Proposed Accounting Standards Update

Issued: September 29, 2016

Comments Due: December 15, 2016

Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944)

Targeted Improvements to the

Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts

The Board issued this Exposure Draft to solicit public comment on proposed changes
to Topic 944 of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification®. Individuals can submit
comments in one of three ways: using the electronic feedback form on the FASB
website, emailing written comments to [email protected], or sending a letter to
“Technical Director, File Reference No. 2016-330, FASB, 401 Merritt 7, PO Box 5116,
Norwalk, CT 06856-5116.”
The FASB Accounting Standards Codification® is the source of authoritative
generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) recognized by the FASB to be
applied by nongovernmental entities. An Accounting Standards Update is not
authoritative; rather, it is a document that communicates how the Accounting
Standards Codification is being amended. It also provides other information to help
a user of GAAP understand how and why GAAP is changing and when the
changes will be effective.

Notice to Recipients of This Exposure Draft of a Proposed Accounting

Standards Update

The Board invites comments on all matters in this Exposure Draft and is requesting
comments by December 15, 2016. Interested parties may submit comments in one
of three ways:
 Using the electronic feedback form available on the FASB website at
Exposure Documents Open for Comment
 Emailing a written letter to [email protected], File Reference No. 2016-
330
 Sending written comments to “Technical Director, File Reference No.
2016-330, FASB, 401 Merritt 7, PO Box 5116, Norwalk, CT 06856-5116.”
Do not send responses by fax.
All comments received are part of the FASB’s public file. The FASB will make all
comments publicly available by posting them to the online public reference room
portion of its website.

An electronic copy of this Exposure Draft is available on the FASB’s website.

Copyright © 2016 by Financial Accounting Foundation. All rights reserved.

Permission is granted to make copies of this work provided that such copies
are for personal or intraorganizational use only and are not sold or
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reserved. Used by permission.”
Proposed Accounting Standards Update

Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944)

Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-

Duration Contracts

September 29, 2016

Comment Deadline: December 15, 2016

CONTENTS
Page
Numbers

Summary and Questions for Respondents........................................................1–9

Amendments to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification® ................. 11–142
Background Information and Basis for Conclusions .............................. …143–167
Amendments to the XBRL Taxonomy ...............................................................168
Summary and Questions for Respondents
Why Is the FASB Issuing This Proposed Accounting
Standards Update (Update)?
After proposing comprehensive changes to the accounting guidance for insurance
contracts and the ensuing stakeholder feedback through extensive due process,
the Board decided to focus on making the following targeted improvements to the
existing recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure requirements for
long-duration contracts issued by an insurance entity:
1. Improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future
policy benefits by requiring that updated assumptions be used to measure
the liability for future policy benefits (that is, that assumptions be
“unlocked”) and modify the rate used to discount future cash flows.
Financial statement users raised concerns about the use of out-of-date
or “locked-in” assumptions to calculate the liability for traditional, limited-
payment, and participating insurance contracts, as is currently required
in generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Users also raised
concerns about the use of an insurance entity’s expected yield on its
investment portfolio to discount the liability.
2. Simplify and improve the accounting for certain options or guarantees
embedded in variable contracts. Financial statement users, preparers,
and auditors raised concerns about the complexity and inconsistency of
the current accounting models for those market risk benefits. In particular,
financial statement users commented that those market risk benefits
should be measured on a consistent basis because they share similar
risks and economics. Additionally, users and preparers expressed
concern with the existing financial reporting disincentive to economically
hedge capital market risk exposures arising from market risk benefits
currently measured under an insurance accrual model because the
hedging instruments (that is, derivative instruments) are measured at fair
value, resulting in earnings volatility not reflective of the economics.
3. Simplify the amortization of deferred acquisition costs. The Board
received feedback from users and preparers about several issues with
the current deferred acquisition cost amortization methods. In particular,
the currently required estimated gross profit amortization method is
complex, requiring numerous inputs and assumptions, and periodic
adjustments are challenging to calculate and interpret. Users provided
feedback that linking the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to
changes in the insurance liability or investment experience may result in
offsetting effects in net income, which complicates the analysis of
financial results and the evaluation of an insurance entity’s financial
performance in a given reporting period.

1
 4. Improve the effectiveness of the required disclosures. Financial
statement users provided feedback that current disclosures provide
limited decision-useful information. Users expressed an interest in
obtaining more information about the exposures of an insurance entity
and the drivers of the entity’s results. Users also expressed an interest in
better understanding the assumptions used in the measurement of long-
duration contract liabilities and changes in those assumptions.
Although the proposed changes would amend specific targeted aspects of the
accounting for long-duration contracts, the Board anticipates that the proposed
changes would result in meaningful improvements to the financial reporting of an
insurance entity.

Who Would Be Affected by the Amendments in This

Proposed Update?
The proposed amendments would apply to all insurance entities that issue long-
duration contracts as defined in Topic 944. The proposed amendments would not
apply to (1) holders (that is, policyholders) of long-duration contracts and (2)
noninsurance entities.

What Are the Main Provisions and How Would They

Differ from Current Generally Accepted Accounting
Principles (GAAP)?
The amendments in this proposed Update affect aspects of the guidance in Topic
944 as described in the following table.

2
Area for Improvement Summary of Proposed Amendments
Assumptions used to measure
the liability for future policy
benefits
Original assumptions used to The amendments in this proposed
measure the liability for future Update would require an insurance
policy benefits for traditional, entity to update (1) the assumptions
limited-payment, and participating used to measure future cash flows at
contracts are locked at contract least annually (or more frequently) and
inception and held constant over (2) the discount rate assumption at
the term of the contract. The each reporting date.
liability includes a provision for risk
of adverse deviation, and The provision for risk of adverse
assumptions are unlocked if a deviation and premium deficiency (or
premium deficiency arises. loss recognition) testing would be
eliminated. The determination of
An unobservable asset discount whether to establish a liability in
rate (the insurance entity’s addition to an account balance for
expected investment yield) is used annuitization, death, or other insurance
to discount traditional contracts benefits would be performed at least
and limited-payment contracts. For annually (or more frequently) rather
certain participating insurance than only at contract inception.
contracts, the discount rate is
generally the interest rate To calculate and record the effect of
guaranteed to policyholders. updating assumptions, the
amendments in this proposed Update
would require (1) the use of a
retrospective approach when updating
cash flow assumptions (with a
cumulative catch-up adjustment in
current-period benefit expense) and (2)
the use of an immediate approach
(with the adjustment recognized in
other comprehensive income) when
updating discount rate assumptions.
The amendments in this proposed
Update would require an insurance
entity to discount expected future cash
flows at a high-quality fixed-income
instrument yield that maximizes the
use of market observable inputs.

3
 Area for Improvement Summary of Proposed Amendments
Measurement of market risk
benefits
Certain benefit options and The amendments in this proposed
guarantees embedded in variable Update would require an insurance
contracts share common risk entity to measure all market risk
characteristics, but two different benefits at fair value.
measurement models exist (a fair
value model and an insurance The portion of any change in fair value
accrual model). attributable to a change in the
instrument-specific credit risk would be
Stakeholders have noted that the recognized in other comprehensive
embedded derivative accounting income.
guidance is difficult to interpret
and apply.
The insurance accrual
measurement model does not
align with the fair value
measurement model applied to
derivative instruments that an
insurance entity may enter into to
hedge its capital market risk
exposure.
Amortization of deferred
acquisition costs
Multiple amortization methods The amendments in this proposed
exist, some of which are complex Update would simplify the amortization
and require numerous inputs and of deferred acquisition costs.
assumptions.
Deferred acquisition costs currently
Assumption updates can result in amortized in proportion to premiums,
periodic adjustments that are gross profits, or gross margins would
challenging to calculate, instead be amortized in proportion to
understand, and explain. In certain the amount of insurance in force or on
situations, amounts recognized as a straight-line basis if the amount of
amortization in prior periods may insurance in force over the expected
be recovered in subsequent term of the related contract cannot be
periods. Complexity limits the reasonably estimated.
decision usefulness of information,
thus hindering financial statement Deferred acquisition costs would not
analysis. be subject to impairment testing.

4
 Area for Improvement Summary of Proposed Amendments
Disclosures
There are limited disclosure The amendments in this proposed
requirements about long-duration Update would require an insurance
contracts in current GAAP. entity to provide disaggregated
rollforwards of beginning to ending
Existing disclosures do not enable balances of the liability for future policy
users of financial statements to benefits, policyholder account
evaluate well the amount, timing, balances, market risk benefits,
and uncertainty of cash flows separate account liabilities, and
arising from those contracts. deferred acquisition costs.
The amendments in this proposed
Update also would require an
insurance entity to disclose
quantitative and qualitative information
about significant inputs, judgments,
and assumptions used in
measurement, including changes in
those inputs, judgments, and
assumptions and the effect of those
changes on the measurement.

What Are the Transition Requirements and When Would

the Amendments Be Effective?
An insurance entity would apply the proposed amendments on the liability for
future policyholder benefits retrospectively (with a cumulative catch-up adjustment
to the opening balance of retained earnings) as of the beginning of the earliest
period presented. If it is impracticable to apply the proposed amendments
retrospectively, an insurance entity would apply the proposed amendments to in-
force contracts on the basis of their existing carrying amounts at the transition date,
adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in accumulated other
comprehensive income.
An insurance entity would measure market risk benefits at fair value at the
beginning of the earliest period presented. The cumulative effect of changes in the
instrument-specific credit risk between contract inception date and transition date
would be recognized in the opening balance of accumulated other comprehensive
income. The difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition date,
excluding the effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk, would require
an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

5
An insurance entity would begin to apply the proposed amendments on amortizing
deferred acquisition costs as of the transition date to the existing carrying amounts
at that date, adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in accumulated other
comprehensive income.
The effective date will be determined after the Board considers stakeholder
feedback received on the amendments in this proposed Update.

Questions for Respondents

The Board invites individuals and organizations to comment on all matters in this
proposed Update, particularly on the issues and questions below. Comments are
requested from those who agree with the proposed amendments as well as from
those who do not agree. Comments are most helpful if they identify and clearly
explain the issue or question to which they relate. Those who disagree with the
proposed amendments are asked to describe their suggested alternatives,
supported by specific reasoning.

Liability for Future Policy Benefits—Contracts Other Than

Participating Contracts
Question 1—Scope: Do you agree with the scope of the proposed amendments
on the accounting for the liability for future policy benefits for contracts other than
participating contracts? If not, what types of contracts, contract features, or
transactions should be included in or excluded from the scope and why?
Question 2—Cash flow assumption update method and presentation: Do you
agree that the effect of updating cash flow assumptions should be calculated and
recognized on a retrospective basis in net income? If not, what other approach or
approaches do you recommend and why?
Question 3—Cash flow assumption update frequency: Do you agree that cash
flow assumptions should be updated on an annual basis, at the same time every
year, or more frequently if actual experience or other evidence indicates that earlier
assumptions should be revised? If not, what other approach or approaches do you
recommend and why?
Question 4—Discount rate assumption: Do you agree that expected future cash
flows should be discounted on the basis of a high-quality fixed-income instrument
yield that maximizes the use of current market observable inputs? If not, what other
approach or approaches do you recommend and why?
Question 5—Discount rate assumption update method and presentation: Do
you agree that the effect of updating discount rate assumptions should be
recognized immediately in other comprehensive income? If not, what other
approach or approaches do you recommend and why?

6
Question 6—Discount rate assumption update frequency: Do you agree that
discount rate assumptions should be updated at each reporting date? If not, what
other approach or approaches do you recommend and why?

Liability for Future Policy Benefits—Participating Contracts

Question 7—Scope (participating contracts): Do you agree with the scope of
the proposed amendments on the accounting for the liability for future policy
benefits for participating contracts, including closed block contracts issued by a
demutualized insurance entity? If not, what types of contracts, contract features,
or transactions should be included in or excluded from the scope and why?
Question 8—Cash flow assumption update method and presentation
(participating contracts): Do you agree that the effect of updating cash flow
assumptions should be calculated and recognized on a retrospective basis in net
income? If not, what other approach or approaches do you recommend and why?
Question 9—Cash flow assumption update frequency (participating
contracts): Do you agree that cash flow assumptions should be updated on an
annual basis, at the same time every year, or more frequently if actual experience
or other evidence indicates that earlier assumptions should be revised? If not, what
other approach or approaches do you recommend and why?
Question 10—Discount rate assumption (participating contracts): Do you
agree that expected future cash flows should be discounted on the basis of a high-
quality fixed-income instrument yield that maximizes the use of current market
observable inputs? If not, what other approach or approaches do you recommend
and why?
Question 11—Discount rate assumption update method and presentation
(participating contracts): Do you agree that the effect of updating discount rate
assumptions should be recognized immediately in other comprehensive income?
If not, what other approach or approaches do you recommend and why?
Question 12—Discount rate assumption update frequency (participating
contracts): Do you agree that discount rate assumptions should be updated at
each reporting date? If not, what other approach or approaches do you
recommend and why?

Market Risk Benefits

Question 13—Scope: Do you agree with the scope of the proposed amendments
on the accounting for market risk benefits? If not, what types of contracts or
contract features should be included in or excluded from the scope and why?
Question 14—Measurement: Do you agree that all market risk benefits should
be measured at fair value, with fair value changes attributable to a change in the

7
instrument-specific credit risk recognized in other comprehensive income? If not,
what other alternative or alternatives do you recommend and why?

Deferred Acquisition Costs

Question 15—Scope: Should the scope of the proposed amendments be
expanded to include investment contract acquisition costs currently amortized
using the interest method in Subtopic 310-20, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees
and Other Costs?
Question 16—Amortization: Do you agree with the proposed amendments that
would simplify the amortization of deferred acquisition costs? If not, what other
simplified and reasonably estimable amortization approach or approaches do you
recommend and why?
Question 17—Impairment: Do you agree that deferred acquisition costs should
not be subject to impairment testing? If not, what alternative or alternatives do you
recommend and why?

Presentation and Disclosure

Question 18—Proposed requirements: Do you agree that the presentation and
disclosure requirements included in the proposed amendments would provide
decision-useful information? If not, which presentation and/or disclosure
requirement or requirements would you change and why?
Question 19—Additional requirements: Are there any additional presentation or
disclosure requirements that would provide decision-useful information? If so,
please describe them and explain why.

Effective Date and Transition

Question 20—Implementation date: The Board is interested in understanding
the key drivers affecting the timing of implementation. What are those key drivers,
and how do they affect the time it will take to implement the proposed
amendments? Should the effective date be the same for both public entities and
nonpublic entities?
Question 21—Transition methods: Are the proposed transition provisions
operable and do they provide decision-useful information? If not, what would you
recommend and why?
Question 22—Transition disclosure: Do the proposed transition disclosure
requirements provide decision-useful information? If not, what would you
recommend and why?

8
Costs and Complexities
Question 23—Costs and complexities: Describe the nature of the incremental
costs of adopting the proposed amendments, distinguishing between one-time
costs and ongoing costs. Explain which aspects of the proposed amendments are
driving those costs and include ideas to make the proposals more cost effective.

Public Roundtable Meetings

The Board plans to hold public roundtable meetings on this proposed Update in
the first quarter of 2017. The purpose of the roundtable meetings is to listen to the
views of, and obtain information from, interested stakeholders about this proposed
Update. The Board plans to seek participants for the meetings that represent a
wide variety of stakeholders, including users, preparers, auditors, and others to
ensure that broad input is received.
Any individual or organization desiring to participate must notify the FASB by
sending an email to [email protected] and submitting its comments on the
proposed Update in writing by December 15, 2016.
Roundtable meetings can accommodate a limited number of participants.
Depending on the number of responses received, the Board may not be able to
accommodate all requests to participate.

9
Amendments to the
FASB Accounting Standards Codification®
Summary of Proposed Amendments to the Accounting
Standards Codification
1. The following table provides a summary of the proposed amendments to the
Accounting Standards Codification.

Codification Subtopics Description of Changes

Master Glossary  Added the following term: Market Risk
Benefit
 Amended the following terms: Liability for
Future Policy Benefits, Net Premiums, and
Risk of Adverse Deviation
 Superseded the following terms: Annual
Policyholder Dividends, Dividend Fund,
Dividend Fund Interest Rate, Investment
Yield, and Lock-In Concept

Financial Services—  Superseded guidance on certain

Insurance—Insurance participating insurance contracts
Activities  Removed implementation guidance relating
to superseded guidance
(944-20)
 Moved certain variable annuity or separate
account implementation guidance and
illustrations to Subtopics 944-40 and 944-80

Acquisition Costs  Amended guidance on amortization

methods for long-duration contracts and
(944-30)
added a related illustration
 Superseded guidance on accrual of interest
 Removed implementation guidance and
illustrations relating to superseded concepts

Claim Costs and  Superseded the lock-in and provision for risk
Liabilities for Future of adverse deviation concepts for traditional
Policy Benefits contracts, limited-payment contracts, and
participating insurance contracts

11
 Codification Subtopics Description of Changes
(944-40)  Added guidance on the methods used to
calculate and record the effect of
assumption updates
 Amended guidance on the additional liability
for universal life-type contracts
 Added guidance on market risk benefits
 Added disclosure requirements
 Superseded guidance on certain
participating insurance contracts

Policyholder Dividends  Amended or superseded guidance on

participating contract policyholder dividends
(944-50)
 Superseded guidance on certain long-
duration participating life insurance contracts

Premium Deficiency and  Superseded guidance on premium

Loss Recognition deficiency testing for long-duration contracts
(944-60)

Separate Accounts  Amended disclosure requirements

 Added implementation guidance and
(944-80)
illustrations from Subtopic 944-20

Revenue Recognition  Added guidance on the deferred profit

liability on limited-payment contracts
(944-605)
 Updated paragraph references

Income Taxes  Clarified a paragraph reference on the

recognition of participating insurance
(944-740)
contract dividends

Business Combinations  Updated paragraph references

 Superseded guidance on the estimated
(944-805)
gross margin method of amortizing deferred
acquisition costs

Derivatives and Hedging  Amended or superseded guidance on

market risk benefits in variable annuity
(944-815)
contracts

12
 Codification Subtopics Description of Changes
 Superseded references to embedded
derivative recognition guidance and to
variable annuity payment alternatives

Financial Instruments  Updated paragraph reference on the

amortization of deferred acquisition costs for
(944-825)
investment contracts

Comprehensive  Added references to guidance on the effect

Income—Overall of changes in the discount rates used to
measure the liability for future policy benefits
(220-10)
 Added reference to guidance on the effect of
changes in the fair value of market risk
benefits attributable to a change in the
instrument-specific credit risk

Interim Reporting—  Added references to interim disclosure

Overall requirements in Topic 944
(270-10)

Intangibles—Goodwill  Clarified the scope of contracts subject to

and Other—General the disclosure requirements in paragraphs
Intangibles Other Than 350-30-50-1 through 50-3
Goodwill
(350-30)

Derivatives and  Amended scope to exclude market risk

Hedging—Overall benefits
(815-10)

Embedded Derivatives  Superseded guidance on variable annuity

payment alternatives
(815-15)

Introduction
2. The Accounting Standards Codification is amended as described in
paragraphs 3–28. In some cases, to put the change in context, not only are the
amended paragraphs shown but also the preceding and following paragraphs.

13
Terms from the Master Glossary are in bold type. Added text is underlined, and
deleted text is struck out.

Amendments to Master Glossary

3. Supersede the following Master Glossary terms, with a link to transition
paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Annual Policyholder Dividends

Amount of dividends to policyholders calculated and paid each year, representing

the policyholders’ share of divisible surplus.

Dividend Fund

The amount specified by management at contract inception to which interest is

credited and from which mortality and expense charges are assessed in the
dividend determination mechanism.

Dividend Fund Interest Rate

The interest rate determined at policy issuance used to determine the amount of
the dividend fund. It is the rate used to credit interest to the dividend fund, and
against which experience is measured to determine the amount of the interest
portion of dividends paid to individual policyholders.

Investment Yield

The interest rate the entity expects to earn on the assets supporting policies, net
of investment expense.

Lock-In Concept

The concept that original assumptions shall continue to be used in subsequent

accounting periods to determine changes in the liability for future policy benefits
unless a premium deficiency exists.

4. Amend the following Master Glossary terms, with a link to transition paragraph
944-40-65-2, as follows:

Liability for Future Policy Benefits

An accrued obligation to policyholders that relates to insured events, such as death
or disability, and expected dividends to policyholders.

14
Net Premiums

For traditional, limited-payment, and participating long-duration insurance

contracts, the net premium is that portion of the gross premium required to
provide for all benefits and expenses, excluding acquisition costs or costs that are
required to be charged to expense as incurred. For long-duration participating life
insurance contracts that meet the criteria in paragraph 944-20-15-3, the net
premium is a constant ratio of guaranteed maximum gross premiums. The ratio is
calculated at issue, so that the present value of all guaranteed death and
endowment benefits is equal to the present value of all net premiums.

Risk of Adverse Deviation

A concept used by life insurance entities in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits relating to long-duration contracts. The risk of adverse deviation that
allows for possible unfavorable deviations from assumptions, such as estimates of
expected investment yields, mortality, morbidity, terminations, and expenses. The
concept is referred to as risk load when used by property and liability insurance
entities.

5. Add the new Master Glossary term Market Risk Benefit, with a link to
transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Market Risk Benefit

A long-duration contract benefit that meets both of the following criteria:

a. Contract: The contract holder has the ability to direct funds to one or more
separate account investment alternatives maintained by the insurance
entity, and investment performance, net of contract fees and
assessments, is passed through to the contract holder. The separate
account need not be legally recognized or legally insulated from the
general account liabilities of the insurance entity.
b. Benefit: The insurance entity provides a benefit protecting the contract
holder from adverse capital market performance, exposing the insurance
entity to other-than-nominal capital market risk. A nominal risk, as
explained in paragraph 944-20-15-21, is a risk of insignificant amount or
has a remote probability of occurring. A benefit is presumed to have
other-than-nominal capital market risk if the net amount at risk (that is,
the guaranteed benefit in excess of the account balance, cash value, or
similar amount) varies more than an insignificant amount in response to
capital market volatility. Capital market risk includes equity, interest rate,
and foreign exchange risk.

15
Amendments to Subtopic 944-20
6. Amend paragraphs 944-20-05-3, 944-20-10-3, 944-20-15-11, 944-20-15-13,
and 944-20-15-24 and supersede paragraphs 944-20-05-23 and 944-20-15-3
through 15-4 and their related heading, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Insurance Activities

Overview and Background

General
944-20-05-3 ThreeFour methods of premium revenue and contract liability
recognition for insurance contracts have developed: short-duration contract
accounting and twothree methods of long-duration contract accounting—
Traditional and Universal Life-Type, Universal Life, and Participating Contracts.
Generally, thesethe four methods reflect the nature of the insurance entity’s
obligations and policyholder rights under the provisions of the contract.
Long-Duration Contracts
> Nontraditional Fixed and Variable Annuity and Life Insurance Contracts
944-20-05-22 Annuity and life products with nontraditional terms may combine
fixed and variable features and are sold as general account or separate account
products. The features of such contracts are many and complex, and may be
offered in different combinations, such that there are numerous variations of the
same basic products being sold in the marketplace.
944-20-05-23 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Examples 2, 3, and 4 (see paragraphs 944-20-55-16 through 55-26) illustrate
such products.

Objectives

944-20-10-3 The insurance model does not override, nor is it inconsistent with, the
basic recognition and measurement principles of Subtopic 450-20. Rather, the
insurance model is a specialized application of those principles that estimates and
allocates revenues and costs that have a future economic benefit over the period
in which services are provided or received. For example, that Subtopic prohibits
recognition of a loss unless it is probable that a loss has been incurred, and
requires recognition of the full amount of a loss that has been incurred in the period
of the loss. Likewise, paragraphs 944-40-25-32, 944-40-35-7, 944-60-25-2, 944-
60-25-9, 944-60-30-1 through 30-2, and 944-60-35-3 through 35-5 require
recognition of losses in the period the loss occurs.

16
Scope and Scope Exceptions

General
> > Certain Long-Duration Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-20-15-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Certain guidance in the Long-Duration Subsections in this Subtopic (and other
Subtopics within the Financial Services—Insurance Topic) applies only to certain
long-duration participating life insurance contracts of mutual life insurance entities
and certain stock life insurance entities. For purposes of that guidance:
a. Mutual life insurance entities include assessment entities, fraternal
benefit societies, and stock life insurance subsidiaries of mutual life
insurance entities.
b. Participating life insurance contracts denote those that have both of the
following characteristics:
1. They are long-duration participating contracts that are expected to
pay dividends to policyholders based on actual experience of the
insurance entity.
2. Annual policyholder dividends are paid in a manner that both:
a. Identifies divisible surplus
b. Distributes that surplus in approximately the same proportion as
the contracts are considered to have contributed to divisible
surplus (commonly referred to in actuarial literature as the
contribution principle).
944-20-15-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 944-20-15-11 states that stock life insurance entities with
participating life insurance contracts that meet certain conditions are permitted to
account for those contracts in accordance with the Long-Duration Contracts
Subsections of this Subtopic. That paragraph explains that the same accounting
policy shall be applied consistently to all those participating life insurance
contracts.
Long-Duration Contracts
> Instruments
944-20-15-11 The guidance in the Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this
Subtopic applies, in part, to all of the following classes of long-duration contracts
issued:
a. Universal life-type contracts; that is, long-duration insurance contracts
with terms that are not fixed and guaranteed
b. Limited-payment contracts, including limited-payment participating and
limited-payment nonguaranteed-premium contracts that are not, in
substance, universal life-type contracts

17
 c. Except as noted in paragraph 944-20-15-3, participating life insurance
contractsParticipating insurance contracts
d. Whole-life contractcontracts; that is, insurance that may be kept in
force for a person’s entire life by paying one or more premiums
e. Term life insurance contracts; that is, insurance that provides a benefit
if the insured dies within the period specified in the contract.
Stock life insurance entities with participating life insurance contracts described in
(c) are permitted to account for those contracts in accordance with the Long-
Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic. The same accounting policy shall
be applied consistently to all those participating life insurance contracts.
944-20-15-12 If insurance contracts have characteristics significant to the
contracts cited in (a) or (b) of the preceding paragraph those contracts are within
the scope of the Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic. For
example, universal disability contracts that have many of the same characteristics
as universal life-type contracts, with the exception of providing disability benefits
instead of life insurance benefits, shall be accounted for in a manner consistent
with universal life-type contracts.
944-20-15-13 The Long-Duration Subsections of this Subtopic also apply to certain
contractcontracts or features not covered elsewhere in the Codification, including
asset, liability, revenue, and expense recognition. Examples of such
contractcontracts or features include the following:
a. Contracts offered through an insurance entity’s separate accounts
b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Variable annuities with a minimum guaranteed death benefit
c. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Variable annuities with a guaranteed minimum income benefit
d. Contracts providing multiple account balances
e. Contracts with sales inducements.
> > Distinguishing Investment Contracts from Universal Life-Type
Insurance Contracts
944-20-15-24 The determination of significance of mortality or morbidity risk shall
be based on a comparison of the following amounts:
a. Excess payments. The present value of expected excess payments to be
made under insurance benefit features—that is, insurance benefit
amounts and related incremental claim adjustment expenses in excess
of the account balances.
b. Revenue. The present value of all amounts expected to be assessed
against the contract holder and the investment margin.
For contracts that include investment margin in their estimated gross profits, the
investment margin shall be included with any other assessments for purposes of
determining significance.

18
7. Supersede paragraphs 944-20-45-3, 944-20-50-1 through 50-2 and their
related Subsection title and headings, and 944-20-55-15 through 55-26 and their
related headings and amend paragraph 944-20-55-14, with a link to transition
paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Other Presentation Matters

Long-Duration Contracts
944-20-45-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Various other paragraphs in this Topic address presentation-related matters
associated with universal life-type contracts as follows:
a. Premiums collected—see paragraph 944-605-25-5
b. Amounts assessed for compensation—see paragraph 944-605-25-6
c. Amounts assessed against policyholders for initiation or front end fees—
see paragraph 944-605-25-5
d. Unearned revenue—see paragraph 944-605-35-2
e. Amounts that may be assessed against policyholders in future periods—
see paragraph 944-40-30-17
f. Cash values—see paragraph 944-40-30-18.

Disclosure

Long-Duration Contracts
> Limited-Payment and Universal Life-Type Contracts
944-20-50-1 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For financial statement disclosures about limited-payment and universal life-
type contracts, see paragraphs 944-605-50-1 through 50-2.
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-20-50-2 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Disclosure of the specific accounting policy applied to participating life
insurance contracts that meet the criteria in paragraph 944-20-15-3 shall be made
in accordance with Section 235-10-50.

Implementation Guidance and Illustrations

Long-Duration Contracts
> Implementation Guidance
> > Earnings Protection Benefit

19
944-20-55-14 An earnings protection benefit is a death benefit and should be
evaluated and accounted for in accordance with paragraph 944-40-25-
25Bparagraphs 944-20-15-20 through 15-25, 944-40-25-35 through 25-39, 944-
40-30-20 through 30-25, 944-40-35-9 through 35-11, 944-40-35-17 through 35-18,
and 944-605-30-1 through 30-2.
> Illustrations
> > Example 1: Sample Disclosures Relating to Variable Annuity Contracts
Issued Through a Separate Account
944-20-55-15 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This Example illustrates the financial statement disclosure requirements of
paragraph 944-80-50-1. Entities are not required to display the disclosure
information contained herein in the specific manner illustrated. Alternative ways of
disclosing the information are permissible provided that the disclosure
requirements of that paragraph are met, such as showing account balances of
contracts with guarantees by type of benefit. Entity’s illustrative disclosures follow.
The Entity issues variable contracts through its separate accounts for which
investment income and investment gains and losses accrue directly to, and
investment risk is borne by, the contract holder (traditional variable annuities).
The Entity also issues variable annuity and life contracts through separate
accounts where the Entity contractually guarantees to the contract holder
(variable contracts with guarantees) either (a) return of no less than total
deposits made to the contract less any partial withdrawals, (b) total deposits
made to the contract less any partial withdrawals plus a minimum return, or (c)
the highest contract value on a specified anniversary date minus any
withdrawals following the contract anniversary. These guarantees include
benefits that are payable in the event of death, annuitization, or at specified
dates during the accumulation period. During 20X1 and 20X2 there were no
gains or losses on transfers of assets from the general account to the separate
account.
The assets supporting the variable portion of both traditional variable annuities
and variable contracts with guarantees are carried at fair value and reported as
summary total separate account assets with an equivalent summary total
reported for liabilities. Amounts assessed against the contract holders for
mortality, administrative, and other services are included in revenue and
changes in liabilities for minimum guarantees are included in policyholder
benefits in the Statement of Operations. Separate account net investment
income, net investment gains and losses, and the related liability changes are
offset within the same line item in the Statement of Operations.
At December 31, 20X1, and 20X2, the Entity had the following variable contracts
with guarantees. (Note that the Entity’s variable contracts with guarantees may
offer more than one type of guarantee in each contract; therefore, the amounts
listed are not mutually exclusive.) For guarantees of amounts in the event of

20
death, the net amount at risk is defined as the current guaranteed minimum
death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the balance sheet
date. For guarantees of amounts at annuitization, the net amount at risk is
defined as the present value of the minimum guaranteed annuity payments
available to the contract holder determined in accordance with the terms of the
contract in excess of the current account balance. For guarantees of
accumulation balances, the net amount at risk is defined as the guaranteed
minimum accumulation balance minus the current account balance.

21
 December 31
20X1 20X2
Return of Net Deposits
In the event of death
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Average attained age of contract holders xx xx
At annuitization
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Weighted average period remaining until expected annuitization xx xx
Accumulation at specified date
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx

Return of Net Deposits Plus a Minimum Return

In the event of death
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Average attained age of contract holders xx xx
Range of guaranteed minimum return rates x-x% x-x%
At annuitization
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Weighted average period remaining until expected annuitization xx xx
Range of guaranteed minimum return rates x-x% x-x%
Accumulation at specified date
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Range of guaranteed minimum return rates x-x% x-x%

Highest Specified Anniversary Account Value Minus Withdrawals Post

Anniversary
In the event of death
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Average attained age of contract holders xx xx
At annuitization
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx
Weighted average period remaining until expected annuitization xx xx
Accumulation at specified date
Account value $xxx $xxx
Net amount at risk $xxx $xxx

Account balances of contracts with guarantees were invested in variable

separate accounts as follows.

22
 Decemb er 31, Decemb er 31,
Asset Type 20X1 20X2

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.

government corporations and agencies $ $
Obligations of states of the United States and
political subdivisions of the states
Corporate debt securities:
—Investment grade
—Noninvestment grade
Foreign debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities
(a)
Equity securities (including mutual funds)
Real estate
Mortgage loans
Derivative financial instruments
Cash and cash equivalents
Total $ X,XXX,XXX $ X,XXX,XXX

(a) The insurance entity may want to consider disclosing mutual funds by investment
objective or other meaningful groupings that are useful in understanding the nature
of the guarantee risk.

[Content amended and moved to paragraph 944-80-55-17]

The following summarizes the liabilities for guarantees on variable contracts

reflected in the general account.

Guaranteed Guaranteed
Minimum Minimum Minimum
Guaranteed Accumulation Income
Death Benefit Benefit Benefit Totals
Balance at January 1 $X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX
(a)
Incurred guarantee benefits X,XXX,XXX X,XXX,XXX X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX
Paid guarantee benefits X,XXX,XXX X,XXX,XXX X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX
Balance at December 31, 20X2 $X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX $X,XXX,XXX

(a) For guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits, incurred guarantee benefits incorporates all
changes in fair value other than amounts resulting from paid guarantee benefits.

The minimum guaranteed death benefit liability is determined each period

end by estimating the expected value of death benefits in excess of the
projected account balance and recognizing the excess ratably over the
accumulation period based on total expected assessments. The Entity regularly
evaluates estimates used and adjusts the additional liability balance, with a
related charge or credit to benefit expense, if actual experience or other
evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised. [Include
discussion of change in estimate if material.]

23
 The following assumptions and methodology were used to determine the
minimum guaranteed death benefit liability at December 31, 20X2:
a. Data used was 1,000 stochastically generated investment
performance scenarios.
b. Mean investment performance assumption was XX.
c. Volatility assumption was XX.
d. Mortality was assumed to be 90 percent of the Annuity 2000 table.
e. Lapse rates vary by contract type and duration and range from 1
percent to 20 percent, with an average of 3 percent.
f. Discount rate was XX%.
Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefits are considered to be derivative
instruments under Subtopic 815-10 and are recognized at fair value through
earnings.
The guaranteed minimum income benefit liability is determined each period end
by estimating the expected value of the annuitization benefits in excess of the
projected account balance at the date of annuitization and recognizing the
excess ratably over the accumulation period based on total expected
assessments. The Entity regularly evaluates estimates used and adjusts the
additional liability balance, with a related charge or credit to benefit expense, if
actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should
be revised. [Include discussion of change in estimate if material.] The
assumptions used for calculating the guaranteed minimum income benefit
liability at December 31, 20X2, are consistent with those used for calculating
the minimum guaranteed death benefit liability. In addition, the calculation of the
guaranteed minimum income benefit liability assumes X percent of the potential
annuitizations that would be beneficial to the contract holder will be elected.
> > Example 2: Guaranteed Minimum Accumulation Benefits
944-20-55-16 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This Example illustrates the terms of guaranteed minimum accumulation
benefits. [Content amended and moved to paragraph 944-40-55-29A]
944-20-55-17 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A contract holder deposits $100,000 in a deferred variable annuity that
provides for a guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit that guarantees that at
a specified anniversary date (for example, 5 years). The contract holder’s account
balance will be the greater of the following:
a. The account value, as determined by the separate account assets
b. Deposits less partial withdrawals accumulated at 3 percent interest
compounded annually. [Content amended and moved to paragraph
944-40-55-29A]
944-20-55-18 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.At the specified anniversary date the contract holder’s account balance has

24
declined to $80,000 due to stock market declines. The guaranteed minimum value
of the $100,000 deposit compounded annually at 3 percent interest is $115,930.
The contract holder’s account balance will be increased to the greater amount,
resulting in an account balance of $115,930. [Content moved to paragraph 944-
40-55-29B]
944-20-55-19 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 944-815-25-5 specifies that a guaranteed minimum accumulation
benefit is an embedded derivative subject to the requirements of Subtopic 815-15.
As discussed in paragraph 815-15-25-54, the remaining part of the hybrid contract
should be accounted for separately.
> > Example 3: Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit
944-20-55-20 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This Example illustrates the terms of guaranteed minimum income benefit.
[Content amended and moved to paragraph 944-40-55-29C]
944-20-55-21 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A contract holder deposits $100,000 in a deferred variable annuity that
provides a guaranteed minimum income benefit. The guaranteed minimum income
benefit contract specifies that if the contract holder elects to annuitize, the amount
available to annuitize will be the higher of the then account balance or the sum of
deposits less withdrawals. The contract holder directs the deposit to equity-based
funds within the separate account. At the date that the contract holder chooses to
annuitize, the account balance has declined to $80,000 due to stock market
declines. The contract holder elects a 20-year period-certain fixed payout annuity,
payable monthly in arrears. Using the $100,000 guaranteed minimum account
value at the date of annuitization and a guaranteed 3 percent crediting rate, the
fixed monthly periodic annuity payment is $554. [Content moved to paragraph
944-40-55-29C]
944-20-55-22 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.During the accumulation phase, if the guaranteed minimum income benefit
feature is not accounted for under the provisions of Subtopic 815-15, an additional
liability should be established if the present value of expected annuitization
payments at the annuitization date exceeds the expected account balance at the
expected annuitization date. That additional liability should be determined in
accordance with paragraphs 944-40-25-26 through 25-27, 944-40-30-26 through
30-29, 944-40-35-12 through 35-16, and 944-40-45-2. If there is an additional
liability for the annuitization benefit and a contract holder elects to annuitize, the
present value of annuitization payments, including related claims adjustment
expenses, discounted at expected investment yields would represent the single
premium used to purchase the annuitization benefit.
944-20-55-23 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 815-15-55-58 specifies that a guaranteed minimum income benefit
does not meet the definition of a derivative instrument pursuant to Section 815-10-

25
15 (see paragraph815-15-25-1[c]) if it cannot be net settled. If the guaranteed
minimum income benefit can be net settled, the guarantee is a derivative
instrument pursuant to Section 815-10-15 (see paragraph 815-15-25-1[c]) in the
accumulation period and should be accounted for under Subtopics 815-10 and
815-15.
> > Example 4: Deferred Variable Annuity
944-20-55-24 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This Example illustrates a deferred variable annuity that provides the contract
holder with a number of investment alternatives. The contract holder deposits
$100,000 in a deferred variable annuity that has no front-end load. The contract
holder directs the allocation of the deposit to the following: aggressive growth
equity fund, $25,000; high-yield corporate bond fund, $25,000; 5-year guaranteed
interest separate account, $25,000; and general account, $25,000. [Content
amended and moved to paragraph 944-80-55-19]
944-20-55-25 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Assets representing the contract holder’s funds in the aggressive growth equity
fund and high-yield corporate bond fund separate accounts satisfy all the criteria
of paragraphs 944-80-25-2 through 25-3, 944-80-30-1, 944-80-35-2, and 944-80-
45-2 through 45-3. The allocation to the guaranteed interest separate account
does not satisfy the criterion in paragraph 944-80-25-2 for separate account
treatment. Therefore, assets representing the contract holder’s funds in the
guaranteed interest separate account will be presented in the insurance entity’s
financial statements integrated with general account assets and liabilities. This
reporting is appropriate even in those instances where the separate account
arrangements with those contracts have been approved by regulatory authorities
as separate account contracts. [Content moved to paragraph 944-80-55-20]
944-20-55-26 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The guaranteed interest separate account allocations are often referred to as
spread products, where the insurer bears the investment risk and its profits are
derived primarily from the excess of investment performance over net amounts
credited to the contract holder. Amounts related to this contract that are directed
to the general account option will be shown within general account balances.
[Content moved to paragraph 944-80-55-21]

Amendments to Subtopic 944-30

8. Amend paragraphs 944-30-15-6, 944-30-25-1B, 944-30-25-6 and its related
heading, and 944-30-30-2 and supersede the heading preceding paragraph 944-
30-25-3 and paragraph 944-30-25-10 and its related heading, with a link to
transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Acquisition Costs

26
Scope and Scope Exceptions

Long-Duration Contracts
> Instruments
944-30-15-6 The guidance in the Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this
Subtopic applies only to long-duration insurance contracts. For guidance on
identifying a long-duration insurance contract, see the Long-Duration Contracts
Subsection of Section 944-20-15.

