B  3 2 1  then A + O = A = O + A.
    Proof Let A = [aij] be any matrix of order m × n and O be a null
matrix of order m × n. Then, A + O and O + A are m × n matrices
such that

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(A + O)ij = aij + 0 = aij = (A)ij (iv) (–k)A = (k A) = k (– A)
and, (O + A)ij = 0 + aij = aij = (A)ij for all i, j (v) 1.A = A
Hence,A + O = A = O + A.
(vi) (–1)A = – A.
(iv) Additive Inverse
 2 1  1 4
For every matrix A = [aij]m × n there exists a matrix [–aij]m×n, Q. If A =  and B =  7 2  , find 3A – 2B.
3 1   
demoted by – A, such that
A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A. 2 3 4 3 0 5
Proof We have,
Q. If A 0 4 6  , B  5 3 2  , find 3A – 2B.
(A + (–A))ij = aij + (–aij) = aij – aij = 0 5 8 9  0 4 7 
and, ((–A) + A)ij = (–aij) + a = –aij = –aij + aij = 0 for all i, j.
Hence,A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A.
The matrix –A = [–aij]m×n is called the additive inverse of Q. If A = diag (1, – 1, 2) and B = diag (2, 3, – 1), then find 3 A +
the matrix A = [aij]m×n. 4B.
(v) Cancellation laws hold good in case of addition of matrices If 1 0  1 2 
A, B, C are matrices of the same order, then    2 2 
Q. If A =  3 1 and B =   , then find the matrix 'X'
A + B = A + C  B = C (left cancellation law)  5 2   1 1 
and, B + A = C + A  B = C (right cancellation law)
such that 3A + 2X = 5 B.
Proof A + B = A + C
(–A) + (A + B) = (–A) + (A + C)  5 2 3 6
Q. Find X and Y, if X + Y =  0 9  and X – Y =  .
(–A + A) + B = (– A + A) + C   0 1
O + B = O + C Q. Answer the following questions based on above concepts:
B = C.
Similarly, B + A = C + A  B = C.  9 1 1 5 
(i) If A =  7 8 and B =  7 12  , find matrix C such
   
SUBTRACTION OF MATRICES that 5A + 3B + 2C is a null matrix.
Definition : (ii) Find the value of , a non-zero scalar, if :
For two matrices A and B of the same order, we define
A – B = A + (–B). 1 0 2   1 2 3 4 4 10
    2  1 3 2  4 2 10
 3 4 3     
 3 2 1 3 5  2
Q. If A    and B   , then
 1 4 7   1 4  2   x2   x   2 
(iii) Solve the matrix equation  2   3      .
A – B = A + (–B)  y  2y   9
 3 2 1   3 5 2 
  
 1  4 7   1 4 2  Q. Simplify
 cos  sin    sin   cos  
 6 3 3  cos     sin   
    sin  cos   cos  sin  
 2 8 9 

 1 2 0
Multiplication of Matrix by scalar  
Q. Let A + 2B =  6 3 3 and
 2 3 5  4 6 10  5 3 1 
If A    , then 2A   
 6 7 8  2 3 12 14 15 23
 2 1 5
 
PROPERTIES OF SCALAR 2A – B =  2 1 6 , then find tr (A) – tr (B).
MULTIPLICATION  0 1 2
If A = [aij]m×n, B = [bij]m×n are two matrices and k, l are scalars,
then Multiplication of Matrices
(i) k (A + B) = k A + k B We have
(ii) (k + l) A = kA + lA  a b   e f  ae  bg af  bh 
  c d  g h   ce  dg cf  dh 
(iii) (kl)A = k (l A) = l (k A)     

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x  5 
a b c    ax  by  cz   3 . If n(A) denotes the number of elements in A such that
d y   
  e f    dx  ey  fz 
 z  n(XY) = 0, when the two matrices X and Y are not conform-
 Two matrices A and B are conformable for the product AB if able for multiplication. If C = (AB)(B'A); = (B'A)(AB) then,
the number of column is A (pre-multiplier) is same as the
number of rows in B (post-multiplier).

