DG WITH REDUCED UPFC IN MICROGRIDS USING NONLINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR

STABILITY IMPROVEMENT

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 POWER SYSTEM

Utilization of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) gadgets are expanding for

power quality and strength improvement in the force frameworks. One of the most appealing
gadgets is Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) that is utilized in transmission frameworks
for power stream control and transient dependability improvement. In little scope power
frameworks and miniature matrices with low put away energy level, transient strength of the
framework is of most extreme significance while different unsettling influences compromise
steadiness of the framework. The UPFC comprises of two principle parts: shunt and
arrangement branches that are coupled together through a dc interface. The shunt branch
control voltage at the shunt transport through retaining or infusing required responsive force.
It likewise retain the fundamental dynamic force from the framework to give a steady voltage
at the dc interface. Albeit some powerful variety are noticeable at the dc interface voltage, it
should be kept consistent in consistent state to accomplish wanted execution of the UPFC [1].

The arrangement branch infuse an arrangement voltage to the electrical cables that is
controlled for various purposes, for example, direct voltage infusion, stage point shifter and
line impedance emulator, and programmed power stream control. The programmed power
stream control can likewise be utilized for swaying damping and solidness improvement. In
this manner, the infused arrangement voltage can be controlled with the end goal that
framework steadiness is improved. Various regulators can be utilized to decide the necessary
arrangement voltage dependent on conditions of the frameworks. Already, straight
methodologies has been used to control the force frameworks [2-7]. In those strategies, the
framework is linearized around a working point so direct techniques are pertinent giving the
framework stays in a little neighborhood around the working point that isn't generally a right
supposition.

In any case, since the force frameworks are naturally nonlinear, nonlinear methodologies
are more suitable. Moreover, utilizing an ideal nonlinear control technique limits the cost that
is characterized as a component of states and control factors [8-11].The ideal nonlinear control

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strategy can be determined by fathoming the Hamilton–Jacobi Bellman (HJB) condition. As

of late, sustainable power assets, particularly Photovoltaic (PV) units, have pulled in more
consideration as climate benevolent and bountiful asset of energy.So as to coordinate sun based
energy into the network a few strategies and advancements are introduced, for example,
microinverters [12-13]. The primary objective has been removing greatest force out of the PV
sources and infuse it to the framework appropriately. Those techniques are proper when the
portion of energy that originates from sustainable power assets is unimportant. Nonetheless, in
a network that the sustainable power assets create an impressive portion of energy Distributed
Generation (DG) units ought to likewise contribute in power framework control and
dependability [14].In this project, a little scope miniature lattice that comprises of DG units as
the wellsprings of energy is contemplated.

The DG units are Photovoltaic (PV) units that are associated with the network by means
of dc-dc buck converters and inverters. The DG units are demonstrated and controlled to work
like a simultaneous generator old style model in the force framework. So as to improve the
transient soundness of the framework, a novel diminished UPFC structure is recommended
that diminishes the usage cost of the UPFC impressively. Additionally, an improved
instrument is used for the UPFC control to balance out the force framework by forcing the
base expense. The limited cost work brings about lower weight on power gadgets that
expansion their lifetime.

Nowadays power structures are tangled frameworks. They have many makingstations and
weight centers that are interconnected through power transmission lines. Force is created and
provided to customers by methods for transmission and scattering masterminds and
contributes a significant participate in the customer markets of the world. Force structures of
the current day time are more strong and serve customer load with no interruption in utility
voltage. Time workplaces should be able to make obliged energy to deal with the customer
interest. Mass power made must be moved through transmission structures in excess of a long
partition without over warming or jeopardizing system quality. It is commitment of the
movement structure to pass on capacity to each customer's organization section. In the
settingof reliability time, transmission, and movement systems are included a couple of
subsystem as recorded in Table.

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SL SYSTEM SUBSYSTEM
No
1 Generation Generation plants/Generation Substation

2 Transmission Transmission lines/Transmission

Substation/Switching Substation

3 Distribution Distribution Substation/Primary Distribution

systems/Dispersed distribution Transformers
Table1.1:Electrical power sysytem and their subsystem

Fig.1.1 Schematic graph of in general force framework organization

Electrical power generation is told by colossal generators that are far off from customers
and in like way, flexibly energy to end customers through an arrangement of transmission and
movement lines. Nevertheless, new headways and approach decisions are bit by bit
exchanging the reduction in neighborhood period. Period close to the customer (spread time
or DG, similarly suggested as embedded time) offers the augmentation for commonly
conveyed energy to fill in for power passed on from the organization (demand replacement)
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and gracefully any overflow power into the cross section. DG as such offers the likelihood to
reduce framework theory for the most part expected to organization peak interest. DG can
similarly, dependent upon conditions, extend or diminish the prerequisite for framework
development to ensure the reliability of intensity gracefully. This is basic because theories to
meet rising peak to ordinary interest and to ensure reliable flexibly have been genuine
wellsprings of cost increases in the framework. Society is ending up being continuously
dependent on a viable reliable electric force gracefully. Conniving electric power supplies can
be incredibly radical to electric utilities and their customers. Jud icious steadfastness
examination merges valid power outage data and logical models to check the execution of
specific framework and structure courses of action.

1.2 Need for Distributed Generation

Distributed generation refers to a variety of technologies that generate electricity at or
near where it will be used, such as solar panels and combined heat and power. Distributed
generation may serve a single structure, such as a home or business, or it may be part of a
microgrid (a smaller grid that is also tied into the larger electricity delivery system), such as
at a major industrial facility, a military base, or a large college campus. when connected to
the electric utility’s lower voltage distribution lines, distributed generation can help support
delivery of clean, reliable power to additional customers and reduce electricity losses along
transmission and distribution lines.

1.2.1 A Brief History of DG

Distributed generation, for the moment loosely defined as small-scale electricity
generation, is a fairly new concept in the economics literature about electricity markets, but
the idea behind it is not new at all. In the early days of electricity generation, distributed
generation was the rule, not the exception. The first power plants only supplied electricity to
customers in the close neighbourhood of the generation plant. The first grids were DC based,
and therefore, the supply voltage was limited, as was the distance that could be used between
generator and consumer. Balancing demand and supply was partially done using local storage,
i.e. batteries, which could be directly coupled to the DC grid.

Capital business sectors currently comprehenced that benefit assessed resources, for
singular customers, dissemination substations, or scaled down scale grids, have the ability to
bring to the table basic yet negligible known budgetary focal points over central plants.
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Humbler units offered more noticeable economies from huge scope producing than huge ones
could increment through unit size. These extended qualities on account of changes in financial
peril, planning versatility, security, and common nature of these resources can consistently
more than offset their obvious cost damages. DG, versus central plants, must be safeguarded
on a presence cycle premise. Unfortunately, an enormous segment of the direct, and
fundamentally most of the traffic circle, focal points of DG are not gotten inside ordinary
utility pay accounting.
While the levelized period cost of appropriated time (DG) is more lavish than
customary sources on a kWh premise, this doesn't think about negative pieces of standard fills.
The additional premium for DG is rapidly declining as interest augmentations and
development propels, and sufficient and strong interest may bring economies of scale,
progression, contention, and more versatile financing, that could make DG clean
imperativeness a bit of a more extended future. Coursed period diminishes the proportion of
essentialness lost in communicating power in light of the fact that the force is delivered close
where it is used, possibly in a similar structure. This also diminishes the size and number of
electrical links that must be created. Normal DER structures in a food in charge (FIT) plan
have low help, low tainting and high efficiencies. Already, these traits obliged gave working
experts and tremendous complex plants to reduce tainting. Then again, progressed introduced
systems can give these characteristics automated activity and inexhaustible, for instance,
sunshine, wind and geothermal. This lessens the proportion of power plant that can show an
advantage.

1.2.2 Distribution System with Distributed Generation:

Passed on imperativeness, moreover region or decentralized essentialness is

created or taken care of by a combination of little, network joined devices implied as
appropriated essentialness resources (DER) or scattered essentialness resource structures.
Standard power stations, for instance, coal-ended, gas and nuclear controlled plants, and
furthermore hydroelectric dams and broad scale daylight based power stations, are
concentrated and habitually oblige capacity to be sent over long divisions. By distinction,
DER systems are decentralized, estimated and more versatile advances that are found close
to the store they serve.

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Fig.1.2 Central Vs Distributed Generation

Scattered period (or DG) generally implies little scope (ordinarily 1 kW – 50 MW)
electric power generators that convey power at a site close to customers or that are fixed to
an electric flow system. Appropriated generators fuse, anyway are not compelled to
coordinated generators, induction generators, reacting engines, little scope turbines
(consuming turbines that continue running on high-imperativeness fossil forces, for instance,
oil, propane, typical gas, gas or diesel), start gas turbines, energy units, sun fueled
photovoltaic's, and wind turbines.
1.3 Microgrid :

Little scope system Concept CERTS Micro network has two separating parts, the static
switch and the more modest scope source. The static switch can freely island the little scope
grid from aggravations, for instance, deficiencies, IEEE 1547 events or power quality events.
Resulting to islanding, the reconnection of the more modest scope network is cultivated
independently after the staggering event is not any more present. This synchronization is
cultivated by using the repeat contrast between the islanded microgrid and the utility
organization defending a transient free activity without expecting to coordinate repeat and
stage focuses at the affiliation point. Each scaled down scale source can perfectly change the
power on the islanded Micro framework using a power versus repeat hang regulator. This
repeat hang in like manner ensures that the Micro network repeat isn't exactly equivalent to
the system to urge reconnection to the utility. Crucial microgrid basic arranging is
demonstrated in Fig 1.3.