Recognition

General
944-30-25-1B To associate acquisition costs with related premium revenue,
capitalizedCapitalized {add glossary link}acquisition costs{add glossary link}
shall be allocated by groupings of insurance contracts consistent with the entity’s
manner of acquiring, servicing, and measuring the profitability of its insurance
contracts.
Long-Duration Contracts
> Universal Life-Type Contracts
944-30-25-3 This guidance does not define the costs to be included in acquisition
costs but does describe those that are not eligible to be capitalized.
> >> Sales Inducements
944-30-25-6 The following paragraphParagraph 944-30-25-7 addresses sales
inducement amountssales inducements that may be deferrable if the insurance
entity can demonstrate that the sales inducement amounts have both of the
following characteristics:
a. The amounts are incremental to amounts the entity credits on similar
contracts without {remove glossary link}sales inducements{remove
glossary link}.
b. The amounts are higher than the contract’s expected ongoing crediting
rates for periods after the inducement, as applicable; that is, the crediting
rate excluding the inducement should be consistent with assumptions
used in estimated gross profits, contract illustrations,illustrations and
interest-crediting strategies.
Due to the nature of day-one bonuses and persistency bonuses, the criteria in
items (a) and (b) generally are met for such sales inducements.
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts

27
944-30-25-10 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For long-duration participating life insurance contracts that meet the criteria in
paragraph 944-20-15-3, acquisition costs having any of the following
characteristics (such as premium taxes) are ineligible for capitalization and, thus,
shall be charged to expense in the period incurred:
a. Acquisition costs that vary in a constant relationship to premiums or
insurance in force
b. Acquisition costs that are recurring in nature
c. Acquisition costs that tend to be incurred in a level amount from period to
period.

Initial Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
944-30-30-2 Actual acquisition costs for long-duration contracts shall be used in
determining acquisition costs to be capitalized as long as gross premiums are
sufficient to cover actual costs. For guidance on accounting for a premium
deficiency on a long-duration contract, see Subtopic 944-60.Acquisition costs shall
not be amortized before the incurrence of those costs, including future contract
renewal costs.

9. Amend paragraphs 944-30-35-3 through 35-3A and their related heading,

944-30-35-18 through 35-20, 944-30-35-46 through 35-52 and the related
heading, and 944-30-35-64, add paragraphs 944-30-35-3B through 35-3C, and
supersede paragraphs 944-30-35-4 through 35-17 and their related headings,
944-30-35-21 through 35-22, 944-30-35-41 through 35-45 and their related
heading, and 944-30-35-62 through 35-63 and the related heading, with a link to
transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Subsequent Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
> Traditional Long-Duration Insurance Contracts
944-30-35-3 Capitalized acquisition costs shall be charged to expense using
methods that include the sametermination or in force assumptions consistent
with those used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits (or any other
related balance) for the corresponding contracts (see Subtopic 944-40), as
applicable. For contracts with accumulation and payout phases, the payout phase
shall be viewed as a separate contract under this Topic and shall not be combined
with the accumulation phase for amortization of capitalized acquisition costs.

28
944-30-35-3A Acquisition costs capitalized under paragraphs 944-30-25-1A
through 25-1B shall be charged to expense on a ratable basis as follows:in
proportion to premium revenue recognized under Subtopic 944-605.
a. In proportion to the undiscounted amount of insurance in force over the
expected term of the related contract
b. On a straight-line basis, if the amount of insurance in force over the
expected term of the related contract cannot be reasonably estimated.
944-30-35-3B The balance of capitalized acquisition costs shall be reduced for
actual experience in excess of expected experience (that is, as a result of
unexpected contract terminations). The effect of changes in future estimates (for
example, revisions of mortality or lapse assumptions) shall be recognized in those
future periods on a prospective basis as a change in accounting estimate in
accordance with paragraph 250-10-45-17.
944-30-35-3C No interest shall accrue to the unamortized balance of capitalized
acquisition costs. In determining amortization expense, future contract renewal
expenses shall not be included before the incurrence of those costs.
> Universal Life-Type Contracts
944-30-35-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Capitalized acquisition costs shall be amortized over the life of a book of
universal life-type contracts at a constant rate based on the present value of the
estimated gross profit amounts expected to be realized over the life of the book of
contracts. Examples 1 and 2 (see paragraphs 944-30-55-2 through 55-10)
illustrate the application of this guidance. The present value of estimated gross
profits shall be computed using the contract rate. If significant negative gross
profits are expected in any period, the present value of estimated gross revenues,
gross costs, or the balance of insurance in force shall be substituted as the base
for computing amortization.
944-30-35-5 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Estimated gross profit, as the term is used in the preceding paragraph, shall
include estimates of all of the following elements, each of which shall be
determined based on the best estimate of that individual element over the life of
the book of contracts without provision for adverse deviation:
a. Cost of insurance less benefit claims in excess of related policyholder
balances
b. Amounts expected to be assessed for contract administration less costs
incurred for contract administration including acquisition costs not
included in capitalized acquisition costs, the latter of which consists of
both of the following:
1. Policy-related costs that are not primarily related to the acquisition of
business, such as policy administration, settlement, and
maintenance costs

29
 2. Policy-related acquisition costs that are not capitalized under
paragraphs 944-30-25-3 through 25-4, such as ultimate renewal
commission and recurring premium taxes.
c. Amounts expected to be earned from the investment of policyholder
balances less interest credited to policyholder balances
d. Surrender charges
e. Other expected assessments and credits, however characterized.
Non-policy-related expenses, such as certain overhead costs, and costs that are
related to the acquisition of business that are not capitalized under Section 944-
30-25, such as certain advertising costs, shall not be included in estimated gross
profit.
944-30-35-6 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The amortization method based on the present value of estimated gross profits
described in the preceding two paragraphs differs from that in paragraph 944-30-
35-1A, which is based on expected premium revenues.
944-30-35-7 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.In computing amortization, interest shall accrue to the unamortized balance of
capitalized acquisition costs and unearned revenues at the rate used to discount
expected gross profits. Estimates of expected gross profit used as a basis for
amortization shall be evaluated regularly, and the total amortization recorded to
date shall be adjusted by a charge or credit to the statement of earnings if actual
experience or other evidence suggests that earlier estimates should be revised.
The interest rate used to compute the present value of revised estimates of
expected gross profits shall be either the rate in effect at the inception of the book
of contracts or the latest revised rate applied to the remaining benefit period. The
approach selected to compute the present value of revised estimates shall be
applied consistently in subsequent revisions to computations of expected gross
profits.
944-30-35-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Expected gains and losses from sales of investments related to universal life-
type contracts shall be included in the determination of estimated gross profit,
because earned investment income should be based on the expected total yield
of the investments. If the timing and amount of realized gains and losses from the
sales of investments change from those expected and materially affect the
expected total yield and the estimated gross profits, acquisition-cost amortization
shall be reevaluated.
> > Contracts with Death or Other Insurance Benefit Features
944-30-35-9 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The estimated gross profits used for the amortization of deferred acquisition
costs shall be adjusted to reflect the recognition of the liability in accordance with
paragraphs 944-40-35-10 through 35-11.

30
> > Contracts That Provide Annuitization Benefits
944-30-35-10 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The estimated gross profits used for the amortization of deferred acquisition
costs shall be adjusted to reflect the recognition of the liability determined in
accordance with paragraphs 944-40-35-12 through 35-13. Capitalized acquisition
costs shall continue to be amortized over the present value of estimated gross
profits, as adjusted, over the expected life of the book of contracts. For purposes
of amortization of deferred acquisition costs, the life of the book of contracts
excludes the payout phase.
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-30-35-11 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For long-duration participating life insurance contracts that meet the criteria in
paragraph 944-20-15-3, capitalized acquisition costs shall be amortized over the
life of a book of participating life insurance contracts at a constant rate, based on
the present value of the estimated gross margin amounts expected to be realized
over the life of the book of contracts. The present value of estimated gross margins
shall be computed using the expected investment yield. If significant negative
gross margins are expected in any period, then the present value of gross margins
before annual dividends, estimated gross premiums, or the balance of insurance
in force shall be substituted as the base for computing amortization.
944-30-35-12 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.In computing amortization, interest shall accrue to the unamortized balance of
capitalized acquisition costs at the rate used to discount expected gross margins.
Estimates of expected gross margins used as a basis for amortization shall be
evaluated regularly, and the total amortization recorded to date shall be adjusted
by a charge or credit to the statement of earnings if actual experience or other
evidence suggests that earlier estimates shall be revised. The interest rate used
to compute the present value of revised estimates of expected gross margins shall
be either the rate in effect at the inception of the book of contracts or the latest
revised rate applied to the remaining benefit period. The approach selected to
compute the present value of revised estimates shall be applied consistently in
subsequent revisions to computations of expected gross margins.
944-30-35-13 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Estimated gross margin, as the term is used in paragraph 944-30-35-11, shall
include estimates of all of the following:
a. Amounts expected to be received from premiums (an addition)
b. Amounts expected to be earned from investment of policyholder
balances, that is, the net level premium reserve described in paragraph
944-40-25-29 (an addition)
c. All benefit claims expected to be paid (a deduction)

31
 d. Costs expected to be incurred for contract administration, including
acquisition costs not included in capitalized acquisition costs (a
deduction)
e. Expected change in the net level premium reserve for death and
endowment benefits (a deduction)
f. Expected annual policyholder dividends (a deduction)
g. Other expected assessments and credits, however characterized.
944-30-35-14 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Estimated gross margins shall be determined on a best estimate basis, without
provision for adverse deviation.
944-30-35-15 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Several dividend options may be available to the policyholder, in which
instances the options generally can be changed during the life of the contract. In
estimating gross margins, an insurance entity shall use the best estimate of the
dividend options that policyholders will elect.
944-30-35-16 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Example 2 (see paragraph 944-30-55-7) illustrates the computation of
estimated gross margins, the amortization rate, and amortization amounts.
> Limited-Payment Contracts
944-30-35-17 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Deferred acquisition costs on limited-payment contracts shall be amortized
in proportion to premium revenue recognized, as required by paragraph 944-30-
25-1B. Premium revenue used in the calculation shall be the gross premium
recorded, that is, the amount before adjustment for excess of gross over net
premiums (the deferred profit liability).
> Sales Inducements
944-30-35-18 Sales inducements deferred under paragraph 944-30-25-7 shall be
amortized using the same methodology and assumptions used to amortize
capitalized acquisition costs. No interest shall accrue to the unamortized balance
of deferred sales inducements. The payout phase is viewed as a separate contract
under this Topic and shall not be combined with the accumulation phase for
amortization of deferred sales inducements.
> Investment Contracts
944-30-35-19 The amortization method described beginning in paragraph 944-30-
35-4 for universal life-type contractsin paragraphs 944-30-35-3 through 35-3C
shall be used to amortize acquisition costs deferred under paragraphs
944-30-25-1A through 25-1B for investment contracts that include significant
surrender charges or that yield significant revenues from sources other than the
investment of contract holders’ funds.

32
944-30-35-20 Acquisition costs deferred under paragraphs 944-30-25-1A through
25-1B for other investment contracts shall be amortized using an accounting
method that recognizes acquisition and interest costs as expenses at a constant
rate applied to net policy liabilities and that is consistent with the interest method
under Subtopic 310-20. Under the interest method, theThe incidence of surrenders
(if they are probable and can be reasonably estimated) can be anticipated for
purposes of determining the amortization period. The rate of amortization shall be
adjusted for changes in the incidence of surrenders to be consistent with the
handling of principal prepayments under Subtopic 310-20. [Content amended as
shown and moved from paragraph 944-30-35-21(b)]
944-30-35-21 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Under both methods in the preceding paragraphs, assumptions used shall be
updated to be consistent with the concepts underlying the method used:
a. Under the paragraph 944-30-35-4 method, assumptions shall be updated
in compliance with paragraph 944-30-35-7.
b. Under the interest method, the incidence of surrenders (if they are
probable and can be reasonably estimated) can be anticipated for
purposes of determining the amortization period. The rate of amortization
shall be adjusted for changes in the incidence of surrenders to be
consistent with the handling of principal prepayments under Subtopic
310-20. [Content amended and moved to paragraph 944-30-35-20]
944-30-35-22 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.If, with respect to the asset related to acquisition costs deferred under
paragraphs 944-30-25-1A through 25-1B for investment contracts described in
paragraph 944-30-35-19, it is determined that the amount at which the asset is
stated is probably not recoverable, the asset should be reduced to the level that
can be recovered.
944-30-35-23 Under some methods, the contract liabilities may be calculated net
of deferred acquisition costs. In that event, the amounts of deferred acquisition
costs and contract liabilities have to be determined separately.
Internal Replacement Transactions
> > > Long-Duration Contracts (Nontraditional)
944-30-35-41 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For nontraditional long-duration contracts, the estimated gross profits of the
replacement contract are treated as revisions to the estimated gross profits or
margins of the replaced contract in the determination of the amortization of
deferred acquisition costs and deferred sales inducement assets and the
recognition of unearned revenues.
944-30-35-42 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For contracts to which the interest method amortization methodology
discussed in Subtopic 310-20 is applied, the replacement contract represents

33
revisions to the cash flows of the replaced contract, and unamortized deferred
acquisition costs and deferred sales inducement assets are adjusted accordingly.
[Content moved to paragraph 944-30-35-48]
944-30-35-43 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Other balances that are determined based on activity over the life of the
contract, such as a liability for minimum guaranteed death benefits (which, under
this Subtopic, is determined based on assessments and benefit costs) shall be
calculated considering the entire revised life of the contract, including activity
during the term of the replaced contract. [Content amended and moved to
paragraph 944-30-35-51]
944-30-35-44 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.If it is not reasonably practicable for an insurance entity to account for, in the
manner described in paragraphs 944-30-35-41 through 35-43, a contract
exchange that has resulted in a replacement contract that is substantially
unchanged from the replaced contract, the insurance entity shall determine the
balance of unamortized deferred acquisition costs related to the replaced contract
to carry forward to the replacement contract and utilize estimated gross profits only
of the replacement contract to determine future amortization. The total balance of
unamortized deferred acquisition costs before the internal replacement shall be
allocated between replaced contracts and contracts remaining in the original book
of business based on a reasonable and systematic allocation process. Example 1
(see paragraph 944-30-55-12) illustrates one such allocation approach. [Content
amended and moved to paragraph 944-30-35-47]
944-30-35-45 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Updated No.
201X-XX.In conjunction with the guidance in the preceding paragraph, the balance
of unamortized deferred acquisition costs and other contract-related balances shall
be updated based on the most current assumptions at the time of the internal
replacement. All related accounting balances that use estimated gross profits or
assessments as a base for amortization or recognition shall be handled in a similar
manner. [Content amended and moved to paragraph 944-30-35-49]
> > > Long-Duration Contracts (Traditional)
944-30-35-46 For traditional long-duration contracts other than investment
contracts described in paragraph 944-30-35-48, thea replacement contract that is
substantially unchanged shall be viewed as a prospective revision of the replaced
contract with future amortization of unamortized deferred acquisition costs
adjusted, accordingly, on a prospective basis. Under the prospective revision
methodology for long-duration contracts other than certain investment contracts,
the unamortized deferred acquisition costs and benefit liability balancesbalance at
the time of replacement areis unchanged. [Content amended as shown and
moved from paragraph 944-30-35-47]
944-30-35-47 Under the prospective revision methodology, the unamortized
deferred acquisition costs and benefit liability balances at the time of replacement

34
are unchanged. [Content amended and moved to paragraph 944-30-35-46] If it
is not reasonably practicable for an insurance entity to account for, in the manner
described in paragraphs 944-30-35-41 through 35-43, a contract exchange that
has resulted in a replacement contract that is substantially unchanged from the
replaced contract, the insurance entity shall determine the balance of unamortized
deferred acquisition costs related to the replaced contract to carry forward to the
replacement contract and utilize estimated gross profits only of the replacement
contract to determine future amortization on a prospective basis. The total balance
of unamortized deferred acquisition costs before the internal replacement shall be
allocated between replaced contracts and contracts remaining in the original book
of business based on a reasonable and systematic allocation process. Example 1
(see paragraph 944-30-55-12) illustrates one such allocation approach. [Content
amended as shown and moved from paragraph 944-30-35-44]
944-30-35-48 Future increases and decreases to the unamortized deferred
acquisition costs and benefit reserve balances shall reflect the revised revenue
expected from the replacement contract at the time of replacement.For contracts
to which the interest method amortization methodology discussed in Subtopic 310-
20 is applied, the replacement contract represents revisions to the cash flows of
the replaced contract, and unamortized deferred acquisition costs and deferred
sales inducement assets are adjusted accordingly. [Content moved from
paragraph 944-30-35-42]
944-30-35-49 This approach preserves the lock-in principle and is consistent with
the treatment of other premium changes on indeterminate premium life insurance
and guaranteed renewable health insurance contracts. In conjunction with the
guidance in the preceding paragraph, theThe balance of unamortized deferred
acquisition costs and other contract-related balances shall be updated based on
the most current assumptions at the time of the internal replacement. All related
accounting balances that use estimated gross profits or assessments as a base
for amortization or recognition shall be handled in a similar manner. [Content
amended as shown and moved from paragraph 944-30-35-45]
944-30-35-50 Any related liability for future policy benefits or market risk benefits
for a substantially unchanged contract shall be updated as described in Subtopic
944-40 on claim costs and liabilities for future policy benefits.The prospective
revision methodology shall be applied consistently for liabilities for policy benefits
and unamortized deferred acquisition costs.
944-30-35-51 Where the modification is a reduction in benefits with a directly
proportionate reduction in premiums, the modification shall result in an immediate
proportionate reduction in unamortized deferred acquisition costs rather than a
prospective revision. Other balances that are determined based on activity over
the life of the contract, such as aan additional liability for minimum guaranteed
death or other insurance benefits (which, under this Subtopic, is determined based
on assessments and benefit costs) shall be calculated considering the entire
revised life of the contract, including activity during the term of the replaced

35
contract. [Content amended as shown and moved from paragraph 944-30-35-
43]
> > > Short-Duration Contracts
944-30-35-52 Similar to traditional long-duration contracts as discussed beginning
in paragraph 944-30-35-46 aA revision to a short-duration contract is viewed as a
prospective revision with future recognition of unearned premium and amortization
of unamortized deferred acquisition costs adjusted, accordingly, on a prospective
basis.
> Contract Assessments
944-30-35-61 Front-end fees assessed in connection with an internal
replacement of a long-duration contract shall be evaluated for deferral in
accordance with the guidance in Subtopic 944-20.
944-30-35-62 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For contracts described in paragraphs 944-20-15-4 through 15-11, both new
and existing front-end fees on an internal replacement that results in a replacement
contract that is substantially unchanged from the replaced contract shall be
adjusted to reflect the revisions to the estimated gross profits.
> Recoverability
944-30-35-63 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Unamortized deferred acquisition costs and the present value of future profits
continue to be subject to premium deficiency testing in accordance with the
provisions of Subtopic 944-60.
Reinsurance Contracts
944-30-35-64 Proceeds from reinsurance transactions that represent recovery of
acquisition costs shall reduce applicable unamortized acquisition costs in such a
manner that net acquisition costs are capitalized and charged to expense in
proportion to net revenue recognizedaccordance with the amortization guidance in
this Section that applies to those unamortized acquisition costs.

10. Amend paragraphs 944-30-40-3, 944-30-50-3, 944-30-55-2 and its related

heading, 944-30-55-7 and its related heading, 944-30-55-12 through 55-14, 944-
30-55-36, 944-30-55-65, and 944-30-55-76, supersede paragraphs 944-30-45-3,
944-30-50-2 and its related heading, 944-30-55-3 through 55-6, 944-30-55-8
through 55-10, and 944-30-55-15 through 55-32 and their related headings, and
add paragraphs 944-30-50-2A and 944-30-55-7A through 55-7B, with a link to
transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Derecognition

36
Internal Replacement Transactions
> Contracts That Are Substantially Changed
944-30-40-3 Other balances associated with the replaced contract, such as any
liability for minimum guaranteed death benefits or guaranteed minimum income
benefitsfuture policy benefits or market risk benefits, shall be accounted for
based on an extinguishment of the replaced contract and issuance of a new
contract.

Other Presentation Matters

Long-Duration Contracts
944-30-45-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 944-825-45-1 states that deferred acquisition costs related to
investment contracts shall be reported as an asset to be consistent with the
guidance in the preceding paragraph.

Disclosure

Long-Duration Contracts
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-30-50-2 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The following shall be disclosed in the financial statements with respect to long-
duration participating life insurance contracts that meet the criteria in paragraph
944-20-15-3:
a. The average rate of assumed investment yields used in estimating
expected gross margins
b. The nature of acquisition costs capitalized, the method of amortizing
those costs, and the amount of those costs amortized for the period.
944-30-50-2A For annual and interim reporting periods, an insurance entity shall
disclose the following:
a. The nature of acquisition costs capitalized
b. A tabular rollforward of the beginning to the ending balance of
unamortized deferred acquisition costs, disaggregated in a manner that
is consistent with the disaggregation of the related liability disclosures
(see Section 944-40-50)
c. Qualitative and quantitative information about the inputs, judgments,
assumptions, and methods used to determine amortization amounts.

> Sales Inducements

37
944-30-50-3 For annual and interim reporting periods, anAn insurance entity shall
disclose all of the following:
a. The entity’s accounting policy for sales inducements, including both of
the following:
1. The nature of the costs deferred
2. The method of amortizing those deferred costs.
b. A tabular rollforward of the beginning to the ending balance of deferred
sales inducements, disaggregated in a manner that is consistent with the
disaggregation of the related liability disclosures (see Section 944-40-
50).The amount of costs deferred and amortized for each of the periods
presented
c. Qualitative and quantitative information about the inputs, judgments,
assumptions, and methods used to determine amortization amountsThe
unamortized balance of deferred costs as of each balance sheet date.

Implementation Guidance and Illustrations

Long-Duration Contracts

> Illustrations

> > Example 1: Disclosure of Information about Deferred Acquisition

CostsCapitalized Acquisition Cost for Portfolio of Universal-Life-Type
Contracts

944-30-55-2 This Example illustrates the tabular rollforward that an insurance

entity should disclose in its financial statements to meet the requirements of
paragraph 944-30-50-2A(b). accounting for capitalized acquisition costs incurred
in connection with a portfolio or book of universal life-type contracts, projected over
a 20-year period. This Example illustrates the computations involved in both:
a. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Amortizing that amount as gross profits and surrender charges are
realized
b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Revising estimates of gross profit expected to be realized (see
paragraphs 944-30-35-4 through 35-7).

Note X: Deferred Acquisition Costs

The balances of and changes in deferred acquisition costs as of and for the
years ended December 31, 20X2, and December 31, 20X1, respectively,
follow.

38
 [For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]
As of December 31, 20X2
Whole Universal Variable
Life Life Universal Life Total
Balance, beginning of year $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY
Capitalizations XXX XXX XXX XXX
Amortization expense (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Terminations (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Balance, end of year $ ZZZ $ ZZZ $ ZZZ $ ZZZ

As of December 31, 20X1

Whole Universal Variable
Life Life Universal Life Total
Balance, beginning of year $ WWW $ WWW $ WWW $ WWW
Capitalizations XXX XXX XXX XXX
Amortization expense (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Terminations (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Balance, end of year $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY

944-30-55-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.This Example has all of the following assumptions:
a. During Year 1, actual experience is assumed to be the same as
management’s estimate.
b. During Year 2, 20 percent of policyholders surrender their contracts.
c. Management’s original estimate was that 12 percent of policyholders
would surrender their contracts in Year 2.
d. Interest is credited to policyholder balances at 9 percent.
944-30-55-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The computation of estimated gross profit follows.

39
 Investment
Income Interest
Mortality Recurring Related to Credited to Revised
Surrender Mortality Cost Expense Expenses Policy Policy Estimated Gross
Charges Assessments Incurred Assessments Incurred Balances Balances Gross Profit at
Year (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Profit Year 2
1 $ 13,298 $ 17,300 $ (3,685) $ 11,700 $ (12,176) $ 6,405 $ (5,490) $ 27,352 $ 27,352
2 13,169 15,099 (3,541) 9,356 (9,669) 10,571 (9,061) 25,924 34,637
3 7,314 14,104 (3,627) 8,229 (8,476) 14,436 (12,374) 19,606 17,822
4 4,656 13,604 (3,866) 7,566 (7,781) 18,356 (15,734) 16,801 15,273
5 3,645 13,199 (4,107) 7,108 (7,309) 22,405 (19,204) 15,737 14,304
6 2,739 12,791 (4,330) 6,676 (6,866) 26,286 (22,531) 14,765 13,422
7 1,929 12,950 (4,513) 6,270 (6,449) 29,957 (25,677) 14,467 13,151
8 1,208 12,905 (4,690) 5,888 (6,057) 33,447 (28,669) 14,032 12,756
9 567 12,755 (4,865) 5,529 (5,688) 36,779 (31,525) 13,552 12,320
10 - 12,593 (5,003) 5,191 (5,340) 39,965 (34,256) 13,150 11,954
11-20 - 108,164 (55,512) 37,183 (38,270) 551,879 (473,039) 130,405 118,543
21-50 - 140,607 (88,833) 32,577 (33,712) 2,618,726 (2,244,622) 424,743 386,112
Total $ 48,525 $ 386,071 $(186,572) $ 143,273 $(147,793) $3,409,212 $(2,922,182) $730,534 $677,646
Present Value $180,944 $176,087

Explanation of columns:
(a) Surrender charges realized on termination of contracts.
(b) Amounts assessed against policyholder balances for mortality coverage.
(c) Benefit claims, less the amount in the related policyholder balances.
(d) Amounts assessed against policyholder balances for contract administration on either a percentage or a fixed amount per contract basis.
(e) Recurring expenses not included in capitalized acquisition costs.
(f) Investment income earned on policyholder deposits, computed by multiplying policyholder balances by the expected asset earning rate
of 10.5 percent.
(g) Interest that is accrued to policyholder account balances at the expected crediting rate of 9 percent.

944-30-55-5 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The amortization rate would be computed as follows.
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate

Present value of estimated gross profit, years one to fifty

(from Schedule One) (x) $ 180,944 $ 176,087

Present value of capitalized acquisition costs (y) $ 90,986 $ 90,986

Amortization rate = (y) / (x) (z) 50.284% 51.671%

944-30-55-6 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.Amortization amounts would be computed as follows.

40
 Original Revised
Estimate Estimate

Capitalized costs, year one $ 77,780 $ 77,780

Interest accrual at 9 percent 7,000 7,000

Amortization, year one

Gross profit of $27,352(from Schedule One) at rate (z) above (13,754) (14,133)
Balance, end of year one 71,026 70,647

Additional capitalized costs, year two 14,394 14,394

85,420 85,041

Interest accrual at 9 percent 7,688 7,654

Amortization, year two

Gross profit of $34,637 (from Schedule One) at 51.671% (revised

rate from Schedule Two) (17,897) (17,897)
$ 75,211 $ 74,798

Balance based on Original Estimate $ 75,211

Balance based on Revised Estimate 74,798

Adjustment required $ (413)
Net amortization recognized
In year one $ 6,754
In year two $ 10,622

> > Example 2: Computation of AmortizationGross Margins

944-30-55-7 This Example illustrates the computation of amortization in proportion

to the amount of insurance in force for a block of long-duration guaranteed-
renewable five-year term life insurance policies. In year 20X1, the insurance entity
defers costs totaling $80 and projects the balance of insurance in force over 5
years.This Example illustrates the guidance beginning in paragraph 944-30-35-11
on computation of estimated gross margins, the amortization rate, and
amortization amounts.

41
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Schedule One
Balance of
Insurance
Year in Force
20X1 $ 1,000
20X2 1,000
20X3 1,000
20X4 1,000
20X5 1,000
Total $ 5,000 (x)

Capitalized acquisition costs $ 80 (y)

Amortization rate = (y) / (x) 1.60% (z)

Schedule Two
Capitalized costs, year one $80
Amortization, year one
Balance of insurance in force of $1,000 (from Schedule
One) at rate (z) above (16)
Balance, end of year one $64

944-30-55-7A At the beginning of 20X2, the entity incurs an additional $10 of

deferrable acquisition costs and computes the amortization rate and expense for
20X2 as follows.

42
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Schedule Three

Balance of
Insurance
Year in Force
20X2 $ 1,000
20X3 1,000
20X4 1,000
20X5 1,000
Total $ 4,000 (x)

Capitalized acquisition costs $ 74 (y)

Amortization rate = (y) / (x) 1.85% (z)

Schedule Four
Capitalized costs, year two $ 74
Amortization, year two
Balance of insurance in force of $1,000 (from Schedule
Three) at rate (z) above (19)
Balance, end of year two $ 55

944-30-55-7B At the beginning of 20X3, the entity updates the expected balance
of insurance in force for the remaining periods.

43
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Schedule Five

Balance of
Insurance
Year in Force
20X3 $ 700
20X4 400
20X5 200
Total $ 1,300 (x)

Capitalized acquisition costs $ 55 (y)

Amortization rate = (y) / (x) 4.23% (z)

Schedule Six
Capitalized costs, year three $ 55
Amortization, year three
Balance of insurance in force of $700 (from Schedule Five)
at rate (z) above (30)
Balance, end of year three $ 25

Schedule Seven
Deferred Acquisition Costs Rollforward
Balance, Balance,
Beginning of End of
Year Year Capitalization Amortization Year

20X1 $ - $ 80 $ (16) $ 64
20X2 64 10 (19) 55
20X3 55 - (30) 25
20X4 25 - (17) 8
20X5 8 - (8) -
Total $ 90 $ (90)

44
944-30-55-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Estimated gross margins would be computed as follows (with present values
determined at earned rate of 8.5%).
(Increase) Post- Revised
Interest on Net Interest on Death Surrender Recurring Decrease in Net Dividend Gross
Level Premium Current Benefits Benefits Expenses Level Premium Dividends Gross Margins at
Year Premium Reserve Activity Incurred Incurred Incurred Reserve Incurred Margins Year 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i)
1 $ 210,000 $ - $ 16,244 $ (9,000) $ - $ (18,900) $ (126,103) $ (18,857) $ 53,384 $ 53,384
2 184,611 10,719 14,280 (10,549) - (16,615) (109,116) (21,399) 51,931 50,546
3 169,621 19,994 13,120 (13,731) (7,148) (15,266) (93,669) (24,230) 48,691 47,419
4 155,763 27,955 12,048 (14,835) (14,984) (14,019) (79,754) (26,574) 45,600 44,432
5 142,990 34,735 11,060 (15,661) (21,760) (12,869) (67,117) (28,509) 42,869 41,797
6 131,222 40,440 10,150 (15,622) (17,237) (11,810) (73,236) (30,043) 33,864 32,880
7 124,333 46,665 9,617 (16,578) (20,989) (11,190) (66,499) (32,301) 33,058 32,126
8 117,768 52,317 9,109 (16,824) (24,427) (10,599) (60,005) (34,367) 32,972 32,089
9 111,526 57,417 8,627 (17,526) (27,566) (10,037) (53,706) (36,230) 32,505 31,669
10 105,582 61,982 8,167 (18,603) (30,406) (9,502) (47,485) (37,915) 31,820 31,028
11-20 779,517 760,283 60,296 (311,112) (398,831) (70,157) (162,007) (424,092) 233,827 227,980
21-55 589,392 1,222,685 45,589 (1,187,632) (686,079) (53,041) 938,767 (669,668) 200,013 195,591
Total $ 2,822,325 $ 2,335,192 $ 218,307 $ (1,647,673) $ (1,249,427) $ (254,005) $ - $ (1,384,185) $ 840,534 $ 820,941
$ 371,621 $ 362,945

(a) Gross premiums.

(b) Interest, at the 8.5% earned rate, on net level premium reserve at the end of the previous year. The net level premium reserve is based on guaranteed mortality and the
dividend fund interest rate.
(c) Interest, at the 8.5% earned rate, on current-year cash flow. This illustration assumes premiums are received, and all expenses incurred, at the start of the year. This
illustration assumes death benefits, surrender benefits, and dividends are all at the end of the year.
(d) Death benefits, not reduced by related net level premium reserve.
(e) Surrender benefits, not reduced by related net level premium reserve.
(f) Recurring expenses not included in capitalized acquisition costs.
(g) Net decrease (increase) in aggregate net level premium reserve in the year.
(h) Policyholder dividends for the year.
(i) Sum of (a) through (h) inclusive.

944-30-55-9 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The amortization rate would be computed as follows.
Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
Present value of estimated gross margins, years (a)
1–55, evaluated at issue (from Schedule 1) $ 371,261 $ 362,945

Present value of capitalized acquisition costs, years (b)

1–55, evaluated at issue $ 263,309 $ 263,309

Amortization rate = (b)/(a) (c) 70.92% 72.55%

944-30-55-10 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The amortization amounts would be computed as follows.

45
 Original Revised
Estimate Estimate
Capitalized costs, year 1 $ 241,500 $ 241,500

Interest accrual at 8.5% (d) 20,528 20,528

Amortization, year 1

Gross margin of 53,384 (from Schedule 1) (e)

at rate (c) above (37,862) (38,729)

Balance, end of year 1 (j) 224,166 223,299

Additional capitalized costs, year 2 9,231 9,231

233,397 232,530

Interest accrual at 8.5% (g) 19,839 19,765

Amortization, year 2

Gross margin of 50,546 (from Schedule 1, (h)

revised column) at revised rate (c) above
(36,670) (36,670)

Balance, end of year 2 $ 216,566 $ 215,625

Balance based on original estimate $ 216,566

Balance based on revised estimate 215,625

Adjustment required $ (941)

Net amortization recognized:

In year 1 (d + e) $ 17,334

In year 2 (g + h based on revised estimates +

difference between f at original estimate and at
revised estimate) $ 17,772

Internal Replacement Transactions

> Illustrations
> > Example 1: Internal Replacement Results in a Substantially Unchanged
Contract

46
944-30-55-12 The following Cases illustrateExample illustrates the application of
the guidance in the Internal Replacement Transactions Subsections of this
Subtopic to an internal replacement transaction that results in a substantially
unchanged contract:contract.
a. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Replacement contract estimates revise replaced contract
estimates (Case A).
b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Alternative allocation approach (Case B).
944-30-55-13 This Example assumes the followingCases A and B share all of the
following assumptions:
a. An insurance entity is offering to replace its general account single
premium deferred annuity contracts with newer general account single
premium deferred annuity contracts.
b. The insurance entity assumes that 50 percent of the existing contract
holders choose the internal replacement at the end of Year 5.
c. No surrender charges from the original contract will be imposed on
contract holders who elect to have their contracts replaced.
d. The contract holder who elects the new contract will receive a higher
interest crediting rate than under the older contract but must accept a new
surrender charge period.
e. The insurance entity expects that persistency rates will improve under
the replacement contracts as a result of the new surrender charge period
and the higher credited interest.
944-30-55-14 The exchange of the single premium deferred annuity contract for
a newer single premium deferred annuity contract in this Example results in the
replacement contract being substantially unchanged from the replaced contract,
due to the following:
a. The insured event or risk, type, or period of coverage of the contract has
not changed, as noted by no significant changes in the kind and degree
of mortality risk, morbidity risk, or other insurance risk, if any.
b. The nature of the investment return rights, if any, have not changed.
c. No additional deposit, premium, or charge relating to the original benefit,
in excess of amounts contemplated in the original contract, is required to
effect the transaction.
d. Other than distributions to the contract holder or contract designee, there
is no net reduction in the contract holder’s account value or, for contracts
not having an explicit or implicit account value, the cash surrender value,
if any.
e. There is no change in the participation or dividend features of the
contract, if any.
f. There is no change to the amortization method or revenue classification
of the contract.