 n(C) | D |2  n(D)

 
find the value of  n(A)  n(B) .
 Thus, if A = [aij]m× n B = [bij]n × p are two matrices of order  
m × n and n × p, respectively, then their product AB is of
order m × p and is defined as Properties of matrix multiplication
 Commutative law does not necessarily hold for matrices.
 2 1 3 1 2  If AB = BA, then matrices A and B are called commutative matrices.
Q. If A   3 2 1 and B  2 1  , then find AB if pos-  If AB = –BA, then matrices A and B are called anticommutative
 1 0 1 1 3 matrices.

sible.  Matrix multiplication is associative : A (BC) = (AB) C.

 Matrix multiplication is distributive with respect to addition
2 3
1  2 3    A (B ± C) = AB ± AC.
Ex. Let A =   and B =  1 2  . Find AB and BA and
3 2 1  If the product AB = O, it is not necessary that at least one of
 2 5
the matrix should be a zero matrix. For
show that AB  BA. example,
Sol. Here, A is a 2 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix. So, AB exists
and it is of order 2 × 2. 0 2  1 0  0 0
if A  0 0  and B   0 0  . then AB =  0 0  , while
     
2 3
1  2 3   1 2  neither A nor B is the null matrix.
We have,AB =   and B =  
3 2 1  Cancellation law does not necessarily hold, i.e., if AB = AC,
 2 5
then in general B  C, even if A  O.
 2  2  12 3  4  15   If A = diag (a1, a2, a3, ..., an) and B = diag (b1, b2, b3, ..., bn), then
= 624
 9  4  5  A × B = diag (a1b1, a2b2, ...., anbn).

16 16  Thus, An = diag (a1n , a 2n , a3n ,....., a nn )

 
 0 18   If A and B are diagonal matrices of the same order, then
Again, B is a 3 × 2 matrix and A is a 2 × 3 matrix. So, BA AB = AB or diagonal matrices are commutative.
exists and it is of order 3 × 3.  If A and B are commutative, then
2 3 (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
1 2 3 
Now, BA   1 2   = A2 + AB + BA + B2
  3 2 1
 4 5 = A2 + 2AB + B2
Similarly
 2  9 4  6 6  3 
(A + B)3 = A3 + 3A2B + 3AB2 + B3
  1  6 2  4 3  2
  In general,
 4  15 8  10 12  5 
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1 B + nC2An–2B2 + ··· + nCnBn
 11 2 3 Matrices A and I are always commutative. Hence,

 5 6 5 (1 + A)n = nC0 + nC1A + nC1A2 + ···+ nCnAn
 11 18 17   If A1, A2, ...., An are square matrices of the same order, then
|A1A2 ...An|= |A1||A2| ... |An|.
Hence, AB  BA.
 If k is scalar, then |kA| = kn|A|, where n is order of the matrix A.
 If A and B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |BA|
 1 2
Q. Consider the two matrices A and B where A =  4 3 ; B = even though AB  BA.
 
POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS
OF A SQUARE MATRIX

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Let A be square matrix. Then, we define Post multiply with matrix A.
(i) A1 = A and, (AB) A = A · A
(ii) An+1 = An·A, where n  N.
A (BA) = A2
It is evident from this definition that
AB = A2
A2 = AA, A3 = A2 A = (AA) A. etc.
It can be easily seen that A = A2
(i) Am.An=A m+n and, Since, BA = B
(ii) (Am)n = Amn for all m, n  N. Post multiply with matrix B.
MATRIX POLYNOMIAL So, (BA) B = B2
Let f(x) = a0 xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an–1 x + an BA = B2
be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix of order n. Then, B = B2

f (A) = a0 An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ... + an–1 A + an In p q

is called a matrix polynomial.
Q. If A =   , then show that
0 1
For example, if f(x) = x2 – 3 x + 2 is a polynomial and A is a
square matrix, then A2 – 3 A + 2 I is a matrix polynomial.  8  p8  1  
8 p q 
Ex. Find the value of x and y that satisfy the A   p 1  
0 1 
 3 2  3 3  
   y y  .
equations 3 0  
  x x  3y 3y 
   1 1
 2 4  10 10  Ex. Find all matrices which commute with A =  
 0 1
 3 2  3 3
 y y   x y
Sol. Given 3 0    .
  x x  3y 3y  Sol. Let B =  a b  be the matrix that commutes with A.
 2 4    
10 10 
 