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Fig. 1.3 Micro grid Architecture Diagram

This includes a social event of extended feeders, which could be a bit of an allotment
structure or a structure's electrical system. There is a single motivation behind relationship
with the utility called reason for ordinary coupling . A couple of feeders, (Feeders A-C) have
sensitive weights, which oblige neighborhood time. The non-fundamental weight feeders
don't have any local time. Feeders A-C can island from the grid using the static switch that
can disconnect in less than a cycle . In this example there are four miniature sources at center
points 8, 11, 16 and 22, which control the activity using just neighborhood voltages and
streams assessments.

1.4 Power System Stability :

At present the interest for power is rising magnificently especially in making country like
India. This decided interest is provoking activity of the power system at its farthest point. On
top of this the prerequisite for trustworthy, consistent and quality power is moreover on the
climb on account of electric power sensitive business adventures like information
advancement, correspondence, devices, etc. In this circumstance, dealing with the electric
power request isn't using any and all means the main models moreover it is the commitment
of the power system pros to give a consistent and quality energy to the customers. These
issues feature the need of perception the power system robustness. In this course we will
endeavor to perceive how to asses the adequacy of a power system, how to upgrade the
security in conclusion how to check structure having the opportunity to be insecure. Force
structure unfaltering quality is the limit of an electric power system, for a given early on
working condition, to recuperate a state of working equilibrium ensuing to being exposed to
an actual disturbance, with most of the structure factors restricted so that all things considered,
the entire system remains set up . The disrupting impacts said in the definition could be faults,
trouble changes, generator power outages, line power outages, voltage breakdown or some
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blend of these. Force structure quality can be broadly requested into rotor point, voltage and
repeat reliability. Every one of these three reliable characteristics can be additionally
orchestrated into broad agitating impact or little irritation.

Fig.1.4 Classification of power system stability

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1)Operation of the Unified Power Flow Controller under Practical Constraints:

Virtual impedance, point hang, and recurrence hang control assume significant parts in
keeping up framework solidness, and burden sharing among disseminated generators (DGs)
in microgrid. These methodologies have been formed into three absolutely free ideas,
however a solid connection exists. In this letter, their likenesses and contrasts are uncovered.
Some new discoveries are set up as follows: 1) the point hang control is characterist ically a
virtual inductance technique; 2) virtual inductance strategy can likewise be viewed as an
uncommon recurrence hang control with a force subsidiary input; and 3) the blend of virtual
inductance technique and recurrence hang control is equal to the relative subordinate sort
recurrence hang, which is acquainted with improve the force swaying damping. These
connections give new experiences into the plan of the control strategies for DGs in microgrid.
2.2)“Simultaneous Coordinated Tuning of PSS and FACTS Damping Controllers in
Large Power Systems:
This project presents the organized control of appropriated energy stockpiling frameworks
in dc microgrids. So as to adjust the condition of-charge (SoC) of every energy stockpiling
unit (ESU), a SoC-based versatile hang control strategy is proposed. In this decentralized
control strategy, the hang coefficient is conversely relative to the nth request of SoC. By
utilizing a SoC-based hang technique, the ESUs with higher SoC convey more force, though
the ones with lower SoC convey less force. Subsequently, the energy put away in the ESU
with higher SoC diminishes quicker than that with lower SoC. The SoC distinction between
each ESU slowly decreases, lastly, the heap power is similarly shared between the
disseminated ESUs. Then, the heap sharing rate can be changed by changing the type of SoC
in the versatile hang control. The model of the SoC-based versatile hang control framework
is set up, and the framework solidness is along these lines examined by utilizing this model.
Recreation and exploratory outcomes from a 2 × 2.2 kW equal converter framework are
introduced so as to approve the proposed approach.

2.3)Microgrid-connected PV-based sources: a novel autonomous control method for

maintaining maximum power:
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This project presents the organized control of appropriated energy stockpiling

frameworks in dc microgrids. So as to adjust the condition of-charge (SoC) of every energy
stockpiling unit (ESU), a SoC-based versatile hang control strategy is proposed. In this
decentralized control strategy, the hang coefficient is conversely relative to the nth request of
SoC. By utilizing a SoC-based hang technique, the ESUs with higher SoC convey more force,
though the ones with lower SoC convey less force. Subsequently, the energy put away in the
ESU with higher SoC diminishes quicker than that with lower SoC. The SoC distinction
between each ESU slowly decreases, lastly, the heap power is similarly shared between the
disseminated ESUs. Then, the heap sharing rate can be changed by changing the type of SoC
in the versatile hang control. The model of the SoC-based versatile hang control framework
is set up, and the framework solidness is along these lines examined by utilizing this model.
Recreation and exploratory outcomes from a 2 × 2.2 kW equal converter framework are
introduced so as to approve the proposed approach.

2.4)State-of-Charge (SOC)- balancing control of a battery energy storage system based

on a cascade PWM converter:
Sustainable power sources, for example, wind turbine generators and photovoltaics
produce fluctuating electric force. The fluctuating force can be repaid by introducing an
energy stockpiling framework in the region of these sources. This project portrays a 6.6-kV
battery energy stockpiling framework dependent on a course pulsewidth-adjustment (PWM)
converter with center around a control technique for condition of-charge (SOC) adjusting of
the battery units. A 200-V, 10-kW, 3.6-kWh (13-MJ) lab framework consolidating a course
PWM converter with nine nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery units is planned, built, and
tried to confirm the legitimacy and adequacy of the proposed adjusting control.

2.5)Decentralized inverse-droop control for inputseries–output-parallel DC-DC

converters
Info arrangement yield equal dc-dc converters are appropriate for high-input voltage and
low yield voltage applications. This letter presents a decentralized opposite hang control for
this setup. Every module is independent and no focal regulator is required; in this manner,
improving the framework measured quality, dependability, and adaptability. With the
proposed reverse hang control, the yield voltage reference ascends as the heap turns out to be
weighty. Despite the fact that the info voltages are not utilized in the opposite hang circle, the

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force sharing including input voltage sharing and yield current sharing can in any case be all
around accomplished. Furthermore, the yield voltage guideline trademark isn't influenced by
the variety of info voltage. The activity rule is presented, and steadiness of the system is
likewise uncovered dependent on little sign displaying. At last, the examination is led to
confirm the viability of the control methodology.

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CHAPTER-3
PHOTOVOLTAIC INVERTER

3.1 Introduction to PV system:

The basic block diagram of grid connected PV power generation system is shown in
Fig.3.1. The PV power generation system consists of following major blocks:
1. PV unit
2. Inverter
3. Grid
4. MPPT

Fig.3.1 Schematic diagram of PV system

1. PV unit :A PV unit consists of number of PV cells that converts the energy of light
directly into electricity (DC) using photovoltaic effect.
2. Inverter :Inverter is used to convert DC output of PV unit to AC power.
3. Grid :The output power of inverter is given to the nearby electrical grid for the
power generation.
4. MPPT :In order to utilize the maximum power produced by the PV modules, the
power conversion equipment has to be equipped with a maximum power point tracker
(MPPT). It is a device which tracks the voltage at where
5. For the design of PV generation system, the specifications of considered PV system
are shown in below Table 3.1.

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Table 3.1 Specifications of considered PV system

The output power delivered from PV panels is shown in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Output power delivered from considered PV system

i. Since the power delivered from the PV unit is DC, an inverter is placed in between
PV unit and the grid to convert DC power to AC. The specifications of considered
inverter is shown.
ii. Systematic models are basic in the dynamic introduction, energy, and quality appraisal
of various control systems.
iii. To break down these highlights on a three stage network related PV structure, the
numerical model of the framework should be settled. The appearing of the proposed
structure wires
iv. Photovoltaic cell and PV bunch showing
v. Three stage inverter model
vi. Three stage focal changes showing

3.1.1 Photovoltaic cell and array modeling:

A PV cell is a basic p-n intersection diode that changes over the illumination into power.
Fig.3.2 shows a straight forward equal circuit chart of a PV cell. This model comprises of a
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current source which speaks to the created current from PV cell, a diode in corresponding
with the current source, a shunt obstruction, and an arrangement opposition.

Fig.3.2 Equivalent circuit diagram of the PV cell

3.1.2 light generated current :

The time of current in a sun arranged cell, known as the "light made current",
incorporates two key cycles. The first cycle is the ingestion of event photons to make electron-
opening sets. Electron-opening sets will be delivered in the sun arranged cell given that the
event photon has energy more significant than that of the band opening. (In light of everything,
for an interval of time comparable to the minority carrier lifetime before they recombine. If
the carrier recombines, by then the light made electron-opening pair is lost and no current or
power can be delivered.A second cycle, the variety of these carriers by the p-n crossing point,
prevents this recombination by using a p-n convergence to spatially seclude the electron and
the opening. The carriers are separated by the action of the electric field existing at the p-n
convergence. If the light created minority carrier shows up at the p-n crossing point, it is
cleared over the convergence by the electric field at the crossing point, where it is right now
a larger part carrier. If the maker and base of the sun controlled cell are related together (i.e.,
if the sun situated cell is shortcircuited), the light made carriers travel through the external
circuit.
3.1.3 Series resistance:
Arrangement obstruction in a sun based cell has three causes, right of f the bat, the
development of current through the producer and base of the sunlight based cell, besides, the
contact opposition between the metal contact and the silicon lastly the obstruction of the top
and back metal contacts. The primary effect of arrangement opposition is to diminish the fill
factor, albeit exorbitantly high qualities may likewise lessen the short out current.