47
944-30-55-15 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Case A illustrates the application of the guidance in paragraphs 944-30-35-41
through 35-43 whereby the estimated gross profits of the replacement contract are
accounted for as revisions to the estimated gross profits of the replaced contract
in the determination of the amortization of deferred acquisition costs and
deferred sales inducement assets and the recognition of unearned revenues.
944-30-55-16 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.An alternative allocation approach may be used if it is not reasonably
practicable for an insurance entity to account for, in the manner described in
paragraphs 944-30-35-41 through 35-43, a contract exchange that has resulted
in a replacement contract that is substantially unchanged from the replaced
contract. The insurance entity may then determine an appropriate balance of
unamortized deferred acquisition costs related to the replaced contract to carry
forward to the replacement contract, and utilize only estimated gross profits of the
replacement contract to determine future amortization. Case B illustrates such an
alternative allocation approach.
944-30-55-17 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.In both Cases, the insurance entity’s accounting policy is to let the discount
rate fluctuate with changes in interest crediting rates in accordance with the
guidance in paragraph 944-30-35-7.
> > > Case A: Replacement Contract Estimates Revise Replaced Contract
Estimates
944-30-55-18 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This Case illustrates the guidance in paragraphs 944-30-35-41 through 35-43
in which the estimated gross profits or margins of the replacement contract are
accounted for as revisions to the estimated gross profits or margins of the replaced
contract in the determination of the amortization of deferred acquisition costs and
deferred sales inducement assets and the recognition of unearned revenues.
944-30-55-19 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability amortization of
the original contract (before replacement) follow.

48
 Unearned
Deferred Acquisition Revenue
Costs Liability
Discount Account Value Acquisition Front-End Balance End of Balance
Contract Year Rate End of Year Deposits Costs Fees EGPs Year End of Year
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
1 (Act.) 6.00% $ 30,694,950 $30,000,000 $1,925,000 $ 300,000 $ 302,094 $ 1,775,253 $ 276,663
2 (Act.) 7.00 31,201,417 - - - 356,730 1,586,302 247,216
3 (Act.) 7.50 28,510,294 - - - 517,263 1,251,103 194,977
4 (Act.) 6.50 22,772,598 - - - 549,372 850,060 132,477
5 (Act.) 5.50 16,817,563 - - - 414,428 532,934 83,055
6 (Proj.) 5.50 12,419,771 - - - 253,964 339,258 52,871
7 (Proj.) 5.50 9,172,001 - - - 149,039 227,057 35,385
8 (Proj.) 5.50 6,773,522 - - - 81,593 167,904 26,167
9 (Proj.) 5.50 5,002,246 - - - 60,646 123,889 19,307
10 (Proj.) 5.50 3,694,159 - - - 45,060 91,139 14,203
11 (Proj.) 5.50 2,728,136 - - - 33,468 66,765 10,405
12 (Proj.) 5.50 2,014,729 - - - 24,850 48,619 7,577
13 (Proj.) 5.50 1,487,877 - - - 18,445 35,097 5,470
14 (Proj.) 5.50 1,098,797 - - - 13,687 25,010 3,898
15 (Proj.) 5.50 811,462 - - - 10,154 17,470 2,723
16 (Proj.) 5.50 599,265 - - - 7,531 11,818 1,842
17 (Proj.) 5.50 442,557 - - - 5,584 7,565 1,179
18 (Proj.) 5.50 326,828 - - - 4,140 4,347 677
19 (Proj.) 5.50 241,363 - - - 3,068 1,892 295
20 (Proj.) 5.50 - - - - 2,273 - -
Present values
1,925,000 300,000 2,192,412
k factor 0.87803 0.87803 0.13684

Explanation of columns:

(a) Discount rate for Topic 944 product, which is the rate that accrues to contract holder balances.
(b) Prior year-end account value plus interest credited less fees less withdrawals.
(c) Premium deposits at beginning of contract year.
(d) Deferrable acquisition costs as defined in Topic 944, assumed to be incurred as of the beginning of the year.
(e) Front-end fees charged to contract holders at beginning of year for services to be provided over life of contract.
(f) Estimated gross profits as defined in Topic 944.
(g) Ending deferred acquisition costs balance as defined in Topic 944 using estimated gross profits as basis for amortization. End of year deferred acquisition costs =
Beginning of year deferred acquisition costs + acquisition costs + interest – amortization (f * 0.87803).
(h) Ending unearned revenue liability as defined in Topic 944 using estimated gross profits as basis for amortization. End of year unearned revenue liability =
Beginning of year unearned revenue liability + front-end fees + interest – amortization (f * 0.13684)

944-30-55-20 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The account balances for contracts that have elected to participate in the
internal replacement transaction at the end of Year 5 follow.

49
 Account Esimated
Value End of Gross Discount
Contract Year Year Profits Rate
(a) (b) (c)
At Replacement $ 8,408,782
6 (Proj.) 8,669,979 $ 5,228 5.75%
7 (Proj.) 8,710,078 82,455 5.75%
8 (Proj.) 8,520,090 90,295 5.75%
9 (Proj.) 8,108,995 91,087 5.75%
10 (Proj.) 7,503,355 85,007 5.75%
11 (Proj.) 6,744,578 73,107 5.75%
12 (Proj.) 5,884,223 57,140 5.75%
13 (Proj.) 4,978,052 39,242 5.75%
14 (Proj.) 4,211,432 33,424 5.75%
15 (Proj.) 3,562,872 28,457 5.75%
16 (Proj.) 3,014,190 24,218 5.75%
17 (Proj.) 2,550,004 20,604 5.75%
18 (Proj.) 2,157,304 17,523 5.75%
19 (Proj.) 1,825,079 14,898 5.75%
20 (Proj.) - 12,663 5.75%

Explanation of columns:
(a) 50 percent of original contracts account value at replacement;
thereafter, prior year-end account value plus interest credited
less fees less withdrawals.
(b) Estimated gross profits as defined in Topic 944. Estimated
gross profits in Year 6 reflects commissions of 0.75 percent of
account value paid at time of replacement that is not
deferrable under this Topic.

(c) Discount rate for Topic 944 product, which is the rate at which
contract holder's funds accumulate.

944-30-55-21 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The account balances and interest crediting rates for both the replacement
contracts and the contracts not electing to participate in the internal replacement
transaction follow.

50
 50 Percent of Original Contracts' Account Value Replaced with New Contracts

Account Value Account Value Interest Interest Interest

End of Year End of Year Crediting Crediting Rate Crediting Rate
Original Replacement Rate Original Replacement Weighted
Contract Year Contracts Contracts Contracts Contracts Average
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
At Issue $ 29,700,000 - 6.00% — 6.00%
1 30,694,950 - 7.00 — 7.00
2 31,201,417 - 7.50 — 7.50
3 28,510,294 - 6.50 — 6.50
4 22,772,598 - 5.50 — 5.50
5 16,817,563
At Replacement 8,408,782 $ 8,408,782 5.50 5.75% 5.63
6 6,209,885 8,669,979 5.50 5.75 5.65
7 4,586,000 8,710,078 5.50 5.75 5.66
8 3,386,761 8,520,090 5.50 5.75 5.68
9 2,501,123 8,108,995 5.50 5.75 5.69
10 1,847,079 7,503,355 5.50 5.75 5.70
11 1,364,068 6,744,578 5.50 5.75 5.71
12 1,007,364 5,884,223 5.50 5.75 5.71
13 743,939 4,978,052 5.50 5.75 5.72
14 549,399 4,211,432 5.50 5.75 5.72
15 405,731 3,562,872 5.50 5.75 5.72
16 299,632 3,014,190 5.50 5.75 5.73
17 221,278 2,550,004 5.50 5.75 5.73
18 163,414 2,157,304 5.50 5.75 5.73
19 120,681 1,825,079 5.50 5.75 5.73
20 — — — — —

Explanation of columns:
(a) Account value at the end of the contract year for original contracts (beginning in Year 6, this represents
account value related to those contracts not electing the replacement).
(b) Account value at the end of the contract year for replacement contracts (per paragraph 944-30-55-20,
Column a).
(c) Interest crediting rate on original contracts; beginning in Year 6 this represents the interest crediting rate on
those contracts not electing the replacement.
(d) Interest crediting rate on replacement contracts.
(e) Interest crediting rate weighted by account value.

944-30-55-22 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The estimated gross profits, deferred acquisition costs, and front-end fees for
both the replacement contracts and the contracts not electing to participate in the
internal replacement transaction follow.

51
 50 Percent of Original Contracts' Account Value Replaced with New Policies

Estimated Estimated
Gross Profits Gross Profits Combined Deferred
Contract Original Replacement Estimated Acquisition Front-End
Year Contracts Contracts Gross Profits Costs Fees
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
1 (Act.) $ 302,094 - $ 302,094 $ 1,925,000 $ 300,000
2 (Act.) 356,730 - 356,730 - -
3 (Act.) 517,263 - 517,263 - -
4 (Act.) 549,372 - 549,372 - -
5 (Act.) 414,428 - 414,428 - -
6 (Proj.) 126,982 5,228 132,210 - -
7 (Proj.) 74,520 82,455 156,975 - -
8 (Proj.) 40,797 90,295 131,092 - -
9 (Proj.) 30,323 91,087 121,410 - -
10 (Proj.) 22,530 85,007 107,537 - -
11 (Proj.) 16,734 73,107 89,841 - -
12 (Proj.) 12,425 57,140 69,565 - -
13 (Proj.) 9,223 39,242 48,465 - -
14 (Proj.) 6,844 33,424 40,268 - -
15 (Proj.) 5,077 28,457 33,534 - -
16 (Proj.) 3,765 24,218 27,984 - -
17 (Proj.) 2,792 20,604 23,396 - -
18 (Proj.) 2,070 17,523 19,593 - -
19 (Proj.) 1,534 14,898 16,432 - -
20 (Proj.) 1,137 12,663 13,799 - -

Present values $ 1,925,000 $ 300,000

2,328,377 -
k factor 0.8267561 0.1288451

Explanation of columns:

(a) Estimated gross profits from original policies (beginning in Year 6, this represents estimated gross
profits related to those contracts not electing the replacement).
(b) Estimated gross profits from replacement policies.
(c) Combined estimated gross profits.
(d) Deferrable acquisition costs from original policies.
(e) Front-end fees from original policies.

944-30-55-23 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The determination of the revised deferred acquisition costs and unearned
revenue liability balances for the combination of both replacement contracts and
the contracts not electing to participate in the internal replacement transaction
follows.

52
 Deferred Acquisition Cost Amortization Unearned Revenue Amortization

Deferred Unearned
Acquisition Revenue
Contract Acquisition Interest Costs (End of Front-End Interest Liability
Year Costs Added Amortization Year) Fees Added Amortization (End of Year)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
1 (Act.) $ 1,925,000 $ 115,500 $ (249,758) $ 1,790,742 $ 300,000 $ 18,000 $ (38,923) $ 279,077
2 (Act.) - 125,352 (294,929) 1,621,165 - 19,535 (45,963) 252,649
3 (Act.) - 121,587 (427,650) 1,315,102 - 18,949 (66,647) 204,951
4 (Act.) - 85,482 (454,197) 946,387 - 13,322 (70,784) 147,489
5 (Act.) - 52,052 (342,631) 655,808 - 8,112 (53,397) 102,204
6 (Proj.) - 36,889 (109,305) 583,392 - 5,749 (17,035) 90,918
7 (Proj.) - 32,936 (129,780) 486,548 - 5,133 (20,225) 75,826
8 (Proj.) - 27,557 (108,381) 405,724 - 4,295 (16,891) 63,230
9 (Proj.) - 23,041 (100,377) 328,388 - 3,590 (15,643) 51,177
10 (Proj.) - 18,689 (88,907) 258,170 - 2,913 (13,856) 40,234
11 (Proj.) - 14,717 (74,277) 198,610 - 2,294 (11,576) 30,952
12 (Proj.) - 11,337 (57,513) 152,434 - 1,767 (8,963) 23,756
13 (Proj.) - 8,710 (40,069) 121,075 - 1,357 (6,244) 18,869
14 (Proj.) - 6,923 (33,292) 94,706 - 1,079 (5,188) 14,760
15 (Proj.) - 5,418 (27,724) 72,400 - 844 (4,321) 11,283
16 (Proj.) - 4,144 (23,136) 53,408 - 646 (3,606) 8,323
17 (Proj.) - 3,059 (19,343) 37,124 - 477 (3,014) 5,786
18 (Proj.) - 2,127 (16,198) 23,053 - 331 (2,524) 3,593
19 (Proj.) - 1,322 (13,585) 10,790 - 206 (2,117) 1,682
20 (Proj.) - 619 (11,409) - - 96 (1,778) -

Explanation of columns:
(a) Total deferrable acquisition costs from original policies.
(b) Interest on deferred acquisition costs.
(c) Deferred acquisition cost amortization (k-factor per paragraph 944-30-55-22, column d x total revised estimated gross profits per
paragraph 944-30-55-22, column c).
(d) Ending deferred acquisition costs = Beginning of year deferred acquisition costs + (a) + (b) + (c).
(e) Total front-end fees from original policies.
(f) Interest on unearned revenue liability.
(g) Unearned revenue liability amortization (k-factor per paragraph 944-30-55-22, column e x total revised estimated gross profits per
paragraph 944-30-55-22, column c).
(h) Ending unearned revenue liability = Beginning of year unearned revenue liability + (e) + (f) + (g).

944-30-55-24 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.A summary of deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability
balances as a result of an internal replacement that is not substantially different
follows.

53
 Deferred Unearned
Acquisition Revenue
Costs Liability

Original contracts before replacement (year 5 balances, per

paragraph 944-30-55-19, columns g and h) $ 532,934 $ 83,055

Combined contracts after replacement (year 5 balances, per

paragraph 944-30-55-23, columns d and h) 655,808 102,204
$ (122,874) $ (19,149)

Summary of Accounting Entries

Deferred acquisition costs $ 122,874
Amortization $ 122,874

Change in Unearned Revenue $ 19,149

Unearned Revenue Liability $ 19,149

> > > Case B: Alternative Allocation Approach

944-30-55-25 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This Case illustrates an alternative allocation approach that may be used if it
is not reasonably practicable for an insurance entity to account for, in the manner
described in paragraphs 944-30-35-41 through 35-43, a contract exchange that
has resulted in a replacement contract that is substantially unchanged from the
replaced contract. The insurance entity may then determine the balance of
unamortized deferred acquisition costs related to the replaced contract to carry
forward to the replacement contract, and utilize estimated gross profits or margins
only of the replacement contract to determine future amortization. This Case
illustrates such an alternative allocation approach.
944-30-55-26 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability amortization of
the original contract (before replacement) follow.

54
 Unearned
Revenue
Esimated Deferred Acquisition Liability
Discount Account Value Acquisition Front-End Gross Costs Balance Balance
Contract Year Rate End of Year Deposits Costs Fees Profits End of Year End of Year
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
1 (Act.) 6.00% $ 30,694,950 $ 30,000,000 $ 1,925,000 $ 300,000 $ 302,094 $ 1,775,253 $ 276,663
2 (Act.) 7.00% 31,201,417 - - - 356,730 1,586,302 247,216
3 (Act.) 7.50% 28,510,294 - - - 517,263 1,251,103 194,977
4 (Act.) 6.50% 22,772,598 - - - 549,372 850,060 132,477
5 (Act.) 5.50% 16,817,563 - - - 414,428 532,934 83,055
6 (Proj.) 5.50% 12,419,771 - - - 253,964 339,258 52,871
7 (Proj.) 5.50% 9,172,001 - - - 149,039 227,057 35,385
8 (Proj.) 5.50% 6,773,522 - - - 81,593 167,904 26,167
9 (Proj.) 5.50% 5,002,246 - - - 60,646 123,889 19,307
10 (Proj.) 5.50% 3,694,159 - - - 45,060 91,139 14,203
11 (Proj.) 5.50% 2,728,136 - - - 33,468 66,765 10,405
12 (Proj.) 5.50% 2,014,729 - - - 24,850 48,619 7,577
13 (Proj.) 5.50% 1,487,877 - - - 18,445 35,097 5,470
14 (Proj.) 5.50% 1,098,797 - - - 13,687 25,010 3,898
15 (Proj.) 5.50% 811,462 - - - 10,154 17,470 2,723
16 (Proj.) 5.50% 599,265 - - - 7,531 11,818 1,842
17 (Proj.) 5.50% 442,557 - - - 5,584 7,565 1,179
18 (Proj.) 5.50% 326,828 - - - 4,140 4,347 677
19 (Proj.) 5.50% 241,363 - - - 3,068 1,892 295
20 (Proj.) 5.50% - - - - 2,273 - -
Present Values $ 1,925,000 $ 300,000 $2,192,412
k-factor 0.87803 0.13684

Explanation of columns:

(a) Discount rate for Topic 944 product, which is the rate that accrues to contract holder balances.
(b) Prior year-end account value plus premiums plus interest credited less fees less withdrawals.
(c) Premium deposits at beginning of contract year.
(d) Deferrable acquisition costs as defined in Topic 944, assumed to be incurred as of the beginning of the year.
(e) Front-end fees charged to contract holders at beginning of year for services to be provided over life of contract.
(f) Estimated gross profits as defined in Topic 944.
(g) Ending deferred acquisition costs balance as defined in Topic 944 using estimated gross profits as basis for amortization. End of year deferred acquisition costs =
Beginning of year deferred acquisition costs + acquisition costs + interest – amortization (f * 0.87803).
(h) Ending unearned revenue liability balance as defined in Topic 944 using estimated gross profits as basis for amortization. End of year unearned revenue liability =
Beginning of year unearned revenue liability + front-end fees + interest – amortization (f * 0.13684).

944-30-55-27 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The following table illustrates calculations of the revised balances for deferred
acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability for contracts not electing to
participate in the internal replacement transaction. Account value and balances on
estimated gross profits related to replacement contracts are eliminated
prospectively from the end of Year 5, when contracts are assumed to be replaced
for purposes of this Example. The differences in the balances for deferred
acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability are allocated to replacement
contracts and treated as if they were deferrable acquisition costs and front-end
fees, respectively, incurred at the inception of the replacement contracts.

55
 Deferred Unearned
Acquisition Revenue
Costs Liability
Contract Discount Account Value Acquisition Front-End Estimated Balance Balance
Year Rate End of Year Deposits Costs Fees Gross Profits End of Year End of Year
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
1 (Act.) 6.00% $30,694,950 $30,000,000 $ 1,925,000 $ 300,000 $ 302,094 $ 1,745,439 $ 272,016
2 (Act.) 7.00% 31,201,417 - - - 356,730 1,519,194 236,757
3 (Act.) 7.50% 28,510,294 - - - 517,263 1,127,912 175,778
4 (Act.) 6.50% 22,772,598 - - - 549,372 664,643 103,581
5 (Act.) 5.50% 8,408,782 - - - 414,428 296,419 46,195
6 (Proj.) 5.50% 6,209,885 - - - 126,982 188,696 29,407
7 (Proj.) 5.50% 4,586,000 - - - 74,520 126,289 19,681
8 (Proj.) 5.50% 3,386,761 - - - 40,797 93,388 14,554
9 (Proj.) 5.50% 2,501,123 - - - 30,323 68,907 10,739
10 (Proj.) 5.50% 1,847,079 - - - 22,530 50,691 7,900
11 (Proj.) 5.50% 1,364,068 - - - 16,734 37,135 5,787
12 (Proj.) 5.50% 1,007,364 - - - 12,425 27,042 4,214
13 (Proj.) 5.50% 743,939 - - - 9,223 19,521 3,042
14 (Proj.) 5.50% 549,399 - - - 6,844 13,910 2,168
15 (Proj.) 5.50% 405,731 - - - 5,077 9,717 1,514
16 (Proj.) 5.50% 299,632 - - - 3,765 6,573 1,024
17 (Proj.) 5.50% 221,278 - - - 2,792 4,208 656
18 (Proj.) 5.50% 163,414 - - - 2,070 2,418 377
19 (Proj.) 5.50% 120,681 - - - 1,534 1,052 164
20 (Proj.) 5.50% - - - - 1,137 - -
Present Values $ 1,925,000 $ 300,000 $1,970,881
k-factor 0.97672 0.15222

Explanation of columns:
(a) Discount rate for Topic 944 product, which is the rate that accrues to contract holder balances.
(b) Prior year-end account value plus premiums plus interest credited less fees less withdrawals (including replacements).
(c) Premium deposits at beginning of contract year.
(d) Deferred acquisition costs as defined in Topic 944 assumed to be incurred as of the beginning of the year.
(e) Front-end fees charged to contract holders at beginning of year for services to be provided over life of contract.
(f) Estimated gross profits as defined in Topic 944.
(g) Ending deferred acquisition costs balance as defined in Topic 944 using estimated gross profits as basis for amortization. End of year
deferred acquisition costs = Beginning of year deferred acquisition costs + acquisition costs + interest – amortization(f x 0.97672).
(h) Ending unearned revenue liability balance as defined in Topic 944 using estimated gross profits as basis for amortization. End of year
unearned revenue liability = Beginning of year unearned revenue liability + front-end fees + interest – amortization(f x 0.15222).

944-30-55-28 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The balances calculated for deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue
liability to be allocated to the replacement contracts follow.

56
 Deferred Unearned
Acquisition Revenue
Costs Liability
Balance Balance
(a) (b)
Balances just prior to replacement $ 532,934 $ 83,055

Balances just after replacement, for contracts not

electing to participate in the internal replacement
transaction at the end of Year 5 296,419 46,195

Carryover amounts, allocated to contracts choosing

the internal replacement at end of Year 5 $ 236,515 $ 36,860

Explanation of columns:

(a) Deferred acquisition costs balances end of Year 5 from paragraphs 944-30-55-26
and 55-27.
(b) Unearned revenue liability balances end of Year 5 from paragraphs 944-30-55-26
and 55-27.

944-30-55-29 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The account value, deferred acquisition costs, front-end fees, and estimated
gross profits calculated for contracts that have elected the internal replacement
transaction at the end of Year 5 follow.

57
 Estimated
Account Value Acquisition Front-End Gross Discount
Contract Year End of Year Costs Fees Profits Rate
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
At Replacement $ 8,408,782 $ 236,515 $ 36,860
6 (Proj.) 8,669,979 - - $ 5,228 5.75%
7 (Proj.) 8,710,078 - - 82,455 5.75%
8 (Proj.) 8,520,090 - - 90,295 5.75%
9 (Proj.) 8,108,995 - - 91,087 5.75%
10 (Proj.) 7,503,355 - - 85,007 5.75%
11 (Proj.) 6,744,578 - - 73,107 5.75%
12 (Proj.) 5,884,223 - - 57,140 5.75%
13 (Proj.) 4,978,052 - - 39,242 5.75%
14 (Proj.) 4,211,432 - - 33,424 5.75%
15 (Proj.) 3,562,872 - - 28,457 5.75%
16 (Proj.) 3,014,190 - - 24,218 5.75%
17 (Proj.) 2,550,004 - - 20,604 5.75%
18 (Proj.) 2,157,304 - - 17,523 5.75%
19 (Proj.) 1,825,079 - - 14,898 5.75%
20 (Proj.) - - - 12,663 5.75%

Present Values $ 236,515 $ 36,860 $ 489,000

k-factor 0.4837 0.0754

Explanation of columns:
(a) Prior year-end account value plus premiums plus interest credited less fees less withdrawals
(per paragraph 944-30-55-21, column b).
(b) Carryover deferred acquisition costs as defined in Topic 944, assumed to be incurred as of the
beginning of the year (carryover amount calculated per paragraph 944-30-55-28).
(c) Carryover front-end fees charged to contract holders at beginning of year for services to be
provided over life of contract (carryover amount calculated per paragraph 944-30-55-28)
(d) Estimated gross profits as defined in Topic 944 (per paragraph 944-30-55-22, column b).
(e) Discount rate for Topic 944 product, which is the rate at which contract holder's funds
accumulate.

944-30-55-30 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The calculated deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability
amortization of contracts that have elected the internal replacement transaction at
the end of Year 5 follow.

58
 Deferred Acquisition Costs Amortization Unearned Revenue Amortization

Deferred Unearned
Acquisition Revenue
Contract Acquisition Interest Costs Front-End Interest Lability
Year Costs Added Amortization (End of Year) Fees Added Amortization (End of Year)
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
6 (Proj.) $ 236,515 $ 13,599 $ (2,529) $ 247,585 $ 36,860 $ 2,119 $ (394) $ 38,585
7 (Proj.) - 14,236 (39,881) 221,940 - 2,219 (6,215) 34,589
8 (Proj.) - 12,762 (43,673) 191,029 - 1,989 (6,806) 29,772
9 (Proj.) - 10,984 (44,056) 157,957 - 1,712 (6,866) 24,618
10 (Proj.) - 9,083 (41,115) 125,925 - 1,415 (6,408) 19,625
11 (Proj.) - 7,241 (35,360) 97,806 - 1,128 (5,511) 15,242
12 (Proj.) - 5,624 (27,637) 75,793 - 877 (4,307) 11,812
13 (Proj.) - 4,357 (18,980) 61,170 - 679 (2,958) 9,533
14 (Proj.) - 3,517 (16,166) 48,521 - 548 (2,519) 7,562
15 (Proj.) - 2,790 (13,764) 37,547 - 435 (2,145) 5,852
16 (Proj.) - 2,159 (11,714) 27,992 - 336 (1,826) 4,362
17 (Proj.) - 1,610 (9,965) 19,637 - 251 (1,553) 3,060
18 (Proj.) - 1,129 (8,475) 12,291 - 176 (1,321) 1,915
19 (Proj.) - 707 (7,206) 5,792 - 110 (1,123) 902
20 (Proj.) - 333 (6,125) - - 52 (954) -

Explanation of columns:
(a) Carryover deferred acquisition costs.
(b) Interest on deferred acquisition costs.
(c) Deferred acquisition costs amortization (—factor x estimated gross profits, per paragraph 944-30-55-29).
(d) Ending deferred acquisition costs = Beginning of year deferred acquisition costs + (a) + (b) +(c).
(e) Total front-end fees from original and replacement policies.
(f) Interest on unearned revenue liability.
(g) Unearned revenue liability amortization (—factor x estimated gross profits, per paragraph 944-30-55-29).
(h) Ending unearned revenue liability = Beginning of year unearned revenue liability + (e) + (f) + (g).

944-30-55-31 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.The calculated total deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability
balances for contracts that have not elected the internal replacement transaction
and replacement contracts follow.

59
 Deferred Unearned Unearned
Acquisition Deferred Revenue Revenue Total
Costs Acquisition Costs Total Deferred Liability Liability Unearned
Contract Original Replaced Acquisition Original Replaced Revenue
Year Contracts Contracts Costs Contracts Contracts Liability
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)
1 (Act.) $ 1,745,439 $ 1,745,439 $ 272,016 $ 272,016
2 (Act.) 1,519,194 1,519,194 236,757 236,757
3 (Act.) 1,127,912 1,127,912 175,778 175,778
4 (Act.) 664,643 664,643 103,581 103,581
5 (Act.) 296,419 $ 236,515 532,934 46,195 $ 36,860 83,055
6 (Proj.) 188,696 247,585 436,281 29,407 38,585 67,992
7 (Proj.) 126,289 221,940 348,229 19,681 34,589 54,270
8 (Proj.) 93,388 191,029 284,417 14,554 29,772 44,326
9 (Proj.) 68,907 157,957 226,864 10,739 24,618 35,357
10 (Proj.) 50,691 125,925 176,616 7,900 19,625 27,525
11 (Proj.) 37,135 97,806 134,941 5,787 15,242 21,029
12 (Proj.) 27,042 75,793 102,835 4,214 11,812 16,026
13 (Proj.) 19,521 61,170 80,691 3,042 9,533 12,575
14 (Proj.) 13,910 48,521 62,431 2,168 7,562 9,730
15 (Proj.) 9,717 37,547 47,264 1,514 5,852 7,366
16 (Proj.) 6,573 27,992 34,565 1,024 4,362 5,386
17 (Proj.) 4,208 19,637 23,845 656 3,060 3,716
18 (Proj.) 2,418 12,291 14,709 377 1,915 2,292
19 (Proj.) 1,052 5,792 6,844 164 902 1,066
20 (Proj.) - - - - - -

Explanation of columns:

(a) End of year deferred acquisition costs for original contracts. After Year 6, deferred acquisition costs related to contracts not
electing the internal replacement transaction (per paragraph 944-30-55-27, column g).
(b) End of year deferred acquisition costs for contracts electing the internal replacement transaction at the end of Year 5 (per
paragraph 944-30-55-30, column d).
(c) Combined end of year deferred acquisition costs .
(d) End of year unearned revenue liability for original contracts. After Year 6, unearned revenue liability related to contracts not
electing the internal replacement transaction (per paragraph 944-30-55-27, column h).
(e) End of year unearned revenue liability for contracts electing the internal replacement transaction at the end of Year 5 (per
paragraph 944-30-55-30, column h).
(f) Combined end of year unearned revenue liability.

944-30-55-32 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.A summary of deferred acquisition costs and unearned revenue liability
balances as a result of an internal replacement that is not substantially different
follows.

60
 Deferred Unearned
Acquisition Revenue
Costs Liability

Original (Year 5 balances) $ 532,934 $ 83,055

Nonreplaced Contracts (Year 5 balances) 296,419 46,195

After Replacement (Year 5 balances) 236,515 36,860

$ 532,934 $ 83,055

Difference $ - $ -

Summary of Accounting Entries

Deferred Acquisition Costs $ -
Deferred Acquisition

Costs Amortization $ -

Change in Unearned Revenue $ -

Unearned Revenue Liability $ -

> > Example 2: Contract Modifications and Evaluating Internal

Replacements for Substantial Change
944-30-55-33 The following represents implementation guidance for contract
modifications and the application of the guidance in Section 944-30-35 for
evaluating whether the internal replacements are substantially changed from the
replaced contracts. The guidance is based on the specific facts and circumstances;
the same conclusions may not be reached for other modifications because of
differing facts or circumstances. The following cases represent contract
modifications.
> > > Case C: Issuance of a Second Life Insurance Policy for an
Incremental Face Amount
944-30-55-36 The contract holder obtains a second life insurance policy for an
incremental face amount, with underwriting required on the new policy only. The
original contract remains in force without change. This transaction does not fall
within the definition of an internal replacement in Section 944-30-35. The
accounting for the original contract remains unchanged and the new contract is
accounted for independently of the original contract. Any deferrable acquisition
costs associated with the new contract are deferred and amortized in accordance
with the guidance in Section 944-30-35according to the revenue or margin stream
of the new contract, as applicable.

61
> > > Case J: Variable Annuity Contracts
> > > > Case J1: Variable Annuity with Return of Premium Death Benefit
Guarantee to Variable Annuity with Ratchet Death Benefit Guarantee
944-30-55-65 The contract exchange of a variable annuity with a return of premium
death benefit guarantee, that in this example is determined to have a minimal
degree of mortality risk (although sufficient to result in classification as an
insurance contract), for a variable annuity that contains a ratchet death benefit
guarantee, that in this example is determined to be a “rich” death benefit, results
in the replacement contract being substantially changed from the replaced contract
as the change in death benefits substantively changes the degree of mortality risk.
The nature of a minimum guaranteed death benefit provision is essentially a
combination of mortality and investment events. Although the actual mortality
event itself is the same in the return of premium and ratchet guaranteed minimum
death benefits (death of the contract holder), the risk has changed because of the
combined effects of mortality and investment events. In this instance, the preparer
analyzed and concluded that a significant change in the benefit ratio, as well as in
the actuarially determined expected mortality costs, werewas indicative of a
significant change in the degree of mortality risk. It should be noted that other
methods and approaches could have been used to evaluate the change in degree
of mortality.
> > > > Case J7: Variable Annuity to Variable Annuity With Guaranteed
Minimum Withdrawal Benefit
944-30-55-76 A variable annuity with a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit is
classified as an investment contract with a market risk benefitan embedded
derivative. The contract exchange of a variable annuity for a variable annuity that
contains a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit results in the replacement
contract being substantially changed from the replaced contract because the
addition of a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit, an integrated contract
feature, changes the investment return rights of the contract holder, as a minimum
investment return provision, via the guaranteed withdrawal amount, to the variable
annuity. The analysis would be the same if the change had been achieved through
the addition of a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit rider. If, however, the
contract holder had elected to add a guaranteed minimum withdrawal benefit
feature that was included in the original contract (and met the specifications in
paragraphs 944-30-35-26 through 35-2735-28), the modification would not be
considered an internal replacement.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-40

11. Supersede paragraphs 944-40-25-8, 944-40-25-25A and its related heading,
and 944-40-25-28 through 25-31 and their related headings, amend paragraphs
944-40-25-9, 944-40-25-11 and its related heading, 944-40-25-25 and its related
heading, 944-40-25-26 through 25-27 and their related heading, and 944-40-25-

62
40 through 25-41, and add paragraphs 944-40-25-10A, 944-40-25-25B through
25-25C and their related headings, and 944-40-25-27A and its related heading,
with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Claim Costs and Liabilities

for Future Policy Benefits

Recognition

Long-Duration Contracts
> Overall
944-40-25-7 A liability for expected costs relating to most types of long-duration
contracts shall be accrued over the current and expected renewal periods of the
contracts.
944-40-25-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to or on behalf
of policyholders less the present value of estimated future net premiums to be
collected from policyholders—that is, a liability for future policy benefits—shall
be accrued when premium revenue is recognized. [Content moved to paragraph
944-40-25-10A]
944-40-25-9 In addition, as discussed in paragraph 944-40-25-1,944-40-25-1
liabilities a liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses shall be
accrued when insured events occur. For any amounts reclassified from the liability
for future policy benefits to the liability for unpaid claims upon the incurrence of a
claim, including subsequent adjustments to those amounts, the liability for unpaid
claims and claim adjustment expenses shall be discounted as follows:
a. The interest accretion rate used to discount the liability for future policy
benefits shall continue to be applied to the related liability for unpaid
claims.
b. Corresponding amounts recognized in accumulated other
comprehensive income as a result of updating the discount rate
assumption (as described in paragraph 944-40-35-5) shall be carried
over and subsequently adjusted for future changes in the discount rate
assumption (as described in paragraph 944-40-35-6A(b)).
944-40-25-10 A liability for future policy benefits relating to long-duration contracts
other than title insurance contracts shall be accrued when premium revenue is
recognized.
> Traditional, Limited-Payment, and Participating Long-Duration Contracts
944-40-25-10A The present value of estimated future policy benefits to be paid to
or on behalf of policyholders less the present value of estimated future net

63
premiums to be collected from policyholders—that is, a liability for future policy
benefits—shall be accrued when premium revenue is recognized. [Content
moved from paragraph 944-40-25-8]
944-40-25-11 The liability for future policy benefits can be viewed as either of the
following:
a. The present value of future benefits (including policyholder dividends) to
be paid to or on behalf of policyholders and expenses less the present
value of future net premiums receivablepayable under the insurance
contracts
b. The accumulated amount of net premiums already collected less the
accumulated amount of benefits and expenses already paid to or on
behalf of policyholders.
> Universal Life-Type Contracts and Nontraditional Contract Benefits
> > Balance That Accrues to the Benefit of Policyholders
> > > Contracts with Surrender Adjustments
944-40-25-25 The accrued account balance shall not reflect surrender
adjustments (for example, market value annuity adjustments, surrender charges,
or credits). For a description of a market value annuity and market value annuity
adjustments, see paragraph 944-20-05-28. Example 1 (see paragraph 944-40-55-
6) illustrates the calculation of the liability for future policy benefits for a contract
with a minimum guaranteed death benefit.
> > Universal Life-Type Contracts with Death or Other Insurance Benefit
Features
944-40-25-25A Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No.
201X-XX.See paragraph 944-605-25-8 for guidance for establishing an unearned
revenue liability.
> > Additional Liability
944-40-25-25B This guidance addresses contract features that provide for
potential benefits in addition to the account balance as follows:
a. An insurance entity shall first determine whether such contract features
should be accounted for under the provisions of paragraph 944-40-25-
25C.
b. For contract features that are not accounted for under the provisions of
paragraph 944-40-25-25C, anAn insurance entity shall thenfirst
determine whether such contract features should be accounted for under
the provisions of Subtopic 815-10 or 815-15. [Content amended as
shown and moved from paragraph 944-40-25-26]
All other contract features shall be accounted for under the provisions of
paragraphs 944-40-25-26 through 25-27A.

64
> > > Market Risk Benefits
944-40-25-25C A market risk benefit shall be recognized for contracts and
benefits that meet both of the following criteria:
a. Contract: The contract holder has the ability to direct funds to one or more
separate account investment alternatives maintained by the insurance
entity, and investment performance, net of contract fees and
assessments, is passed through to the contract holder. The separate
account need not be legally recognized or legally insulated from the
general account liabilities of the insurance entity.
b. Benefit: The insurance entity provides a benefit protecting the contract
holder from adverse capital market performance, exposing the insurance
entity to other-than-nominal capital market risk. A nominal risk, as
explained in paragraph 944-20-15-21, is a risk of insignificant amount or
a risk that has a remote probability of occurring. A benefit is presumed to
have other-than-nominal capital market risk if the net amount at risk (that
is, the guaranteed benefit in excess of the account balance, cash value,
or similar amount) varies more than an insignificant amount in response
to capital market volatility. Capital market risk includes equity, interest
rate, and foreign exchange risk.
If a long-duration contract contains multiple market risk benefits, those market risk
benefits shall be bundled together as a single, compound market risk benefit
(consistent with the guidance in paragraph 815-15-25-7).
> > >> > Contracts with Annuitization Benefits
944-40-25-26 This guidance addresses contract features that provide for
potential benefits in addition to the account balance that are payable only upon
annuitization, such as annuity purchase guarantees, guaranteed minimum income
benefits that are not market risk benefits, and two-tier annuities. An insurance
entity shall first determine whether such contract features should be accounted for
under the provisions of Subtopic 815-10 or 815-15. [Content amended and
moved to paragraph 944-40-25-25B(b)]
944-40-25-27 If the contract feature is not required to be accounted for under the
provisions of Topic 815 on derivatives and hedging or paragraph 944-40-25-
25CSubtopic 815-10 or 815-15, and if the amounts assessed against the contract
holder each period for the contract feature are assessed in a manner that is
expected to result in profits in earlier years and losses in subsequent years from
the contract benefit function, an additional liability for the contract feature shall be
established if the present value of expected annuitization payments at the
expected annuitization date exceeds the expected account balance at the
expected annuitization date. This determination of whether profits are followed by
losses shall be performed at contract inception and as assumptions are updated
in subsequent periods.