Then, AB = BA
 3y  2x 3y  2x  3 3  1 1  x y  x y  1 1
   
or  3y 3y   3y 3y   0 1  a b   a b  0 1
 2y  4x 2y  4x  10 10 
 x  a y  b x x  y
  a 
Comparing elements we have  b   a a  b 
3y – 2x = 3
 x + a = x, y + b = x + y and b = a + b
2y + 4x + 10
 a = 0, b = x
Solving (1) and (2), we get x = 3/2, y = 2
 x y
 B = 0 x
a b p  0  
Q. Let A =  c d  and B =  q    0 . Such that
       x y
AB = B and a + d = 2, then find the value of (ad – bc). Thus, B =  0 x  , where x and y both are variables, gives
 
matrices which commute with A.
Q. Prove that the product of matrices
TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX
 cos2  cos  sin    cos 2  cos  sin   Let us consider a matrix
 2  and  
 cos  sin  sin   cos  sin  sin 2  
 a11 a12 a13   R1
is the null matrix, when  and  differ by an odd multiple of /
2. A  a 21 a 22 a 23   R2
 a 31 a 32 a 33  33
 R3
1 1 a 1  2 2 2   
Q. If A =   ,B    and (A + B) = A + B , find a C1 C2 C3
1 1 b 1
and b.  We can interchange all elements of row two (R2) with column
two (C2). Finally, we can change all the elements of row three
Ex. If AB = A and BA = B then show that A2 = A, B2 = B (R3) with all the elements of column three (C3).
Sol. AB = A and BA = B
Use AB = A

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MCSIR Matrices

 a11 a 21 a 31  a a12  T  a11 a 21 

A   11 ,A  
New matrix  a12 a 22 a 32  a 21 a 22  a12 a 22 
a13 a 23 a 33  3 3
b b12  T  b11 b 21 
B   11 ,B  
 This new matrix is given the name AT or transpose of A. Simi-  b 21 b 22   b12 b 22 
larly, take up another example.
a a12   b11 b12 
 a11 a12   R1 AB   11
a 21 a 22   b 21 b 22 
A  a 21 a 22   R 2
a 31 a 32   R 3
3 2  (a b  a b ) (a11 b12  a12 b 22 ) 
    11 11 12 21 
(a 21 b11  a 22 b 21 ) (a 21 b12  a 22 b 22 ) 
C1 C 2
a a 21 a 31 
Thus, A T   11  = Transpose of matrix A  (a11 b11  a12 b 21 ) (a 21b11  a 22 b 21 ) 
a12 a 22 a 32  23 (AB)T =  (a b  a b ) (a b  a b ) 
 11 12 12 22 21 12 22 22 

1 2  b b 21   a11 a 21 
1 3 5  BT A T   11
 
 For example, A  3 4  , then A' =  2 4 6  b12 b 22   a12 a 22 
  23
5 6  32
 (a b  a b ) (a 21 b11  a 22 b 21 ) 
  11 11 12 21 
Change row into column and vice-versa. (a11b12  a12 b 22 ) (a 21 b12  a 22 b 22 ) 

PROPERTIES OF TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX Thus, (AB)T = BT AT

(i) Transpose of transpose of a matrix A is equal to matrix A.
(AT)T = A cos   sin  
Q. If A =   then find the value of 
a11 a12 a13   sin  cos  
A  satisfying the equation AT + A = I2.
a 21 a 22 a 23  23
1 2 2 
 a11 a 21   2 1 2 
AT   a12 a 22  Ex. If A =   is a matrix satisfying
 a 2 b 
 a13 a 23 3 2
AAT = 9I3, then find the values of a and b.
 a11 a12 a 13 
(A T )T    A 1 2 2  1 2 a 
 a 21 a 22 a 23  23 Sol. A   2 1 2  , AT =
2 1 2
 