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3.1.4 Shunt resistance:

Basic power setbacks achieved by the presence of a shunt resistance, RSH, are routinely
a result of collecting absconds, rather than helpless daylight based cell plan. Low shunt
obstacle causes influence setbacks in sun situated cells by giving an other current path to the
light delivered current. Such a redirection reduces the proportion of current traveling through
the sun based cell crossing point and decreases the voltage from the sun controlled cell. The
effect of a shunt hindrance is particularly extraordinary at low light levels, since there will be
less light made current. The loss of this current to the shunt along these lines has a greater
impact. In like manner, at lower voltages where the fruitful check of the sun based cell is high,
the impact of a resistance in equivalent is colossal.

....(3.1)

Where and are the voltage and current of the PV cell output respectively. Other
constants and their definitions are shown in Table 3.4. The output current, generated by the
PV cell, can be calculated by applying Kirchhoff’s current law, i.e.

In eqn (3.2), the current source output

, is related to the solar irradiation and temperature by

.... (3.2)
where S is the solar irradiation, is the short circuit current, is the short circuit current
coefficient, is the cell’s operating temperature (in K), and is the reference temperature

...(3.3)

where is reverse saturation current in the reference temperature and solar irradiation, and

is the band gap energy of the PV semiconductor.

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Operation Temperature 298C

Short Circuit Current 3.2A

A Ideality Factor 1-5

K Boltzmann’s Constant 1.3807*10^-23

Q Electron charge 1.6022*10^-19C

R Resistance 0.01ohm

Table 3.4 Parameter values of the considered PV model

Since the yield voltage and current of one PV cell are low, a mix of arrangement
and equal cells are associated together so as to convey higher current and voltage. These cells
are epitomized with a straightforward material to shield them from brutal ecological
conditions and structure a PV module. So as to acquire a higher voltage and current for higher
force applications, various PV modules should be associated with structure a PV cluster as
appeared in fig 3.3

Fig.3.3 Equivalent circuit diagram of the PV array

If number of PV cells connected in series is and number of PV cells connected in

parallel is , then the array output current, can be expressed as

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...(3.5)

3.2 Modeling of inverter

By considering the inductor currents and capacitor voltage as the state variables of the
three phase grid connected PV system of Fig.4.3, the state space representation of this system

…(3.6) Where
KaKb and Kc are the switching signals related to each phase of three phase grid connected
photovoltaic system. , , are the output currents from the grid, are the
output voltages from the grid. On the other hand, by applying KCL to the DC link capacitor
node, the state space equation for capacitor voltage is obtained as

... (3.7)

Assuming the switching losses and conduction losses of the inverter to be negligible, the input
current of the inverter becomes equal to the output current i.e.

...(3.8)
Which yields,

... (3.9)

Therefore, the state space model of a loss less three phase grid connected PV system
can be represented by

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... (3.10)

The system described by above equations is a nonlinear time varying system due to the nature
of switching functions and diode current.

3.2. 1 Fundamental changes in three stage frameworks

To disentangle the control configuration cycle of a three stage network associated
framework, two key changes are utilized to diminish the components of the numerical model
of the framework and decouple the differential conditions. These changes are

1. αβ change, and
2. Park change (or dq change).
3.2.1.1 αβ Transformation
αβ change lessens the components of the state space portrayal of three stage frameworks.
For example, under specific conditions by applying this change, the current circle model for
the benchmark three stage lattice associated framework which is depicting by three differential
conditions (one condition for each stage) goes to a model with two differential conditions. The
αβγ change is characterized as follows

[xa xb xc ]
… (3.11)

In eqn (3.11), , , can be output currents, voltages, or powers of a three

phase system (Fig.4.4). From the geometrical point of view, using this transformation the
three dimensional cartesian coordinate with the following three basis vectors,

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, , ...(3.12)

Changes to another Cartesian coordinate with different base vectors as follows:

, , ... (3.13)

Where these new basis vectors are ortho normal (i.e. the inverse of αβγ transformation matrix
is equal to its transpose). Also, this transformation is “power invariant”. In the symmetrical
three phase system, γ axis is orthogonal to the αβ plane and has no projection on this plane.
In this case, the αβγ transformation is called αβ transformation and is defined as follows

⏟ [xa xb xc ]
Tα β
... (3.14)
The inverse of αβ transformation is

[xa xb xc ] ⏟ T [x x ]
α β … (3.15)
T αβ

Therefore, by using αβ transformation, a balanced three phase system can be mapped into a
stationary two phase system under symmetrical condition.
3.2.1.2 Park’s (dq) Transformation
Park's change changes over a three stage, three dimensional framework to a two
dimensional framework as αβ change does. The contrast between the αβ change and Park's
change is that in the αβ change, the came about facilitate is fixed, yet in Park's change, this
arrange pivots with a fixed recurrence. Park's change comprises of two rotational tomahawks,
d and q, which pivot around the static αβ hub with a steady rakish recurrence, ω as appeared
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in In the initial step, the three stage yield vector (current or voltage) changes into the αβ fixed
casing and in the subsequent advance, the Park's change gives a pivoting edge to the
framework.
Park’s transformation is defined by

[xd xq ] = [coscos (θ) [

sinsin (θ) − sinsin (θ) coscos (θ) ]⏟Tdq xα xβ ]
… (3.16)
whereθ = ωtand ω is the utility grid fundamental frequency in the grid connected system
application.
The Park’s transformation is invertible.

[x x ] = [coscos (θ) − sinsin (θ) sinsin (θ) coscos (θ) ] ⏟

α β TTdq [xd xq ]
... (3.17)
Since the result of Park’s transformation is two vectors, d and q, this transformation is also
called the dq transformation.

Fig.3.4 (a) Graphical representation of αβ transformation, (b) Comparison between αβ and

Park’s transformation in Cartesian coordinates (c) Graphical representation of synchronous
frame.

3.3 Advantages of dq transformation

Park's change changes over a three stage, three dimensional framework to a two For
three stage adjusted frameworks, the dq change has the accompanying favorable
circumstances:
The dq change diminishes three stage AC amounts (for example ua, ub and uc) into two DC
amounts (for example ud, uq).
The DC amounts encourage simpler separating and control.
Active and receptive force can be controlled autonomously by controlling the dq parts.
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The dq0 change is a space vector change of three stage time area signals from a fixed stage
arrange framework (ABC) to a pivoting coordinate framework (dq0).
3.4 MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking)
Greatest force point following (MPPT) is a procedure to boost the energy got over all
ordinary working conditions. The utilization of MPPT can lessen the expense of energy by
making the framework more effective. The issue raised by MPPT strategies is to naturally
discover the voltage or current (Vmp, Imp) in which a PV exhibit chips away at its most
extreme force point under a specific irradiance and temperature. There are numerous
strategies to understand the MPPT. Nonetheless, most strategies react to both irradiance and
temperature varieties yet some reacts to consistent temperature.

3.4.1 Various MPPT techniques

1. Incremental conductance
2. Fractional open circuit voltage
3. Fuzzy rationale based MPPT
4. Neural organizations
5. Extreme looking for control
The P&O calculation requires hardly any numerical counts which makes the usage of this
calculation genuinely straightforward contrasted with different procedures. Consequently,
P&O strategy is vigorously utilized in environmentally friendly power frameworks.

3.4.2 Perturb and Observe algorithm

As of now, the most well known MPPT strategy in the PV frameworks is annoy
and watch. In this technique, a little irritation is infused to the framework and if the yield
power builds, an annoyance with a similar heading will be infused to the framework and if
the yield power diminishes, the following infused bother will be the other way.The Perturb
and watch calculation works by occasionally irritating (for example increasing or
decrementing) the cluster terminal voltage and contrasting the PV yield power and that of the
past bother cycle.In the event that the PV exhibit working voltage changes and force builds,
the control framework moves the PV cluster working point toward that path, in any case the
working point is moved the other way.In the following bother cycle, the calculation proceeds
similarly. The rationale of calculation is appeared in Fig.3.2. A typical issue in bother and
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watch calculation is that the cluster terminal voltage is irritated each MPPT cycle, hence when
the most extreme force point is reached, the yield power wavers around the greatest force
point bringing about force misfortune in the PV framework.

3.5 Three phase grid connected PV system

The schematic graph of a three stage matrix associated PV framework,
which is the fundamental focal point of this postulation, is appeared in Fig.3.3. The considered
PV framework comprisesof
1.A PV exhibit
2.A DC interface capacitor C
3.A three stage inverter
4.A channel inductor L
5.Grid voltages
The target of this proposition is to control the voltage Vdc(which is additionally the yield
voltage
of PV exhibit) over the capacitor C.

Fig.3.5 Flow chart of perturb and observe

3.6 Uncertanties in PV system

In a down to earth PV framework, barometrical conditions change constantly

for which there exists a variety in cell working temperature, just as in sunlight based
irradiance. On account of changes in air conditions, the yield voltage, current, and intensity
of the PV unit changes altogether. For instance, in the event that a solitary module of an
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arrangement string is halfway concealed, and afterward its yield current will be decreased,
which will change the working purpose of the entire string.Since the measure of the PV age
relies upon sunlight based illumination that is questionable, there are vulnerabilities in yield
current of PV exhibit which thusly causes vulnerabilities in the current infused into the
network. In addition, as the estimations of the boundaries utilized in the PV model are not
actually known, there are additionally parametric vulnerabilities. The PV framework model
can't catch these vulnerabilities. Accordingly, it is basic to consider these vulnerabilities
inside the PV framework model.