65
> > > Death or Other Insurance Benefits
944-40-25-27A If the contract feature is not required to be accounted for under the
provisions of Topic 815 or paragraph 944-40-25-25C and ifIf the amounts
assessed against the contract holder each period for the insurance benefit feature
of an insurance contract are assessed in a manner that is expected to result in
profits in earlier years and losses in subsequent years from the insurance benefit
function, a liability for death or other insurance benefitsunearned revenue shall be
recognized in addition to the account balance. This determination of whether
profits are followed by losses shall be performed at contract inception and as
assumptions are updated in subsequent periods. [Content amended as shown
and moved from paragraph 944-605-25-8]
> Limited-Payment Contracts
944-40-25-28 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For limited-payment contracts, the liability for policy benefits shall be
established in accordance with the guidance beginning in paragraph 944-40-25-7.
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-40-25-29 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A liability for future policy benefits relating to participating life insurance
contracts that meet the criteria in paragraph 944-20-15-3 shall be equal to the sum
of all of the following:
a. The net level premium reserve for death and endowment policy benefits
b. The liability for terminal dividends
c. Any probable loss (premium deficiency) as described in paragraphs 944-
60-25-7 through 25-9.
944-40-25-30 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Terminal dividends shall be accrued in the liability for future policy benefits if
both of the following conditions are met:
a. Payment of the dividend is probable.
b. The amount can be reasonably estimated.
These conditions should be used in the same sense that they are used in Subtopic
450-20.
944-40-25-31 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Death and surrender benefits incurred shall be recognized as expenses in the
statement of earnings.
Reinsurance Contracts
944-40-25-40 A reinsurer may agree to reinsure all or a portion of certain
annuitization or death or other insurance benefits (see paragraphs 944-40-25-
26944-40-25-25B through 25-2725-27A). Both the ceding entity and the reinsurer

66
shall first determine whether such a reinsurance contract should be accounted for
as a market risk benefit under the provisions of paragraph 944-40-25-25Cunder
the provisions of Subtopic 815-10 or 815-15. In making that determination, a
reinsurance contract shall meet the criteria in paragraph 944-40-25-25C if the
underlying contract and benefit meet the criteria in that paragraph. For example,
unlike many of the direct contracts that contain guaranteed minimum income
benefits, contracts to reinsure guaranteed minimum income benefits in variable
annuity contracts often meet the definition of a market risk benefitderivative
instrument under Subtopic 815-10. If the reinsurance contract does not meet the
definition of a market risk benefit, both the ceding entity and the reinsurer shall
then determine whether such a reinsurance contract should be accounted for as a
derivative instrument under Subtopic 815-10 or 815-15.
944-40-25-41 If the reinsurance contract is not required to be accounted for under
the provisions of paragraph 944-40-25-25C or Subtopic 815-10 or 815-15, the
entity shall apply the guidance in paragraphs 944-40-25-26 through 25-
27Aparagraph 944-40-25-27.

12. Supersede paragraphs 944-40-30-6, 944-40-30-10, 944-40-30-25, and 944-

40-30-30 and its related heading, amend paragraphs 944-40-30-7 through 30-9
and their related heading, 944-40-30-13 through 30-16 and the related heading,
944-40-30-19 through 30-19A and the related heading, 944-40-30-20 through 30-
22, 944-40-30-24, and 944-40-30-26 through 30-29 and their related heading, and
add paragraphs 944-40-30-7A, 944-40-30-15A and its related heading, 944-40-30-
19B and its related heading, the heading preceding paragraph 944-40-30-20, and
944-40-30-29A and its related heading, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Initial Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
> Overall
944-40-30-6 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Estimates for purposes of recognizing the liability for future policy benefits
under paragraph 944-40-25-8 shall be based on assumptions, such as estimates
of expected investment yields, mortality, morbidity, terminations, and
expenses, applicable at the time the insurance contracts are made.
> Traditional, Limited-Payment, and Participating Long-Duration Contracts
944-40-30-7 The {add glossary link}liability for future policy benefits{add
glossary link} accrued under paragraph 944-40-25-10944-40-25-10A shall be the
present value of future benefits (including policyholder dividends) to be paid to or
on behalf of policyholders and related expenses less the present value of future
net premiums (portion of gross premium required to provide for all benefits and

67
expenses). expenses, excluding acquisition costs or costs that are required to be
charged to expense as incurred).That liability shall be estimated using methods
that include assumptions, such as discount rateestimates of expected investment
yields, {add glossary link}mortality{add glossary link}, {add glossary
link}morbidity{add glossary link}, {add glossary link}terminations{add
glossary link}, and expenses, and policyholder dividends (see paragraphs 944-
40-30-9 through 30-15A) applicable at the time the insurance contracts are made.
The liability also shall consider other assumptions relating to guaranteed contract
benefits, such as coupons, annual endowments, and conversion privileges. The
assumptions shall not include a provision for the risk of adverse deviation.
944-40-30-7A To the extent the present value of future benefits and expenses
exceeds the present value of future gross premiums, an immediate charge shall
be recognized to current-period benefit expense such that net premiums are set
equal to gross premiums. In no event shall the liability for future policy benefits
balance be less than zero. Assumptions shall be updated in subsequent
accounting periods as described in paragraphs 944-40-35-5 through 35-7A.
> > Assumptions
944-40-30-8 This guidance discusses the following assumptions:
a. Investment yieldsDiscount rate
b. Mortality
c. Morbidity
d. Termination
e. Expense.
f. Policyholder dividends.
> > > Investment YieldsDiscount Rate
944-40-30-9 Interest assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits shall be based on estimates of investment yields (net of related investment
expenses) expected at the time insurance contracts are made.The liability for
future policy benefits shall be discounted using a high-quality fixed-income
instrument yield. An insurance entity shall consider reliable information in
estimating the high-quality fixed-income instrument yield that reflects the duration
characteristics of the liability for future policy benefits (see paragraph 944-40-55-
13E). An insurance entity shall maximize the use of relevant observable inputs and
minimize the use of unobservable inputs in determining the discount rate
assumption.
944-40-30-10 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The interest assumption for each block of new insurance contracts shall be
consistent with circumstances, such as actual yields, trends in yields, portfolio mix
and maturities, and the entity’s general investment experience.
> > > Mortality

68
944-40-30-11 Mortality assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits shall be based on estimates of expected mortality.
> > > Morbidity
944-40-30-12 Morbidity assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits shall be based on estimates of expected incidences of disability and claim
costs.
944-40-30-13 Expected incidences of disability and claim costs for various types
of insurance (for example, noncancelable and guaranteed renewable accident and
health insurance contracts) and other factors, such as occupational class, waiting
period, sex, age, and benefit period, shall be considered in making morbidity
assumptions. The risk of antiselection or adverse selection also shall be
considered in making morbidity assumptions.
> > > Termination
944-40-30-14 Termination assumptions used in estimating the liability for future
policy benefits shall be based on estimates of expectedanticipated terminations
and nonforfeiture benefits, using expectedanticipated termination rates and
contractual nonforfeiture benefits. Termination rates may vary by plan of
insurance, age at issue, year of issue, frequency of premium payment, and other
factors. If composite rates are used, the rates shall be representative of the entity’s
actual mix of business. Termination assumptions shall be made for long-duration
insurance contracts without termination benefits because of the effects of
terminations on expectedanticipated premiums and claim costs.
> > > Expense
944-40-30-15 Expense assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits shall be based on estimates of expected nonlevel costs, such as
termination or settlement costs, and costs after the premium-paying period.
Renewal expense assumptions shall consider the possible effect of inflation on
those expenses. Expense assumptions shall not include acquisition costs or costs
that are required to be charged to expense as incurred, such as those relating to
investments, general administration, policy maintenance, product development,
market research, and general overhead (see paragraph 944-720-25-2).
> > > Policyholder Dividends
944-40-30-15A Policyholder dividend assumptions used in estimating the liability
for future policy benefits shall be based on estimates of dividends expected to be
paid to policyholders.
> Universal Life-Type Contracts and Nontraditional Contract Benefits
944-40-30-16 The liability for policy benefits for universal life-type contracts shall
be equal to the sum of all of the following:

69
 a. The balance that accrues to the benefit of policyholders at the date of the
financial statements
b. Any amounts that have been assessed to compensate the insurer for
services to be performed over future periods (see paragraphs 944-605-
25-6 through 25-7Subtopic 944-605 on insurance—revenue recognition)
c. Any amounts previously assessed against policyholders that are
refundable on termination of the contract
d. Any probable loss (premium deficiency)additional liability as described
in paragraphs 944-40-25-25B944-60-25-7 through 25-925-27A.
944-40-30-17 Amounts that may be assessed against policyholders in future
periods, including surrender charges, shall not be anticipated in determining the
liability for policy benefits.
944-40-30-18 In the absence of a stated account balance or similar explicit or
implicit contract value, the cash value, measured at the date of the financial
statements, that could be realized by a policyholder upon surrender shall represent
the element of liability described in paragraph 944-40-30-16(a).
944-40-30-19 Provisions for risk of adverse deviationadverse deviation shall not
be made.
> > Additional LiabilityUniversal Life-Type Contracts with Death or Other
Insurance Benefit Features
944-40-30-19A See paragraph 944-605-30-1 for guidance for establishing an
unearned revenue liabilityThe guidance in paragraphs 944-40-30-19B through 30-
29 addresses contract features that provide for potential benefits in addition to the
account balance.
> > > Market Risk Benefits
944-40-30-19B Market risk benefits shall be measured at fair value.
a. Consistent with paragraph 815-15-30-4, if a nonoption valuation
approach is used, the terms of the market risk benefit shall be determined
in a manner that results in its fair value generally being equal to zero at
the inception of the contract.
b. Consistent with paragraph 815-15-30-6, if an option-based valuation
approach is used, the terms of the market risk benefit shall not be
adjusted to result in the market risk benefit being equal to zero at the
inception of the contract.
> > > Death or Other Insurance Benefits
944-40-30-20 The amount of the additional liability recognized under paragraph
944-40-25-25A944-40-25-27A shall be determined based on the ratio (benefit
ratio) of the following:

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 a. Numerator. The present value of total expected excess payments over
the life of the contract, discounted at the contract rate.
b. Denominator. The present value of total expected assessments over the
life of the contract, discounted at the contract rate.
Total expected assessments are the aggregate of all charges, including those for
administration, mortality, expense, and surrender, regardless of how
characterized.characterized, excluding those assessments included in the
measurement of market risk benefits. The contract rate used to compute present
value shall be either the rate in effect at the inception of the book of contracts or
the latest revised rate applied to the remaining benefit period. The approach
selected to compute the present value of revised estimates shall be applied
consistently in subsequent revisions to computations of the benefit ratio.
944-40-30-21 The benefit ratio as determined in the preceding paragraph 944-40-
30-20 may not exceed 100 percent, thereby resulting in a liability that exceeds
cumulative assessmentsimmediate loss recognition to the extent that the present
value of expected excess payments exceeds the present value of expected
assessments.
944-40-30-22 For contracts in which the assets are reported in the general
account and that include investment margin in their estimated gross profits, the
investment margin (that is, the amounts expected to be earned from the investment
of policyholder balances less amounts credited to policyholder balances [see
paragraph 944-40-25-14]) shall be included with any other assessments for
purposes of determining total expected assessments.
944-40-30-23 The insurance entity shall calculate the present value of total
expected excess payments and total assessments and investment margins, as
applicable, based on expected experience.
944-40-30-24 Expected experience shall be based on a range of scenarios rather
than a single set of best estimate assumptions. Assumptions shall be updated in
subsequent periods as described in paragraph 944-40-35-9.
944-40-30-25 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.In calculating the additional liability for the insurance benefit feature,
assumptions used, such as the interest rate, discount rate, lapse rate, and
mortality, shall be consistent with assumptions used in estimating gross profits for
purposes of amortizing capitalized acquisition costs.
> > > > > Universal Life-Type Contracts with Annuitization Benefits
944-40-30-26 The amount of the additional liability requiredrecognized under
paragraph 944-40-25-27 shall be measured initiallydetermined based on the ratio
(benefit ratio) ofbenefit ratio determined by the following numerator and
denominator:

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 a. Numerator. The present value of expected annuitization payments to be
made and related incremental claim adjustment expenses, discounted
at a high-quality fixed-income instrument yield applicable toestimated
investment yields expected to be earned during the payout phase of the
contract, minus the expected accrued account balance at the expected
annuitization date (the excess payments). The excess of the present
value payments to be made during the payout phase of the contract over
the expected accrued account balance at the expected annuitization date
shall be discounted at the contract rate.
b. Denominator. The present value of total expected assessments during
the accumulation phase of the contract, discounted at the contract rate.
Total expected assessments are the aggregate of all charges, including those for
administration, mortality, expense, and surrender, regardless of how
characterizedcharacterized, excluding those assessments included in the
measurement of market risk benefits. The benefit ratio may not exceed 100
percent, thereby resulting in immediate loss recognition to the extent that the
present value of expected excess payments exceeds the present value of
expected assessments.
944-40-30-27 For contracts whose assets are reported in the general account and
that include investment margin in their estimated gross profits, the investment
margin (that is, the amounts expected to be earned from the investment of
policyholder balances less amounts credited to policyholder balances) shall be
included with any other assessments for purposes of determining total expected
assessments.
944-40-30-28 The insurance entity shall calculate the present value of total
expected excess payments and total assessments and investment margins, as
applicable, based on expected experience. Expected experience shall be based
on a range of scenarios that considers the volatility inherent in the assumptions
rather than a single set of best estimate assumptions. Assumptions shall be
updated in subsequent periods as described in paragraph 944-40-35-12.When
determining expected excess payments, the expected annuitization rate is one of
the assumptions that needs to be estimated.
944-40-30-29 In calculating the additional liability for the additional benefit feature,
assumptions used, such as the interest rate, discount rate, lapse rate, and
mortality, shall be consistent with assumptions used in estimating gross profits for
purposes of amortizing capitalized acquisition costs under the Long-Duration
Contracts Subsection of Section 944-30-35the contract rate used to compute
present value shall be either the rate in effect at the inception of the book of
contracts or the latest revised rate applied to the remaining benefit period. The
approach selected to compute the present value of revised estimates shall be
applied consistently in subsequent revisions to computations of the benefit ratio.
> > > Insurance Benefit Feature That Wraps a Noninsurance Contract

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944-40-30-29A A reinsurer or issuer of the insurance benefit features of a contract
shall calculate a liability for the portion of premiums collected each period that
represents compensation to the insurance entity for benefits that are assessed in
a manner that is expected to result in current profits and future losses from the
insurance benefit function. That liability shall be calculated using the methodology
described in paragraphs 944-40-30-19A through 30-29.
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts—Net Level Premium
Reserve
944-40-30-30 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The net level premium reserve shall be calculated based on the dividend
fund interest rate, if determinable, and mortality rates guaranteed in calculating
the cash surrender values described in the contract. If the dividend fund interest
rate is not determinable, the guaranteed interest rate used in calculating cash
surrender values described in the contract shall be used. If the dividend fund
interest rate is not determinable and there is no guaranteed interest rate, the
interest rate used in determining guaranteed nonforfeiture values shall be used.
Finally, if none of the above rates exists, then the interest rate used to determine
minimum cash surrender values—as set by the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners’ model standard nonforfeiture law—for the year of issue of the
contract should be used. Regardless of the rate used, net premiums shall be
calculated as a constant percentage of the gross premiums.

13. Amend paragraphs 944-40-35-5 and its related heading, the heading
preceding paragraph 944-40-35-8, 944-40-35-9 through 35-10 and their related
heading, 944-40-35-12 and its related heading, 944-40-35-14 through 35-16, the
heading preceding paragraph 944-40-35-17, 944-40-35-18, and 944-40-35-20
through 35-21, supersede paragraphs 944-40-35-6 through 35-8, 944-40-35-11,
and 944-40-35-22 through 35-25 and their related heading, and add paragraphs
944-40-35-6A, 944-40-35-7A, 944-40-35-8A through 35-8B and their related
headings, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Subsequent Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
> Traditional, Limited-Payment, and Participating Long-Duration Contracts
944-40-35-5 Original assumptionsAssumptions shall continue to be usedupdated
in subsequent accounting periods to determine changes in the liability for future
policy benefits (often referred to as the lock-in concept) unless a premium
deficiency exists subject to paragraphs 944-60-25-7 through 25-9. Cash flow
assumptions shall be updated on an annual basis, at the same time every year, or
more frequently in interim reporting periods if actual experience or other evidence
suggests that earlier cash flow assumptions should be revised. Discount rate

73
assumptions as of the reporting date shall be updated for annual and interim
reporting periods.
944-40-35-6 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Changes in the liability for future policy benefits that result from its periodic
estimation for financial reporting purposes shall be recognized in income in the
period in which the changes occur.
944-40-35-6A A related charge or credit to current-period benefit expense or other
comprehensive income as a result of updating assumptions at the level of
aggregation at which reserves are calculated shall be determined as follows:
a. Cash flow assumptions: Cash flow assumptions used to calculate net
premiums shall be updated as of the contract issue date using actual
historical experience and updated future cash flow assumptions (that is,
on a retrospective basis). The revised ratio of net premiums to gross
premiums shall be applied retrospectively as of the contract issue date to
derive an updated liability for a future policy benefits amount, discounted
at the original (that is, contract issuance) discount rate. The updated
liability for future policy benefits shall then be compared with the carrying
amount of the liability for future policy benefits to determine the
cumulative catch-up adjustment to be recognized in current-period
benefit expense. In subsequent periods, the revised ratio of net premiums
to gross premiums, which shall not exceed 100 percent, shall be used to
value the liability for future policy benefits, subject to future revisions.
b. Discount rate assumptions: Net premiums shall not be updated for
discount rate assumption changes. The difference between the carrying
amount of the liability for future policy benefits (that is, the present value
of future benefits and expenses less the present value of future net
premiums) measured using the updated discount rate assumption and
the original discount rate assumption shall be recognized directly to other
comprehensive income (that is, on an immediate basis). The interest
accretion rate shall remain the original discount rate used at contract
issue date.
c. Experience adjustments: Experience adjustments shall be recognized in
the period in which that experience arises.
944-40-35-7 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 944-40-35-1 provides guidance on determining the liability for future
policy benefits using revised assumptions in the event of a premium deficiency.
944-40-35-7A To the extent that the present value of future benefits and expenses
exceeds the present value of future gross premiums, an immediate charge shall
be recognized to current-period benefit expense such that net premiums are set
equal to gross premiums. In subsequent periods (that is, until assumptions are
subsequently updated) the liability for future policy benefits shall be accrued with
net premiums set equal to gross premiums. In no event shall the liability for future
policy benefits balance be less than zero.

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> Universal Life-Type Contracts and Nontraditional Contract Benefits
944-40-35-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This guidance addresses universal life-type contracts with the following
attributes:
a. Contracts with death or other insurance benefit features
b. Contracts with annuitization benefits.
> > Additional Liability
> > > Market Risk Benefits
944-40-35-8A Changes in fair value related to market risk benefits shall be
recognized in earnings, with the exception of fair value changes attributable to a
change in the instrument-specific credit risk. The portion of a fair value change
attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk shall be recognized in
other comprehensive income. A market risk benefit may be positive (that is, an
asset) or negative (that is, a liability).
944-40-35-8B Upon derecognition of a market risk benefit, an insurance entity
shall derecognize any related amount included in accumulated other
comprehensive income and shall include in net income any gain or loss that is
realized as a result of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk. For
annuitization or withdrawal benefits, on the date of annuitization or extinguishment
of the account balance, the balance related to the market risk benefit will be zero
and the amount deducted will be used in the calculation of the liability for the payout
annuity.
> > >> > Contracts with Death or Other Insurance BenefitsBenefit Features
944-40-35-9 An insurance entity shall regularly evaluate estimates used and
establish or adjust the additional liability balance, with a related charge or credit to
current-period benefit expense, if actual experience or other evidence suggests
that earlier assumptions should be revised. In making such revised estimates, both
the present value of total excess payments and the present value of total expected
assessments and investment margins shall be calculated as of the balance sheet
date using historical experience from the issue date to the balance sheet date and
estimated experience thereafter.
944-40-35-10 The additional liability at the balance sheet date shall be equal to:
a. The current benefit ratio multiplied by the cumulative assessments
(cumulative assessments shall be calculated as actual cumulative
assessments, including investment margins, if applicable,
recognizedrecorded from contract inception through the balance sheet
date)
b. Less the cumulative excess payments (including amounts reflected in
claims payable liabilities)
c. Plus accreted interest.

75
However, in no event shall the additional liability balance be less than zero, and
the benefit ratio may not exceed 100 percent, which results in immediate loss
recognition to the extent that the present value of expected excess payments
exceeds the present value of expected assessments.
944-40-35-11 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 944-40-45-1 states that the change in the additional liability shall be
recognized as a component of benefit expense in the statement of operations.
> > > > > Contracts with Annuitization Benefits
944-40-35-12 The insurance entity shall regularly evaluate estimates used and
establish or adjust the additional liability balance recognized under paragraph 944-
40-25-27 with a related charge or credit to current-period benefit expense, if actual
experience or other evidence suggests that earlier assumptions should be revised.
944-40-35-13 In making such revised estimates, both the present value of total
excess payments and the present value of total expected assessments or
investment margins shall be calculated as of the balance sheet date using
historical experience from the issue date to the balance sheet date and estimated
experience thereafter.
944-40-35-14 The additional liability at the balance sheet date shall be equal to the
sum of the following:
a. The current benefit ratio multiplied by the cumulative assessments
b. Accreted interest (an addition)
c. At time of annuitization, the cumulative excess payments determined at
annuitization (a deduction).
However, in no event shall the additional liability balance be less than zero, and
the benefit ratio may not exceed 100 percent, which results in immediate loss
recognition to the extent that the present value of expected excess payments
exceeds the present value of expected assessments.
944-40-35-15 The cumulative excess payments determined at annuitization in (c)
in the preceding paragraph 944-40-35-14(c) is the amount that shall be deducted
at the actual date of annuitization. That amount shall be calculated as the present
value of expected annuity payments and related claim adjustment expenses
discounted at a high-quality fixed-income instrument yieldexpected investment
yields minus the accrued account balance at the actual annuitization date.
944-40-35-16 On the date of annuitization or extinguishment of the account
balance, the additional liability related to the cumulative excess benefits will be
zero and the amount deducted will be used in the calculation of the liability for the
payout annuity.
> > > > > Insurance Benefit Feature that Wraps a Noninsurance Contract

76
944-40-35-17 A reinsurer or issuer of the insurance benefit features of a contract
shall calculate a liability for the portion of premiums collected each period that
represents compensation to the insurance entity for benefits that are assessed in
a manner that is expected to result in current profits and future losses from the
insurance benefit function.
944-40-35-18 That liability shall be calculated using the methodology described in
paragraphs 944-40-35-8A944-40-35-9 through 35-1635-11. For example, a
reinsurance contract that assumes only the risk related to the minimum
guaranteed death benefit feature for a fee that varies with the account balance
rather than with the insurance coverage provided is a universal life-type contract
that shall be accounted for in accordance with those paragraphs.
> > Two-Tier Annuity
944-40-35-19 The accrued account balance for a two-tier annuity during the
accumulation phase shall be calculated using the lower-tier rate because the
account balance accumulated at the lower tier is the amount that would be
available in cash at maturity if the contract holder elects not to annuitize the
contract.
944-40-35-20 An additional liability determinedrecognized in accordance with
paragraphs 944-40-25-26 through 25-27 or a market risk benefit shall be
recognized during the accumulation phase for the annuitization benefit in excess
of the accrued account balance.
944-40-35-21 If there is an additional liability for the annuitization benefit and a
contract holder elects to annuitize, the present value of annuitization payments,
including related incremental claims adjustment expenses, discounted using a
high-quality fixed-income instrument yield,at expected investment yields would
represent the single premium used to purchase the annuitization benefit.
> Certain Participating Life Insurance Contracts—Terminal Dividends
944-40-35-22 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Terminal dividends accrued under paragraph 944-40-25-30 shall be
recognized as an expense over the life of a book of participating life insurance
contracts, at a constant rate based on the present value of the estimated gross
margin amounts expected to be realized over the life of the book of contracts.
944-40-35-23 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The present value of estimated gross margins shall be computed using the
expected investment yield (net of related investment expenses).
944-40-35-24 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.If significant negative gross margins are expected in any period, then the
present value of gross margins before annual dividends, estimated gross
premiums, or the balance of insurance in force shall be substituted as the base
for computing the expense amount to be recognized. The base substituted in this

77
calculation shall be the same one substituted in the amortization of deferred
acquisition costs discussed in paragraph 944-30-35-11.
944-40-35-25 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Increases in the liability for future policy benefits shall be reported as an
expense in the statement of earnings.

14. Amend paragraphs 944-40-45-1 through 45-2 and their related headings, 944-
40-50-6, 944-40-55-14 through 55-17 and their related heading, 944-40-55-20
through 55-23, and 944-40-55-25 through 55-28, add paragraphs 944-40-45-3 and
its related heading, 944-40-50-5A, the heading preceding paragraph 944-40-50-6,
944-40-50-7A through 50-7B and their related headings, 944-40-55-13A through
55-13L and their related headings, and 944-40-55-29A through 55-29U and their
related headings, and supersede the heading preceding paragraph 944-40-50-5A,
paragraphs 944-40-50-7 through 50-8 and the related heading, 944-40-55-18,
944-40-55-24, and 944-40-50-29, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2,
as follows:

Other Presentation Matters

Long-Duration Contracts
> Universal Life-Type Contracts and Nontraditional Contract Benefits
> > Contracts with Death or Other Insurance BenefitsBenefit Features
944-40-45-1 A change in the additional liability recognized under the guidance in
paragraph 944-40-25-27A shall be recognizedreported as a component of benefit
expense in net incomethe statement of operations.
> > Contracts that Provide Annuitization Benefits
944-40-45-2 TheA change in the additional liability recognized under paragraphs
944-40-25-22 through 25-24paragraph 944-40-25-27 shall be reported as a
component of benefit expense in net incomethe statement of operations.
> > Market Risk Benefits
944-40-45-3 The carrying amount of market risk benefits shall be reported
separately in the statement of financial position. The change in fair value related
to market risk benefits shall be reported separately in net income, with the
exception of fair value changes attributable to a change in the instrument-specific
credit risk. The portion of a fair value change attributable to a change in the
instrument-specific credit risk shall be reported in other comprehensive income.

Disclosure

78
Long-Duration Contracts
> Traditional Long-Duration Contracts
944-40-50-5A An insurance entity shall disclose the information required by
paragraphs 944-40-50-6 through 50-7B in a manner that allows users to
understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of future cash flows arising from
the liabilities. An insurance entity shall aggregate or disaggregate the disclosures
in paragraphs 944-40-50-6 through 50-7B so that useful information is not
obscured by either the inclusion of a large amount of insignificant detail or the
aggregation of items that have significantly different characteristics (see
paragraphs 944-40-55-13F through 55-13H). An insurance entity need not provide
disclosures about liabilities for insignificant categories; however, balances for
insignificant categories shall be included in the reconciliations.
> Liability for Future Policy Benefits and Additional Liability for
Annuitization, Death, or Other Insurance Benefits
944-40-50-6 Insurance entities shall disclose in their financial statements the
methods and assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits.For annual and interim reporting periods, an insurance entity shall
disclose the following information about the liability for future policy benefits
described in paragraphs 944-40-25-10A through 25-11 and the additional liability
described in paragraphs 944-40-25-26 through 25-27A as applicable:
a. A disaggregated tabular rollforward of the beginning balance to the
ending balance (see paragraph 944-40-55-13I). For the liability for future
policy benefits, the insurance entity shall present separately in the
rollforward expected future net premiums and expected future benefits.
b. For each disaggregated rollforward presented:
1. The undiscounted ending balance for both the expected future net
premiums and the expected future benefits
2. The amount of gross premiums recognized in the statement of
operations
3. The amount of any related reinsurance receivable
4. The weighted-average duration of the liability
5. Qualitative and quantitative information about the significant inputs,
judgments, and assumptions used in measuring the liability,
including ranges and weighted averages, actual experience during
the period, changes in those significant inputs, judgments, and
assumptions during the period, and the effect of those changes on
the measurement of the liability during the period.
c. A reconciliation of the disaggregated rollforwards to the aggregate ending
carrying amount of the liability in the statement of financial position, and
the total interest and gross premiums recognized in the statement of
operations.

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 d. Qualitative and quantitative information about adverse development at
the level of aggregation at which reserves are calculated that resulted in
a charge to current-period benefit expense due to the following:
1. Net premiums exceeding gross premiums in the current period
2. The establishment of an additional liability for a universal life-type
contract or investment contract in the current period.
e. For contracts described in paragraphs 944-40-25-26 through 25-27A for
which an entity did not recognize a liability because no future losses are
expected, qualitative and quantitative information (that is, the range,
weighted average, and actual experience) about the significant inputs,
judgments, and assumptions used to conclude that no losses are
expected.

944-40-50-7 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.Insurance entities are encouraged to disclose the average rate of assumed
investment yields in effect for the current year.
> Liability for Policyholders’ Account Balances
944-40-50-7A For annual and interim reporting periods, an insurance entity shall
disclose the following information about the liability for policyholders’ account
balances described in paragraph 944-40-25-14 (excluding separate accounts
described in paragraph 944-80-25-2):

a. A disaggregated tabular rollforward of the beginning balance to the

ending balance (see paragraph 944-40-55-13J).
b. For each disaggregated rollforward:
1. The weighted-average earned rate and the weighted-average
crediting rate
2. The guaranteed benefit amounts in excess of the current account
balances
3. Cash surrender value.
c. A reconciliation of the disaggregated rollforwards to the aggregate ending
carrying amount of the liability for policyholders’ account balances.
d. A tabular presentation of policyholders’ account balances by range of
guaranteed minimum crediting rates, and the related range of the
difference between rates being credited to policyholders and the
respective guaranteed minimums.
e. Qualitative and quantitative information about objectives, policies, and
processes for managing risks, including information about hedging
activity undertaken to manage capital market risk.

> Market Risk Benefits

944-40-50-7B For annual and interim reporting periods, an insurance entity shall
disclose the following information about market risk benefits:

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 a. A disaggregated tabular rollforward of the beginning balance to the ending
balance, disaggregated further by type of market risk benefit (see
paragraph 944-40-55-13K).
b. For each disaggregated rollforward:
1. The guaranteed benefit amounts in excess of the current account
balances (for example, for variable annuity contracts, the net
amount at risk).
2. Qualitative and quantitative information about the methods,
significant inputs, judgments, and assumptions used in
measurement, including ranges and weighted averages, actual
experience during the period, changes during the period, and the
effect of those changes on the measurement during the period.
c. A reconciliation of the disaggregated rollforwards to the aggregate ending
carrying amount, disaggregated between positions that are in an asset
position and those that are in a liability position.
d. Qualitative and quantitative information about objectives, policies, and
processes for managing risks arising from market risk benefits, including
information about hedging activity undertaken to manage capital market
risk.

> Participating Contracts

944-40-50-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.An insurance entity shall disclose in the financial statements, with respect to
long-duration participating life-insurance contracts that meet the criteria in
paragraph 944-20-15-3, the methods and assumptions used in estimating the
liability for future policy benefits.

Implementation Guidance and Illustrations

Long-Duration Contracts
> Implementation Guidance
> > Liability for Future Policy Benefits
> > > Cash Flow Assumption Updating
944-40-55-13A Paragraphs 944-40-35-5 through 35-7A require an insurance
entity to update all assumptions used in estimating the liability for future policy
benefits at the level of aggregation at which reserves are calculated. Cash flow
assumptions should be updated on an annual basis, at the same time every year,
or more frequently if actual experience or other evidence suggests that earlier cash
flow assumptions should be revised during an interim reporting period.
> > > > Cash Flow Assumption Updating on a Retrospective Basis

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944-40-55-13B On a retrospective basis, an insurance entity should recalculate
net premiums as of the issue date of the contract using expected future cash
flows with actual historical cash flows and should apply the revised net premiums
as of the issue date of the contract. The revised net premiums should be used to
value the liability for future policy benefits in subsequent periods, and a catch-up
adjustment should be calculated as the difference between the carrying amount of
the liability for future policy benefits balance and the recalculated liability for future
policy benefits balance using the revised assumptions had they been known at
contract issue date (see Example 6 beginning in paragraph 944-40-55-29H).
a. If the adjustment related to updating cash flow assumptions was an
unfavorable adjustment due to expected net premiums exceeding
expected gross premiums (that is, expected benefits and expenses
exceed expected gross premiums), the insurance entity should set net
premiums equal to gross premiums, recognize a cumulative catch-up
adjustment to the current-period benefit expense, and increase the
liability for future policy benefits. The insurance entity should disclose
qualitative and quantitative information related to the adverse
development, and in subsequent reporting periods (that is, until
assumptions are subsequently updated), the liability for future policy
benefits should be accrued with net premiums being set equal to gross
premiums (that is, a net premium ratio of 100 percent).
b. If the adjustment related to updating cash flow assumptions was an
unfavorable adjustment but did not result in net premiums exceeding
gross premiums, then the entity should recognize a cumulative catch-up
adjustment to the current-period benefit expense and increase the liability
for future policy benefits. In subsequent reporting periods (that is, until
assumptions are subsequently updated), the liability for future policy
benefits should be accrued with the revised net premiums.
c. If the adjustment related to updating cash flow assumptions was a
favorable adjustment or a reversal of the cumulative catch-up adjustment
to the current-period benefit expense described in (a), the insurance
entity should record a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the benefit
expense and decrease the liability for future policy benefits. In
subsequent reporting periods (that is, until assumptions are subsequently
updated), the liability for future policy benefits should be accrued with the
revised net premiums.

> > > > Cash Flow Assumption Updating with a Carryover Basis
944-40-55-13C An insurance entity may have determined that when implementing
the transition guidance in paragraph 944-40-65-2, it was impracticable to apply the
guidance retrospectively to the contract issue date at the level of aggregation at
which reserves are calculated. In those circumstances, an insurance entity should
apply the guidance to in force contracts on the basis of their carrying amounts at
the transition date and updated future assumptions. The transition date should be

82
considered the contract issue date for purposes of subsequent adjustments. At the
transition date, an insurance entity should update future assumptions and calculate
net premiums using the ratio of the present value of remaining expected benefits
and expense amounts less the existing liability for future policy benefits adjusted
for the removal of any related amounts in accumulated other comprehensive
income (that is, the carryover basis) to the present value of expected remaining
gross premiums (see Example 7 beginning in paragraph 944-40-55-29N).
a. If the transition date adjustment related to updating assumptions was an
unfavorable adjustment due to expected net premiums exceeding
expected gross premiums (that is, the present value of remaining
expected benefits and expenses less the existing liability for future policy
benefits [adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in accumulated
other comprehensive income] exceeds the present value of expected
gross premiums), the insurance entity should set net premiums equal to
gross premiums, recognize a cumulative catch-up adjustment to the
opening balance of retained earnings, and increase the liability for future
policy benefits balance. The insurance entity should then disclose
qualitative and quantitative information related to the adverse
development that resulted in net premiums exceeding gross premiums.
b. If the adjustment related to updating assumptions was an unfavorable
adjustment but did not result in net premiums exceeding gross premiums,
an insurance entity should apply the newly determined net premiums in
subsequent periods, with no catch-up adjustment being recognized to the
opening balance of retained earnings. However, at the transition date the
liability for future policy benefits should be adjusted for the removal of any
related amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income.
c. If the adjustment related to updating assumptions was favorable, an
insurance entity should recalculate net premiums and apply the newly
determined net premiums in subsequent periods with no catch-up
adjustment being recognized to the opening balance of retained earnings.
However, at the transition date the liability for future policy benefits should
be adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in accumulated other
comprehensive income.
944-40-55-13D In subsequent periods, an insurance entity should update cash
flow assumptions on a retrospective basis. An insurance entity should recalculate
net premiums by comparing the present value of actual historical benefits and
expenses after the revised issue date plus the remaining expected benefits and
expenses less the carryover basis used in the calculation described in paragraph
944-40-55-13C with the present value of actual historical gross premiums after the
revised issue date plus remaining expected gross premium.

> > > Discount Rate

944-40-55-13E An insurance entity should maximize the use of current observable
market prices of high-quality fixed-income instruments with durations similar to the

83
liability for future policy benefits. An insurance entity should not substitute its own
estimates for observable market data unless the market data reflect transactions
that are not orderly (see paragraphs 820-10-35-54I through 35-54J for additional
guidance on determining whether transactions are not orderly). In determining
points on the yield curve in which there is limited or no observable market data for
high-quality fixed-income instruments, an insurance entity should use an estimate
that is consistent with existing guidance on fair value measurement in Topic 820,
particularly for Level 3 fair value measurement.

> > > Disclosures

944-40-55-13F Paragraph 944-40-50-5A requires an insurance entity to aggregate
or disaggregate certain disclosures so that useful information is not obscured by
either the inclusion of a large amount of insignificant detail or the aggregation of
items that have significantly different characteristics to allow users to understand
the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from contracts issued by
insurance entities. Consequently, the extent to which an insurance entity’s
information is aggregated or disaggregated for the purpose of those disclosures
depends on the facts and circumstances that pertain to the characteristics of the
liability for future policy benefits, the liability for policyholders’ account
balances, separate account liabilities, or market risk benefits.
944-40-55-13G When selecting the type of category to use to aggregate or
disaggregate disclosures, an insurance entity should consider how information
about its liability for future policy benefits, the liability for policyholders’ account
balances, separate account liabilities, or market risk benefits has been presented
for other purposes, including any of the following:
a. Disclosures presented outside the financial statements (for example, in
earnings releases, annual reports, statutory filings, or investor
presentations)
b. Information regularly viewed by the chief operating decision maker for
evaluating financial performance
c. Other information that is similar to the types of information identified in (a)
and (b) and that is used by the insurance entity or users of the insurance
entity’s financial statements to evaluate the insurance entity’s financial
performance or make resource allocation decisions.
944-40-55-13H Examples of categories that might be appropriate to use to
aggregate or disaggregate disclosures include any of the following:
a. Type of coverage (for example, major product line)
b. Geography (for example, country or region)
c. Reportable segment as defined in Topic 280 on segment reporting, if
applicable
d. Market or type of customer (for example, individual or group lines of
business).