(ii) (kA)T = kAT (where k is any constant.)  a 2 b   2 2 b 
a11 a12 a13  Thus, AAT =
Let A   
a 21 a 22 a 23  23
 (1  4  4) (2  2  4) (a  4  2b) 
 (2  2  4) (4  1  4) (2a  2  2b) 
 ka ka12 ka13  
So, kA   11 
 ka 21 ka 22 ka 23  23  (a  4  2b) (2a  2  2b) (a 2  4  b 2 ) 

 ka11 ka 21   9 0 (a  2b  4) 
 (2a  2b  2) 
(kA)   ka12
T
ka 22   0 9
 ka13 (a  2b  4) (2a  2b  2) (a 2  b 2  4) 
ka 23  3 2

9 0 0 
a11 a 21 
   0 9 0 
 k a12 a 22 
= kAT 0 0 9 
 a13 a 23 
So, a2 + b2 + 4 = 9, a2 + b2 = 5 ; a + 4 + 2b = 0
(iii) (A + B)T = AT + BT
and 2a + 2 – 2b = 0 ; 3a + 6 = 0
So, a = – 2, b = – 1
(iv) (AB)T = BT AT

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MCSIR Matrices

SYMMETRIC AND SKEW SYMMETRIC

(iii) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
MATRICES.
 A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if (a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices,
aij = aji for all i, j. For example, the matrix (b) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,

 3 1 1  (c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.

A  1 2 5 
(iv) If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
 1 5 2 
(a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric matrices,
is symmetric, because a12 = –1 = a21, a13 = 1 = a31, a23 = 5 = a32.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
 It follows from the definition of a symmetric matrix that A is
symmetric  aij = aji for all i, j (A)ij = (AT)ij for all i, j  A = AT.
 3 2 3
 Thus, a square matrix A is symmetric matrix if AT = A. Matrices
Ex. Express the matrix A  4 5 3 as the sum of a symmetric
 
a h g 2  i 1 3  2 4 5
A   h b f  , B   1 2 3  2i 
and a skew-symmetric matrix.
 g f c   3 3  2i 4 
 3 3 5 / 2
are symmetric matrices, because AT = A and BT = B. 1 
T
Sol. Let P  (A  A )   3 5 7 / 2
2
SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX 5 / 2 7 / 2 5 
 A square matrix A = [aij] is a skew-symmetric matrix if
aij = –aji for all i, j. For example, matrix  0 1 1/ 2 
1 
T
and Q  (A  A )   1 0 1/ 2 
 0 2 3 2
 1/ 2 1/ 2 0 
A   2 0 5 
is skew-symmetric because Q. Show that positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric
 3 5 0 
matrix are skew-symmetric and positive even integral powers
a12 = 2, a21 = –2  a12 = – a21 of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.

a13 = –3, a31 = 3  a13 = – a31

Q. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then show that AB is sym-
a23 = 5, a32 = 5  a23 = – a32 metric iff AB = BA i.e. A and B commute.
 Thus, a square matrix A is a skew-symmetric matrix if AT = – A.
Therefore, matrices Q. What is the maximum number of different elements required
to form a symmetric matrix of order 12?
 0 2i 3  0 3 5 
A   2i 0 4 , B   3 0 2
 
Q. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then find
 3 4 0  5 2 0  |(A – AT)2011|.

are skew-symmetric matrices, because A T = –A and  3 a 1

BT = –B. Ex. A =  2 5 c  is symmetric and
 b 8 2 
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-symmetric
Matrices
 d 3 a 
(i) If A is a symmetric matrix, then –A, kA, AT, An,A–1, BT AB are  b  a e 2b  c 
also symmetric matrices, where n  N, k  R and B is a square B=   is skew-symmetric, then find AB.
 2 6 f 
matrix of order that of A
(ii) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then Sol. A is symmetric
2n
(a) A is a symmetric matrix for n  N,  AT = A

(b) A2n+1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n  N,  3 2 b   3 a 1

(c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k  R,    
  a 5 8  2 5 c 
(d) BT AB is also skew-symmetric matrix where B is a square  1 c 2   b 8 2 
matrix of order that of A.