3.7 Various uncertanties in PV system

1. Variations in solar irradiation
2. Variation in solar cell temperature
3. Partial shading scenario
4. Snow fall
5. Dirt and Soiling
6. Power rating of modules
7. Degradation or Ageing of PV modules
8. Parametric uncertainties

3.7.1 Variations in solar irradiation

Usually under the standard atmospheric conditions, the solar irradiation is
1000 W/sq.m. The I-Vcharacteristic of the PV module for different irradiances but under the

constant temperature of are shown in Fig. 3.4.

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Fig.3.6 I-V characteristics of the PV module under different solar irradiation levels

From Fig.3.4, it is observed that, as the solar irradiation increases, the output current increases
and the output voltage slightly increases. The P-Vcharacteristic of the PV module for

different irradiances under the constant temperature of are shown in Fig.3.5.

Fig.3.7 P-V characteristics of the PV module under different solar irradiation levels

3.7.2 Variation in solar cell temperature:

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Like all other semiconductor gadgets, sun powered cells are touchy to temperature.
Expanding the temperature diminishes the band hole of a semiconductor, subsequently
affecting the greater part of the semiconductor material boundaries. The diminishing in the
band hole of a semiconductor with expanding temperature can be seen as expanding the
energy of the electrons in the material. Lower energy is in this way expected to break the
bond. In the bond model of a semiconductor band hole, decrease in the bond energy likewise
lessens the band hole. Thusly expanding the temperature lessens the band hole.

A PV module will be regularly appraised at 25 °C under 1 kW/m2. Notwithstanding,

while working in the field, they commonly work at higher temperatures and at fairly lower
insolation conditions. So as to decide the force yield of the sun based cell, it is imperative to
decide the normal working temperature of the PV module. The ostensible working cell
temperature is characterized as the temperature came to by open circuited cells in a module
under the conditions
as r

Fig.3.8 I-V characteristics of the PV module at different surface temperatures

From Fig.3.6, it is observed that, as the PV module temperature increases, the output current
is slightly increases and the output voltage increases. The P-Vcharacteristic of the PV module
for different temperatures and with the constant solar irradiation of 1000 W/sq.m are shown
in Fig.3.7.
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Fig.3.9 P-V characteristics of the PV module at different surface temperatures

3.7.3 Partial shading scenario

Shading may occur due to clouds, environmental obstructions such as trees
and buildings, self shading between panels in parallel rows, dirt and dust, bird droppings etc.
These shading effects may be static, i.e. slow due to sunlight angle during the day or may be
very dynamic (e.g. moving clouds).

Fig.3.10 Partial shaded condition

Partial shading can be minimized by using bypass and blocking diodes as shown in Fig.3.11.

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Fig.3.11 Bypass and blocking diodes

Bypass diode is connected in parallel to the PV cell to bypass the shaded cell and avoid hotspot.
Blocking diode blocks circulating current flow through the parallel connected PV
strings.

3.7.4 Snow fall

Light can typically overcome a meager layer of snow that is covering sun powered
boards. On account of an extremely weighty blizzard the snow lying on the boards can
adversy affect the yield energy. The snow cover can make the boards shut off and quit creating
power together. The snow would need to be somewhat thick for this to occur. Nonetheless,
even thick snow won't remain long over sun oriented boards and it might be more secure if
the snow was left set up. It will before long dissolve away and proficiency will getting back
to typical yield.

3.7.5 Dirt and Soiling

Like the effects of snow, those of dirt and soiling depend on the site and climate,
and are difficult to model or extrapolate. Module soiling can result from various mechanisms:

1. Pollution
2. The accumulation of dust or pollen
3. Bird droppings or the growth of lichen (particularly at the lower edge of framed
modules).

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They note that winged animal droppings speak to a major issue as, in opposition to clean, they
tend not to be washed away by precipitation. By contemplating PV frameworks in the South
Western USA, Kimber indicated that ruining includes a mind boggling collaboration of
residue and downpour. There is a stamped decline in module productivity during the dry
season. Additionally, frameworks situated in deserts are entirely powerless to tidy develop,
with execution misfortune going from 0.1 to 0.3% every day. In the interim, frameworks
accepting successive precipitation (in any event once per month) don't encounter critical
misfortunes.

Earth amasses on top of the level boards, while downpour washes away generally soil on the
inclined ones, leaving some aggregation in the corners. PV modules will by and large insight
up to 10% loss of yield because of front surface dirtying.

3.7.6 Power rating of modules

It is successive for the deliberate intensity of a PV module to contrast extraordinarily

from its nameplate power, with modules normally performing und erneath instead of over their
evaluated power at standard testing conditions (STC). For example, module tests in the United
States and Australia uncovered contrasts among estimated and appraised module STC power
in the scope of +4.9% to - 19.7%, with normal contrasts of about - 3% to - 5%.

3.7.7 Degradation or ageing of PV modules

Ageing of PV modules is actually a combination of two phenomena:
1. An initial, very rapid decrease in efficiency within the first few days of exposure.
2. A long term decrease in efficiency over the year.

3.7.8 Parametric uncertainties

As the estimations of the boundaries utilized in the PV model are not actually known,
there are additionally parametric vulnerabilities. A portion of the boundaries include:
Voc = Open circuit yield voltage
The open-circuit voltage, VOC, is the most extreme voltage accessible from a sun based cell,
and this happens at zero current.
Isc = Short circuit yield current

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The short out current is the current through the sun powered cell when the voltage
across the sun based cell is zero (i.e., when the sun based cell is shortcircuited).
MPP (Maximum force point) is the result of the MPP voltage (V MPP) and MPP current(I
MPP).
Different vulnerability appropriations are recorded in Table 3.5.

Variable Uncertainty Distribution

Solar radiation Normal (0%, 5%)

Shaded condition Normal (-2%, 3%)

Power rating of modules Normal (-3%, 3%)

Dirt and Soiling Normal (-3%, 2%)

Snow Normal (-2%, 1.5%)

Other (Modeling errors, Normal (-5%, 5%)

Spectral effects, etc.)

Table 3.5 Types of uncertainties modeled

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CHAPTER-4
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

4.1 Introduction
Flexible ac transmission systems, called facts, got in the recent years a well known
term for higher controllability in power systems by means of power electronic devices. Several
facts-devices have been introduced for various applications worldwide. A number of new
types of devices are in the stage of being introduced in practice.In most of the applications the
controllability is used to avoid cost intensive or landscape requiring extensions of power
systems, for instance like upgrades or additions of substations and power lines. Facts-devices
provide a better adaptation to varying operational conditions and improve the usage of existing
installations.

The basic applications of facts-devices are:

• Power flow control,

• Increase of transmission capability,
• Voltage control,
• Reactive power compensation,
• Stability improvement,
• Power quality improvement,
• Power conditioning,
• Flicker mitigation,
• Interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages.
Figure (4.1) shows the basic idea of facts for operation limits of transmission
lines for different voltage. The usage of lines for active power transmission should be ideally
up to the thermal limits. Voltage and stability limits shall be shifted with the means of the
several different facts devices. It can be seen that with growing line length, the opportunity
for facts devices gets more and more important.The influence of facts-devices is achieved
through switched or controlled shunt compensation, series compensation or phase shift control.
The devices work electrically as fast current, voltage or impedance controllers. The power
electronic allows very short reaction times down to far below one second.

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Figure 4.1 Operational limits of transimission lines for different voltage

The development of facts-devices has started with the growing capabilities of power
electronic components. Devices for high power levels have been made available in converters
for high and even highest voltage levels. The overall starting points are network elements
influencing the reactive power or the impedance of a part of the power system. Figure (4.2)
shows over view of major FACTS device a number of basic devices separated into the
conventional ones and the facts-devices.

For the realities side the scientific classification as far as 'dynamic' and 'static'
needs some clarification. The term 'dynamic' is utilized to communicate the quick
controllability of realities gadgets gave by the force hardware. This is one of the fundamental
separation factors from the customary gadgets. The term 'static' implies that the gadgets have
no moving parts like mechanical changes to play out the dynamic controllability. Accordingly
the majority of the realities gadgets can similarly be static and dynamic. The left section in
figure 4.2 contains the customary gadgets work out of fixed or precisely switch capable
segments like obstruction, inductance or capacitance along with transformers. The realities
gadgets contain these components also however utilize extra force electronic valves or
converters to switch the components in more modest advances or with exchanging designs
inside a pattern of the substituting current. The left segment of realities gadgets utilizes
thyristor valves or converters. These valves or converters are notable since quite a while. They
have low misfortunes as a result of their low exchanging recurrence of once a cycle in the
converters or the utilization of the thyristors to just extension impedances in the valves
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.
Figure 4.2 over view of major FACTS device

The correct segment of realities gadgets contains further developed innovation

of voltage source converters put together today for the most part with respect to protected
entryway bipolar semiconductors (IGBT) or protected door commutated thyristors (IGCT).
Voltage source converters give a free controllable voltage in size and stage because of a
heartbeat width adjustment of the igbts or IGCTS. High balance frequencies permit to get low
sounds in the yield signal and even to repay unsettling influences originating from the
organization. The drawback is that with an expanding exchanging recurrence, the misfortunes
are expanding also. Consequently uncommon plans of the converters are needed to remunerate
this.
4.2)Basic Types Of FACTS Controllers

In general, FACTS Controllers can be divided into four categories:

• Series Controllers
• Shunt Controllers
• Combined series-series Controllers
• Combined series-shunt Controllers

4.2.1 Series Controllers:

The arrangement Controller could be a variable impedance, for example, capacitor,
reactor, and so forth, or a force hardware based variable wellspring of primary recurrence,
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subsynchronous and symphonious frequencies (or a mix) to serve the ideal need. On a
fundamental level, all arrangement Controllers infuse voltage in arrangement with the line.
Indeed, even factor impedance increased by the current move through it, speaks to an infused
arrangement voltage in the line. However long the voltage is in stage quadrature with the line
current, the arrangement Controller just supplies or devours variable receptive force. Some
other stage relationship will include treatment of genuine force too.