84
When applying the guidance in paragraphs 944-40-50-6 and 944-40-50-7A
through 50-7B, an insurance entity should not aggregate amounts from different
reportable segments according to Topic 280, if applicable.
944-40-55-13I Examples of line items that may be disclosed when disclosing the
tabular rollforward of the beginning to the ending balance, with separate
presentation of expected future net premiums and expected future benefits as
required in paragraph 944-40-50-6, could be any of the following:
a. Issuances
b. Interest accrual
c. Net premiums collected
d. Benefit payments
e. Derecognition (lapses)
f. Experience adjustments
g. Changes in cash flow assumptions
h. Changes in discount rate assumptions.
944-40-55-13J Examples of line items that may be disclosed when disclosing the
tabular rollforward of the beginning to the ending balance related to the liability for
policyholders’ account balances as required in paragraph 944-40-50-7A could be
any of the following:
a. Issuances
b. Premiums received
c. Policy charges
d. Surrenders or withdrawals
e. Benefit payments
f. Transfers from or to separate accounts
g. Interest credited.
944-40-55-13K Examples of line items that may be disclosed when disclosing the
tabular rollforward of the beginning to the ending balance related to market risk
benefits as required in paragraph 944-40-50-7B could be any of the following:
a. Issuances
b. Interest accrual
c. Net assessments collected
d. Benefit payments
e. Derecognition (lapses)
f. Experience adjustments
g. Changes in cash flow assumptions
h. Changes in discount rate assumptions
i. Changes in the instrument-specific credit risk.
To the extent that the tabular rollforward of the beginning to the ending balance
related to market risk benefits achieves the fair value disclosure requirements

85
described in Section 820-10-50, an insurance entity need not duplicate the related
fair value disclosure.

> > > Transition

944-40-55-13L Paragraph 944-40-65-2 requires that at the beginning of the
earliest period presented (that is, the transition date), an insurance entity should
apply the guidance on the liability for future policy benefits on a retrospective
basis by following one of the following methods at the level of aggregation at which
reserves are calculated (unless retrospective application is deemed impracticable
at the level of aggregation at which reserves are calculated):
a. An insurance entity applying the retrospective approach at transition date
should update assumptions used to develop expected future cash flows.
The entity should then recalculate the net premiums as of the issue date
of the contract by considering actual historical cash flows and the updated
expected future cash flows, discounted using a rate based on a high-
quality fixed-income instrument yield. The discount rate used to calculate
net premiums at the issue date of the contract should be based on the
high-quality fixed-income instrument yield at the issue date of the
contract. That newly determined discount rate represents the interest
accretion rate to be used over the life of the contract. The revised net
premiums should be used to value the liability for future policy benefits in
subsequent reporting periods through the transition date. A cumulative
catch-up adjustment should be recorded to the opening balance of
retained earnings as of the transition date equal to the difference between
the carrying value of the liability for future policy benefits (adjusted for the
removal of any related amounts in accumulated other comprehensive
income) and the liability for future policy benefits balance calculated using
the updated net premiums. Additionally, at the transition date, an
insurance entity should compare the liability for future policy benefits
balance using the revised issue date discount rate (that is, the interest
accretion rate) and the current discount rate (that is, the updated high-
quality fixed-income instrument yield applied to the measurement of the
liability for future policy benefits as of the transition date) in which the
difference in the liability for future policy benefits balance is recorded to
accumulated other comprehensive income.
b. If an insurance entity determines that actual historical experience
information is not available to apply the retrospective approach at
transition, the insurance entity should estimate its historical experience
using any objective information that is readily available for the periods in
which actual historical experience information is not available. Under this
approach, an insurance entity should not replace actual historical
experience that is readily available with estimated historical experience.
Those estimates of historical experience determined as of the transition

86
 date shall be considered actual historical experience for purposes of
subsequent adjustments.
> Illustrations
> > Example 1: Calculation of an Additional Liability Related to Universal
Life-Type Contracts with Death or Other Insurance BenefitsMinimum
Guaranteed Death Benefit Liability
944-40-55-14 This Example illustrates how to calculate an additional liability for a
portfolio of variable annuityuniversal life-type contracts with a minimum
guaranteed death benefit as discussed in paragraphs 944-40-35-9 through 35-
10paragraph 944-40-25-27A. This Example assumes that the guidance in
paragraphs 944-20-15-20 through 15-25 has been followed, with the conclusion
that the mortality and morbidity risk associated with insurance benefit features is
other than nominal.
944-40-55-15 This Example assumes all of the following for the contracts
discussed:
a. The variable annuity contracts have no front-end loads.
b. The mortality assessments include any explicit assessments for
enhanced death benefit feature.
c. The surrender charges are calculated based on a percentage of
premiums.
d. The expense assessments are a fixed annual charge.
e. The discount rate isof 8 percent is the same rate as used for deferred
acquisition cost amortization.
f. The contracts do not include market risk benefits.
944-40-55-16 Paragraphs 944-40-55-25 through 55-2855-29 contain the same
basic assumptions as paragraph 944-40-55-20, but with the effect on the
components of the additional liabilityunadjusted gross profits of a 10 percent
increase in account balances (not shown in schedules) in Year 2.
944-40-55-17 This Example illustrates computations involved in all of the following:
a. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Gross profits
b. Benefit ratio
c. Additional minimum guaranteed death benefit liability
d. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Adjusted gross profits that should be used for the amortization of
deferred acquisition costs.
944-40-55-18 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The estimated gross profits used for the amortization of deferred acquisition
costs should be adjusted to reflect the incidence of assessments and loss expense
as a result of the recognition of the liability (see paragraph 944-30-35-9).

87
944-40-55-19 Columns in the computations that follow do not cross-foot due to
rounding.
944-40-55-20 Computation of components of the additional liability follows.The
computation of unadjusted gross profits follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]
Expense Mortality Surrender Total Excess
Year Assessments + Assessments + Charges = Assessments Payments

1 $ 30.00 $ 820.50 $ 17.50 $ 868.00 -

2 29.75 871.65 44.62 946.02 12.20
3 29.48 919.29 61.42 1,010.19 20.61
4 29.20 969.80 68.12 1,067.12 25.94
5 28.89 1,034.77 64.99 1,128.65 31.58
6 28.55 1,086.61 95.16 1,210.32 44.05
7 28.18 1,143.53 58.71 1,230.42 49.53
8 27.78 1,086.61 - 1,114.39 52.00
9 27.34 1,268.91 - 1,296.25 65.93
10 26.87 1,333.10 - 1,359.97 76.78
11 26.35 1,382.93 - 1,409.28 93.75
12 25.79 1,433.09 - 1,458.88 104.76
13 25.18 1,487.10 - 1,512.28 120.67
14 24.52 1,539.66 - 1,564.18 142.22
15 23.81 1,597.88 - 1,621.69 151.25
16 23.06 1,662.23 - 1,685.29 153.64
17 22.25 1,691.70 - 1,713.95 210.92
18 21.39 1,723.70 - 1,745.09 236.72
19 20.48 1,751.22 - 1,771.70 270.72
20 19.52 1,788.11 - 1,807.63 270.82
Present Value 12,304.07 724.88

88
 Excess
Recurring Death Unadjusted
Expense Mortality Surrender Total Expenses Benefits Gross
Year Assessments + Assessments + Charges = Revenue (a) – Incurred – Paid = Profits
1 $ 30.00 $ 820.50 $ 17.50 $ 868.00 $ 25.00 $ - $ 843.00
2 29.75 871.65 44.62 946.02 170.27 12.20 763.55
3 29.48 919.29 61.42 1,010.20 177.78 20.61 811.80
4 29.20 969.80 68.12 1,067.12 185.96 25.94 855.22
5 28.89 1,034.77 64.99 1,128.65 196.53 31.58 900.54
6 28.55 1,086.61 95.16 1,210.32 204.89 44.05 961.38
7 28.18 1,143.53 58.71 1,230.42 214.07 49.53 966.82
8 27.78 1,086.61 - 1,114.39 224.32 52.00 838.07
9 27.34 1,268.91 - 1,296.25 234.27 65.93 996.05
10 26.87 1,333.10 - 1,359.97 244.57 76.78 1,038.61
11 26.35 1,382.93 - 1,409.28 252.45 93.75 1,063.08
12 25.79 1,433.09 - 1,458.87 243.67 104.76 1,110.44
13 25.18 1,487.10 - 1,512.27 268.83 120.67 1,122.78
14 24.52 1,539.66 - 1,564.18 278.10 142.22 1,143.86
15 23.81 1,597.88 - 1,621.69 286.16 151.25 1,184.28
16 23.06 1,662.23 - 1,685.28 296.25 153.64 1,235.39
17 22.25 1,691.70 - 1,713.95 300.49 210.92 1,202.54
18 21.39 1,723.70 - 1,745.09 305.11 236.72 1,203.27
19 20.48 1,751.22 - 1,771.70 308.93 270.72 1,192.05
20 19.52 1,788.11 - 1,807.63 314.28 270.82 1,222.52
Present Value 12,304.07 724.88 9,520.96

(a) If the product had investment margins, they would be included in the schedule as an additional column.

944-40-55-21 Computation of the benefit ratio follows.

[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Present value of total expected excess payments

over the life of the contract $ 724.88
Divided by present value of total expected
assessments over the life of the contract 12,304.07
Equals benefit ratio 5.8914%

Present value of excess death benefits paid $ 724.88

Divided by present value of total revenue 12,304.07
Equals benefit ratio 5.8914%

944-40-55-22 Computation of the Year 1 additional liabilityminimum guaranteed

death benefit follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

89
Cumulative assessments $ 868.00
Multiplied by benefit ratio 5.8914%
Equals year 1 additional liability ($) 51.14

Cumulative revenue recognized $ 868.00

Multiplied by benefit ratio 5.8914%
Equals year 1 additional liability ($) 51.14

944-40-55-23 The additional liability scheduleThe additional minimum guaranteed

death benefit liability amortized over total revenue follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

(A) (B) (A) + (B) – (C)

Beginning Total Benefit (C) Ending Change in
Additional Assessments × Expense Excess Additional Additional
Year Liability Interest Benefit Ratio Incurred Payments Liability Liability

1 $ - $ - $ 51.14 $ 51.14 $ - $ 51.14 $ 51.14

2 51.14 4.09 55.73 59.82 12.20 98.76 47.62
3 98.76 7.90 59.51 67.42 20.61 145.57 46.81
4 145.57 11.65 62.87 74.51 25.94 194.15 48.57
5 194.15 15.53 66.49 82.02 31.58 244.59 50.45
6 244.59 19.57 71.30 90.87 44.05 291.41 46.82
7 291.41 23.31 72.49 95.80 49.53 337.69 46.28
8 337.69 27.02 65.65 92.67 52.00 378.35 40.66
9 378.35 30.27 76.37 106.63 65.93 419.06 40.70
10 419.06 33.52 80.12 113.65 76.78 455.92 36.86
11 455.92 36.47 83.03 119.50 93.75 481.67 25.75
12 481.67 38.53 85.95 124.48 104.76 501.39 19.72
13 501.39 40.11 89.09 129.21 120.67 509.93 8.54
14 509.93 40.79 92.15 132.95 142.22 500.65 (9.27)
15 500.65 40.05 95.54 135.59 151.25 484.99 (15.66)
16 484.99 38.80 99.29 138.09 153.64 469.44 (15.55)
17 469.44 37.56 100.98 138.53 210.92 397.05 (72.39)
18 397.05 31.76 102.81 134.57 236.72 294.91 (102.14)
19 294.91 23.59 104.38 127.97 270.72 152.16 (142.75)
20 152.16 12.17 106.49 118.67 270.82 - (152.16)

90
 Beginning Ending
Additional Additional
Minimum Minimum
Guaranteed Excess Guaranteed
Death Death Death Change in
Benefit Total Revenue x Benefits Benefit Additional
Year Liability + Interest + Benefit Factor – Paid = Liability Liability

1 $ - $ - $ 51.14 $ - $ 51.14 $ 51.14

2 51.14 4.09 55.73 12.20 98.76 47.63
3 98.76 7.90 59.51 20.61 145.57 46.81
4 145.57 11.65 62.87 25.94 194.15 48.57
5 194.15 15.53 66.49 31.58 244.59 50.45
6 244.59 19.57 71.30 44.05 291.41 46.82
7 291.41 23.31 72.49 49.53 337.69 46.28
8 337.69 27.02 65.65 52.00 378.35 40.66
9 378.35 30.27 76.37 65.93 419.06 40.70
10 419.06 33.52 80.12 76.78 455.92 36.86
11 455.92 36.47 83.03 93.75 481.67 25.75
12 481.67 38.53 85.95 104.76 501.39 19.72
13 501.39 40.11 89.09 120.67 509.93 8.54
14 509.93 40.79 92.15 142.22 500.65 (9.27)
15 500.65 40.05 95.54 151.25 484.99 (15.66)
16 484.99 38.80 99.29 153.64 469.44 (15.55)
17 469.44 37.56 100.98 210.92 397.05 (72.39)
18 397.05 31.76 102.81 236.72 294.91 (102.14)
19 294.91 23.59 104.38 270.72 152.16 (142.75)
20 152.16 12.17 106.49 270.82 - (152.16)

944-40-55-24 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.Estimated gross profits to use for amortization of deferred acquisition costs
follow.
Change in
Unadjusted Additional Estimated
Year Gross Profits – Liability = Gross Profits

1 $ 843.00 $ 51.14 $ 791.86

2 763.55 47.63 715.92
3 811.80 46.81 765.00
4 855.22 48.57 806.64
5 900.54 50.45 850.09
6 961.38 46.82 914.56
7 966.82 46.28 920.55
8 838.07 40.66 797.40
9 996.05 40.70 955.35
10 1,038.61 36.86 1,001.75
11 1,063.08 25.75 1,037.34
12 1,110.44 19.72 1,090.72
13 1,122.78 8.54 1,114.24
14 1,143.86 (9.27) 1,153.13
15 1,184.28 (15.66) 1,199.94
16 1,235.39 (15.55) 1,250.95
17 1,202.54 (72.39) 1,274.93
18 1,203.27 (102.14) 1,305.41
19 1,192.05 (142.75) 1,334.80
20 1,222.52 (152.16) 1,374.68

91
944-40-55-25 Computation of components of the additional liabilityunadjusted
gross profits with a 10 percent increase in the account balance in Year 2 follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Expense Mortality Surrender Total Excess

Year Assessments + Assessments + Charges = Assessments Payments

1 $ 30.00 $ 820.50 $ 17.50 $ 868.00 $ -

2 29.75 952.20 44.62 1,026.58 -
3 29.48 1,004.82 61.42 1,095.72 14.70
4 29.20 1,060.59 68.12 1,157.91 23.32
5 28.89 1,131.90 64.99 1,225.78 30.43
6 28.55 1,189.01 95.16 1,312.72 44.65
7 28.18 1,251.32 58.71 1,338.21 51.02
8 27.78 1,189.01 - 1,216.79 54.23
9 27.34 1,389.04 - 1,416.38 68.42
10 26.87 1,456.89 - 1,483.76 82.24
11 26.35 1,511.61 - 1,537.96 101.42
12 25.79 1,568.05 - 1,593.83 112.70
13 25.18 1,626.63 - 1,651.81 131.08
14 24.52 1,683.48 - 1,708.00 154.93
15 23.81 1,747.40 - 1,771.22 163.02
16 23.06 1,814.73 - 1,837.79 167.79
17 22.25 1,845.71 - 1,867.96 232.38
18 21.39 1,878.58 - 1,899.97 261.62
19 20.48 1,909.07 - 1,929.54 296.86
20 19.52 1,950.07 - 1,969.58 296.31
Present value 13,326.45 759.24

Excess
Recurring Death Unadjusted
Expense Mortality Surrender Expenses Benefits Gross
Year Assessments + Assessments + Charges = Total Revenue – Incurred – Paid = Profits

1 $ 30.00 $ 820.50 $ 17.50 $ 868.00 $ 25.00 $ - $ 843.00

2 29.75 952.20 44.62 1,026.58 183.70 - 842.88
3 29.48 1,004.82 61.42 1,095.72 192.04 14.70 888.98
4 29.20 1,060.59 68.12 1,157.91 201.10 23.32 933.50
5 28.89 1,131.90 64.99 1,225.78 212.72 30.43 982.63
6 28.55 1,189.01 95.16 1,312.72 221.96 44.65 1,046.10
7 28.18 1,251.32 58.71 1,338.21 232.04 51.02 1,055.15
8 27.78 1,189.01 - 1,216.79 243.33 54.23 919.23
9 27.34 1,389.04 - 1,416.38 254.29 68.42 1,093.67
10 26.87 1,456.89 - 1,483.76 265.21 82.24 1,136.32
11 26.35 1,511.61 - 1,537.96 273.89 101.42 1,162.64
12 25.79 1,568.05 - 1,593.83 264.30 112.70 1,216.83
13 25.18 1,626.63 - 1,651.81 292.09 131.08 1,228.64
14 24.52 1,683.48 - 1,708.00 302.07 154.93 1,251.00
15 23.81 1,747.40 - 1,771.22 311.08 163.02 1,297.12
16 23.06 1,814.73 - 1,837.79 321.67 167.79 1,348.33
17 22.25 1,845.71 - 1,867.96 326.16 232.38 1,309.42
18 21.39 1,878.58 - 1,899.97 330.92 261.62 1,307.43
19 20.48 1,909.07 - 1,929.54 335.24 296.86 1,297.44
20 19.52 1,950.07 - 1,969.58 341.27 296.31 1,332.00
Present value 13,326.45 759.24 10,338.27

92
944-40-55-26 Computation of the benefit ratio at Year 2 follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Present value of total expected excess

payments over the life of the contract $ 759.24
Divided by present value of total expected
assessments over the life of the contract = 13,326.45
Equals benefit ratio 5.6972%

Present value of excess death benefits paid $ 759.24

Divided by present value of total revenue = 13,326.45
Equals benefit ratio 5.6972%

93
944-40-55-27 Computation of the Year 2 additional minimum guaranteed death
benefit liability follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

Cumulative assessments
Year 1 $ 868.00
Year 2 1,026.58
Total 1,894.58
Multiplied by benefit ratio 5.6972%
(a)
Equals Year 2 additional liability ($) 107.94

(a) Excludes interest, any deduction for actual claim expenses,

and accrued interest related to cumulative adjustment to
benefits expense (which amounts to $.13).

Cumulative revenue recognized

Year 1 $ 868.00
Year 2 1,026.58
Total 1,894.58
Multiplied by benefit ratio 5.6972%
Equals year 2 additional liability(a) ($) 107.94

(a) Excludes interest and any deduction for actual claim expenses.

94
944-40-55-28 The updated additional liability scheduleThe additional minimum
guaranteed death benefit liability amortized over total revenue follows.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]
(A) Total Cumulative (B) (A) + (B) – (C)
Beginning Assessments Adjustments Benefit (C) Ending Change in
Additional × to Benefit Expense Excess Additional Additional
Year Liability Interest Benefit Ratio Expense Incurred Payments Liability Liability

1 $ - $ - $ 51.14 $ - $ 51.14 $ - $ 51.14 (a) $ 51.14

2 51.14 4.09 58.49 1.82 (b) 60.76 - 111.89 (c) 60.76
3 111.89 8.95 62.43 - 71.38 14.70 168.57 56.68
4 168.57 13.49 65.97 - 79.45 23.32 224.71 56.13
5 224.71 17.98 69.84 - 87.81 30.43 282.09 57.38
6 282.09 22.57 74.79 - 97.36 44.65 334.79 52.71
7 334.79 26.78 76.24 - 103.02 51.02 386.80 52.00
8 386.80 30.94 69.32 - 100.27 54.23 432.83 46.04
9 432.83 34.63 80.69 - 115.32 68.42 479.73 46.90
10 479.73 38.38 84.53 - 122.91 82.24 520.40 40.67
11 520.40 41.63 87.62 - 129.25 101.42 548.24 27.83
12 548.24 43.86 90.80 - 134.66 112.70 570.20 21.96
13 570.20 45.62 94.11 - 139.72 131.08 578.84 8.64
14 578.84 46.31 97.31 - 143.62 154.93 567.53 (11.31)
15 567.53 45.40 100.91 - 146.31 163.02 550.82 (16.71)
16 550.82 44.07 104.70 - 148.77 167.79 531.80 (19.02)
17 531.80 42.54 106.42 - 148.97 232.38 448.38 (83.41)
18 448.38 35.87 108.25 - 144.12 261.62 330.88 (117.50)
19 330.88 26.47 109.93 - 136.40 296.86 170.42 (160.46)
20 170.42 13.63 112.21 - 125.84 296.31 - (170.42)

(a) This represents the end-of-year liability using the original expense in Year 1.
(b) The difference of 1.82 between the actual Year 1 liability (51.14) and the recomputed amount (49.32) will be the true-up adjustment
included in the Year 2 benefit expense.
(c) Year 1 (51.14) plus Year 2 (58.49) plus interest (4.09), less Year 2 cumulative adjustment to benefit expense (1.82), equals ending
additional liability balance of 111.89. Rounding results in a .01 difference.

95
 Beginning Ending
Additional Additional
Minimum Excess Minimum
Guaranteed Total Revenue Death Guaranteed Change in
Death Benefit x Benefits Death Benefit Additional
Year Liability + Interest + Benefit Factor – Paid = Liability Liability

(a) (b)
1 $ - $ - $ 49.45 $ - $ 49.45 $ 51.14
(a) (c)
2 49.45 3.96 58.49 - 111.89 60.75
3 111.89 8.95 62.43 14.70 168.57 56.68
4 168.57 13.49 65.97 23.32 224.71 56.14
5 224.71 17.98 69.84 30.43 282.09 57.38
6 282.09 22.57 74.79 44.65 334.79 52.70
7 334.79 26.78 76.24 51.02 386.80 52.01
8 386.80 30.94 69.32 54.23 432.84 46.04
9 432.84 34.63 80.69 68.42 479.74 46.90
10 479.74 38.38 84.53 82.24 520.41 40.67
11 520.41 41.63 87.62 101.42 548.24 27.83
12 548.24 43.86 90.80 112.70 570.21 21.97
13 570.21 45.62 94.11 131.08 578.86 8.65
14 578.86 46.31 97.31 154.93 567.55 (11.31)
15 567.55 45.40 100.91 163.02 550.84 (16.71)
16 550.84 44.07 104.70 167.79 531.82 (19.02)
17 531.82 42.55 106.42 232.38 448.41 (83.41)
18 448.41 35.87 108.25 261.62 330.91 (117.50)
19 330.91 26.47 109.93 296.86 170.46 (160.45)
20 170.46 13.64 112.21 296.31 - (170.46)

(a) Year 1, 49.45 + year 2, 58.49 = 107.94, as noted in paragraph 944-40-55-27, plus interest of 3.96 = 111.89.
(b) This represents the recomputed end-of-year liability using the new expense in Year 2.
(c) The difference between the actual Year 1 liability (51.14 as seen in paragraph 944-40-55-23) and the
recomputed amount of (49.45) of 1.69 will be the true-up adjustment included in the Year 2 statement of
operations (111.89 – 49.45 –1.69 = 60.75).

944-40-55-29 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-

XX.Estimated gross profits to use for amortization of deferred acquisition costs
follow.

96
 Change in
Unadjusted Additional Estimated
Year Gross Profits – Liability = Gross Profits
1 $ 843.00 $ 51.14 $ 791.86
2 842.88 60.75 782.13
3 888.98 56.68 832.30
4 933.50 56.14 877.36
5 982.63 57.38 925.25
6 1,046.10 52.70 993.40
7 1,055.15 52.01 1,003.14
8 919.23 46.04 873.19
9 1,093.67 46.90 1,046.77
10 1,136.32 40.67 1,095.65
11 1,162.64 27.83 1,134.81
12 1,216.83 21.97 1,194.86
13 1,228.64 8.65 1,219.99
14 1,251.00 (11.31) 1,262.31
15 1,297.12 (16.71) 1,313.83
16 1,348.33 (19.02) 1,367.35
17 1,309.42 (83.41) 1,392.83
18 1,307.43 (117.50) 1,424.93
19 1,297.44 (160.45) 1,457.89
20 1,332.00 (170.46) 1,502.46

> > Example 2: Market Risk Benefits

> > > Guaranteed Minimum Accumulation Benefit
944-40-55-29A This Example illustrates the terms of a guaranteed minimum
accumulation benefitbenefits. A contract holder deposits $100,000 in a deferred
variable annuity that provides for a guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit that
guarantees that at a specified anniversary date (for example, 5 years). The the
contract holder’s account balance will be the greater of the following:
a. The account value, as determined by the separate account assets
b. Deposits less partial withdrawals accumulated at 3 percent interest
compounded annually.
[Content amended as shown and moved from paragraphs 944-20-55-16
through 55-17]
944-40-55-29B The contract holder directs the deposit to equity-based funds within
the separate account. At the specified anniversary date the contract holder’s
account balance has declined to $80,000 due to stock market declines. The
guaranteed minimum value of the $100,000 deposit compounded annually at 3
percent interest is $115,930. The contract holder’s account balance will be
increased to the greater amount, resulting in an account balance of $115,930.
[Content moved from paragraph 944-20-55-18] In this Example, the guaranteed

97
minimum accumulation benefit meets the criteria for a market risk benefit in
accordance with paragraph 944-40-25-25C because the contract holder directs the
deposit to funds within the separate account, and the guaranteed minimum
accumulation benefit protects the contract holder from adverse capital market
performance. The guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit should be measured
at fair value in accordance with paragraph 944-40-30-19B.
> > > Guaranteed Minimum Income Benefit
944-40-55-29C This Example illustrates the terms of a guaranteed minimum
income benefit. A contract holder deposits $100,000 in a deferred variable
annuity that provides a guaranteed minimum income benefit. The guaranteed
minimum income benefit contract specifies that if the contract holder elects to
annuitize, the amount available to annuitize will be the higher of the then account
balance or the sum of deposits less withdrawals. The contract holder directs the
deposit to equity-based funds within the separate account. At the date that the
contract holder chooses to annuitize, the account balance has declined to $80,000
due to stock market declines. The contract holder elects a 20-year period-certain
fixed payout annuity, payable monthly in arrears. Using the $100,000 guaranteed
minimum account value at the date of annuitization and a guaranteed 3 percent
crediting rate, the fixed monthly periodic annuity payment is $554. [Content
amended as shown and moved from paragraphs 944-20-55-20 through 55-
21]
944-40-55-29D In this Example, the guaranteed minimum income benefit meets
the criteria for a market risk benefit in accordance with paragraph 944-40-25-25C
because the contract holder directs the deposit to funds within the separate
account, and the guaranteed minimum income benefit protects the contract holder
from adverse capital market performance. During the accumulation phase, the
guaranteed minimum income benefit feature should be measured at fair value in
accordance with paragraph 944-40-30-19B.
> > Example 3: Disclosure of Information about the Liability for Future
Policy Benefits
944-40-55-29E This Example illustrates the information that an insurance entity
with two major long-duration product lines (term life and whole life) should disclose
in its 20X2 financial statements to meet the requirements of paragraph 944-40-50-
6.
Note X: Liability for Future Policy Benefits
The balances of and changes in the liability for future policy benefits follow.
[For ease of readability, the new illustrations in Examples 3–7 are not
underlined.]

98
 December 31,
20X2 20X1
Term Life Whole Life Term Life Whole Life
Balance, beginning of year $ VVV $ VVV $ XXX $ XXX
Beginning balance at original discount rate YYY YYY XXX XXX
Change in cash flow assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Effect of variances from cash flow assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Adjusted beginning of year balance XXX XXX XXX XXX
Present Value of Issuances XXX XXX XXX XXX
Expected Net Interest accrual XXX XXX XXX XXX
Premiums Net premiums collected (a)
(XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Derecognition (lapses) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Experience adjustments XXX XXX XXX XXX
Ending balance at original discount rate ZZZ ZZZ YYY YYY
Effect of new discount rate assumption XXX XXX XXX XXX
Balance, end of year $ WWW $ WWW $ VVV $ VVV

Balance, beginning of year $ VVV $ VVV $ XXX $ XXX

Beginning balance at original discount rate YYY YYY YYY YYY
Change in cash flows assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Effect of variances from cash flow assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Adjusted beginning of year balance XXX XXX XXX XXX
Present Value of Issuances XXX XXX XXX XXX
Expected Future Interest accrual XXX XXX XXX XXX
Policy Benefits Benefit payments (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Derecognition (lapses) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Experience adjustments XXX XXX XXX XXX
Ending balance at original discount rate ZZZ ZZZ YYY YYY
Effect of new discount rate assumption XXX XXX XXX XXX
Balance, end of year $ WWW $ WWW $ VVV $ VVV

Net liability for future policy benefits $ AAA $ BBB $ CCC $ DDD
Reinsurance recoverable XXX XXX XXX XXX
Net liability for future policy benefits,
after reinsurance recoverable $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX

(a) Net premiums collected represent the portion of gross premiums collected from policyholders that is used to fund expected
benefit payments.

The reconciliation of the net liability for future policy benefits to the liability for
future policy benefits in the consolidated statement of financial position
follows.
December 31,
20X2 20X1
Term life $ AAA $ CCC
Whole life BBB DDD
Other XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX

The amount of undiscounted expected net premiums and expected future

benefit payments follows.

99
 December 31,
20X2 20X1
Term life
Expected net premiums $ XXX $ XXX
Expected future benefit payments $ XXX $ XXX

Whole life
Expected net premiums $ XXX $ XXX
Expected future benefit payments $ XXX $ XXX

The amount of gross premiums recognized in the statement of operations

follows.
December 31,
20X2 20X1
Term life $ XXX $ XXX
Whole life XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX

> > Example 4: Disclosure of Information about the Liability for

Policyholders’ Account Balances
944-40-55-29F This Example illustrates the information that an insurance entity
with two major long-duration products with policyholders’ account balances
(universal life and fixed annuities) should disclose in its 20X2 financial statements
to meet the requirements of paragraph 944-40-50-7A.
Note X: Policyholders’ Account Balances
The balance of account values by range of guaranteed minimum crediting
rates and the related range of difference, in basis points, between rates being
credited to policyholders and the respective guaranteed minimums follow.

100
 December 31, 20X2
At 50bps– Greater Than
Range of Guaranteed Guaranteed 1bp– 150bps 150bps
Minimum Crediting Rate Minimum 50bps Above Above Above Total
X.XX%–X.XX% $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX
Universal
X.XX%–X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Life
Greater than X.XX% XXX XXX XXX - XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ CCC

X.XX%–X.XX% $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX

Fixed
X.XX%–X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Annuity
Greater than X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ DDD

December 31, 20X1

At 50bps– Greater Than
Range of Guaranteed Guaranteed 1bp– 150bps 150bps
Minimum Crediting Rate Minimum 50bps Above Above Above Total
X.XX%–X.XX% $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX
Universal
X.XX%–X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Life
Greater than X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ AAA

X.XX%–X.XX% $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX

Fixed
X.XX%–X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Annuity
Greater than X.XX% XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ BBB

The reconciliation of policyholders’ account balances by range of guaranteed

minimum crediting rates and related range of difference to the policyholders’
account balances in the consolidated statement of financial position follows.
December 31,
20X2 20X1
Universal life $ CCC $ AAA
Fixed annuity DDD BBB
Other XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX

The balances of and changes in policyholders’ account balances follow.

101
 December 31,
20X2 20X1
Universal Life Fixed Annuity Universal Life Fixed Annuity
Balance, beginning of year $ AAA $ BBB $ XXX $ XXX
Premiums XXX XXX XXX XXX
(a)
Policy charges (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Surrenders and withdrawals (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Benefit payments (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Net transfers from (to) separate account XXX XXX XXX XXX
Interest credited XXX XXX XXX XXX
Other XXX XXX XXX XXX
Balance, end of year $ CCC $ DDD $ AAA $ BBB

Weighted-average earned rate (b) X.XX% X.XX% X.XX% X.XX%

Weighted-average crediting rate X.XX% X.XX% X.XX% X.XX%
(c)
Net amount at risk $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX
Cash surrender value $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX

(a) Contracts included in the policyholder account balances are generally charged a premium and/or monthly
assessments on the basis of the account balance.
(b) The weighted-average earned rate represents the yield on those general account investments allocated to
fund the interest credited to the policyholders' account balances.
(c) For those guarantees of benefits that are payable in the event of death, the net amount at risk is generally
defined as the current guaranteed minimum death benefit in excess of the current account balance at the
balance sheet date.

> > Example 5: Disclosure of Information about Market Risk Benefits

944-40-55-29G This Example illustrates the information that an insurance entity
with market risk benefits should disclose in its 20X2 financial statements to meet
the requirements of paragraph 944-40-50-7B.
Note X: Market Risk Benefits
The balances of and changes in market risk benefits follow.

102
 December 31, 20X2
Variable Annuities Variable Universal Life
Guaranteed Minimum No Lapse
Death Benefits Guarantees
Attributed Benefit Attributed Benefit
Assessments Payments Assessments Payments
Balance, beginning of year $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY

Issuances XXX XXX XXX XXX

Interest accrual XXX XXX XXX XXX

Net assessments collected (XXX) - (XXX) -

Benefit payments - (XXX) - (XXX)

Derecognition (lapses) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)

Change in cash flows
assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Change in discount rates
assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Experience adjustments XXX XXX XXX XXX

Balance, end of year $ ZZZ $ ZZZ $ ZZZ $ ZZZ

Net liability (assets) for market risk

benefits, before nonperformance
risk adjustment $ XXX $ XXX
Net nonperformance risk
adjustment XXX XXX

Net liability (assets) for market risk

benefits, after nonperformance risk
adjustment $ GGG $ LLL

Net amount at risk $ XXX $ XXX

103
 December 31, 20X1
Variable Annuities Variable Universal Life
Guaranteed Minimum No Lapse
Death Benefits Guarantees
Attributed Benefit Attributed Benefit
Assessments Payments Assessments Payments
Balance, beginning of year $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX
Issuances XXX XXX XXX XXX
Interest accrual XXX XXX XXX XXX
Net assessments collected (XXX) - (XXX) -
Benefit payments - (XXX) - (XXX)

Derecognition (lapses) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)

Change in cash flows
assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Change in discount rates
assumptions XXX XXX XXX XXX
Experience adjustments XXX XXX XXX XXX

Balance, end of year $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY $ YYY

Net liability (assets) for market risk

benefits, before nonperformance
risk adjustment $ XXX $ XXX
Net nonperformance risk
adjustment XXX XXX

Net liability (assets) for market risk

benefits, after nonperformance risk
adjustment $ AAA $ FFF
Net amount at risk $ XXX $ XXX

The reconciliation of market risk benefits by amounts out of the money and
in the money to the market risk benefits amount in the consolidated
statement of financial position follows.
December 31,
20X2 20X1
Contract Benefit Asset Liability Net Asset Liability Net

Variable Guaranteed minimum

annuities death benefit $ XXX $ XXX $ GGG $ XXX $ XXX $ AAA
Variable
universal life No lapse guarantees XXX XXX LLL XXX XXX FFF
Total $ XXX $ XXX $ NNN $ XXX $ XXX $ MMM

The following tables provide information about the Entity’s hedge target
(assume the hedge target is 100 percent) that is related to market risk
benefits, the notional and fair value of derivatives used to replicate the hedge
target, and the net hedging effect (required by paragraph 944-40-50-7B(d)).

104
 December 31,
20X2 20X1
Fair value of market risk benefits $ NNN $ MMM
Less: Nonperformance risk, risk margin,
and other adjustments (XXX) (XXX)
Hedge target $ XXX $ XXX

December 31,
20X2 20X1
Equity Fair Interest Rate Equity Interest Rate
Notional Value Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value Notional Fair Value
Instrument options $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX
Swaps XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX

December 31,
20X2 20X1
Change in fair value of hedge target $ XXX $ XXX
Change in fair value of hedge positions XXX XXX
Net hedging effect $ XXX $ XXX

> > Example 6: Updating of Assumptions Used in the Measurement of the

Liability for Future Policy Benefits (Retrospectively)

944-40-55-29H This Example illustrates the retrospective approach to updating

assumptions used to measure the liability for future policy benefits related to
traditional life insurance contracts.

944-40-55-29I This Example assumes the following for the contracts discussed:

a. The Entity expects a majority of policyholder benefits to be paid in Year

10.
b. A discount rate of 4 percent is used to compute the net premiums and the
liability for future policy benefits.
c. For simplicity, benefit payments and premium receipts are made at the
end of the year.

944-40-55-29J This Example illustrates computations involved in the following:

a. Net premiums
b. Retrospective cumulative catch-up adjustments.

944-40-55-29K The computation of the original net premium ratio at the issue date
of the portfolio of contracts follows.

105
 Benefits and Gross Net
Year Expenses Premiums Premiums (a)
1 $ 8,300 $ 81,340 $ 59,937
2 8,600 76,710 56,526
3 10,220 72,380 53,335
4 11,530 68,330 50,351
5 13,500 64,530 47,550
6 14,240 60,950 44,912
7 17,020 57,570 42,422
8 19,620 54,370 40,064
9 22,070 51,320 37,816
10 425,000 48,430 35,687
Total $ 550,100 $ 635,930 $ 468,600
Present value $ 387,114 $ 525,348

(a) Net Premiums = Gross Premiums × 73.69%

Net Premium Ratio

Present value of total benefits and expenses
(for Years 1–10) (b) $ 387,114

Present value of total gross premiums (for Years 1–10) (c) $ 525,348
Net premium ratio = (b) / (c) (d) 73.69%

944-40-55-29L The computation of the liability for future policy benefits at the end
of Year 1 follows.

End of
Year 1
Present value of future benefits and expenses (for Years 2–10) $ 394,299
Less: Present value of future net premiums (for Years 2–10) 342,662
Liability for future policy benefits $ 51,637

944-40-55-29M At the end of Year 3, the Entity updates its future cash flow and
discount rate assumptions.

The following table provides information about the effect of updating future cash
flows and the adjustment to the liability for future policy benefits and current-period
benefit expense.

106
 Benefits and Gross
(a) (b)
Year Expenses Premiums Net Premiums
1 $ 8,300 $ 81,340 $ 61,932
2 8,600 76,710 58,407
3 10,220 72,380 55,110
4 11,184 61,497 46,823
5 13,095 58,077 44,219
6 13,813 54,855 41,766
7 16,509 51,813 39,450
8 19,031 48,933 37,257
9 21,408 46,188 35,167
10 412,250 43,587 33,187
Total $ 534,410 $ 595,380 $ 453,318
Present value $ 376,251 $ 494,161

(a) Years 1–3 represent historical cash flows. Years 4–10 represent expected future cash flows.
(b) Net Premiums = Gross Premiums × 76.14%

Net Premium Ratio

Present value of total benefits and expenses (for Years 1 –10) (c) $ 376,251
Present value of total gross premiums (for Years 1–10) (d) $ 494,161
Updated retrospective net premium ratio = (c) / (d) (e) 76.14%

End of
Year 3
Present value of future benefits and expenses (for Years 4–10) $ 395,090
Less: Present value of future net premiums (for Years 4–10) 240,393
Liability for future policy benefits $ 154,697

Cumulative-Effect Adjusting Entry—Increase Liability

Liability for Future Policy Benefits Adjustment for Future Policy Benefits
(End of Year 3) (End of Year 3)
Liability for future policy benefits
(Original cash flow assumptions) $ 148,808 Expense $ 5,889
Liability for future policy benefits
(Updated cash flow assumptions) 154,697 Liability for future policy benefits $ 5,889
Cumulative catch-up adjustment $ 5,889

The following table provides information about the effect of updating discount rate
assumptions and the adjustment to the liability for future policy benefits and other
comprehensive income.