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MCSIR Matrices
 a = 2, b = –1, c = 8 2 2 2
3. a13  a 23  a 33 1
B is skew-symmetric
 BT = –B 4. a11 a12  a 21 a 22  a 31 a 32  0

5. a12 a13  a 22 a 23  a 32 a 33  0
 d b  a 2  d 3 a 
3 e 6    a  b e 2b  c 
 
  6. a13 a11  a 23 a 2!  a 33 a 31  0
 a 2b  c f   2 6 f 

 d = –d, f = –f and e = –e (i) If AA' = I, then A–1 = A' i.e. inverse of A equals A'.
 d= f=e= 0
(ii) If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.

 3 2 1 0 3 2 (iii) Value of corresponding determinant of orthogonal matrix is ±

So A   2 5 8  and B   3 0 6 
  1.
 1 8 2   2 6 0  Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies
 3 2 1  0 3 2   4 3 6  the relation A2 = A.
AB =  2 5 8   3 0 6   31 54 26
1 8 2  2 6 0   28 9 50 Periodic Matrix
Q. Find a Matrix X such that X = P'Q2017 P. A square matrix A is called periodic, if Ak+1 = A, where k is a
positive integer. If k is the least positive integer for which
 3 1  Ak+1 = A, then k is said to be period of A. For k = 1, we get A2
  1 1
Where P   2 2 , A   = A and hence is idempotent matrix.
0 1 and Q = PAP'.
 1 3  
  Nilpotent Matrix
 2 2 
A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix of order k pro-
vided it satisfies the relation Ak = O and Ak–1  O, where k is
SPECIAL MATRICES
positive integer and O is null matrix and k is the order of the
Orthogonal Matrix
nilpotent matrix A.
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if the
Involutory Matrix
product of the matrix A and its transpose A' is an identity
matrix. i.e., AA' = A'A = I. A square matrix A is called involutory matrix provided is sat-
isfies the relation A2 = I, where I is identity matrix.
 a11 a12 a13 
  1 0  1 0
 a 21 a 22 a 23  e.g., A = 0 1 and A2 = 0 1   I
 a 31    
a 32 a 33 

2 2 2
A n  I for n  even
1. a11  a12  a13 1  n
A  A for n  odd
2. a 221  a 222  a 223  1

2 2 2
a b c 
3. a 31  a 32  a 33 1  
Q. If matrix A =  b c a  where a, b, c are real positive num-
4. a11 a 21  a12 a 22  a13 a 23  0  c a b 

5. a 21 a 31  a 22 a 32  a 23 a 33  0 bers such that abc = 1 and AT A = I, then find the value of a3

+ b3 + c3.
6. a 31 a11  a 32 a12  a 33 a13  0
Similarly,  2 2 4 
 1 3 4 
Q. Show that the matrix A =   is
2 2 2
1. a11  a 21  a 31 1
 1 2 3
2 2 2
2. a12  a 22  a 32 1 idempotent.

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1 1 3  a11 a 12 a13 
Q. Show that A   5 2 6  is a nilpotent  a 23  , then
 If A  a 21 a 22
 2 1 3  a 31 a 32 a 33 

matrix of order 3.
 C11 C12 C13   C11 C21 C31 
 5 8 0  adj A  C21 C22 C23   C12 C22 C32 

Q. Show that the matrix A =  3 5 0  is involutory.. C31 C32 C33  C13 C23 C33 
 
 1 2 1
where Cij denotes the cofactor of aij in A.
 For example,
Q. If (A + I)n = I + 255A. Then find the value of n. when A is p q 
A 
idempotent and I is identity matrix r s
 cos  sin   Here, C11 = s, C12 = – r, C21 = –q, C22 = p. Therefore,
n
Q. If A    and A = A find the min value of n
  sin  cos   T
 s r   s q 
adj A =    
when  = /6, n  N  q p   r p 