Figure 4.2.1 Series controllers

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4.2.2 Shunt Controllers:

As on account of arrangement Controllers, the shunt Controllers might be
variable impedance, variable source, or a mix of these. On a basic level, all shunt Controllers
infuse current into the framework at the purpose of association. Indeed, even factor shunt
impedance associated with the line voltage causes a variable current stream and consequently
speaks to infusion of current into the line. However long the infused current is in stage
quadrature with the line voltage, the shunt Controller just supplies or burns-through factor
receptive force. Some other stage relationship will include treatment of genuine force too.

Figure 4.2.2 Shunt controller

4.2.3 Consolidated arrangement Controllers:

This could be a mix of discrete arrangement regulators, which are controlled in an organized
way, in a multiline transmission framework. Or on the other hand it could be a brought
together Controller, Figure 1.4(d), in which arrangement Controllers give free arrangement
receptive remuneration to each line yet additionally move genuine force among the lines
through the force connect. The genuine force move capacity of the bound together
arrangement Controller, alluded to as Interline Power Flow Controller, makes it conceivable
to adjust both the genuine and responsive force stream in the lines and subsequently boost the
use of the transmission framework. Note that the expression
"bound together" here implies that the de terminals of all Controller converters are completely
a

4.2.3Consolidated arrangement Controllers:

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4.2.4 Combined series-shunt Controllers:

This could be a mix of independent shunt and arrangement Controllers, which are controlled
in an organized way [Figure 1.4(e)], or a Unified Power Flow Controller with arrangement
and shunt components [Figure 1.4(f)]. On a basic level, joined shunt and arrangement
Controllers infuse current into the framework with the shunt part of the Controller and voltage
in arrangement in the line with the arrangement part of the Controller. Notwithstanding, when
the shunt and arrangement Controllers are brought together, there can be a genuine force trade
between the arrangement and shunt Controllers by means of the force connect.

Fig:4.2.4 Combined series-shunt Controllers

4.3.1 Shunt devices :
The most utilized realities gadget is the svc or the adaptation with voltage source converter
called STATCOM. These shunt gadgets are working as receptive force compensators.

The primary applications in transmission, conveyance and modern organizations are:

• Reduction of undesirable receptive force streams and along these lines diminished
organization misfortunes.

• Keeping of authoritative force trades with adjusted responsive force.

• Compensation of purchasers and improvement of intensity quality particularly with colossal

interest variances like mechanical machines, metal dissolving plants, railroad or
underground train frameworks.

• Compensation of thyristor converters for example in customary HVDC lines.

• Improvement of static or transient solidness.

4.3.2 SVC

Electrical burdens both create and retain responsive force. Since the sent burden fluctuates
impressively starting with one hour then onto the next, the responsive force balance in a lattice
changes also. The outcome can be inadmissible voltage sufficiency varieties or even a voltage
sorrow, at the extraordinary a voltage breakdown.A quickly working static Var compensator
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(SVC) can persistently give the receptive force needed to control dynamic voltage motions
under different framework conditions and consequently improve the force framework
transmission and dispersion solidness.

4.3.Applications of the SVC systems in transmission systems:

A. To increase active power transfer capacity and transient stability margin

B. To damp power oscillations

C. To achieve effective voltage control

In addition, SVC’s are also used

1. In transmission systems

A. To reduce temporary over voltages

B. To damp sub synchronous resonances

C. To damp power oscillations in interconnected power systems

2. In traction systems

A. To balance loads

B. To improve power factor

C. To improve voltage regulation

4.4 STATCOM:

The STATCOM is a strong state-based force converter form of the SVC. Working as a shunt-
associated SVC, its capacitive or inductive yield flows can be controlled autonomously from
its terminal AC transport voltage. Due to the quick exchanging attribute of intensity
converters, STATCOM gives a lot quicker reaction when contrasted with the SVC. Moreover,
in case of a fast change in framework voltage, the capacitor voltage doesn't change quickly;
along these lines, STATCOM viably responds for the ideal reactions. For instance, if the

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framework voltage drops in any way, shape or form, there is an inclination for STATCOM to
infuse capacitive capacity to help the plunged voltages.

STATCOM is able to do high unique execution and its pay doesn't rely upon the basic
coupling voltage. Subsequently, STATCOM is successful during the force framework
unsettling influences. Besides, much exploration affirms a few favorable circumstances of
STATCOM.
These points of interest contrasted with other shunt compensators include:

• Size, weight, and cost decrease

• Equality of slacking and driving yield

• Precise and ceaseless receptive force control with quick reaction

• Possible dynamic symphonious channel ability

This part portrays the structure, essential working rule and qualities of STATCOM. What's
more, the idea of voltage source converters and the relating control procedures are delineated.

4.4.1 Structure of STATCOM

Essentially, STATCOM is included three fundamental parts (as observed from Figure beneath
4.4) a voltage source converter (VSC), a stage up coupling transformer, and a regulator. In an
exceptionally high-voltage framework, the spillage inductances of the progression up power
transformers can work as coupling reactors. The principle motivation behind the coupling
inductors is to sift through the current consonant parts that are created essentially by the throb.

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Figure 4.3Reactive power generation by a STATCOM

4.4.2 Control of STATCOM:

The regulator of a STATCOM works the converter with a certain goal in mind that the
stage point between the converter voltage and the transmission line voltage is progressively
changed and synchronized so the STATCOM produces or assimilates wanted VAR at the
purpose of coupling association. Figure (4.4) shows an improved graph of the STATCOM
working in inductive or capacitive burden with a converter voltage source __1E and a tie
reactance, associated with a framework with a voltage source, and a The venin reactance,
XTIEX_THVTH.

4.4.3 Two Modes of Operation

There are two methods of activity for a STATCOM, inductive mode and the capacitive mode.
The STATCOM respects an inductive reactance associated at its terminal when the converter
voltage is higher than the transmission line voltage. Consequently, from the framework's
perspective, it sees the STATCOM as a capacitive reactance and the STATCOM is viewed
as working in a capacitive mode. Essentially, when the framework voltage is higher than the
converter voltage, the framework respects an inductive reactance associated at its terminal.
Subsequently, the STATCOM views the framework as a capacitive reactance and the
STATCOM is viewed as working in an inductive mode

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Figure 4.4:STATCOM operating in inductive or capacitive modes

In other words, looking at the pharos diagrams on the right of Figure, when1I, the reactive

current component of the STATCOM, leads (THVE −1) by 90º, it is in inductive mode and

when it lags by 90º, it is in capacitive mode..

4.4.4 Current Controlled STATCOM

Figure 4.5Current controlled block diagram of STATCOM

Figure (4.5) above shows the responsive current control block chart of the STATCOM.
A momentary three-stage set of line voltages, vl, at BUS 1 is utilized to ascertain the reference
point, θ, which is stage bolted to the stage an of the line voltage, vla . A momentary three-
stage set of estimated converter flows, il, is deteriorated into its genuine or direct segment,
I1d, and receptive or quadrature segment, I1q, separately. The quadrature segment is
contrasted and the ideal reference worth, I1q* and the mistake is gone through a blunder
speaker which delivers a relative point, α, of the converter voltage concerning the

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transmission line voltage. The stage point, θ1, of the converter voltage is determined by
adding the relative point, α, of the converter voltage and the stage – lock-circle point, θ. The
reference quadrature part, I1q*, of the converter current is characterized to be either certain
if the STATCOM is copying an inductive reactance or negative in the event that it is imitating
a capacitive reactance. The DC capacitor voltage, vDC, is powerfully changed in connection
with the converter voltage. The control plot portrayed above shows the execution of the
internal current control circle which directs the responsive current move through the
STATCOM paying little heed to the line voltage.

4.4.5 Voltage Controlled STATCOM

In regulating the line voltage, an outer voltage control loop must be implemented. The
outer voltage control loop would automatically determine the reference reactive current for
the inner current control loop which, in turn, will regulate the line voltage.

Figure 4.6 Voltage controlled block diagram of STATCOM

Figure (4.6) shows a voltage control block diagram of the STATCOM. An

instantaneous three-phase set of measured line voltages, v1 , at BUS 1 is decomposed into its
real or direct component, V 1 d , and reactive or quadrature component, V 1 q , is compared with
the desired reference value, V 1 * , (adjusted by the droop factor, K droop ) and the error is passed
*
through an error amplifier which produces the reference current, I 1 q , for the inner current
control loop. The droop factor, K droop , is defined as the allowable voltage error at the rated
reactive current flow through the STATCOM.

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4.4.6 Basic operating principles of STATCOM

The STATCOM is associated with the force framework at a PCC (purpose of basic
coupling), through a stage up coupling transformer, where the voltage-quality issue is a
worry.The PCC is otherwise called the terminal for which the terminal voltage is UT.Every
single required voltage and flows are estimated and are taken care of into the regulator to be
contrasted and the orders. The regulator at that point performs input control and yields a bunch
of exchanging signals (terminating point) to drive the principle semiconductor switches of the
force converter in like manner to either build the voltage or to diminish it likewise. A
STATCOM is a controlled responsive force source. It gives voltage uphold by producing or
engrossing responsive force at the purpose of regular coupling without the need of huge outer
reactors or capacitor banks. Utilizing the regulator, the VSC and the coupling transformer,
the STATCOM activity is outlined in Figure (4.7) underneath.