107
 Liability for Future Policy Benefits
(End of Year 3)
Original Current
Discount Discount
Rate 4% Rate 2% Difference

Present value of future benefits and

expenses (for Years 4–10) $ 395,090 $ 446,954 $ 51,864

Less: Present value of future net

premiums (for Years 4–10) 240,393 258,074 17,681

Liability for future policy benefits $ 154,697 $ 188,880 $ 34,183

Increase to Liability for Future Policy Benefits (End of Year 3)

Other comprehensive income $ 34,183
Liability for future policy benefits $ 34,183

> > Example 7: Updating Assumptions Used in the Measurement of the

Liability for Future Policy Benefits with a Carryover Basis
944-40-55-29N This Example illustrates an approach to updating assumptions
used to measure the liability for future policy benefits with a carryover basis (as
described in paragraph 944-40-55-13C).
944-40-55-29O This Example assumes the following for the contracts discussed:
a. The Entity expects a majority of policyholder benefits to be paid in Year
10.
b. The end of Year 3 (that is, the transition date) is considered the contract
issue date for purposes of subsequent adjustments, and the carrying
amount of the liability at that date will be used in subsequent
recalculations of the net premium ratio.
c. At the end of Year 5, the Entity updates cash flow assumptions and must
recalculate net premiums as of the issue date of the contract.
d. A discount rate of 4 percent is used to compute the net premiums and the
liability for future policy benefits.
e. For simplicity, benefit payments and premium receipts are made at the
end of the year and tax effects are ignored.
944-40-55-29P This Example illustrates computations that involve the following:
a. Net premiums
b. Updates of the net premium ratio.

108
944-40-55-29Q The computation of the original net premiums at the issue date of
the portfolio of contracts follows.

Benefits and Gross

(a)
Year Expenses Premiums Net Premiums
1 $ 8,300 $ 81,340 $ 59,937
2 8,600 76,710 56,526
3 10,220 72,380 53,335
4 11,530 68,330 50,351
5 13,500 64,530 47,550
6 14,240 60,950 44,912
7 17,020 57,570 42,422
8 19,620 54,370 40,064
9 22,070 51,320 37,816
10 425,000 48,430 35,687
Total $ 550,100 $ 635,930 $ 468,600
Present value $ 387,114 $ 525,348

(a) Net Premiums = Gross Premiums × 73.69%

Net Premium Ratio

Present value of total benefits and expenses (for Years 1 –10) (b) $ 387,114
Present value of total gross premiums (for Years 1–10) (c) $ 525,348
Net premium ratio = (b) / (c) (d) 73.69%

944-40-55-29R The computation of the liability for future policy benefits as of the
Years ending 1 through 3 follows.

End of Year
1 2 3
Present value of future benefits and expenses $ 394,299 $ 401,471 $ 407,310
Less: Present value of future net premiums 342,662 299,843 258,502
Liability for future policy benefits $ 51,637 $ 101,628 $ 148,808

944-40-55-29S At the end of Year 3, the Entity recalculates the net premiums. The
Entity determined that it is impracticable to recalculate net premiums on a
retrospective basis and instead decides to retain the existing carrying amounts at
the transition date and update future assumptions. Recalculated net premiums
follow.
End of
Year 3
Present value of future benefits and expenses (for Years 4–10) $ 395,090
Less: Present value of future net premiums (for Years 4–10) 246,282
Liability for future policy benefits $ 148,808

109
 Benefits and Gross Net
(a)
Year Expenses Premiums Premiums
4 $ 11,184 $ 61,497 $ 47,970
5 13,095 58,077 45,303
6 13,813 54,855 42,789
7 16,509 51,813 40,416
8 19,031 48,933 38,170
9 21,408 46,188 36,029
10 412,250 43,587 34,000
Total $ 507,290 $ 364,950 $ 284,677
Present value $ 395,090 $ 315,728

(a) Net Premiums = Gross Premiums × 78.00%

Net Premium Ratio

Present value of total remaining benefits and expenses (for Years 4 –10) (b) $ 395,090
Carrying value of the liability for future policy benefits (c) 148,808
Expected remaining benefits and expenses (b) – (c) = (d) 246,282
Present value of total gross premiums (for Years 4–10) (e) $ 315,728
Updated net premium ratio = (d) / (e) (c) 78.00%

As the recalculated net premium ratio did not exceed 100 percent, no adjustment
should be recorded to the opening balance of retained earnings as of the transition
date.

944-40-55-29T The computation of the liability for future policy benefits at the end
of Year 4 using the revised net premiums follows.

End of
Year 4
Present value of future benefits and expenses (for Years 5–10) $ 399,709
Less: Present value of future net premiums (for Years 5–10) 208,163
Liability for future policy benefits $ 191,546

944-40-55-29U At the end of Year 5, the Entity updates its future cash flow
assumptions, which results in an adjustment to benefit expenses and the liability
for future policy benefits.

110
 Benefits and Gross
(a) (b)
Year Expenses Premiums Net Premiums
4 $ 11,184 $ 61,497 $ 49,918
5 13,095 58,077 47,142
6 14,500 54,855 44,527
7 17,056 51,813 42,057
8 21,360 48,933 39,720
9 24,505 46,188 37,492
10 418,250 43,587 35,380
Total $ 519,950 $ 364,950 $ 296,236
Present value $ 405,090 $ 315,728

(a) Years 4 and 5 represent historical cash flows. Years 6 –10 represent expected future cash flows.
(b) Net Premiums = Gross Premiums × 81.17%

Net Premium Ratio

Present value of benefits and expenses (c) $ 405,090
Carrying value of the liability for future policy benefits (d) 148,808
Expected remaining benefits and expenses (c) – (d) = (e) $ 256,282
Present value of total gross premiums (f) $ 315,728
Updated net premium ratio = (e) / (f) 81.17%

End of
Year 5
Present value of future benefits and expenses (for Years 6–10) $ 413,418
Less: Present value of future net premiums (for Years 6–10) 178,137
Liability for future policy benefits $ 235,281

Cumulative-Effect Adjusting Entry—Increase Liability

Liability for Future Policy Benefits Adjustment for Future Policy Benefits
(End of Year 5) (End of Year 5)
Liability for future policy benefits
(Original cash flow assumptions) $ 231,416 Expense $ 3,865
Liability for future policy benefits
(Updated cash flow assumptions) 235,281 Liability for future policy benefits $3,865
Cumulative catch-up adjustment $ 3,865

15. Add paragraph 944-40-65-2 and its related heading as follows:

Transition and Open Effective Date Information

> Transition Related to Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-XX,

Financial Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the
Accounting for Long-Duration Contracts
944-40-65-2 The following represents the transition and effective date information
related to Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-XX, Financial Services—
Insurance (Topic 944): Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Long-
Duration Contracts:

111
 a. The pending content that links to this paragraph shall be effective for all
entities for fiscal years beginning after [date to be inserted after
exposure], and interim periods within those fiscal years.

Deferred acquisition costs

b. At the beginning of the earliest period presented (that is, the transition
date), an insurance entity shall begin to apply the pending content that
links to this paragraph on amortization of deferred acquisition costs to
the existing carrying amounts at the transition date, adjusted for the
removal of any related amounts in accumulated other comprehensive
income. That transition method shall apply to all other balances that are
amortized on a basis consistent with the amortization of deferred
acquisition costs.

Liability for future policy benefits

c. At the beginning of the earliest period presented (that is, the transition
date), an insurance entity shall apply the pending content that links to this
paragraph on the liability for future policy benefits by means of
retrospective application to all prior periods.
d. For traditional, limited-payment, and participating contracts, an insurance
entity shall apply the pending content that links to this paragraph using
one of the following methods for each level of aggregation at which
reserves are calculated:
1. Retrospectively to the contract issue date using actual historical
information at the level of aggregation at which reserves are
calculated:
i. If actual historical information covering the entire contract
period is not available at the level of aggregation at which
reserves are calculated, an insurance entity may use estimates
of historical information derived from objective information for
those periods in which actual historical information is not
available. In those cases, an entity need not undertake
exhaustive efforts to obtain objective information but shall take
into account all objective information that is reasonably
available. Those estimates of historical experience determined
as of the transition date shall be considered actual historical
experience for purposes of subsequent adjustments.
ii. An insurance entity shall recognize in accumulated other
comprehensive income the cumulative effect of changes in
discount rates used to measure the liability for future policy
benefits between contract issue date and transition date.
2. If it is impracticable (as described in paragraphs 250-10-45-9 through
45-10) to apply the pending content that links to this paragraph on

112
 the liability for future policy benefits retrospectively to the contract
issue date at the level of aggregation at which reserves are
calculated, an insurance entity shall apply the pending content that
links to this paragraph to in force contracts on the basis of their
existing carrying amounts at the transition date and by using updated
assumptions, adjusted for the removal of any amounts in
accumulated other comprehensive income. The transition date
carrying amount less the present value of future benefits shall be
compared with the present value of future gross premiums to
calculate the net premium ratio. The opening balance of retained
earnings balance shall be adjusted only to the extent that net
premiums exceed gross premiums. The transition date shall be
considered the contract issue date for purposes of determining the
discount rate assumption at contract inception and for purposes of
subsequent adjustments.

Market risk benefits

e. At the beginning of the earliest period presented (that is, the transition
date), an insurance entity shall apply the pending content that links to this
paragraph on market risk benefits by means of retrospective application
to all prior periods. The transition adjustment shall be recognized as
follows:
1. The cumulative effect of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk
between contract issue date and transition date shall be recognized
in accumulated other comprehensive income.
2. The difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition
date, excluding the amount in (e)(1), shall be recognized as an
adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.

Transition disclosures

f. An insurance entity shall provide the following disclosures in the year of

adoption:
1. Information required in paragraphs 250-10-50-1 through 50-3 on a
disaggregated basis consistent with that which will be used for
recurring disclosures (see paragraphs 944-40-55-13F through 55-
13H)
2. If retrospective application is impracticable, the portion of the liability
for future policy benefits at the transition date not subject to
retrospective application
3. Qualitative and quantitative information about transition adjustments
related to:
i. Net premiums exceeding gross premiums

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 ii. The establishment of an additional liability for a universal life-
type or an investment contract.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-50

16. Amend paragraphs 944-50-05-1, 944-50-15-1, 944-50-25-1 through 25-2,
and 944-50-30-2 and supersede paragraphs 944-50-05-2 and the related
Subsection title, 944-50-15-2 through 15-3 and their related Subsection title and
headings, 944-50-25-3 through 25-5 and the related Subsection title and headings,
944-50-30-3 through 30-5 and the related Subsection title and headings, and 944-
50-45-1 and its related Subsection title and heading, with a link to transition
paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Policyholder Dividends

Overview and Background

General
944-50-05-1 This Subtopic provides insurance entities guidance on the accounting
for and financial reporting of policyholder dividends. The guidance in this Subtopic
is presented in the following two Subsections:
a. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.General
b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Long-Duration Contracts.
Long-Duration Contracts
944-50-05-2 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX. The Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic provide insurance
entities guidance on the accounting for and financial reporting of policyholder
dividends on long-duration contracts.

Scope and Scope Exceptions

General
> Overall Guidance
944-50-15-1 This Subtopic follows the same Scope and Scope Exceptions as
outlined in the Overall Subtopic, see Section 944-10-15. The guidance in this
Subtopic distinguishes between participating contracts that meet the criteria in
paragraph 944-20-15-3 and those that do not.

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Long-Duration Contracts
> Overall Guidance
944-50-15-2 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic follow the same
Scope and Scope Exceptions as outlined in the General Subsection of this Section,
with specific instrument qualifications noted below.
> Instruments
944-50-15-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The guidance in the Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic
applies only to long-duration insurance contracts. For guidance on identifying a
long-duration insurance contract, see the Long-Duration Contracts Subsection of
Section 944-20-15.

Recognition

General
> Participating Contracts
944-50-25-1 For participating insuranceparticipating contracts other than those
long-duration participating life insurance contracts issued by a mutual
entityidentified in paragraph 944-20-15-3, policyholder dividends shall be accrued.
A liability for policyholder dividends shall be accrued only to the extent that such
dividends are not included in the liability for future policy benefits in accordance
with paragraph 944-40-30-7.
> > Participating Contracts with Income-Based Dividend Limitations
944-50-25-2 This guidance applies to participating contracts other than those long-
duration participating life insurance contracts issued by a mutual entityidentified in
paragraph 944-20-15-3. Limitations may exist on the amount of net income from
participating insurance contracts of a life insurance entity that may be
distributed to stockholders. In that circumstance, the policyholders’ share of net
income on those contracts that cannot be distributed to stockholders shall be
recognized by both:
a. Excluding that share from stockholders’ equity by a charge to operations
b. Recognizing that share as a credit to a liability relating to participating
policyholders’ funds.
Dividends declared or paid to participating policyholders shall reduce the liability
recognized in (b); dividends declared or paid in excess of the liability shall be
charged to operations.
> > Participating Contracts Without Income-Based Dividend Limitations

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944-50-25-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.This guidance applies to participating contracts other than those long-duration
participating life insurance contracts identified in paragraph 944-20-15-3. For life
insurance entities for which there are no net income restrictions and that use life
insurance dividend scales unrelated to actual net income, policyholder dividends
shall be accrued over the premium-paying periods of the contracts. Paragraph
944-740-25-1 states that, although payment is not required, a dividend recognized
under this paragraph is considered a planned contractual benefit in computing
generally accepted accounting principle (GAAP) liabilities, it may be necessary to
identify the amount of this dividend to calculate deferred income taxes in those
cases in which there is a question as to whether the dividend provision in the
liabilities, together with the dividends paid or declared, may exceed the amount of
dividends otherwise deductible for federal income tax purposes.
Long-Duration Contracts
> Certain Long-Duration Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-50-25-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For long-duration participating life insurance contracts that meet the criteria in
paragraph 944-20-15-3, annual policyholder dividends shall be expensed.
944-50-25-5 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.See paragraphs 944-40-25-30 and 944-40-35-22 through 35-24 for guidance
on accounting for terminal dividends as part of the liability for future policyholder
benefits.

Initial Measurement

General
> Participating Contracts
944-50-30-1 Policyholder dividends accrued under paragraph 944-50-25-1 shall
be measured using an estimate of the amount to be paid.
> > Participating Contracts with Income-Based Dividend Limitations
944-50-30-2 Income-based dividend provisions for participating contracts other
than those long-duration participating life insurance contracts issued by a mutual
entitythat meet the criteria in paragraph 944-20-15-3, shall be based on net
income that includes adjustments between general-purpose and statutory financial
statements that will reverse and enter into future calculations of the dividend
provision.
> > Participating Contracts Without Income-Based Dividend Limitations
944-50-30-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Policyholder dividends shall be recognized over the premium-paying periods

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under paragraph 944-50-25-3 based on dividends anticipated or intended in
determining gross premiums or as shown in published dividend illustrations at the
date insurance contracts are made.
Long-Duration Contracts
> Certain Long-Duration Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-50-30-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The expense recognized under paragraph 944-50-25-4 for annual
policyholder dividends shall be based on estimates of amounts incurred for the
policies in effect during the period.
944-50-30-5 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For example, if a policy has an anniversary date of June 30, at which time
annual dividends are paid, at December 31, 19X1, dividends should be accrued
for the period July 1, 19X1, through December 31, 19X1.

Other Presentation Matters

Long-Duration Contracts
> Certain Long-Duration Participating Life Insurance Contracts
944-50-45-1 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The expense recognized under paragraph 944-50-25-4 for annual
policyholder dividends shall be reported separately in the statement of earnings.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-60

17. Amend paragraphs 944-60-05-1 and 944-60-25-2 and supersede paragraphs
944-60-05-3 and its related Subsection title, 944-60-15-4 through 15-5 and their
related Subsection title and headings, 944-60-25-7 through 25-9 and their related
Subsection title, 944-60-30-1 through 30-2 and their related Subsection title, and
944-60-35-5 through 35-6 and their related Subsection title, with a link to transition
paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Premium Deficiency and

Loss Recognition

Overview and Background

General

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944-60-05-1 This Subtopic provides guidance to insurance entities on accounting
for and financial reporting of a premium deficiency on insurance contracts. The
guidance in this Subtopic is presented in the following three Subsections:
a. General
b. Short-Duration Contracts
c. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Long-Duration Contracts.
Long-Duration Contracts
944-60-05-3 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic provide guidance to
insurance entities on accounting for and financial reporting of a premium deficiency
on long-duration insurance contracts.

Scope and Scope Exceptions

Long-Duration Contracts
> Overall Guidance
944-60-15-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The Long-Duration Contracts Subsections follow the same Scope and Scope
Exceptions as outlined in the General Subsection of this Section, with specific
instrument qualifications noted below.
> Instruments
944-60-15-5 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The guidance in the Long-Duration Contracts Subsections of this Subtopic
applies to long-duration contracts, including limited-payment and universal life-
type contracts. See the Long-Duration Contracts Subsection of Section 944-20-15
for a discussion of what constitutes a long-duration contract.

Recognition

General
944-60-25-1 Paragraph 450-20-55-17A states that Subtopic 450-20 does not
prohibit (and, in fact, requires) accrual of a net loss (that is, a loss in excess of
deferred premiums) that probably will be incurred on insurance policies that are in
force, provided that the loss can be reasonably estimated.
944-60-25-2 A probable loss on insurance contracts exists if there is a premium
deficiency relating to short-duration or long-duration contracts.

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944-60-25-3 Insurance contracts shall be grouped consistent with the entity’s
manner of acquiring, servicing, and measuring the profitability of its insurance
contracts to determine if a premium deficiency exists.
Long-Duration Contracts
944-60-25-7 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Original policy benefit assumptions for long-duration contracts ordinarily
continue to be used during the periods in which the liability for future policy
benefits is accrued under Subtopic 944-40. However, actual experience with
respect to investment yields, mortality, morbidity, terminations, or expenses may
indicate that existing contract liabilities, together with the present value of future
gross premiums, will not be sufficient to do both of the following:
a. Cover the present value of future benefits to be paid to or on behalf of
policyholders and settlement and maintenance costs relating to a block
of long-duration contracts
b. Recover unamortized acquisition costs.
944-60-25-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX. The premium deficiency shall be recognized by a charge to income and either
of the following:
a. A reduction of unamortized acquisition costs
b. An increase in the liability for future policy benefits.
944-60-25-9 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A premium deficiency, at a minimum, shall be recognized if the aggregate
liability on an entire line of business is deficient. In some instances, the liability on
a particular line of business may not be deficient in the aggregate, but
circumstances may be such that profits would be recognized in early years and
losses in later years. In those situations, the liability shall be increased by an
amount necessary to offset losses that would be recognized in later years.

Initial Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
944-60-30-1 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.If the conditions in paragraph 944-60-25-7 exist, an entity shall determine the
liability for future policy benefits using revised assumptions as the remainder
of the present value of future payments for benefits and related settlement and
maintenance costs (determined using revised assumptions based on actual and
anticipated experience) minus the present value of future gross premiums (also
determined using revised assumptions based on actual and anticipated
experience).

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944-60-30-2 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A premium deficiency shall then be determined as the liability measured in the
preceding paragraph minus the liability for future policy benefits at the valuation
date, reduced by unamortized acquisition costs.

Subsequent Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
944-60-35-5 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.If a premium deficiency does occur, future changes in the liability shall be
based on the revised assumptions. No loss shall be reported currently if it results
in creating future income. The liability for future policy benefits using revised
assumptions based on actual and anticipated experience shall be estimated
periodically for comparison with the liability for future policy benefits (reduced
by unamortized acquisition costs) at the valuation date.
944-60-35-6 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.The guidance in this Subsection shall not be applied to investment contracts
(see the Investment Contracts Subsections of Subtopic 944-825). Such loss
recognition is not permitted.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-80

18. Amend paragraph 944-80-50-1 and add paragraphs 944-80-50-2 and 944-
80-55-17 through 55-21 and their related headings, with a link to transition
paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Separate Accounts

Disclosure

944-80-50-1 For annual and interim reporting periods, an insurance entity shall
disclose the following information:The following information shall be disclosed in
the financial statements of the insurance entity:
a. The general nature of the contracts reported in separate accounts,
including the extent and terms of minimum guarantees
b. The basis of presentation for both of the following:
1. Separate account assets and liabilities
2. Related separate account activity.
c. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A description of the liability valuation methods and assumptions used
in estimating the liabilities for additional insurance benefits and minimum
guarantees

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 d. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.All of the following amounts related to minimum guarantees:
1. The separate account liability balances subject to various types of
benefits, for example:
a. Guaranteed minimum death benefit
b. Guaranteed minimum income benefit
c. Guaranteed minimum accumulation benefit.
2. Disclosures within the categories of benefits identified in (d)(1) for
the types of guarantees provided may also be appropriate, for
example, all of the following:
a. Return of net deposit
b. Return of net deposits accrued at a stated rate
c. Return of highest anniversary value.
3. The amount of liability reported for additional insurance benefits,
annuitization benefits and other minimum guarantees, by type of
benefit, for the most recent balance sheet date
4. The incurred and paid amounts related to (d)(3) for all periods
presented
5. For contracts for which an additional liability is disclosed in (d)(3), the
net amount at risk and weighted average attained age of contract
holders.
e. The aggregate fair value of assets, by major investment asset category,
supporting separate accounts with additional insurance benefits and
minimum investment return guarantees as of each date for which a
statement of financial position is presented
f. The amount of gains and losses recognized on assets transferred to
separate accounts for the periods presented.
944-80-50-2 For annual and interim reporting periods, an insurance entity shall
disclose the following information about separate account liabilities described in
paragraph 944-80-25-2:
a. A disaggregated (in accordance with paragraph 944-40-50-5A) tabular
rollforward of the beginning balance to the ending balance
b. For each separate account liability rollforward presented, the related
cash surrender values
c. A reconciliation of the separate account liability rollforwards to the
aggregated ending carrying amount of the liability.

Implementation Guidance and Illustrations

> Illustrations
> > Example 3: Fair Value of Assets Held in Separate Accounts

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944-80-55-17 Account balances of contracts with guarantees were invested in
variable separate accounts as follows.The aggregate fair value of assets, by major
investment asset category, supporting separate accounts were invested as
follows.

December December
Asset Type 31, 20X1 31, 20X2

U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.

government corporations and agencies $ $
Obligations of states of the United States and
political subdivisions of the states
Corporate debt securities:
—Investment grade
—Noninvestment grade
Foreign debt securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Equity securities (including mutual funds) (a)
Real estate
Mortgage loans
Derivative financial instruments
Cash and cash equivalents
Total $ X,XXX,XXX $ X,XXX,XXX

(a) The insurance entity may want to consider disclosing mutual funds by
investment objective or other meaningful groupings that are useful in
understanding the nature of the guarantee risk.
[Content amended as shown and moved from paragraph 944-20-55-15]

> > Example 4: Information about Separate Account Liabilities

944-80-55-18 This Example illustrates the separate account liability information
that an insurance entity should disclose to meet the requirements in paragraph
944-80-50-2.
Note X: Separate Account Liability
The balances of and changes in separate account liabilities follow.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

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 December 31,
20X2 20X1
Variable Variable Variable Variable
Universal Life Annuities Universal Life Annuities
Balance, beginning of year $ BBB $ AAA $ XXX $ XXX
Premiums and deposits XXX XXX XXX XXX
Policy charges (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Surrenders and withdrawals (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Benefit payments (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Investment performance XXX XXX XXX XXX
Net transfers from (to) separate account XXX XXX XXX XXX
Other charges (XXX) (XXX) (XXX) (XXX)
Balance, end of year $ DDD $ CCC $ BBB $ AAA
(a)
Cash surrender value $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX $ XXX
(a) Cash surrender value represents the amount of the contract holder's account balances distributable at the
balance sheet date less certain surrender charges.

The reconciliation of separate account liabilities to the separate account

liability balance in the consolidated statement of financial position follows.

December 31,
20X2 20X1
Variable universal life $ DDD $ BBB
Variable annuity CCC AAA
Other XXX XXX
Total $ XXX $ XXX

> > Example 5Example 4: Deferred Variable Annuity

944-80-55-19 This Example illustrates a deferred variable annuity that provides

the contract holder with a number of investment alternatives. The contract holder
deposits $100,000 in a deferred variable annuity that has no front-end load. The
contract holder directs the allocation of the deposit to the following: aggressive
growth equity fund, $25,000; high-yield corporate bond fund, $25,000; 5-year
guaranteed interest separate account, $25,000; and general account, $25,000.
[Content amended as shown and moved from paragraph 944-20-55-24]
944-80-55-20 Assets representing the contract holder’s funds in the aggressive
growth equity fund and high-yield corporate bond fund separate accounts satisfy
all the criteria of paragraphs 944-80-25-2 through 25-3, 944-80-30-1, 944-80-35-
2, and 944-80-45-2 through 45-3. The allocation to the guaranteed interest
separate account does not satisfy the criterion in paragraph 944-80-25-2 for
separate account treatment. Therefore, assets representing the contract holder’s
funds in the guaranteed interest separate account will be presented in the
insurance entity’s financial statements integrated with general account assets and
liabilities. This reporting is appropriate even in those instances where the separate

123
account arrangements with those contracts have been approved by regulatory
authorities as separate account contracts. [Content moved from paragraph 944-
20-55-25]
944-80-55-21 The guaranteed interest separate account allocations are often
referred to as spread products, where the insurer bears the investment risk and its
profits are derived primarily from the excess of investment performance over net
amounts credited to the contract holder. Amounts related to this contract that are
directed to the general account option will be shown within general account
balances. [Content moved from paragraph 944-20-55-26]

Amendments to Subtopic 944-605

19. Amend paragraphs 944-605-25-3, 944-605-25-11, 944-605-30-1 through 30-
2, paragraphs 944-605-35-1 through 35-1A and their related heading, supersede
paragraph 944-605-25-8, and add paragraphs 944-605-30-2A and the related
heading and 944-605-35-1B, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as
follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Revenue Recognition

Recognition

Long-Duration Contracts
> Traditional Long-Duration Contracts
944-605-25-3 Because no single function or service is predominant over the
periods of most types of long-duration contracts, premiums shall be recognized as
revenue over the premium-paying periods of the contracts when due from
policyholders. This includes premiums from whole-life contracts, guaranteed
renewable term life contracts, title insurance contracts, and participating
insurance contractsparticipating life insurance contracts that meet the criteria in
paragraph 944-20-15-3.
> > Contracts with Death or Other Insurance Benefit Features
944-605-25-8 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.If the amounts assessed against the contract holder each period for the
insurance benefit feature of an insurance contract are assessed in a manner that
is expected to result in profits in earlier years and losses in subsequent years from
the insurance benefit function, a liability for unearned revenue shall be recognized
in addition to the account balance. [Content amended and moved to paragraph
944-40-25-27A]

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944-605-25-11 An increase during a period in an unearned revenue liability (that
is, deferral of revenue) shall be excluded from the amounts assessed against the
contract holder’s account balance for that period and a decrease in (that is,
amortization of) an unearned revenue liability during a period shall be included with
the assessments for that period.

Initial Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
> Universal Life-Type Contracts with Death or Other Insurance Benefit
Features
944-605-30-1 A liability for unearned revenue to be recognized under paragraphs
944-605-25-5944-605-25-8 through 25-1125-10 shall be measured initially as the
portion of such assessments that compensates the insurance entity for benefits to
be provided in future periods.
944-605-30-2 For contracts in which assessments are collected over a period
significantly shorter than the period for which the contract is subject to mortality
and morbidity risks, the assessment would be considered a front-end fee and
accounted for under paragraphs 944-605-25-6 through 25-7. The amounts
amortized intorecognized in income shall be considered assessments for purposes
of this paragraph.
> Limited-Payment Contracts
944-605-30-2A Assumptions used in measuring any gross premium deferred in
accordance with paragraph 944-605-25-4A (that is, the deferred profit liability) shall
be consistent with those used in estimating the liability for future policy benefits
as described in paragraph 944-40-30-7.

Subsequent Measurement

Long-Duration Contracts
> Limited-PaymentLimited-Pay Contracts
944-605-35-1 Any gross premium deferred in accordance with paragraph 944-
605-25-4A (that is, the deferred profit liability) shall be recognized in income in a
constant relationship with insurance in force (if accounting for life insurance
contracts) or with the amount of expected future benefit payments (if accounting
for annuity contracts).
944-605-35-1A The deferred profit liability shall be amortized in relation to the
discounted amount of the insurance in force or expected future benefit payments,
discounted as described in paragraph 944-40-30-9, and interest shall accrue to the

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unamortized balance. The use of interest in the amortization is consistent with the
determination of the deferred profit using discounting.
944-605-35-1B Cash flow assumptions shall be updated in subsequent accounting
periods to determine changes in the deferred profit liability. Cash flow assumptions
shall be updated on an annual basis, at the same time every year, or more
frequently in interim reporting periods if actual experience or other evidence
suggests that earlier cash flow assumptions should be revised. The interest
accretion rate shall remain the original discount rate used at contract issue date.
A related charge or credit to current-period benefit expense as a result of updating
cash flow assumptions shall be determined as follows:
a. Cash flow assumptions used to calculate the deferred profit liability shall
be updated as of the contract issue date using actual historical
experience and updated future cash flow assumptions (that is, on a
retrospective basis).
b. The recalculated deferred profit liability as of the contract issue date shall
be subsequently amortized in accordance with paragraph 944-605-35-1A
to derive the revised deferred profit liability as of the current period.
c. The revised deferred profit liability calculated in (b) shall be compared
with the carrying amount of the deferred profit liability to determine the
cumulative catch-up adjustment to be recognized in current-period
benefit expense (see paragraphs 944-40-55-13A through 55-13D).

> Universal Life-Type Contracts

944-605-35-2 Amounts recognized as unearned revenue under paragraph 944-
605-25-6 shall be recognized in income over the period benefited using the same
assumptions and factors used to amortize capitalized acquisition costs under the
Long-Duration Contracts Subsection of Section 944-30-35.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-740

20. Amend paragraph 944-740-25-1, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Income Taxes

Recognition

> Policyholder Dividends

944-740-25-1 Although payment is not required, a participating insurance
contract dividend recognized under paragraph 944-50-25-3 is considered a

126
planned contractual benefit in computing liabilities under generally accepted
accounting principles (GAAP). However, it may be necessary to identify the
amount of this dividend to calculate deferred income taxes in those cases in which
there is a question as to whether the dividend provision in the liabilities, together
with the dividends paid or declared, may exceed the amount of dividends otherwise
deductible for federal income tax purposes.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-805

21. Amend paragraphs 944-805-15-5, 944-805-35-3 through 35-4, 944-805-35-
15, 944-805-55-3, and 944-805-55-6 through 55-11 and supersede paragraphs
944-805-55-12 through 55-13, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as
follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Business Combinations

Scope and Scope Exceptions

Demutualizations
> Other Considerations
944-805-15-5 The accounting guidance in Subtopic 944-20944-40 on claim costs
and liabilities for future policy benefits and Subtopic 944-50 on policyholder
dividends is the appropriate accounting method for participating insurance
contracts.participating life insurance contracts that meet the conditions of
paragraph 944-20-15-3 and, therefore,Therefore, an insurance entity shall
continue to apply that guidance to demutualized insurance entities’ participating
life insurance contracts issued before the date of demutualization or formation of
a mutual insurance holding entity. However, the segregation of undistributed
accumulated earnings on participating contracts is meaningful in a stock life
insurance entity because the objective of such presentation is to identify amounts
that are not distributable to stockholders. Therefore, after the date of
demutualization or formation of a mutual insurance holding entity, the provisions
of paragraphs 944-50-25-2 and 944-50-30-2 relating to dividends on participating
life insurance contracts shall apply to those contracts sold before the date of
demutualization or formation of a mutual insurance holding entity.

Subsequent Measurement

General
> Insurance and Reinsurance Contracts Acquired

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944-805-35-3 For certain long-duration contracts such as most traditional life
insurance contracts, using a basis consistent with the measurement of the liability
would be similar to the guidance provided in the beginning of paragraph 944-30-
35-3, which requires that deferred acquisition costs be amortized using methods
that include the same assumptions consistent with those used in estimating the
liability for future policy benefits, including subsequent revisions to those
assumptions.
Demutualizations
> Policyholder Liabilities
944-805-35-4 The policyholder liabilities for closed block participating
insuranceparticipating life insurance contracts shall continue to be calculated
under the provisions of Subtopic 944-20944-40 on claim costs and liabilities for
future policy benefits and Subtopic 944-50 on policyholder dividends as well as the
Demutualizations Subsections of this Subtopic.
> Other Considerations
944-805-35-15 The accounting guidance in Subtopics 944-40 and 944-50 on
participating insurance contractsSubtopic 944-20 shall be applied to
demutualized insurance entity participating life insurance contracts within its scope
that are issued after the date of demutualization or formation of a mutual
insurance holding entity. The segregation of undistributed accumulated earnings
on participating life insurance contracts in excess of amounts that inure to
stockholders is meaningful in a stock life insurance entity because the objective of
such presentation is to identify amounts that are not distributable to stockholders.
Therefore, the guidance in paragraphs 944-50-25-1 through 25-2 and 944-50-30-
1 through 30-2 relating to dividends on participating life insurance contracts applies
to contracts that are sold after the date of demutualization or formation of a mutual
insurance holding entity within the scope of Subtopics 944-40 and 944-50Subtopic
944-20. The guidance in those Subtopicsparagraphs shall also be applied by stock
insurance entities with respect to participating life insurance contracts for which
limitations exist on the amount of net income that may be distributed to
stockholders. If there is a limitation on the amount of income from participating life
insurance contracts issued after the date of demutualization or formation of a
mutual insurance holding entity that may be distributed to stockholders, the
policyholder’s share of income on those contracts that may not be distributed to
stockholders shall be charged to operations with a corresponding credit to a
liability. Dividends paid to participating policyholders reduce that liability.

Implementation Guidance and Illustrations

Demutualizations
> > Example 2: Disclosure of a Closed Block

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944-805-55-3 This Example illustrates one application of the disclosure
requirements of the Demutualizations Subsection of Section 944-805-50 for a
single hypothetical insurance entity, referred to as ABC Life Insurance Entity. ABC
Life Insurance Entity would make the following disclosures.
At the effective date (January XX, 20X1) of the Plan of Demutualization,
eligible policyholders received, in the aggregate, approximately $XX million of
cash, $XX million of policy credits, and XX million shares of common stock of
ABC Holding Entity in exchange for their membership interests in ABC Life
Insurance Entity. The demutualization was accounted for as a reorganization.
Accordingly, ABC Life Insurance Entity’s retained earnings at the Plan
Effective Date (net of the aforementioned cash payments and policy credits,
which were charged directly to retained earnings) were reclassified to
common stock and capital in excess of par.
As of January XX, 20X1, ABC Life Insurance Entity established a closed block
for the benefit of certain classes of individual participating policies for which
ABC Life Insurance Entity had a dividend scale payable in 20X0 and that were
in force on January XX, 20X1. Assets were allocated to the closed block in an
amount that, together with anticipated revenues from policies included in the
closed block, was reasonably expected to be sufficient to support such
business, including provision for payment of benefits, certain expenses, and
taxes, and for continuation of dividend scales payable in 20X0, assuming
experience underlying such scales continues. Assets allocated to the closed
block inure solely to the benefit of the holders of the policies included in the
closed block and will not revert to the benefit of stockholders of ABC Life
Insurance Entity. No reallocation, transfer, borrowing, or lending of assets can
be made between the closed block and other portions of ABC Life Insurance
Entity’s general account, any of its separate accounts, or any affiliate of ABC
Life Insurance Entity without the approval of the Z State Insurance
Department.
If, over time, the aggregate performance of the closed block assets and
policies is better than was assumed in funding the closed block, dividends to
policyholders will be increased. If, over time, the aggregate performance of
the closed block assets and policies is less favorable than was assumed in
the funding, dividends to policyholders could be reduced.
The assets and liabilities allocated to the closed block are recognizedrecorded
in ABC Life Insurance Entity’s financial statements on the same basis as other
similar assets and liabilities. The carrying amount of closed block liabilities in
excess of the carrying amount of closed block assets at the date of
demutualization (adjusted to eliminate the effect of related amounts in
accumulated other comprehensive income) represents the maximum future
earnings from the assets and liabilities designated to the closed block that can
be recognized in income over the period the policies in the closed block
remain in force. ABC Life Insurance Entity has developed an actuarial

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 calculation of the timing of such maximum future stockholder earnings, and
this is the basis of the policyholder dividend obligation.
If actual cumulative earnings are greater than expected cumulative earnings,
only expected earnings will be recognized in income. Actual cumulative
earnings in excess of expected cumulative earnings represents undistributed
accumulated earnings attributable to policyholders, which are
recognizedrecorded as a policyholder dividend obligation because the excess
will be paid to closed block policyholders as an additional policyholder
dividend unless otherwise offset by future performance of the closed block
that is less favorable than originally expected. If actual cumulative
performance is less favorable than expected, only actual earnings will be
recognized in income.
The principal cash flow items that affect the amount of closed block assets
and liabilities are premiums, net investment income, purchases and sales of
investments, policyholders’ benefits, policyholder dividends, premium taxes,
and income taxes. The principal income and expense items excluded from the
closed block are management and maintenance expenses, commissions and
net investment income, and realized investment gains and losses of
investment assets outside the closed block that support the closed block
business, all of which enter into the determination of total gross margins of
closed block polices for the purpose of the amortization of deferred acquisition
costs. The amounts shown in the following tables for assets, liabilities,
revenues, and expenses of the closed block are those that enter into the
determination of amounts that are to be paid to policyholders.
> > Example 3: Closed Block Accounting
944-805-55-6 This Example illustrates the accounting under the Demutualizations
Subsections of this Subtopic for closed block business (meaning those assets and
liabilities both inside and outside of the closed block that relate to or support the
closed block policies) after the demutualization date. This Example illustrates the
computations involved in all of the following:
a. Determining the amount of the policyholder dividend obligation
b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Deriving estimated gross margins for purposes of amortizing deferred
acquisition costs
c. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Revising estimated gross margins as actual experience emerges.
944-805-55-7 For simplicity, this Example assumes the closed block has not been
funded for income taxes. In practice, the closed block may or may not be funded
for income taxes. If the closed block is funded for income taxes, the actuarial
calculation would be constructed on a post-tax basis. However, for the purpose of
determining the policyholder dividend obligation and estimated gross margins,
pretax amounts should be used. Generally, this would be accomplished by

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converting post-tax actuarial calculation values to corresponding pretax values for
purposes of determining estimated gross margins and the policyholder dividend
obligation. If the closed block is funded for income taxes, a change in income tax
rates would result in an experience gain or loss that would affect closed block cash
flows and, therefore, estimated gross margins and amortization of deferred
acquisition costs.
944-805-55-8 The table in paragraph 944-30-55-8 illustrates the computation of
estimated gross margins. That table illustrates the projection of the estimated
gross margins used in this Example as the projection of estimated gross margins
of the closed block business. The closed block business is assumed to be written
in Year 1, with demutualization occurring at the end of Year 5. Present values are
assumed at an earneda discount rate of 8.5 percent.
944-805-55-9 The table in the following paragraph illustrates the contribution to the
estimated gross margins in the table in paragraph 944-30-55-8 from the closed
block (meaning, those assets and liabilities actually included in the closed block).
As discussed beginning in paragraph 944-805-25-10, the table in the following
paragraph 944-805-55-10 is based on the actuarial calculation for the closed block
developed at the demutualization date and represents the expected changes in
the net closed block liability (closed block deficit) over the life of the closed block.
The data in that table would be compared to actual results throughout the life of
the closed block to determine the need for a policyholder dividend obligation (as
illustrated in note X). That table assumes an increase in interest rates in Year 6
from 8.5 percent to 9.5 percent, which results in the board of directors increasing
dividends in Years 7 through 10. All other assumptions are held constant. The table
assumes demutualization begins in Year 6. For purposes of the Example, all other
assumptions are held constant and expenses are assumed to be excluded from
the closed block. The shaded figures in table indicate differences from the Example
shown in the table in paragraph 944-30-55-8.
944-805-55-10 Components of the illustrative closed block follow.
[For ease of readability, the new illustration is not underlined.]