3 4  n  f (n) g(n) 
Q. If A = 
1  1  and A    then find the value
   n(n) k(n) 
Inverse of A Matrix
10 5 15 20
 A nonsingular square matrix of order n is invertible if there
of 
r 1
f (r)   g(r)   h(r)   k(r)
r 1 r 1 r 1 exists a square matrix B of the same order such that
AB = In = BA
0 2b c 
   In such a case, we say that the inverse of A is B and we write
Q. If the matrix A = a b c  is an orthogonal matrix, find
A–1 = B
a b c 
 Also from A (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A) A, we can conclude that
the values of a, b and c.
1
A 1  adjA
Ex. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such |A|
that Properties of Adjoint and Inverse of Matrix
AT = BCD; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and DT = ABC 1. Let A be a square matrix of order n. Then A (adj A) = |A| In =
for the matrix S = ABCD, prove that S3 = S. (adj A) A.
Sol. S= ABCD = A (BCD) = AAT ....(i) n

S3 = (ABCD) (ABCD) (ABCD)

 (A(adj A))ij = 
r 1
(A)ir (adj A) rj

= (ABC) (DAB) (CDA) (BCD)

n
= DTCTBTAT | A | if i  j
= a ir C jr  
T
= (BCD) A = AA T T
....(ii) r 1  0, if ii  j
From (i) and (ii), S = S3
ADJOINT OFA SQUARE MATRIX
 Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor | A | 0 0 ... 0 
0 |A| o ... 0 
of aij in A. Then the transpose of the matrix of cofactors of 
elements of A is called the adjoint of A and is denoted by adj A(adj A) = 0 0 | A | ... 0 
 
A.      
0 0 0 0 | A |
 Thus,
adj A = [Cij]T or (adj A)ij Cji = |A|In
Similarly,

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MCSIR Matrices
n
((adj A)A)ij =  (adjA) ir (A)rj 9. If A is a nonsingular matrix, then |A–1| = |A|–1, i.e., |A–1| =
r 1 1 / |A|.
n
| A | if i  j
  C ri a rj   10. Inverse of the kth power of A is the kth power of the
r 1  0, if i  j
inverse of A.
Hence, A (adj A) = |A|In = (adj A)A
2. Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.  1 1 1
Proof :Let A be an invertible matrix of order n × n. Let B and C be A   2 1 3
Q. Find the adjoint of matrix  .
two inverses of A. Then ,  1 2 3
AB = BA = In .....(i)
AC = CA = In .....(ii)  2 3 2
Q. Show that the matrix A =   satisfies the equation A –
 1 2 
Now,
AB = In 4A + I = O, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix and O is 2 × 2 zero
matrix. Using this equation, find A–1.
C (AB) = CIn [pre-multiplying by C]
or (CA)B = CIn [by associativity]or InB = CIn
[ CA = In from (ii)] Q. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation
or B = C [ In B = B, CIn = C]  2 1   3 2   1 0 
Hence, an invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.  3 2  A  5 3    0 1 
     
3. (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same
order, then AB is invertible and (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1. In general, Q. Let p be a nonsingular matrix, and I + p + p 2 +
if A, B, C, ... are invertible Matrices, then ··· + pn = O, then find p–1.
(ABC···)–1 = ··· C–1 B–1 A–1.