Figure 4.7 STATCOM operations in a power system

The charged capacitor Cdc gives a DC voltage, Udc to the converter, which delivers a bunch
of controllable three-stage yield voltages, U in synchronism with the AC framework. The
synchronism of the three-stage yield voltage with the transmission line voltage must be
performed by an outer regulator. The measure of wanted voltage across STATCOM, which

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is the voltage reference, Uref, is set physically to the regulator. The voltage control is
consequently to coordinate UT with Uref which has been explained. This coordinating of
voltages is finished by fluctuating the plentifulness of the yield voltage U, which is finished
by the terminating point set by the regulator. The regulator subsequently sets UT equal to the
Uref.The receptive force trade between the converter and the AC framework can likewise be
controlled in eq (1).

This receptive force trade is the responsive current infused by the STATCOM, which is the
current from the capacitor created by retaining genuine force from the AC
framework.equivalent reactance of the power system seen by the identical the venin reactance
of the force framework seen by the STATCOM On the off chance that the abundancy of the
yield voltage U is expanded over that of the AC framework voltage, UT, a main current is
delivered, for example the STATCOM is viewed as a conductor by the AC framework and
receptive force is produced. Diminishing the abundancy of the yield voltage underneath that
of the AC framework, a slacking current outcomes and the STATCOM is viewed as an
inductor. For this situation responsive force is assimilated. On the off chance that the
amplitudes are equivalent no force trade happens.

4.4.7 Characteristics of STATCOM

The derivation of the formula for the transmitted active power employs considerable
calculations. Using the variables defined in Figure (4.8) below and applying Kirchhoff’s laws
the following equations can be written

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Figure 4.8 Two machine system with STATCOM

By equaling right-hand terms of the above formulas eq 2,4, a formula as shown in eq (4,5) for
the current I 1 , U T is obtained as To dispose of the term U R the cosine law is applied to the
diagram in Figure above Therefore,With these ideas of STATCOM, it is in this manner critical
to use these standards in obliging shunt remuneration to any framework. Sent force versus
transmission point normal for a STATCOM as appeared, Since this proposal just ponders the
voltage control and force increment, the necessities of the STATCOM would be additionally
explained.

4.5Single-phase Voltage Source Inverters:

Single-stage voltage source inverters (VSIs) can be found as half-scaffold and full-connect
geographies. Despite the fact that the force range they cover is the low one, they are generally
utilized in power supplies, single-stage UPSs, and right now to shape expand high-power
static force geographies, for example, for example, the multi cell arrangements that are
explored. The principle highlights of the two methodologies are investigated and introduced
in the accompanying.

4.5.1 Half-bridge VSI

Figure (4.10) shows the force geography of a half-connect VSI, where two huge
capacitors are needed to give a nonpartisan point N, with the end goal that every capacitor
keeps up a consistent voltage vi=2. Since the current sounds infused by the activity of the
inverter are low-request music, a bunch of enormous capacitors (C. furthermore, Cÿ) is
required. Unmistakably the two switches S. furthermore, Sÿ can't be on all the while in light
of the fact that a short out over the dc interface voltage source vi would be delivered. There
are two characterized (states 1 and 2) and one indistinct (state 4) switch state . So as to
maintain a strategic distance from the short out over the dc transport and the unclear air

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conditioning yield voltage condition, the tweaking method ought to consistently guarantee
that at any moment either the top or the base switch of the inverter leg is on.

Figure 4.10 Single-phase half-bridge VSI.

Figure shows the ideal waveforms associated with the half-bridge inverter shown in Fig.(4.10).
The states for the switches S. and Sÿ are defined by the modulating technique, which in this
case is a carrier-based PWM.

4.5.2 The Carrier-Based Pulse width Modulation (PWM) Technique

As referenced before, it is wanted that the air conditioner yield voltage. Va N follow a given
waveform (e.g., sinusoidal) on a nonstop premise by appropriately exchanging the force valves.
The transporter based PWM method satisfies such a prerequisite as it characterizes the on and
off conditions of the switches of one leg of a VSI by contrasting an adjusting signal Vc (wanted
air conditioning yield voltage) and a three-sided waveform Vd (transporter signal). Practically
speaking, when Vc > VD the switch S. is on and the switch is off; comparatively, when Vc <
VD the switch S. is off and the switch Sÿ is on. An uncommon case is the point at which the
adjusting signal Vc is a sinusoidal at recurrence fc and sufficiency ^Vc , and the three-sided
signal VD is at recurrence fD and abundancy ^ VD. This is the sinusoid al PWM (SPWM)
conspire. For this situation, the adjustment file mama (otherwise called the sufficiency
regulation proportion) is characterized as eq (14)

ma =ΰΰ∆c (4.1)

And the normalized carrier frequency mf (also known as the frequency-modulation ratio) is
eq
(15)
f∆
Mf =fc (4.2)
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Figure 5.2(e) clearly shows that the ac output voltage is basically a

sinusoidal waveform plus harmonics, which features: (a) the amplitude of the fundamental
component of the ac output voltage satisfying the following expression eq (16)
vi
=ΰ =
Ϋ 01 aN1 2 ma (4.3)

The PWM strategy permits an air conditioner yield voltage to be created that tracks a given
adjusting signal. An exceptional case is the SPWM strategy (the tweaking signal is a
sinusoidal) that gives in the straight district an air conditioner yield voltage that fluctuates
directly as an element of the balance file and the sounds are at all around characterized
frequencies and amplitudes. These highlights improve the plan of sifting segments.
Lamentably, the greatest sufficiency of the central air conditioning voltage is Vi =2 in this
working mode.
Higher voltages are acquired by utilizing the over tweak district (Ma > 1); be that as it may,
low-request music show up in the air conditioner yield voltage. Extremely huge estimations of
the adjustment record (Ma > 4:24) lead to a thoroughly square air conditioning yield voltage
that is considered as the square-wave tweaking method that is talked about in the following
segment.HeartbeatWidth Modulation strategies are utilized to decrease the music in the
framework. These diminish the lower request sounds. The weaknesses of PWM Techniques
are switch life is lessening because of the exceptionally low ON and OFF occasions.
Investigation of PWM methods are finished by utilizing Fourier Transforms.

4.5.3 Full-bridge VSI :

Figure 4.11 Single-phase full-bridge VSI.

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Figure (4.11) shows the force geography of a full-connect VSI. This inverter is like the half-
connect inverter; be that as it may, a subsequent leg gives the nonpartisan highlight the heap.
True to form, the two switches s1+ and s1-(or s2+ and s2-) can't be on all the while on the
grounds that a short out over the dc interface voltage source vi would be created. There are
four characterized (states 1, 2, 4, and 4) and one indistinct (state 5) switch states.The unclear
condition ought to be kept away from to be consistently fit for characterizing the air
conditioner yield voltage. So as to evade the short out over the dc transport and the vague air
conditioning yield voltage condition, the adjusting strategy ought to guarantee that either the
top or the base switch of every leg is on at any moment. It tends to be seen that the air
conditioner yield voltage can take esteems up to the dc interface esteem vi , which is twice
that got with half-connect VSI geographies. A few tweaking methods have been built up that
are material to full-connect VSIs. Among them are the PWM (bipolar and unipolar) strategies.

4.6 Bipolar PWM Technique

States 1 and 2 are utilized to produce the air conditioner yield voltage in this
methodology. In this way, the air conditioner yield voltage waveform includes just two
esteems, which are vi and - vi. To produce the states, a transporter based method can be
utilized as fifty-fifty scaffold designs (Fig. 4.5), where just a single sinusoidal tweaking signal
has been utilized. It should be noticed that the on state in switch S+ in the half-connect relates
to the two switches S1+ and S2-being in the on state in the full-connect arrangement. Likewise,
S_ in the on state in the half-connect compares to the two switches S1-and S2+ being in the
on state in the full-connect design. This is called bipolar transporter based SPWM. The air
conditioner yield voltage waveform in a full-connect VSI is essentially a sinusoidal waveform
that includes a central part of adequacy V01 that fulfills the articulation

ΰo1 = ΰab1 = vima (4.4)

In the direct area of the regulating strategy (mama 1), which is twice that got in the half -
connect VSI. Indistinguishable ends can be drawn for the frequencies and amplitudes of the
music in the air conditioner yield voltage and dc interface current, and for tasks at more
modest and bigger estimations of odd mf (counting the over balance district (mama > 1)),
than down the middle scaffold VSIs, yet thinking about that the greatest air conditioning yield
voltage is the dc connect voltage vi . Along these lines, in the over regulation locale the crucial
part of sufficiency V01 fulfills the articulation

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<ΰ ΰ < v
Vi o1 = ab1 π4 i (4.5)
Rather than the bipolar methodology, the unipolar PWM strategy utilizes the states 1,
2, 4, and to create the air conditioner yield voltage. Hence, the air conditioner yield voltage
waveform can momentarily take one of three esteems, in particular Vi,- Vi the sign vc is
utilized to produce van, and-vc; is utilized to create vbNi vbNi=-VaN1 .On the other
hand,V01=VaN1-VbN1=2 thusV01=2.VaN1=ma.Vi This is called unipolar transporter based
PWM.