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 (Increase) (Increase)
Interest on Decrease Decrease in
Closed Interest Death Surrender in Net Level Policyholder
Block Current Benefits Benefits Premium Dividend Dividend
Year Premium Assets Activity Incurred Incurred Reserve Incurred Obligation
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h)
1 $ 210,000 $ - $ 17,850 $ (9,000) $ - $ (126,103) $ (18,857) $ -
2 184,611 7,231 15,692 (10,549) - (109,116) (21,399) -
3 169,621 7,846 14,418 (13,731) (7,148) (93,669) (24,230) -
4 155,763 8,512 13,240 (14,835) (14,984) (79,754) (26,574) -
5 142,990 9,236 12,154 (15,661) (21,760) (67,117) (28,509) -
6 131,222 11,200 12,466 (15,622) (17,237) (73,236) (30,043) (2,491)
7 124,333 17,839 10,568 (16,578) (20,989) (66,499) (33,061) 549
8 117,768 24,819 10,010 (16,824) (24,427) (60,005) (35,127) 595
9 111,526 31,298 9,480 (17,526) (27,566) (53,706) (36,990) 646
10 105,582 37,266 8,974 (18,603) (30,406) (47,485) (38,675) 701
11–20 779,517 585,648 66,259 (311,112) (398,831) (162,077) (424,092) -
21–55 589,392 1,103,633 50,099 (1,187,632) (686,079) 938,767 (669,668) -
Total $2,822,325 $1,844,528 $ 241,210 $(1,647,673) $(1,249,427) $ - $(1,387,225) $ -

Notes:
(a) Gross premiums.
(b) Interest at 8.5 percent on the liability for future policy benefits at the end of the previous year.
(c) Interest at 8.5 percent on current-year cash flow. This illustration assumes premiums are received, and all expenses incurred, at
the start of the year. This illustration assumes death benefits, surrender benefits, and dividends are all at the end of the year.
(d) Death benefits not reduced by related liability for future policy benefits.
(e) Surrender benefits not reduced by related liability for future policy benefits.
(f) Represents the cumulative (increase) decrease in the liability for future policy benefits.
(g) Policyholder dividends for the year.
(h) Policyholder dividend obligation as of end of last year minus policyholder dividend obligation as of end of current year.

(Increase) (Increase) Closed

Decrease in Decrease in Block Initial
Interest on Interest Death Surrender Net Level Estimated Policyholder Estimated
Closed Block Current Benefits Benefits Premium Dividend Gross Dividend Gross
Year Premium Assets Activity Incurred Incurred Reserve Incurred Margin Obligation Margin
(a) (b ) (c) (d) (e) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k)
1–5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a (475,759) n/a n/a n/a n/a
6 $ 131,222 $ 11,200 $ 12,466 $ (15,622) $ (17,237) $ (73,236) $ (30,043) $ 18,750 $ (2,491) $ 16,259
7 124,333 17,839 10,568 (16,578) (20,989) (66,499) (33,061) 15,613 549 16,162
8 117,768 24,819 10,010 (16,824) (24,427) (60,005) (35,127) 16,214 595 16,809
9 111,526 31,298 9,480 (17,526) (27,566) (53,706) (36,990) 16,515 646 17,161
10 105,582 37,266 8,974 (18,603) (30,406) (47,485) (38,675) 16,653 701 17,354
11–20 779,517 585,648 66,259 (311,112) (398,831) (162,077) (424,092) 135,312 - 135,312
21–55 589,392 1,103,633 50,099 (1,187,632) (686,079) (938,767) (669,668) 138,512 - 138,512
Total $1,959,340 $ 1,811,703 $ 167,856 $ (1,583,897) $ (1,205,535) $ - $ (1,267,656) $ 357,569 $ - $ 357,569

Notes:
(a) Gross premiums.
(b) Interest, at 8.5 percent earned rate, on net level premium reserve at the end of the previous year. The net level premium reserve is based on guaranteed mortality
and the dividend fund interest rate.
(c) Interest, at the 8.5 percent earned rate, on current-year cash flow. This illustration assumes premiums are received, and all expenses incurred, at the start of the
year. This illustration assumes death benefits, surrender benefits, and dividends are all at the end of the year.
(d) Death benefits, not reduced by related net level premium reserve.
(e) Surrender benefits, not reduced by related net level premium reserve.
(f) Recurring expenses not included in capitalized acquisition costs.
(g) (475,759) represents the cumulative (increase) decrease in net level premium reserve reported in Schedule 1, column (g) for years one to five
(h) Policyholder dividends for the year
(j) Policyholder dividend obligation as of end of last year minus policyholder dividend obligation as of end of current year.
(k) (i) + (j)

944-805-55-11 For purposes of the table in the preceding paragraph 944-805-55-

10, the product of the closed block policyholder dividend obligation calculation and
the cumulative closed block estimated gross margins follows.

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Actual as of Measurement Date $ 18,750
– Initial Actuarial Calculation $ 16,259
= Policyholder Dividend Obligation at Measurement Date $ 2,491

944-805-55-12 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No.

201X-XX.The table in the following paragraph illustrates the closed block business
estimated gross margins contribution associated with the assets and liabilities
outside of the closed block. That table also shows the total estimated gross
margins used to amortize deferred acquisition costs for the closed block business.
Those estimated gross margins differ from those shown in the table in paragraph
944-30-55-8 based on the emergence of actual experience in Year 6 and the
creation of the policyholder dividend obligation.
944-805-55-13 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No.
201X-XX.Components of the illustrative open block follow.
Open Closed
Block Block Total Deferred
Interest on Interest on Recurring Estimated Estimated Estimated Acquisition
Open Block Current Expenses Gross Gross Gross Costs
Year Assets Activity Incurred Margins Margins Margins Amortization
(b) (c) (f) (i) (k) (l) (m)
1–5 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a $ 242,474 $ 63,336
6 $ 33,998 $ (1,122) $ (11,810) $ 21,066 $ 16,259 $ 37,324 $ 9,409
7 29,037 (951) (11,190) 16,896 16,162 33,058 7,263
8 27,663 (901) (10,599) 16,163 16,809 32,972 7,854
9 26,234 (853) (10,037) 15,344 17,161 32,505 8,248
10 24,776 (807) (9,502) 14,467 17,354 31,821 8,535
11–20 174,635 (5,963) (70,157) 98,515 135,312 233,827 66,591
21–55 119,052 (4,510) (53,041) 61,501 138,512 200,013 70,265
Total Year 6–55 $ 435,395 $ (15,107) $(176,336) $243,957 $357,569 $ 601,520 $ 178,164
Grand Total $ 843,994 $ 241,500

(l) (i) + (k)

(m) Deferred acquisition costs balance as of end of prior year minus deferred acquisition costs balance as of end of current year.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-815

22. Supersede paragraphs 944-815-25-4 and 944-815-60-6 and amend
paragraph 944-815-25-5, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as
follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Derivatives and Hedging

Recognition

Long-Duration Contracts

133
> Traditional Variable Annuity Product Structures
944-815-25-4 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Paragraph 815-15-55-55(a) states why a minimum death benefit component
during the accumulation period is not an embedded derivative that warrants
separate accounting under paragraph 815-15-25-1.
> Nontraditional Variable Annuity Contracts
944-815-25-5 The host contract in a nontraditional variable annuity contract would
be considered the traditional variable annuity that, as described in paragraph 944-
815-25-1, does not contain an embedded derivative that warrants separate
accounting. Certain nontraditional features other than market risk benefits
mayNontraditional features, such as a guaranteed investment return through a
minimum accumulation benefit or a guaranteed account value floor, would be
considered embedded derivatives subject to the requirements of Subtopic 815-15.
The economic characteristics and risks of the investment guarantee and those of
the traditional variable annuity contract typically would not be considered to be
clearly and closely related.

Relationships
Long-Duration Contracts
> Derivatives and Hedging
944-815-60-6 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.For guidance on four common annuity payment alternatives, see paragraphs
815-15-55-57 through 55-61.

Amendments to Subtopic 944-825

23. Amend paragraph 944-825-45-1, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Financial Services—Insurance—Financial Instruments

Other Presentation Matters

> Investment Contracts

944-825-45-1 Deferred acquisition costs related to investment contracts shall
be reported as an asset to be consistent with the guidance in Subtopic 944-30 on
acquisition costsparagraph 944-30-45-2.

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Amendments to Subtopic 220-10
24. Amend paragraphs 220-10-45-10A and 220-10-55-15C, with a link to
transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Comprehensive Income—Overall

Other Presentation Matters

> Reporting Comprehensive Income

> > Items within Other Comprehensive Income
220-10-45-10A Items of other comprehensive income include the following:
a. Foreign currency translation adjustments (see paragraph 830-30-45-12)
b. Gains and losses on foreign currency transactions that are designated
as, and are effective as, economic hedges of a net investment in a foreign
entity, commencing as of the designation date (see paragraph 830-20-
35-3(a))
c. Gains and losses on intra-entity foreign currency transactions that are of
a long-term-investment nature (that is, settlement is not planned or
anticipated in the foreseeable future), when the entities to the transaction
are consolidated, combined, or accounted for by the equity method in the
reporting entity’s financial statements (see paragraph 830-20-35-3(b))
d. Gains and losses (effective portion) on derivative instruments that are
designated as, and qualify as, cash flow hedges (see paragraph 815-20-
35-1(c))
e. Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale debt
securities (see paragraph 326-30-35-2)
f. Unrealized holding gains and losses that result from a debt security being
transferred into the available-for-sale category from the held-to-maturity
category (see paragraph 320-10-35-10(c))
g. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-
13.
h. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2016-
13.
i. Gains or losses associated with pension or other postretirement benefits
(that are not recognized immediately as a component of net periodic
benefit cost) (see paragraph 715-20-50-1(j))
j. Prior service costs or credits associated with pension or other
postretirement benefits (see paragraph 715-20-50-1(j))
k. Transition assets or obligations associated with pension or other
postretirement benefits (that are not recognized immediately as a
component of net periodic benefit cost) (see paragraph 715-20-50-1(j)).

135
 l. Changes in fair value attributable to instrument-specific credit risk of
liabilities for which the fair value option is elected (see paragraph 825-10-
45-5).
m. The effect of changes in the discount rates used to measure traditional,
limited-payment, and participating long-duration insurance contracts (see
Subtopic 944-40 on insurance—claim costs and liabilities for future policy
benefits).
n. The effect of changes in the fair value of a market risk benefit
attributable to a change in the instrument-specific credit risk (see
Subtopic 944-40).

Additional classifications or additional items within current classifications may

result from future accounting standards.

Implementation Guidance and Illustrations

> Illustrations
> > Example 2: Presenting Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
> > > Disclosure of Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Balances
220-10-55-15C For life insurers, amounts reclassified out of accumulated other
comprehensive income exclude changes in unrealized gains and losses on
available-for-sale debt securities associated with direct adjustments made to
deferred acquisition costs, certain intangible assets, and policy liabilities necessary
to reflect these balances as if such unrealized gains and losses were realized.

Amendments to Subtopic 270-10

25. Amend paragraph 270-10-50-7, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Interim Reporting—Overall

Disclosure

> Guidance Related to Disclosure of Other Topics at Interim Dates

270-10-50-7 The following may not represent all references to interim disclosure:
a. For business combinations and combinations accounted for by not-for-
profit entities, see Sections 805-10-50, 805-20-50, 805-30-50, 805-740-
50, and 958-805-50.

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 b. For compensation-related costs, see paragraphs 715-60-50-3 and 715-
60-50-6.
c. For disclosures required for entities with oil- and gas-producing activities,
see paragraph 932-270-50-1.
d. For disclosures related to prior interim periods of the current fiscal year,
see paragraph 250-10-50-11.
e. For fair value requirements, see Section 820-10-50.
f. For guarantors, see Section 460-10-50.
g. For pensions and other postretirement benefits, see paragraphs 715-20-
50-6 through 50-7.
h. For reportable segments, see paragraphs 280-10-50-39 and 280-10-55-
16.
i. For suspended well costs and interim reporting, see Section 932-235-50.
j. For applicability of disclosure requirements related to risks and
uncertainties, see paragraph 275-10-15-3.
k. For discontinued operations, see paragraphs 205-20-50-1 through 50-7.
l. For disposals of individually significant components of an entity, see
paragraph 360-10-50-3A.
m. For insurance entities that account for short-duration contracts, see
paragraphs 944-40-50-3 and 944-40-4E.
n. For insurance entities that account for long-duration contracts, see
paragraphs 944-30-50-2A through 50-3, 944-40-50-6 through 50-7B, and
944-80-50-1 through 50-2.

Amendments to Subtopic 350-30

26. Amend paragraph 350-30-15-4, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—General Intangibles Other

Than Goodwill

Scope and Scope Exceptions

> Transactions
350-30-15-4 The guidance in this Subtopic does not apply to the following:
a. Subparagraph not used
b. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 2010-
07
c. Except for certain disclosure requirements as noted in the preceding
paragraph 350-30-15-3, capitalized software costs

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 d. Intangible assets recognized for acquired insurance contracts under the
requirements of Subtopic 944-805 except for disclosures required by
paragraph 944-805-50-1.

Amendments to Subtopic 815-10

27. Amend paragraph 815-10-15-13, with a link to transition paragraph 944-40-
65-2, as follows:

Derivatives and Hedging—Overall

Scope and Scope Exceptions

> Instruments
> > Instruments Not within Scope
815-10-15-13 Notwithstanding the conditions in paragraphs 815-10-15-83 through
15-139, the following contracts are not subject to the requirements of this Subtopic
if specified criteria are met:
a. Regular-way security trades
b. Normal purchases and normal sales
c. Certain insurance contracts and market risk benefits
d. Certain financial guarantee contracts
e. Certain contracts that are not traded on an exchange
f. Derivative instruments that impede sales accounting
g. Investments in life insurance
h. Certain investment contracts
i. Certain loan commitments
j. Certain interest-only strips and principal-only strips
k. Certain contracts involving an entity’s own equity
l. Leases
m. Residual value guarantees
n. Registration payment arrangements.

Amendments to Subtopic 815-15

28. Amend paragraphs 815-15-55-14 and 815-15-55-54 through 55-55 and
supersede paragraphs 815-15-55-57 through 55-61 and their related heading, with
a link to transition paragraph 944-40-65-2, as follows:

Derivatives and Hedging—Embedded Derivatives

138
Implementation Guidance and Illustrations
> Implementation Guidance
> > Applying the Bifurcation Criteria
> > > Otherwise Applying the Bifurcation Criteria
815-15-55-14 The following guidance addresses application of the bifurcation
criteria in paragraph 815-15-25-1 to various transactions and is organized as
follows:
a. Volumetric production payments
b. Interest-rate-related underlyings—call options that are exercisable only
by the debtor
c. Remarketable put bonds
d. Variable annuity products in general
e. Subparagraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.Payment alternatives for variable annuity contracts
f. Equity-indexed annuity contracts
g. Equity-indexed life insurance contracts.
> > > > Variable Annuity Products in General
815-15-55-54 Variable annuity products are investment contracts as discussed in
Subtopic 944-20. Similar to variable life insurance products, policyholders direct
their investment account asset mix among a variety of mutual funds composed of
equities, bonds, or both, and assume the risks and rewards of investment
performance. The funds are generally maintained in separate accounts by the
insurance entity. Contract terms generally provide that if the policyholder dies, the
greater of the account market value or a minimum death benefit guarantee will be
paid. The minimum death benefit guarantee is generally limited to a return of
premium plus a minimum return (such as 3 or 4 percent); this life insurance feature
represents the fundamental difference from the life insurance contracts that include
significant (rather than minimal) levels of life insurance. Over time, these minimum
death benefit guarantees have become increasingly sophisticated. The investment
account may have various payment alternatives at the end of the accumulation
period. One alternative is the right to purchase a life annuity at a fixed price
determined at the initiation of the contract.
815-15-55-55 Variable annuity product structures as discussed in Topic 944 are
generally not subject to the scope of this Subtopic (except for payment options at
the end of the accumulation period), as follows:
a. Death benefit component. Paragraph 815-10-15-53(a) excludes a death
benefit from the scope of Subtopic 815-10 because the payment of the
death benefit is the result of an identifiable insurable event instead of
changes in an underlying. Additionally, the death benefit generally meets
the criteria of a market risk benefit, which is excluded from the scope of

139
 this Topic. The death benefit in this example is limited to the floor
guarantee of the investment account, calculated as the premiums paid
into the investment account plus a guaranteed rate of return, less the
account fair value. Topic 944 remains the applicable guidance for the
insurance-related liability accounting.
b. Investment component. The policyholder directs certain premium
investments in the investment account that includes equities, bonds, or
both, which are held in separate accounts that are distinct from the
insurer’s general account assets. This component is not considered a
derivative instrument because of the unique attributes of traditional
variable annuity contracts issued by insurance entities. Furthermore, any
embedded derivatives within those investments shall not be separated
from the host contract by the insurer because the separate account
assets are already marked to fair value under Topic 944. In contrast, if
the product were an equity-index-based interest annuity (rather than a
traditional variable annuity), the investment component would contain an
embedded derivative (the equity index-based derivative instrument) that
meets all the requirements of paragraph 815-15-25-1 for separate
accounting.
c. Investment account surrender right at fair value. Because this right is
exercised only at the fund fair value (without the insurer’s floor guarantee)
and relates to a traditional variable annuity contract issued by an
insurance entity, this right is not within the scope of Subtopic 815-10.
d. Payment alternatives at the end of the accumulation period. Payment
alternatives that are market risk benefits accounted for under Topic 944
on insurance are not within the scope of this Topicare options subject to
the requirements of Subtopic 815-10 if interest rates or other underlying
variables affect the fair value.
815-15-55-56 The guidance in (b) and (c) in the preceding paragraph is an
exception for traditional variable annuity contracts issued by insurance entities. In
determining the accounting for other seemingly similar structures, it would be
inappropriate to analogize to that guidance due to the unique attributes of
traditional variable annuity contracts.
> > > > Payment Alternatives for Variable Annuity Contracts
815-15-55-57 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.There are various types of annuity payment options offered by insurance
entities to policyholders. This guidance addresses four common payment
alternatives. The first three are payment alternatives offered during the
accumulation phase of the contract, while the fourth involves guaranteed minimum
periodic annuity payments in the contract’s payout phase.
815-15-55-58 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.During the accumulation phase of a deferred annuity contract, a guarantee of
a minimum interest rate to be used in computing periodic annuity payments if and

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when a policyholder elects to annuitize does not require separate accounting under
paragraph 815-15-25-1 because the criterion in paragraph 815-15-25-1(c) is not
met. The embedded option does not meet the definition of a derivative instrument
because it does not meet the net settlement criteria as discussed beginning in
paragraph 815-10-15-99. Settlement of the option can be achieved only by an
investment of the account balance in a payout annuity contract in lieu of electing
an immediate payment of the account value. If an additional provision existed
whereby the policyholder could withdraw all or a portion of its account balance
during the payout phase, an embedded derivative would still not exist because the
economic benefit of the guaranteed minimum interest rate would be obtainable
only if an entity were to maintain the annuity contract through its specified maturity
date.
815-15-55-59 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.A provision that guarantees a minimum account value that is available to
annuitize if and when a policyholder elects to annuitize fails to meet the definition
of a derivative instrument during the accumulation phase because it cannot be net
settled. The benefit of the minimum account value is realized by the policyholder
by annuitizing and receiving the economic benefit over the payout term, similar to
the analysis of the guarantee of a minimum interest rate. However, if the
policyholder is able to withdraw all or a portion of the guaranteed account balance
during the payout (annuitization) period, or the payout (annuitization) period is set
to an unrealistically short period such as one year, this is equivalent to net
settlement, and the guarantee (or the portion of the guarantee that is withdrawable,
if applicable) is an embedded derivative only during the accumulation period.
815-15-55-60 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.During the accumulation phase of a deferred variable annuity contract, a
provision that guarantees a minimum level of periodic annuity payments during the
payout phase if and when a policyholder elects to annuitize into a variable-payout
annuity does not require separate accounting as an embedded derivative under
paragraph 815-15-25-1. An embedded derivative does not exist during the
accumulation phase of a deferred variable annuity contract because the
policyholder cannot net settle the contract. The only way the policyholder can
obtain the benefit of the floor payment guarantee is over the life of the variable-
payout annuity. This guidance assumes that the contract is annuitized at its
contract value without any floor account value guarantee specified in the preceding
paragraph.
815-15-55-61 Paragraph superseded by Accounting Standards Update No. 201X-
XX.During the payout phase of a variable-payout annuity, the contract may include
a provision that guarantees a minimum level of periodic payments. (This type of
provision may be found in contracts referred to as standalone immediate-payout
annuities or in the payout phase of an existing annuity.) The accounting treatment
for a contractual provision for guaranteed minimum periodic payments is
dependent upon the payout option in the variable-payout annuity contract. For the
period-certain variable-payout annuity, the guaranteed minimum periodic

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payments are, during the payout phase, an embedded derivative that is required
to be separated under paragraph 815-15-25-1. This conclusion is based on the
assessment that the guaranteed payment floor is not clearly and closely related to
the host contract—a traditional variable-payout annuity contract. This is consistent
with Section 944-20-25. However, a solely life-contingent variable-payout annuity
contract with such features that meets the definition of an insurance contract under
paragraph 944-20-15-18 through 15-19 would not be subject to the requirements
of Subtopic 815-10 provided there are no withdrawal features. For a period-certain-
plus-life-contingent variable-payout annuity contract, the embedded derivative
related only to the period-certain guaranteed minimum periodic payments would
be required to be separated under paragraph 815-15-25-1, whereas the embedded
derivative related to the life-contingent guaranteed minimum periodic payments
would not be separated under that paragraph. Separate accounting for the
embedded derivative related only to the period-certain guaranteed minimum
periodic payments would be required even if the period-certain-plus-life-contingent
annuity, in its entirety, meets the definition of an insurance contract under
paragraph 944-20-15-18 through 15-19 and has no withdrawal features.

The amendments in this proposed Update were approved for publication by six
members of the Financial Accounting Standards Board. Ms. Botosan abstained
from voting.

Members of the Financial Accounting Standards Board:

Russell G. Golden, Chairman

James L. Kroeker, Vice Chairman
Christine A. Botosan
Daryl E. Buck
R. Harold Schroeder
Marc A. Siegel
Lawrence W. Smith

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Background Information and
Basis for Conclusions
Introduction
BC1. The following summarizes the Board’s considerations in reaching the
conclusions in this proposed Update. It includes reasons for accepting certain
approaches and rejecting others. Individual Board members gave greater weight
to some factors than to others.

Benefits and Costs

BC2. The FASB’s Rules of Procedure states:
The mission of the FASB is to establish and improve
standards of financial accounting and reporting that foster
financial reporting by nongovernmental entities that provides
decision-useful information to investors and other users of
financial reports.
BC3. In fulfilling that mission, the Board follows certain precepts, including the
issuing of standards only when the expected benefits of the resulting information
justify the expected costs. The Board strives to determine that a standard will fill a
significant need and that the costs imposed to meet that standard, as compared
with other alternatives, are justified in relation to the overall benefits of the resulting
information. The Board’s assessment of the costs and benefits of issuing new
guidance is unavoidably more qualitative than quantitative because there is no
method to objectively measure the costs to implement new guidance or to quantify
the value of improved information in financial statements.
BC4. Paragraph OB2 of FASB Concepts Statement No. 8, Conceptual Framework
for Financial Reporting, Chapter 1, The Objective of General Purpose Financial
Reporting, and Chapter 3, Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial
Information, states the following:
The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to
provide financial information about the reporting entity that is
useful to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other
creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the
entity. Those decisions involve buying, selling, or holding equity
and debt instruments and providing or settling loans and other
forms of credit. [Footnote reference omitted]

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BC5. The objective of the amendments in this proposed Update, which is based
on the objective of general purpose financial reporting, is to improve, simplify, and
enhance the financial reporting requirements for long-duration contracts issued by
insurance entities, thus providing financial statement users with more decision-
useful information about the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows related
to long-duration contracts.
BC6. The Board and staff conducted extensive outreach with users, preparers, and
auditors of financial statements, as well as insurance industry trade groups and
actuaries, to obtain information about specific deficiencies in the current GAAP
accounting requirements for long-duration contracts. Those outreach activities
included meetings, roundtables, workshops, educational sessions, participation in
conferences, and numerous additional discussions. Nonpublic insurance entities
also were included as part of the outreach efforts.
BC7. On the basis of extensive due process and significant stakeholder input, the
Board concluded that the proposed amendments would provide users with more
relevant information about, and a more faithful representation of, long-duration
contracts than current GAAP. In particular, the proposed amendments would
provide the following benefits:
a. A current, updated measure of traditional, limited-payment, and
participating insurance contract liabilities. Specifically, financial statement
users would benefit from insurance contract liabilities no longer being
reported using out-of-date assumptions. Instead, a liability measured with
updated assumptions would provide more decision-useful information
and would more faithfully represent the insurance entity’s obligation,
because it gives users a more current view of an insurance entity’s
expected future cash flows, as opposed to a historical view that includes
a provision for risk of adverse deviation.
b. A liability discount rate that uses market observable inputs and is
independent of an insurance entity’s expected return on its invested
assets. Specifically, financial statement users would benefit from a more
faithful representation of the time value of money for traditional, limited-
payment, and participating long-duration contracts by measuring the
liability for future policy benefits with a discount rate that reflects the
characteristics of the liability rather than the invested assets supporting
the liability. The proposed amendments would require future cash flows
to be discounted using a current high-quality fixed-income instrument
yield that maximizes the use of market-observable inputs, independent of
the return that an insurance entity expects to earn on its investment
portfolio.
c. A more consistent and current, market-based measure of capital market
risk benefits offered in variable annuities and other variable products.
Specifically, financial statement users would benefit from a consistent
recognition and measurement model applied to benefits with similar risks
and economics. Also, users would benefit from a current measurement

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 model that maximizes the use of market observable inputs. Additionally,
users would benefit from greater understanding of the entity’s exposure
to capital market risk in those benefits and the extent to which an
insurance entity hedges its capital market risk, because both market risk
benefits and the derivatives used to economically hedge the capital
market risks in those benefits would be measured on a consistent basis—
that is, fair value. Financial statement preparers and auditors would
benefit from being able to apply more simplified accounting guidance.
d. A simplified method for amortizing deferred acquisition costs. Specifically,
financial statement users would benefit from a clearer, easier to
understand amortization methodology. Also, users would have greater
understanding of an insurance entity’s investment and insurance risk and
return without the distortion from a deferred cost amortization pattern that
fluctuates in tandem with that investment and insurance experience.
Financial statement preparers would benefit from reduced costs because
fewer resources would need to be devoted to calculate, analyze, report,
and explain amortization or unlocking results. Financial statement
auditors would benefit from reduced costs because resources would no
longer need to be devoted to auditing complex models and the numerous
assumptions (and changes in those assumptions) that are used in those
models.
e. Enhanced disclosures. Specifically, a rollforward of beginning to ending
balances of the liability for future policy benefits, policyholder account
balances, market risk benefits, separate account liabilities, and deferred
acquisition costs would inform financial statement users about the
components of changes in those asset and liability balances during the
reporting period that they would not be able to otherwise discern by
simply observing only the total change in the asset or liability balances.
The Board noted that users of financial statements indicated that these
reconciliations would be one of the most useful disclosures because of
the numerous factors that cause the changes in those balances, thus
providing decision-useful information in assessing the performance and
expected performance of an insurance entity. In addition, users would
benefit from other information that is useful in their analyses, including
measurement assumptions, changes in those assumptions, investment
spreads, and hedging of capital market risk in market risk benefits.
BC8. As with any new guidance, there will be costs to implement the requirements
in this proposed Update. When making its decisions, the Board considered those
costs together with the overall benefits as well as in relation to benefits and costs
of specific requirements. The magnitude of the following costs will vary on the basis
of the extent of an insurance entity’s international operations and the diversity of
its product offerings:

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 a. Initial costs to educate employees about how to apply the new
requirements, as well as how to explain the effects of the changes on the
insurance entity’s financial statements to financial statement users
b. Initial costs to implement changes in or develop new systems, processes,
and controls and ongoing costs related to maintaining or updating these
systems, processes, and controls
c. Initial and ongoing fees paid to external auditors to audit the enhanced
internal control processes and expanded disclosures.
BC9. The Board believes that the incremental, ongoing costs are less likely to be
significant compared with the costs of initially implementing the proposed
amendments. Because of the age of many in-force contracts (that is, some that
have been issued decades ago), insurance entities might reasonably face costs in
accumulating the necessary data, especially if, historically, there was no need to
capture the data in accounting systems or if the systems used to capture the data
have since been retired. These costs should be reduced by the availability of
practical expedients included in the transition guidance.
BC10. The Board also considered other cost savings or cost mitigants. The Board
considered that insurance entities currently perform experience studies and
undertake periodic assumption reviews when performing premium deficiency
testing. Upon adopting the proposed amendments, instead of using those
assumptions to perform premium deficiency testing (which would be eliminated
under the proposed amendments) insurance entities would use those updated
assumptions to remeasure the liability for future policy benefits. In addition, certain
market risk benefits are currently measured at fair value, and the Board anticipates
that insurance entities would be able to leverage existing valuation models and
processes for those benefits that would now be measured at fair value. The Board
also considered that the proposed amendments would result in cost savings
related to the simplification of the amortization of deferred acquisition costs, since
fewer resources would need to be devoted to calculate, analyze, report, and
explain amortization or unlocking results.
BC11. The Board also considered that the proposed amendments would leverage
many concepts that exist in current GAAP and, therefore, should be familiar to
financial statement users, preparers, and auditors; thus, facilitating the
understanding and adoption of the proposed amendments. For example, rather
than introducing a new measurement model for traditional insurance contracts, the
Board decided to retain the current net premium reserving model. Also, the use of
a high-quality fixed-income instrument yield to discount a liability is not a new
concept in GAAP but, rather, is used to discount pension obligations. Additionally,
insurance entities that issue universal life-type contracts currently follow a
retrospective updating method for those contracts and therefore are familiar with
the process of calculating and recording the effect of assumption updates on a
retrospective basis.

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BC12. Overall, the Board concluded that the expected benefits of the proposed
amendments would justify the expected costs.

Background Information
BC13. In October 2008, the Board undertook the insurance contracts project jointly
with the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) with an objective of
developing common, high-quality guidance that would establish the principles that
an entity would apply in the recognition, measurement, presentation, and
disclosure of insurance contracts (including reinsurance). The objective was to
provide guidance that would apply to all insurance contracts, whether or not those
contracts were issued by an insurance entity. The Board deliberated the issues
together with the IASB because insurance is a global industry with many insurance
entities operating (mostly through subsidiaries) in numerous countries. Many
analysts and investors compare those entities, and the comparison can be more
difficult in the presence of different accounting standards that are not easily
reconcilable. In addition, the Board noted that there were several areas for
potential improvement to current GAAP, and it also identified several areas in
which diversity exists in practice and viewed this as an opportunity to mitigate, if
not eliminate, that diversity.
BC14. In July 2010, the IASB issued an Exposure Draft, Insurance Contracts (2010
IASB Exposure Draft). During the development of the 2010 IASB Exposure Draft,
most of the discussions about the proposed insurance accounting approaches
were held jointly with the FASB. Although the Boards reached common decisions
in many areas, they reached different conclusions in others. The FASB sought
additional input from its stakeholders before issuing an Exposure Draft, in large
part to assess whether the proposed new amendments would represent a
sufficient improvement to GAAP to justify issuing those proposed new
amendments.
BC15. In September 2010, the FASB issued a Discussion Paper, Preliminary
Views on Insurance Contracts (2010 Discussion Paper), to seek such input. The
Board received 79 comment letters in response to the 2010 Discussion Paper and,
in subsequent discussions, considered relevant recommendations and
suggestions from those comment letters and the 253 comment letters on the 2010
IASB Exposure Draft.
BC16. In June 2013, after jointly deliberating issues arising from the 2010
Discussion Paper and the 2010 IASB Exposure Draft, the Board issued a proposed
Accounting Standards Update, Insurance Contracts (Topic 834) (2013 proposed
Update), and the IASB issued a revised Exposure Draft, Insurance Contracts
(revised 2013 IASB Exposure Draft).
BC17. The objectives of the amendments in the 2013 proposed Update were to (a)
increase the decision usefulness of the information about a reporting entity’s
insurance liabilities, including the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows

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related to those liabilities and the effect in the statement of comprehensive income,
and (b) improve comparability, regardless of the type of entity issuing the insurance
contract.
BC18. The amendments in the 2013 proposed Update would have applied to all
entities that issue or reinsure insurance contracts but not to policyholders (other
than holders of reinsurance contracts). An insurance contract was defined in the
2013 proposed Update as:
A contract under which one party (the issuing entity) accepts
significant insurance risk from another party (the policyholder) by
agreeing to compensate the policyholder or its designated
beneficiary if a specified uncertain future event (the insured event)
adversely affects the policyholder.
BC19. The amendments in the 2013 proposed Update would have required an
entity to measure its insurance contracts under one of two measurement models,
referred to as the building block approach (for most life, annuity, and long-term
health contracts) and the premium allocation approach (for most property, liability,
and short-term health contracts).
BC20. Contracts accounted for using the building block approach generally would
have been measured with the following two components:
a. The present value of the unbiased probability-weighted mean of the future
net cash flows (that is, expected value) expected in fulfilling the contract
b. A margin, net of qualifying acquisition costs and representing profit at risk,
which would have been deferred and recognized as income as the
uncertainty in the cash flows decreased. The margin would have been
locked in at contract inception and not subsequently adjusted; however,
the margin would have been subject to a periodic onerous contract test.
BC21. The amendments in the 2013 proposed Update would have required an
entity to reflect the time value of money by discounting the expected cash flows
using a current discount rate that reflected the characteristics of the insurance
liability. The discount rate would have been updated for each reporting period. The
2013 proposal described two broad approaches that an entity could have used to
determine an appropriate discount rate:
a. A “top-down” approach under which the rate of a reference portfolio of
assets would have been adjusted to reflect the characteristics of the
insurance liability.
b. A “bottom-up” approach under which the discount rate would have been
derived by adjusting a risk-free rate to incorporate the liability
characteristics.
BC22. An entity applying the premium allocation approach initially would have
measured its liability for remaining coverage as the contractual premiums that are
within the boundary of the existing contract. In subsequent periods, the entity

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would have reduced the measurement of the liability for remaining coverage on
the basis of the expected timing of incurred claims and benefits and would have
recognized the amount of that reduction as insurance contract revenue.
BC23. The amendments in the 2013 proposed Update generally would have
required an entity to present the following in net income:
a. Insurance contract revenue:
1. For the building block approach—Over the coverage and settlement
periods as the obligation to provide coverage and other services is
satisfied
2. For the premium allocation approach—Over the coverage period on
the basis of the expected timing of incurred claims.
b. Claims and expenses as they are incurred, and for contracts measured
using the building block approach, changes in assumptions regarding
expected cash flows.
c. Interest expense using the discount rates determined when the contract
was initially recognized. Those rates would have been periodically reset
for insurance contracts with discretionary participation features that
change the expected cash flows.
BC24. The Board received 209 comment letters in response to the 2013 proposed
Update. In addition, the Board conducted extensive outreach with insurance
industry trade groups, preparers, auditors, and financial statement users, including
roundtables and workshops. Stakeholders expressed concerns about the
following:
a. Increased recognition and measurement complexity. Stakeholders
commented that the building block approach was complicated and
difficult to understand and that additional examples should be provided to
educate users on how their financial analyses would be affected.
b. Increased volatility. Stakeholders expressed concern that the
amendments in the 2013 proposed Update would result in increased
volatility in financial statements as a result of quarterly assumption
updating that may not necessarily, in their view, represent the underlying
economics given the long-duration nature of the liabilities and the relative
stability of predictable payouts. Stakeholders generally stated that
assumptions should be updated less frequently than quarterly, such as
on an annual basis or if a change is persistent. Many stakeholders
focused on the discount rate and, more specifically, on how changes in
the discount rate should be recognized in the financial statements.
c. Decreased financial statement comprehension. Stakeholders
commented that the amendments in the 2013 proposed Update would
create a financial statement presentation that would be difficult to
understand and would not improve comparability across different sectors.
The highly specialized nature of accounting for insurance contracts
hinders the comparison of the financial reports of insurance entities with

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 other entities, limiting the decision usefulness of reported information and
the efficient allocation of capital.
d. Issues with the proposed detailed disclosures. Financial statement
preparers stated that certain disclosures such as (1) qualitative and
quantitative information about the nature and extent of the risks arising
from contracts issued by insurance entities and (2) quantitative and
qualitative information about the sensitivity of insurance balances to
changes in inputs would be voluminous, costly to implement and to audit,
and operationally burdensome. However, financial statement users
generally supported many of the disclosure requirements in the 2013
proposed Update. Users stated that the additional proposed disclosures
could improve the decision usefulness of the financial statements. In
particular, users supported the requirement to disclose information about
the assumptions used in estimating the insurance-related balances
because that information would have provided increased transparency
into the estimation process.
e. Scope. The scope of the amendments in the 2013 proposed Update
would apply to all reporting entities that issue insurance contracts (as
defined in that proposed Update), including reporting entities other than
insurance entities. Stakeholders commented that the scope of insurance
contract accounting should continue to be limited to reporting entities
subject to insurance regulation because the benefits would not justify the
costs of changing the accounting for insurance contracts issued by
entities other than insurance entities.
BC25. Stakeholders also commented that the current accounting model for short-
duration contracts generally works well and is well understood. The majority of
users supported only targeted improvements to current GAAP for long-duration
contracts, such as enhancing disclosure requirements and updating assumptions.
Financial statement users recommended changes to discount rates because they
currently have limited visibility into a reporting entity’s interest rate risk and different
insurance entities with similar products may use different rates to discount the
expected future cash flows associated with those products.
BC26. As a result of this stakeholder feedback, the Board decided to limit the
scope of the project to insurance entities within the scope of Topic 944, Financial
Services—Insurance. The Board also decided to separate the insurance project
into separate short-duration and long-duration contract phases.
BC27. For short-duration contracts, the Board decided to focus on improving
disclosures because the costs of changing the recognition, measurement, and
presentation guidance for short-duration contracts would not justify the benefits,
especially if the guidance did not substantially converge with the 2013 IASB
Exposure Draft. Financial statement users commented that additional disclosures
about the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses would increase
the transparency of significant estimates made in measuring those liabilities.