4. If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible Q. If there are three square matrix A, B, C of same order satisfy-
and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T. n ( n 2 )
ing the equation A2 = A–1 and let B = A 2 and C = A 2 ,
5. If A is a nonsingular square matrix of order n, then then prove that det. (B–C) = 0, n  N.
|adj A| = |A|n–1.
Q. If A is a nonsingular matrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then
6. Reversal law for adjoint : If A and B are nonsingular square prove that det. (B + I) = det. (B – I).
matrices of the same order, then
adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A) (using (AB)–1 = B–1·A–1) Gauss--Jordan Method to Find Inverse of a
Non-singular Matrix
7. If A is an invertible square matrix, then
adj (AT) = (adj A)T (using (AT)–1 = (A–1)T) Ex. Solve the following system of equations. using matrix method
: x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x – 3y = 1.
8. If A is a nonsingular square matrix, then Sol. The given system of equations is
x + 2y + z = 7
adj (adj A) = |A|n–2 A x + 0y + 3z = 11
Proof : We know that B (adj B) = |B| In for every square matrix 2x – 3y + 0z = 1
of order n. Replacing B by adj A, we get  1 2 1   x  7 
(adj A) [adj (adj A)] = |adj A|In or  1 0 3  y   11
or (adj A) [adj (adj A)] = |A|n–1 In [ |adj A| = |A|n–1]  2 3 0   z  1 
n–1
or A {(adj A) (adj adj A)} = A {|A| In} or AX = B, where
[pre-multiplying both sides by A] 1 2 1  x  7 
 y 17 
or (A adj A) (adj adj A) = |A| n–1
(AIn) [by associativity] A  1 0 3 , X =
  , and B =  
or |A|In (adj adj A) = |A|n–1 A 2 3 0  z  1 
or adj adj A Now,

 1 
= |A|n–2 A  multiplying both sides by
 | A | 

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Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ MCSIR Matrices
1. If | A |  0, System is consistent having unique solution
1 2 1
| A | 1 0 3  18 2. If | A |  0, and (adj A). B  Null matrix
2 3 0 System is consistent having unique non-trivial
solution
So, the given system of equations has a unique solution
given by X = A–1 B. Therefore, 3. If | A |  0, and (adj A). B = 0 (Null matrix)
T
System is consistent having trivial solution
 9 6 3  9 3 6 
4. If | A | = 0, Matrix method fails; then the system of
adj A = 3 2 7   6 2 2 
 
    equation given by AX = B can be consistent with infi
 6 2 2   3 7 2 
nitely many solution or it can be inconsistent also.
 9 3 6  Case I : If (adj A). B = null matrix  Infinitely many solutions
1 1 
A = –1
adj A   6 2 2 
|A| 18 Case II :If (adj A). B  0 Inconsistent  (no solution)
 3 7 2 
e.g., 2x + y = 3 and 4x + 2y = 6
Now, |A| = 0 so A–1 does not exist but system has infinitely
X = A–1 B
many solutions.
 9 3 6   7  63  33  6  i.e., x = m and y = 3 – 2m is solution
1  1 
X 
 6 2 2 11   42  22  2 
  
18 18
 3 7 2  1   21  77  2 

Q. Examine the consistency of the system of

x 36   2 
  1     equations.
  y   18   1   x  2, y  1, z  3
18 x + 3y = 5
 z  54  3  2x + 6y = 8
Q. Examine the consistency of the system of
System of Linear Equations in Three Unknowns equations.
Consider the system of equations 3x - y - 2z = 2
2y - z = -1
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ......(i)
3x - 5y = 3
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 .....(ii)
Q. Solve the following system of equations, using matrix method
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 .....(iii) : x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x – 3y = 1.
There are three methods of solving non-homogenous
equation in three variables : 10. Let  and a be real. find the set of all real values of  for which
the system of linear equations :
(a) Determinant method (Carmer' s Rule) ]
 x + (sin ) y + (cos ) z = 0
which has already been dealt with in the chapter on Determi-
x + (cos ) y + (sin ) z = 0
nants –x + (sin ) y – (cos ) z = 0
(b) Matrix method has non-trivial solutions. For  = 1, find all values of .
The given system of equations can be written as: n
AX = B where A 1 2 a  1 18 2007 
 0 1 4  0 1 36  ,
Q. If   
 a1 b1 c1  x   d1   0 0 1  0 0 1 
 
=  a 2 b2 c 2  , X   y  , B   d 2 
then evaluate (n + a).
 a 3 b3 c3  z   d3 

When System of Equations is Homogeneous and Lin-  1 1 1   4 2 2

ear Equations    5 0  
Q. Let A =  2 1 3 and 10B =   If B is the
Consider the following system of homogeneous linear equa-  1 1 1   1 2 3 
tion in n unknowns x1, x2, ....xn
inverse of A, then find the value .
Criteria for Consistency
1. Matrix method

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