Indistinguishable ends can be drawn for the sufficiency of the major segment and
music in the air conditioner yield voltage and dc interface current, and for tasks at more
modest and bigger estimations of mf, (counting the over tweak area (mama > 1)), than in full-
connect VSIs balanced by the bipolar SPWM. Notwithstanding, in light of the fact that the
stage voltages are indistinguishable however 180_ out of stage, the yield voltage won't contain
even sounds. Subsequently, if mf is taken even, the music in the air conditioner yield voltage
show up at standardized odd frequencies fh based on double the standardized transporter
recurrence mf and its products. Explicitly

h= lmf ±k l=2,4….. (4.6)

where k =1; 4; 5; . . . and the harmonics in the dc link current appear at normalized frequencies
fp centered around twice the normalized carrier frequency mf and its multiples.
Specifically,

p= lmf ±k±1 l=2,4….. (4.7)

Where k = 1; 4; 5;. ... This feature is considered to be an advantage because it allows the
use of smaller filtering components to obtain high-quality voltage and current waveforms
while using the same switching frequency as in VSIs modulated by the bipolar approach.

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CHAPTER-5

MATLAB
Tangle lab is a superior language for specialized figuring. It coordinates calculation,

representation, and programming in a simple to-utilize climate where issues and arrangements

are communicated in recognizable numerical documentation. Ordinary uses incorporate Math

and calculation Algorithm improvement Data procurement Modeling, reproduction, and

prototyping Data examination, investigation, and perception Scientific and designing

illustrations Application advancement, including graphical UI building. Matlab is an

intelligent framework whose fundamental information component is a cluster that doesn't

need dimensioning. This permits you to take care of numerous specialized processing issues,

particularly those with grid and vector definitions, in a small amount of the time it would take

to compose a program in a scalar no intuitive language, for example, C or FORTRAN. The

name Matlab represents lattice research center. Matlab was initially composed to give simple

admittance to framework programming created by the linpack and eispack ventures. Today,

Matlab motors join the linpack and inclination libraries, inserting the best in class in

programming for framework calculation.

Matlab has developed over a time of years with contribution from numerous

clients. In college conditions, it is the standard instructional apparatus for initial and

progressed courses in arithmetic, designing, and science. In industry, Matlab is the apparatus

of decision for high-efficiency exploration, advancement, and investigation. Matlab

highlights a group of extra application-explicit arrangements called tool compartments.

Important to most clients of Matlab, tool stash permit you to learn and apply particular

innovation. Tool compartments are complete assortments of Matlab capacities (M-

documents) that stretch out the Matlab climate to take care of specific classes of issues.

Territories in which tool compartments are accessible incorporate sign handling, control

frameworks, neural organizations, fluffy rationale, wavelets, reenactment, and numerous

others.
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5.1 The Matlab system consists of five main parts:

Improvement Environment: This is the arrangement of apparatuses and offices that

assist you with utilizing Matlab capacities and documents. A considerable lot of these devices

are graphical UIs. It incorporates the Matlab work area and Command Window, an order

history, a supervisor and debugger, and programs for survey help, the workspace, records, and

the inquiry way.computational calculations going from rudimentary capacities, similar to

entirety, sine, cosine, and complex number juggling, to more advanced capacities like lattice

converse, network Eigen esteems, Bessel capacities, and quick Fourier changes. The Matlab

Language: This is an elevated level grid/exhibit language with control stream proclamations,

capacities, information structures, input/yield, and item situated programming highlights. It

permits both "programming in the little" to quickly make down to business discard projects,

and "programming in the enormous" to make huge and complex application programs.

Matlab has broad offices for showing vectors and grids as diagrams, just as explaining

and printing these charts. It incorporates elevated level capacities for two-dimensional and

three-dimensional information perception, picture preparing, liveliness, and introduction

illustrations. It likewise incorporates low-level capacities that permit you to completely redo

the presence of illustrations just as to construct total graphical UIs on your Matlab applications.

The Matlab Application Program Interface (API). This is a library that permits you to

compose C and FORTRAN programs that cooperate with Matlab. It incorporates offices for

calling schedules from Matlab (dynamic connecting), calling Matlab as a computational

motor, and for perusing and composing MAT-documents.

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CHAPTER-6

SIMULINK
6.1 Introduction

Simulink is a product add-on to Matlab which is a numerical instrument created by The Math

works,(http://www.mathworks.com) an organization situated in Natick. Matlab is controlled

by broad mathematical examination capacity. Simulink is an instrument used to outwardly

program a unique framework (those administered by Differential conditions) and take a

gander at results. Any rationale circuit, or control framework for a powerful framework can

be worked by utilizing standard structure blocks accessible in Simulink Libraries. Different

tool kits for various strategies, for example, Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, dsp, Statistics

and so on are accessible with Simulink, which upgrade the handling intensity of the

instrument. The principle advantage is the accessibility of layouts/building blocks, which stay
away from the need of composing code for little numerical cycles.

6.2 Concept of signal and logic flow

In Simulink, information/data from different squares are shipped off another square

by lines interfacing the pertinent squares. Signs can be created and taken care of into blocks

dynamic/static).Data can be taken care of into capacities. Information would then be able to

be unloaded into sinks, which could be degrees, shows or could be spared to a record.

Information can be associated starting with one square then onto the next, can be expanded,

multiplexed and so forth In reenactment, information is handled and moved uniquely at

Discrete occasions, since all PCs are discrete frameworks. In this way, a recreation time step

(in any case called an incorporation time step) is fundamental, and the determination of that

progression is controlled by the quickest elements in the reenacted.

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Fig. 6.2.(a) Simulink library browse

6.2(b) Connecting blocks

Fig. 6.2(b)Connecting blocks

6.2(c)Source and sinks:

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The sources library contains the wellsprings of information/flags that one would use
in a unique framework reenactment. One might need to utilize a steady information, a
sinusoidal wave, a stage, a rehashing succession, for example, a heartbeat train, a slope and
so on One might need to test aggravation impacts, and can utilize the irregular sign generator
to reproduce commotion. The clock might be utilized to make a period record for plotting
purposes. The ground could be utilized to interface with any unused port, to abstain from
notice messages showing detached ports.

The sinks are blocks where signs are ended or at last utilized. Much of the time, we would
need to store the subsequent information in a document, or a network of factors. The
information could be shown or even put away to a document. the stop square could be utilized
to stop the reenactment if the contribution to that block (the sign being sunk) is non-zero.
Figure 3 shows the accessible squares in the sources and sinks libraries. Unused signs must
be ended, to forestall admonitions about detached signs.

Fig.6.2(c) Sources and sinks

6.2(d)Continuous and discrete systems :

All dynamic systems can be analyzed as continuous or discrete time systems. Simulink
allows you to represent these systems using transfer functions, integration blocks, delay
blocks

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Fig. 6.2(d) continous and descrete systems

6.2(e)Non-linear operators

A principle favorable position of utilizing apparatuses, for example, Simulink is the

capacity to recreate non-direct frameworks and show up at results without explaining
systematically. It is hard to show up at an expository answer for a framework having non-
linearity's, for example, immersion, information exchange work, restricted slew rates and so
forth In Simulation, since frameworks are dissected utilizing cycles, non-linearity's are not a
prevention. One such could be an immersion block, to show an actual restriction on a
boundary, for example, a voltage sign to an engine and so forth Manual switches are helpful
while attempting recreations with various cases. Switches are what could be compared to on
the off.

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Fig.6.2(e) simulink blocks

6.2(f) Mathematical operations

Mathematical operators such as products, sum, logical operations such as and, or, etc.
can be programmed along with the signal flow. Matrix multiplication becomes easy with the
matrix gain block. Trigonometric functions such as sin or tan inverse (at an) are also available.
Relational operators such as ‘equal to’, ‘greater than’ etc. can also be used in logic circuits

Fig. 6.2(f) Simulink math blocks

6.2(g)Signals & data transfer

In complicated block diagrams, there may arise the need to transfer data from one portion to
another portion of the block. They may be in different subsystems. That signal could be
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dumped into a go to block, which is used to send signals from one subsystem to another.
Multiplexing helps us remove clutter due to excessive connectors, and makes matrix
(column/row) visualization easier.

Fig.6.2(g)signals and systems

6.2(h) Making subsystems

Drag a subsystem from the Simulink Library Browser and spot it in the parent block
where you might want to shroud the code. The sort of subsystem relies upon the motivation
behind the square. When all is said in done one will utilize the standard subsystem however
different subsystems can be picked. For example, the subsystem can be a set off square, which
is empowered just when a trigger sign is gotten. Open (double tap) the subsystem and make
input/yield PORTS, which move signals into and out of the subsystem. The information and
yield ports are made by hauling them from the Sources and Sinks registries separately. At the
point when ports are made in the subsystem, they naturally make ports on the outside (parent)
block. This considers interfacing the suitable signs from the parent square to the subsystem.

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6.2(i) Setting simulation parameters:

Running a recreation in the PC consistently requires a mathematical procedure to illuminate

a differential condition. The framework can be reproduced as a nonstop framework or a
discrete framework dependent on the squares inside. The recreation start and stop time can
be determined. In the event of variable advance size, the littlest and biggest advance size can
be determined.A Fixed advance size is suggested and it takes into account ordering time to
an exact number of focuses, in this manner controlling the size of the information vector.
Reproduction step size must be chosen dependent on the elements of the frameworkA warm
cycle may warrant a stage size of a couple of moments, however a DC engine in the
framework might be very quick and may require a stage size of a couple of milliseconds.

Fig:6.2(i) setting simulation parameters

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CHAPTER-7
PROPOSED PROJECT AND CONTROL DESIGN

7.1 Modeling And Control Of The System

The DG unit uses a PV source as essential wellspring of energy. A dc-dc buck converter
associates the PV unit to the inverter through a dc connect capacitor. The dc-dc converter
gives a consistent voltage at the dc connect paying little mind to voltage variety at the PV's
yield terminals. The directed dc voltage is likewise utilized by the diminished UPFC to create
the necessary arrangement voltage and infuse it to the matrix's electrical cables to improve
framework soundness. In this segment first the DG unit displaying and control is introduced
and afterward, demonstrating and control of the UPFC is created. A. DG Unit Modeling and
Control The DG unit is displayed and controlled with the end goal that emulate conduct of a
simultaneous generator. Dynamic conditions for the force at the dc connection can be
composed as

(7.1)
where Pin is the power that is injected to the capacitor from the dc-dc buck converter, Po is
the delivered power to the inverter, and Vc is the capacitor voltage. On the other hand, the
inverter’s delivered power to the grid will be

(7.2)
where B is the induction that interface the inverter to the matrix transport, Vs and φ are the
voltage extent and stage point at the inverter's yield terminals, and V1 and θ are the framework
transport's voltage size and stage point. Disregarding the inverter's misfortunes results in =
PP oe In (2), the point φ acts like the stator point δ in the simultaneous generator and the
inverters yield influence can be changed through changing this variable. Another variable λ
is acquainted with control φ in the inverter as =ϕλ (3) λ is like the rotor speed (ω) in the
simultaneous generator. The rotor speed characterize its put away motor energy as ))(1( ω −=
PPM elecm (4) where M is the snapshot of dormancy, Pm is the info mechanical force and
Pelec is the yield electrical force. So as to relate the new factor λ to the put away energy in
the dc interface capacitor, it tends to be characterized as ))(1( λ = − PPC) (5) Equations (3)
and (5) take after the conditions of a coordinated generator traditional model. So as to emulate
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the hang component in simultaneous generators, any deviation from the consistent state
estimation of λ will bring about some adjustment in the dc-dc converter's obligation factor,
D. This change consequently changes the working purpose of the PV unit which adjusts its
yield power. Along these lines, any variety in λ follows by some adjustment in the infused
power which originates from the dc side that pull back the λ to its consistent state esteem.
7.1(a)Modeling and Control of the System in Presence of the UPFC
The vector graph of the framework appeared in Fig. 1 is portrayed in Fig. 2. The
arrangement voltage of the UPFC is made out of two parts Vup and Vuq. The voltage parts are
viewed as corresponding to the voltage at the purpose of association of the UPFC. Subsequently

(7.3)
where β(t) and γ(t) are two control variables. When the UPFC is taken into account, the
electrical power in (2) can be written as

(7.4)
Based on the diagram in Fig

Substituting (8) and (9) into (7), dynamics of the variable λ can be expressed as

According to the (3) and (10) the space state equations of the system will be written in the
form of & += tuxgxfx )()()( as follows

By assuming the time step T, the system dynamic equations can be approximated in
discrete-time by

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Next, an optimal nonlinear control approach is applied to create the inputs β and γ according
to the system states γ, λ.
7.2(b)Nonlinear optimal controller design :
The vector diagram of the system shown in Fig. 1 is depicted in Fig. 2. The series voltage of
the UPFC is composed of two components Vup and Vuq. The voltage components are
considered to be proportional to the voltage at the point of connection of the UPFC.
Consequently,Value Function Approximation using Neural Network As previously discussed,
the successive approximation method can be used to find the optimal control policy with
modified linear GHJB (20). However, recursively solving GHJB and updating controller is
impossible without knowing Vk . Before the iterative based method is implemented, Vk is
approximated by NN. The NN is well known for smooth function approximation and been
widely used in previous research. Thus, it is an appropriate approach for our d iscrete-time
problem.

In this project, we consider the use of nonlinear networks towards obtaining nearly optimal
solutions to the control of nonlinear discrete-time (DT) systems. The method is based on least
squares successive approximation solution of the generalized Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman
(GHJB) equation which appears in optimization problems. Successive approximation using
the GHJB has not been applied for nonlinear DT systems. The proposed recursive method
solves the GHJB equation in DT on a well-defined region of attraction. The definition of
GHJB, pre-Hamiltonian function, HJB equation, and method of updating the control function
for the affine nonlinear DT systems under small perturbation assumption are proposed. A
neural network (NN) is used to approximate the GHJB solution. It is shown that the result is
a closed-loop control based on an NN that has been tuned a priori in offline mode. Numerical
examples show that, for the linear DT system, the updated control laws will converge to the
optimal control, and for nonlinear DT systems, the updated control laws will converge to the
suboptimal control

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CHAPTER-8
SIMULATION RESULTS

A simulation yields many possible values for the outcomes we care about from Net Profit to
environmental impact. The role of simulation analysis is to summarize and analyze the results,
in a way that will yield maximum insight and help with decision-making. The simulations are
carried out in Matlab/Simulink environment. The DG unit that is equipped with the UPFC is
connected to a micro grid as shown in Fig

Fig 8.1: low voltage microgrid with DG and UPFC

In addition, the microgrid includes another PV-based DG unit, five loads at five buses of the
system, and transmission lines that are modeled as series RL branches. All the system
definitions are given in Table I. As a case study, a fault happens on bus 1 where the DG with
UPFC unit is connected. The fault occurred at t=3s and is removed after 0.2s. The presented
optimal nonlinear controller regulate the injected series voltage of the UPFC in order to damp
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the after fault oscillations of the system. The offline training is performed in order to
approximate NN weights that are used in cost function calculations. The resultant NN weights
are:
WL = [-8.4528 -0.0452 0.0018 92.5518 0.0001 0.1362 0.0000 0.0222 T ] .

Fig8.2: dSPACE Microlabox

Furthermore, an experimental setup is developed to test the theoretical analysis. The

proposed modeling and control method is implemented using a dSPACE Microlabox
control platform as shown in Fig8.2

Fig8.3: Simulink Model of MPPT

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Fig8.4: Angular speed Vs Time characteristics Without NN approximated Weights

The proposed method can stabilize the after fault oscillations of the system’s states
effectively as shown in Fig. 4. It is also shown that when the weights are not
approximated properly in the cost function, damping effect of the UPFC is deteriorated
that results in more overshoot and settling time for the system states. The above figure
shown that when the weights are not approximated properly in the cost function, damping
effect of the UPFC is deteriorated that results in more overshoot and settling time for the
system states.

Fig8.5: Angular speed Vs Time characteristics Without NN approximated Weights

The presented optimal nonlinear controller regulates the injected series voltage of the
UPFC in order to damp the after-fault oscillations of the system. The offline training is
performed in order to approximate NN weights that are used in cost function calculations.
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The active power of the transmission line and also active power of the UPFC unit is
depicted in Fig. 5. It is shown that the UPFC’s active power is less than 2% of the nominal
power. In addition, injected series voltage of the UPFC is less than 10% of the nominal
voltage of the grid as demonstrated in Fig8.5

Fig(8.6): Injected series voltage of the UPFC

It is shown that the UPFC’s active power is less than 2% of the nominal power. In addition,
injected series voltage of the UPFC is less than 10% of the nominal voltage of the grid as
demonstrated in Fig. 8.6

Fig(8.7): Dc link voltage that feed both inverters of the DG+UPFC unit

Dc link voltage that is depicted in Fig shows voltage stability at the dc side. In addition,
voltage of the grid at Bus 1 and also injected series voltage of the UPFC unit in normal
condition of the microgrid is presented in Fig8.7 that displays stable operation of the entire
system.
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STABILITY IMPROVEMENT

Furthermore, an experimental setup is developed to test the theoretical analysis. The

proposed modeling and control method is implemented using a dSPACE Microlabox control
platform as shown in Fig. 7. The PV unit output voltage is delivered to a dc-dc buck converter.
The buck converter provide a stable dc link voltage at the output. This dc voltage provide
power for the three-phase inverter that feed the grid and also the inverter that generate series
voltage of the UPFC unit. The LC filters are utilized to reduce voltage harmonics at the
inverters output terminals. The output voltage of the main inverter feed a local load and the
grid through a step up transformers. The output voltage of the UPFC inverter is also filtered,
and then injected to the transmission line through the transformers that are positioned in series
with the transmission lines.

Fig(8.6): Injected series voltage of the UPFC

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M.Tech,EPS(Electrical power system),Gates Institute of Technology
 DG WITH REDUCED UPFC IN MICROGRIDS USING NONLINEAR OPTIMAL CONTROL FOR
STABILITY IMPROVEMENT

CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION

A DG unit, composed of a PV source, dc-dc, and dc-ac converter, is modeled and

controlled to behave like the classical model of a synchronous generator. Then, a novel
reduced UPFC structure is presented and governed via an advanced optimal nonlinear
control method to stabilize the DG unit in the micro grid environment. The proposed
scheme could damp the system oscillations effectively. Although the proposed method is
applied to the reduced UPFC structure in a micro grid environment, the scheme is
applicable to traditional UPFCs in the power systems. The novel model is implemented
for the first time and experiments are carried out that demonstrate the control scheme
efficacy.

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STABILITY IMPROVEMENT

FUTURE SCOPE

• Various control modes of operation are studied through MATLAB

Simulink software and it results are validated through DSPACE signal
processor.
• In future, developments of stability improvement techniques, power
injection model are implemented for neglecting the dynamics of the
UPFC and uses the UPFC active and reactive power injection as the
control inputs into the power system.
• This approach has the advantages of simplicity and computational
efficiency

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STABILITY IMPROVEMENT

REFERENCES

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[4] N. Yang, Q. Liu., and J.D. McCalley, "TCSC Controller Design for Damping Interarea
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[5] J. Guo, M. L. Crow, and J. Sarangapani, "An Improved UPFC Control for Oscillation
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[7] H. Nazaripouya, and S. Mehraeen, "Displaying and Nonlinear Optimal Control of

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