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Those disclosures would provide additional insight into an insurance entity’s ability
to underwrite and anticipate costs associated with claims.
BC28. In response to this feedback pertaining to short-duration contracts, in May
2015 the Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-09, Financial
Services—Insurance (Topic 944): Disclosures about Short-Duration Contracts.
BC29. For long-duration contracts, as a direct result of extensive outreach with
users, preparers, and auditors of financial statements as well as insurance industry
trade groups and actuaries, the Board decided to focus on making the following
targeted improvements to existing recognition, measurement, and disclosure
requirements:
a. Improve the timeliness of recognizing changes in the liability for future
policy benefits by requiring that updated assumptions be used to measure
the liability for future policy benefits (that is, that assumptions should be
“unlocked”) and modify the rate used to discount future cash flows.
Financial statement users raised concerns about the use of out-of-date
assumptions or “locked-in” assumptions to calculate the liability for
traditional insurance contracts, as currently required in GAAP. Users also
raised concerns about the use of an insurance entity’s expected yield on
its investment portfolio to discount the liability. Discounting insurance
contract liabilities using those rates hinders a user’s ability to analyze an
insurance entity’s true economic exposure, such as duration mismatches.
b. Simplify and improve the accounting for certain benefits embedded in
variable contracts. Financial statement users, preparers, and auditors
raised concerns about the complexity and inconsistency of the current
accounting models for benefits embedded in variable products that
provide contract holders with protection from adverse capital market
performance. In particular, users commented that those market risk
benefits in variable products should be measured on a consistent basis
because they share similar risks and economics. Also, preparers
commented on the complexity of evaluating whether a market risk benefit
should be accounted for as an embedded derivative in accordance with
Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Additionally, both users and
preparers expressed concerns with the existing financial reporting
disincentive to economically hedge capital market risk exposures arising
from market risk benefits currently accounted for under an insurance
accrual model because the hedging instruments are measured at fair
value, resulting in earnings volatility not reflective of the economics.
c. Simplify the amortization of deferred acquisition costs. The Board
received feedback from users and preparers about several issues with
the current deferred acquisition cost amortization methods, which are
very specialized and unique to the insurance industry. Multiple
amortization methods result in inconsistency by product type, even
though the nature of the costs (for example, commissions and
underwriting costs) are the same across product types. The currently

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 required estimated gross profit and estimated gross margin amortization
models are complex and require numerous inputs and assumptions.
Assumption updates can result in periodic adjustments that are
challenging to calculate, understand, and explain. In certain situations,
recovery of amounts recognized as amortization in prior periods may
occur. That complexity limits the decision usefulness of information, thus
hindering financial statement analyses. In particular, users provided
feedback that linking the amortization of deferred acquisition costs to
changes in the liability or investment experience results in offsetting
effects in net income, which complicates financial results and the
evaluation of an insurance entity’s financial performance.
d. Improve the effectiveness of the required disclosures. Financial
statement users provided feedback that current disclosures provide
limited decision-useful information. Users expressed an interest in
obtaining more transparency into the exposures of an insurance entity
and the drivers of the entity’s results. Users also expressed an interest in
better understanding the assumptions used in the measurement of
insurance liabilities and changes in those assumptions.
BC30. The Board anticipates that the proposed targeted changes to specific
aspects of the accounting model for long-duration contracts would result in
meaningful improvements to the financial reporting of an insurance entity.

Liability for Future Policy Benefits—Assumption

Unlocking
BC31. Under current GAAP, the liability for future policy benefits for traditional,
limited-payment, and participating contracts is accrued as premium revenue is
recognized. The liability, which represents the present value of future benefits to
be paid to or on behalf of policyholders and related expenses less the present
value of future net premiums (that is, the portion of gross premium required to
provide for those benefits and expenses), is estimated using methods that include
assumptions applicable at the time that the insurance contracts are originated. The
liability also includes a provision for risk of adverse deviation as an allowance for
possible unfavorable deviations from assumptions, and, therefore, the liability does
not represent management’s expectation of future net benefits to be paid under
the contract. Original assumptions continue to be used in subsequent periods to
determine changes in the liability for future policy benefits (commonly referred to
as the “lock-in concept”) unless a premium deficiency arises.
BC32. The building block approach in the 2013 proposed Update would have
represented a substantial change from current GAAP. Under the building block
approach, an entity would project expected future cash flows at their current
fulfillment value (that is, an unbiased probability-weighted estimate), discounted at
a current rate that reflects the characteristics of the liability. The cash flow

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estimates and discount rate would be updated each reporting period. The effects
of changes in cash flow estimates would be recognized in earnings. Changes
associated with fluctuations in the discount rate from inception would be
recognized in other comprehensive income. A margin would be recognized,
representing profit at risk, which is deferred and recognized as income as the
uncertainty in the cash flows decreases. An entity would offset qualifying
acquisition costs against the margin (as opposed to recognizing a deferred
acquisition cost asset). The margin would be locked in at contract inception—that
is, it would not be adjusted, even when the estimated cash flows used to determine
that margin are updated over the life of the contract; however, the margin would
be subject to a periodic onerous contract test.
BC33. The Board considered stakeholder feedback on the 2013 proposed Update.
Stakeholders commented that the building block approach was complicated and
difficult to understand, that it would not improve comparability across different
sectors, and that additional examples should be provided to educate users on how
their financial analyses would be affected. Stakeholders also expressed concern
that the building block approach would result in increased volatility in financial
statements as a result of quarterly assumption updating that, in their view, may not
necessarily represent the underlying economics given the long-duration nature of
the liabilities and the relative stability of predicable payouts. Stakeholders stated
that assumptions should be updated less frequently than quarterly, such as on an
annual basis or if a change is persistent.
BC34. The Board also considered feedback specific to current GAAP.
Stakeholders were critical of the existing accounting model for traditional contracts
whereby original assumptions are not updated, even though long-duration
contracts may be in force for many decades. Users in particular stated that a
requirement to update assumptions would be an improvement over the
requirements in current GAAP. Many stakeholders focused on the discount rate
and, more specifically, how changes in the discount rate should be recognized in
the financial statements. Financial statement preparers favored quarterly updating
for discount rates because that would more closely align with the quarterly
updating of assets carried at fair value that are used to back insurance liabilities
and, therefore, mitigate capital volatility.
BC35. In response to the stakeholder feedback collected throughout the project,
the Board decided to retain the existing net premium reserving model and improve
it by eliminating the lock-in concept associated with that model, rather than
introducing a new measurement model. Specifically, the Board decided to require
an insurance entity to update all model assumptions on a periodic basis rather than
to retain contract inception assumptions over a contract’s life, which can extend
for several decades over multiple economic cycles. The Board believes that a
liability measured with updated assumptions provides more decision-useful
information and more faithfully represents the insurance entity’s obligation
because it gives users a more current view of an insurance entity’s expected future

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cash flows, as opposed to a historical view that includes a provision for adverse
deviation.
BC36. Also, in response to stakeholder feedback, the Board decided that under
the proposed amendments, an insurance entity would be required to update cash
flow assumptions on an annual basis, at the same time every year, or more
frequently if actual experience or other evidence indicates that prior assumptions
should be revised in interim reporting. An insurance entity also would be required
to update discount rate assumptions at each reporting date. In response to some
user concerns about capital volatility, some Board members favored an approach
whereby discount rates would be updated annually rather than quarterly. However,
the majority of the Board concluded that quarterly updating of discount rates
provides a more current measure of the liability at each reporting date as opposed
to only once a year.
BC37. The Board is proposing certain other related changes as a result of the
decision to require the periodic updating of assumptions used in the measurement
of the liability for future policy benefits. Specifically, premium deficiency testing
would be eliminated because measurement assumptions would be updated on a
periodic basis, and, therefore, there would be no need for a test to determine
whether measurement assumptions should be updated. The provision for risk of
adverse deviation also would be eliminated because the liability would be
measured on the basis of periodically updated assumptions. Additionally, the
determination of whether to establish a liability (in addition to an account balance)
for annuitization, death, or other insurance benefits would be performed on a
periodic basis rather than only at contract inception.
BC38. To calculate and record the effects of updating assumptions, the Board
decided that it would require the updating of cash flow assumptions using a
retrospective approach and the updating of discount rate assumptions using an
immediate approach. Under the cash flow assumption update method, a revised
net premium ratio would be calculated as of contract inception using actual
historical experience and updated future cash flow assumptions. The revised net
premium ratio would then be applied to derive a cumulative catch-up adjustment
to be recognized in current-period benefit expense. In subsequent periods, the
revised net premium ratio would be used to accrue the liability for future policy
benefits. As a result of the Board’s decision to eliminate premium deficiency
testing, expected benefits and expenses in excess of expected gross premiums
would be recognized as a loss in the current period—that is, the net premium ratio
would be capped at 100 percent so that losses would not be deferred into future
periods. The net premium ratio would not be updated for discount rate assumption
changes. Rather, the effects of discount rate changes would be recognized
immediately in other comprehensive income. The amount included in accumulated
other comprehensive income would represent the difference between the carrying
amount of the liability for future policy benefits measured using updated discount
rates and rates determined at contract inception.

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BC39. The Board concluded that a retrospective update method better presents in
earnings the prior-period effect of those updated assumptions and allows for future
profits to emerge on the basis of those new assumptions without being
encumbered by prior periods. The Board considered an alternative approach
whereby the net premium ratio would remain locked, causing the effect of
assumption updates to be recognized immediately. Some Board members favored
this approach because the cumulative effect of any change in assumption would
be reflected immediately in current-period benefit expense, thus providing greater
transparency into the magnitude of the effect of the assumption change. Those
Board members also believed that immediate recognition in earnings of the change
in the cash flow assumptions of a liability would provide a better understanding of
the overall duration mismatch between an entity’s insurance liabilities and related
invested assets because the full change in expected cash flows on many of the
entity’s invested assets are generally recognized immediately. Ultimately, the
Board rejected that approach because it would have resulted in a locked margin
and the effects relating to future periods would be recognized immediately in the
current period (together with the effects relating to prior periods) rather than in
those future periods. The Board considered another alternative approach whereby
the effect of assumption updates would be recognized prospectively. The Board
rejected that prospective approach because it would have carried forward into
future periods the prior-period effects of assumption changes.
BC40. The Board contemplated the costs associated with adopting the proposed
amendments. The Board considered that insurance entities currently undertake
periodic assumption reviews when performing premium deficiency testing. Instead
of using those assumptions to perform premium deficiency testing, which would be
eliminated under the proposed amendments, insurance entities would use those
updated assumptions to remeasure the liability for future policy benefits. The Board
acknowledged that there would be initial costs to modify reserving models to
facilitate the recording of assumption updates; however, recurring costs should be
lower than initial one-time costs once systems are reconfigured.
BC41. The Board also noted that the retrospective method of calculating and
recording the effect of assumption updates is not new to the insurance accounting
model and, therefore, there should not be a significant learning curve for insurance
entities that issue universal life-type contracts. For universal life-type contracts,
under current GAAP, the effects of updating assumptions used to calculate the
additional liability and the estimated gross profits used to amortize deferred
acquisition costs are calculated and recognized on a retrospective basis. The
Board anticipates that insurance entities that issue universal life-type contracts
would be able to leverage their familiarity with performing retrospective updating.
BC42. The Board decided to include participating contracts within the scope of the
proposed amendments because under current GAAP the assumptions used to
calculate the liability for future policy benefits are locked at contract inception and
are based on conservative assumptions that do not represent expected future cash
flows, which are discounted at the guaranteed interest rate. Consistent with its

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conclusions on traditional insurance contracts, the Board concluded that the
liability for future policy benefits for participating contracts would provide more
decision-useful information when measured using periodically updated
assumptions and expected cash flows.

Liability for Future Policy Benefits—Discount Rate

BC43. Under current GAAP, the discount rate assumption for the liability for future
policy benefits for traditional and limited-payment contracts is based on estimates
of investment yields (net of related investment expenses) expected at the time that
insurance contracts are originated. The discount rate assumption for the liability
for future policy benefits for certain participating contracts is generally based on
the interest rate assumptions used to calculate the contracts’ guaranteed cash
surrender values.
BC44. Under the building block approach in the 2013 proposed Update, an entity
would discount expected future cash flows at a current rate with characteristics
similar to the liability (that is, the “top-down” approach or the “bottom-up”
approach). The discount rate would be updated at each reporting period. The
effects of changes associated with fluctuations in the discount rate from inception
would be recognized in other comprehensive income.
BC45. The Board considered stakeholder feedback on the 2013 proposed Update.
Users generally supported the use of a discount rate not linked to the expected
yield on an entity’s investment portfolio. Many users expressed concern that
quarterly assumption updating of discount rates would result in increased volatility
in financial statements and generally stated that assumptions should be updated
less frequently than quarterly, such as on an annual basis or if a change is
persistent. However, many financial statement preparers favored interim updating
for discount rates because that would more closely align with the interim updating
of assets carried at fair value. Financial statement preparers raised concerns that
determining an illiquidity premium or identifying which yield to strip out was
conceptually and practically challenging. Although some Board members were
sympathetic to user concerns about the effect of interim updating on reported
capital, the liability, and comprehensive income, the Board concluded that the
discount rate should be updated at each reporting date.
BC46. The Board also considered feedback specific to current GAAP. Financial
statement users recommended changes to discount rates because they have
limited understanding of a reporting entity’s interest rate risk, and different
insurance entities with similar products may use different discount rates.
Specifically, users raised concerns about the use of an insurance entity’s expected
investment yield to discount the liability for future policy benefits. Discounting
insurance contract liabilities using those rates may reduce a user’s ability to
analyze an insurance entity’s true economic exposure, such as duration
mismatches. Those users recommended that either the disclosure about the

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discount rates that are used be enhanced or that a more reliable, market-
observable rate be used and applied across the industry.
BC47. In response to stakeholder feedback, the Board decided to require that
future cash flows be discounted using a current high-quality fixed-income
instrument yield. This change maximizes the use of market-observable inputs,
independent of the return that an insurance entity expects to earn on its investment
portfolio.
BC48. The Board concluded that the proper rate to discount this net liability is a
liability rate rather than a rate linked to the insurance entity’s investment
experience. The Board noted that an insurance entity’s economic success is
influenced by its ability to invest its assets and earn a rate that exceeds the time
value of money on its liabilities. If an insurance entity’s investment yield is used to
discount the liability, the liability accretion expense would approximate the
insurance entity’s investment returns, which would not provide information about
duration risk and the spread between the return on investment and time value of
the liability.
BC49. The Board also considered that an insurance entity is obligated to perform
on its guaranteed benefit obligations irrespective of its investment strategy. Also,
the Board believes that an independent market observable rate allows for better
comparability across insurance entities. An insurance entity with a lower quality
investment portfolio should not report a lower liability than an insurance entity with
a higher-quality investment portfolio simply because the lower-quality investment
portfolio has a higher estimated rate of return due to the increased risk.
BC50. FASB Concepts Statement No. 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present
Value in Accounting Measurements, specifies that interest rates used to discount
cash flows should reflect assumptions that are consistent with those inherent in
the estimated cash flows. Otherwise, the effect of some assumptions would be
double-counted or ignored. Because the Board decided that the discount rate
would be a current high-quality fixed-income instrument yield that maximizes the
use of market observable inputs, any adjustment for uncertainty in cash flow
variability not reflected in that rate would be captured in the development of the
estimated cash flows.
BC51. In reaching its decision, the Board placed an emphasis on ease of
operability while acknowledging that there is no perfect discount rate. The Board
noted that high-quality rates are sufficiently available and that they approximate a
risk-free rate plus liquidity adjustment. Some banks and rating agencies publish
high-quality rate indexes, and high-quality rates also are available from market
data providers. The Board also observed that pension obligations are discounted
at a high-quality rate under current GAAP. The Board rejected an alternative that
would have involved using a top-down methodology or bottom-up methodology
similar to what was contemplated in the 2013 proposed Update as a result of
stakeholder feedback that stated that determining an illiquidity premium or
identifying which yield to strip out was conceptually and practically challenging.

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BC52. The Board recognizes that in some instances there may be points on the
yield curve in which there are limited or no observable market data, especially for
liabilities that are expected to be settled many decades from the reporting date.
Additionally, there may be periods of market dislocation. For points on the yield
curve in which there are limited or no observable market prices, or during periods
of market dislocation, an entity should use an estimate that is consistent with
current GAAP guidance on fair value measurement, particularly for Level 3 fair
value measurement. In applying that guidance, an entity would adjust an
observable input that relates to a liability with characteristics that are different from
the characteristics being measured.
BC53. The Board considered whether participating contracts should be discounted
at a rate that reflects the return on the insurance entity’s investment portfolio and
the variability in that return. The Board rejected that approach because
participating contracts contain both guaranteed and discretionary elements. The
Board considered that, similar to traditional contracts, an insurance entity is
obligated to perform on its guaranteed obligations irrespective of its investment
strategy. The Board also considered that discretionary dividends are not only
affected by investment performance, but that they also are affected by an
insurance entity’s mortality and expense experience. Although one Board member
was sensitive to the investment performance effect on dividends, the Board
ultimately concluded that isolating the portion of discretionary cash flows
attributable to investment performance and applying a discount rate to those
isolated cash flows that considered the insurance entity’s investment return would
be overly complex and operationally burdensome. Accordingly, the Board decided
to align the discount rate for participating contracts with that of traditional and
limited-payment contracts.

Market Risk Benefits

BC54. Variable contracts allow the contract holder to direct all or a portion of the
account balance into an investment that passes the risks and rewards of holding
that investment to the contract holder. Over time, features (referred to as market
risk benefits) have been added to those products whereby an insurance entity may
provide the contract holder with protection from adverse investment performance.
Those features include guaranteed minimum death, accumulation, income,
withdrawal, and lifetime withdrawal benefits.
BC55. A common attribute of those benefits is that the insurance entity is obligated
to cover the shortfall between the guaranteed benefit and the account balance
(commonly referred to as the net amount at risk), thus exposing the insurance
entity to capital market risk. However, benefits that meet the embedded derivative
criteria under Topic 815 are measured at fair value, while those that do not are
accounted for as insurance under Topic 944.

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BC56. Under the building block approach in the 2013 proposed Update, cash flows
associated with market risk benefit features in an insurance contract would be
included in the fulfillment cash flows used to calculate the insurance contract
liability if those benefits do not meet the embedded derivative criteria under Topic
815. However, benefits that meet the embedded derivative criteria under Topic 815
would continue to be measured at fair value.
BC57. The Board considered stakeholder feedback provided on the 2013
proposed Update. Stakeholders raised concerns about the complexity and
inconsistency of the current accounting models for those benefits, which would not
have been resolved by the amendments in the 2013 proposed Update. In
particular, users commented that those benefits should be measured on a
consistent basis because they share similar risks and economics, but the
amendments in the 2013 proposed Update would not have resulted in a single
model for those similar benefits.
BC58. The Board also considered stakeholder feedback specific to current GAAP.
Preparers commented on the complexity of evaluating whether a benefit should be
accounted for as an embedded derivative in accordance with Topic 815.
Additionally, both users and preparers expressed concern with the existing
financial reporting disincentive to economically hedge capital market risk
exposures arising from benefits currently accounted for under an insurance accrual
model because the hedging instruments are measured at fair value, resulting in
earnings volatility not reflective of the economics.
BC59. To address stakeholder concerns, the Board decided to require that an
insurance entity measure all market risk benefits at fair value and recognize in
other comprehensive income the portion of any change in fair value attributable to
a change in the instrument-specific credit risk. This decision applies to contracts
and benefits that meet both of the following criteria:
a. Contracts: The contract holder has the ability to direct funds to one or
more separate account investment alternatives, and investment
performance, net of contract fees and assessments, is passed through to
the contract holder.
b. Benefits: The insurance entity provides a benefit protecting the contract
holder from adverse capital market performance, exposing the insurance
entity to other-than-nominal capital market risk. A benefit is presumed to
have other-than-nominal capital market risk if the net amount at risk would
vary significantly in response to capital market volatility. Capital market
risk includes equity, interest rate, and foreign exchange risk.
BC60. The Board believes that a fair value measurement better reflects the risks
inherent in, and the economics of, market risk benefits, thereby providing more
decision-useful information. While each guaranteed feature may have unique
characteristics, all share some common market risks. In other words, with all of
these guarantees an insurance entity is covering a shortfall (caused by adverse
market performance) between a policyholder’s account balance and a guaranteed

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amount. A fair value measure using current market assumptions would better
recognize the market risk inherent in these benefits compared with an insurance
accounting model that establishes a liability ratably over the life of the contract on
the basis of entity-specific assumptions about future market variability.
BC61. The Board also believes that a fair value measurement better aligns with an
insurance entity’s risk management practices. The Board observed that insurance
entities may utilize dynamic hedging strategies designed to mitigate the capital
market risk exposure arising from market risk benefits, including equity market
returns, interest rates, and market volatility. Under these strategies, an insurance
entity may enter into equity, interest rate, or foreign exchange derivatives that seek
to offset the capital market risk exposure in market risk benefits. The Board
considered feedback from insurance entities that were concerned with the existing
financial reporting disincentive to economically hedge their capital market risk
exposures arising from benefits currently accounted for under an insurance accrual
model because the hedging instruments are measured at fair value, resulting in
earnings volatility not reflective of the economics. In contrast, an insurance entity
that chooses not to hedge its capital markets exposure could report more stable
earnings as a liability is smoothly accrued over time. The Board noted that
measuring market risk benefits at fair value would facilitate an insurance entity’s
risk management activities by removing that disincentive. Because changes in
hedged capital market risks would offset in earnings, an insurance entity’s earnings
would better depict the risks retained by the entity.
BC62. In reaching its decision, the Board considered the existence of mortality (or
longevity) risk inherent in life-contingent market risk benefits. The Board observed
that mortality is one of the inputs used to fair value market risk benefits and,
therefore, life contingency is captured in the valuation process. The Board noted
that the mortality input, which predicts how long a contract holder is expected to
live, is used to project the timing of a benefit payment. In contrast, variability in the
benefit amount (or the net amount at risk, which involves comparing an account
balance with a guaranteed amount) is influenced by capital market performance.
Given the significant effect of capital market risk on the benefit payment amounts,
the Board concluded that fair value measurement provides more decision-useful
information than a ratable insurance accrual measurement.
BC63. The Board decided that changes attributable to the instrument-specific
credit risk should be reported in other comprehensive income rather than in
earnings. The Board noted that this decision is consistent with its recent decision
to require entities to present separately in other comprehensive income the portion
of the total fair value change of a liability caused by a change in credit risk if the
fair value option is elected under Topic 825, Financial Instruments. The Board also
considered that insurance entities typically exclude their risk of nonperformance in
the development of their hedging strategies because the objective is to hedge the
entire projected claim irrespective of the possibility of the insurance entity’s default.

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BC64. The Board considered the costs associated with changing the
measurement model for market risk benefits. Rather than introduce a new
measurement model, which would have required the development of new systems
and processes as well as an educational effort, the Board selected one of the two
existing measurement models—that is, fair value—as the single measurement
model for market risk benefits. As a result, the accounting for some market risk
benefits would not change other than for the presentation of changes in the
instrument-specific credit risk in other comprehensive income. For benefits that
would be measured at fair value, the Board notes that insurance entities should be
able to leverage existing models and practices, thereby mitigating any incremental
costs of adopting the proposed amendments.
BC65. The Board also considered feedback from insurance entities about the
challenges of interpreting and applying the derivatives accounting literature to
determine whether a particular benefit should be accounted for as an embedded
derivative under Topic 815 or as insurance under Topic 944. This challenge is
particularly acute with the accounting for guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefits,
which has resulted in diversity in the accounting for those benefits. Under the
proposed amendments, insurance entities would benefit from no longer needing
to perform this evaluation because all market risk benefits would not be in the
scope of Topic 815 and would be accounted for under Topic 944.
BC66. The Board recognizes that an insurance entity may offer general account
products such as equity-indexed annuities, which may contain benefits similar to
those offered in variable products. The Board decided to limit the scope to variable
contracts because stakeholder feedback was generally focused on improving the
accounting for those products.

Deferred Acquisition Costs

BC67. Insurance entities incur costs in connection with the issuance or renewal of
long-duration contracts. Under current GAAP, costs that are incremental and
directly related to the successful acquisition of new (or renewal of existing)
contracts are deferred. Such costs generally include agent or broker commissions
and bonuses, premium taxes, medical and inspection fees, and other costs of
policy issuance and underwriting. Depending on the type of contract, deferred
acquisition costs are amortized under several different methods, including in
proportion to gross premiums, gross profits, or gross margins.
BC68. Under the building block approach in the 2013 proposed Update, there
would be no separate deferred acquisition costs asset. Instead, qualifying
acquisition costs would be netted against the margin on the balance sheet.
Deferred acquisition costs would be amortized on a basis consistent with the
amortization of the margin (that is, as the entity is released from risk). However,
the amortization expense would be reported in expense and not netted with
insurance contract revenue.

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BC69. The Board considered stakeholder feedback provided on the 2013
proposed Update, as well as subsequent additional outreach with users, preparers,
and auditors of financial statements specific to the targeted improvement phase of
the project. The Board received feedback from both users and preparers about
several issues with the current deferred acquisition cost amortization methods,
which are very specialized and unique to the insurance industry. Multiple
amortization methods under current GAAP result in inconsistency by product type,
even though the nature of the costs (for example, commissions and underwriting
costs) are the same across product types. Although the amendments in the 2013
proposed Update would have resolved the concerns about multiple amortization
models by introducing a single amortization approach, users would not have
gained greater visibility because deferred acquisition costs would have been
netted with the margin and the amortization pattern would not have been intuitive.
Stakeholders noted that the existing estimated gross profit and estimated gross
margin amortization models are complex and require numerous inputs and
assumptions and that assumption updates can result in periodic adjustments that
are challenging to calculate, understand, and explain. In certain situations,
recovery of amounts recognized as amortization in prior periods may occur. This
complexity limits the decision usefulness of information, thus hindering financial
statement analyses. In particular, users provided feedback that linking the
amortization of deferred acquisition costs to changes in the liability or investment
experience results in offsetting effects in net income, which complicates the
evaluation of an insurance entity’s financial performance. This concern about
offsetting effects would not have been resolved by the amendments in the 2013
proposed Update because deferred acquisition costs would have been amortized
in tandem with the margin.
BC70. To address both user and preparer concerns, the Board decided to simplify
the amortization of deferred acquisition costs. Specifically, the Board decided that
deferred acquisition costs amortized in proportion to premiums, gross profits, or
gross margins should instead be amortized in proportion to the amount of
insurance in force. If the amount of insurance in force over the expected term of
the related contract cannot be reasonably estimated, as is the case with certain
universal life-type or investment contracts, straight-line amortization should be
used. The Board also decided to eliminate the practice of accruing interest on the
balance of deferred acquisition costs because the amortization methods do not
employ present value techniques and deferred acquisition costs are not, in
themselves, monetary items.
BC71. The Board believes that simplification would benefit both users and
preparers. From a user perspective, simplification improves the understandability
of an insurance entity’s financial results because the amortization pattern would
be estimated more reasonably and would be independent of liability measurement
assumption updates. Users expressed concern over the magnitude of periodic
unlocking adjustments, mostly due to the influence of market factors in the
amortization pattern. These frequent earnings adjustments complicate financial

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statement analyses, can be unintuitive or counterintuitive, and are difficult to
model. Under the proposed amendments, the amortization pattern would no longer
be influenced by or fluctuate in tandem with the effects of investment performance
or changes in expected future liability cash flows. As a result, users would benefit
from greater understanding about the effects of updated future cash flow
assumptions without the distortion from the recalibration of the amortization of
historical cash flows.
BC72. The Board anticipates that insurance entities would benefit from the
reduced costs of a simpler amortization model. Insurance entities provided
feedback that current amortization methods are operationally burdensome and
significant resources are devoted to running the amortization models, evaluating
adjustments, and explaining the adjustments to management and users. Under the
proposed amendments, insurance entities may devote fewer resources to running
amortization models and analyzing and explaining amortization adjustments.
BC73. In reaching its decision, the Board considered that deferred acquisition
costs represent historical cash flows—that is, expenses such as commissions or
underwriting costs incurred when a contract is originated. The Board observed that
because the cash flows occurred in the past and a cost accumulation
measurement approach is followed, there is no measurement uncertainty
associated with the asset balance. In contrast, the estimated gross profit or margin
amortization methods introduce uncertainty (and earnings variability) because the
amortization rate under those methods is affected by multiple long-dated
assumptions or market-based assumptions (such as expected investment
performance) that cannot be reasonably estimated over the expected contract
term. In reaching this conclusion, the Board considered other areas of GAAP in
which amortization is employed. In particular, the proposed approach is consistent
with the amortization of finite-lived intangible assets under Topic 350, Intangibles—
Goodwill and Other, in which a straight-line amortization method must be used if
the pattern in which the economic benefits of the intangible asset are consumed
cannot be reliably determined.
BC74. The Board also observed that the amount of insurance in force is an existing
amortization basis for certain long-duration contract balances and, therefore, it is
not introducing a new amortization method. For example, if significant gross losses
are expected in any period, the balance of insurance in force may be substituted
as an alternative basis for computing the amortization of deferred acquisition costs.
Also, any gross premium received in excess of the net premium for a limited-
payment life insurance contract is deferred and recognized in income in a constant
relationship with insurance in force.
BC75. The carrying amount of deferred acquisition costs should be reduced as a
result of unexpected terminations but not as a result of changes in contract
profitability. The Board considered alternative approaches whereby the carrying
amount of deferred acquisition costs should be adjusted for changes in the
profitability of the related contracts. One approach would have considered only the

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fee or premium income received directly from a contract holder, similar to the
accounting for deferred costs related to customers in accordance with Subtopic
340-40, Other Assets and Deferred Costs—Contracts with Customers. The Board
noted that such an approach would be challenging to apply to universal life-type
contracts or investment contracts whereby a substantial component of the
profitability is derived from earning a spread between what is earned on the
investment portfolio versus what is credited to policyholders. Another approach
would have considered both direct and indirect cash flows, similar to the
accounting for intangible assets subject to amortization in accordance with
Subtopic 350-30, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other—General Intangibles Other
Than Goodwill. The Board noted that such an approach would be challenging to
apply to deferred acquisition costs because the impairment test would involve
measuring at fair value the balance of unamortized acquisition costs, which—
consistent with the current GAAP practice to write off those balances in a business
combination—are considered to have a fair value of zero.
BC76. In reaching its decision, the Board observed that a long-duration contract is
akin to a financing arrangement in which a contract holder provides cash to the
insurance entity (in the form of a premium or deposit) and the insurance entity
agrees to return cash to the contract holder or beneficiary at a future date, subject
to the terms of the contractual arrangement and, therefore, establishes a liability
to recognize that obligation. In this regard, deferred acquisition costs are similar to
debt issuance costs. Under current GAAP, debt issuance costs are deferred and
amortized over the borrowing term, independent of how that entity chooses to
utilize the borrowing proceeds. No impairment assessment is performed on
deferred borrowing costs; rather, those costs are amortized as long as the
borrowing is outstanding and are viewed as part of the funding cost.

Disclosure
BC77. Under the amendments in the 2013 proposed Update, an entity would need
to disclose qualitative and quantitative information about (a) the amounts
recognized in its financial statements arising from insurance contracts, (b) the
significant judgments and changes in judgments, and (c) the nature and extent of
risks arising from insurance contracts. The purpose of those disclosures was to
help financial statement users understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of
future insurance contract cash flows. An entity would need to (1) discuss the
methods, processes, and assumptions it uses and (2) analyze uncertainty about
significant inputs that have a material effect on measurements. The amendments
in the 2013 proposed Update specified that an entity could not obscure information
by providing disclosures with overly summarized levels of aggregation (for
example, combining portfolios that have different characteristics) or masking
relevant information with insignificant details.
BC78. In determining the disclosure requirements for the amendments in this
proposed Update, the Board considered stakeholder feedback on the 2013

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proposed Update, as well as subsequent additional outreach with users, preparers,
and auditors of financial statements specific to the targeted improvement phase of
the project. Financial statement users provided feedback that current disclosures
provide limited decision-useful information and generally supported many of the
disclosure requirements in the 2013 proposed Update. Users stated they currently
rely on information obtained from various sources other than the GAAP financial
statements, such as supplemental schedules provided by insurance entities and
U.S. statutory filings, and that, therefore, additional disclosures would improve the
decision usefulness of the financial statements. In particular, users supported the
requirement to disclose information about the assumptions used in estimating the
insurance contract liability balances because they provide increased transparency
into the estimation process. Financial statement preparers noted that certain
disclosures, such as (a) qualitative and quantitative information about the nature
and extent of the risks arising from contracts issued by insurance entities and (b)
quantitative and qualitative information about the sensitivity of insurance contract
liability balances to changes in inputs, would be voluminous, costly to implement
and to audit, and operationally burdensome.
BC79. The Board also considered the proposed FASB Concepts Statement,
Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting—Chapter 8: Notes to Financial
Statements. In selecting the disclosure objectives, the Board concluded that
disclosures about long-duration contracts should enable users of financial
statements to evaluate the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising
from those contracts.
BC80. In response to stakeholder feedback, the Board decided to include a
requirement that an insurance entity should provide a rollforward of beginning to
ending balances of the liability for future policy benefits, policyholder account
balances, market risk benefits, separate account assets and liabilities, and
deferred acquisition costs. The Board made this decision because those
reconciliations inform users of financial statements about changes in those asset
and liability balances during the reporting period that they would not be able to
otherwise discern by simply observing the change in the asset or liability balances.
The Board noted that users of financial statements indicated that these
reconciliations would be one of the most useful disclosures because of the
numerous factors that cause the changes in those balances, thus providing
decision-useful information in assessing the performance and expected
performance of an insurance entity.
BC81. In addition, to provide context to the information presented in the
rollforwards, the Board decided to require the disclosure of assumptions and
changes in assumptions. The Board also decided to include other information that
users have indicated would be useful in their analyses of an insurance entity’s
financial performance, including investment spreads and hedging of capital market
risk in market risk benefits.

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BC82. The Board decided that an insurance entity should aggregate or
disaggregate disclosures so that useful information is not obscured either by the
inclusion of a large amount of insignificant detail or by the aggregation of items
that have significantly different characteristics. Disaggregation would allow users
to understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from
contracts issued by insurance entities.
BC83. The Board decided that useful disaggregation of disclosures depends on
the characteristics of the contracts that an insurance entity writes and on various
entity-specific factors; therefore, the guidance should not prescribe any specific
factor to be used as the basis for disaggregating the disclosures. Instead, the
Board decided to specify a principle for providing disaggregated information. The
Board noted that specifying a principle would result in useful information for
financial statement users because it would enable an insurance entity to
disaggregate the disclosures into categories that are meaningful for its business.
In addition, specifying a principle should result in disaggregation that is neither too
aggregated nor too detailed. The Board also noted that an insurance entity should
not aggregate amounts from different reportable segments because this would
reduce the usefulness of the disclosure.

Transition
BC84. The Board decided that the proposed amendments on the liability for future
policyholder benefits should be applied retrospectively (with a cumulative catch-up
adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings) as of the beginning of the
earliest period presented. The Board considered the tradeoff between verifiability
and comparability of contracts that were in force at the date of transition and those
that were issued after the date of transition. Accordingly, this guidance proposes
that an entity should adopt the amendments by means of retrospective application
to the contract issue date.
BC85. In many cases, insurance entities will have objective, contemporaneous
data about insurance contracts issued before the date of transition. Those data
could include actuarial reports and regulatory filings among other information.
However, as a result of stakeholder feedback, the Board recognizes that there may
be circumstances in which the historical information may be limited or unavailable
or the application impracticable. Because of the age of many in-force contracts
(that is, some that have been issued decades ago), insurance entities might
reasonably face challenges in accumulating the necessary data, especially if,
historically, there was no perceived need to capture the data in accounting systems
or if the systems used to capture the data have since been retired. Therefore, the
Board decided to provide alternative transition provisions for those circumstances.
BC86. The Board decided that market risk benefits should be measured at fair
value at the beginning of the earliest period presented. The cumulative effects of
changes in the instrument-specific credit risk between contract inception date and

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transition date should be recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income.
The difference between fair value and carrying value at the transition date,
excluding the effects of changes in the instrument-specific credit risk, should be
adjusted to the opening balance of retained earnings. The Board also decided that
the proposed amendments on deferred acquisition costs should be applied as of
the transition date on the basis of the existing carrying amounts at that date,
adjusted for the removal of any related amounts in accumulated other
comprehensive income.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)

BC87. IFRS 4, Insurance Contracts, addresses the financial reporting for
insurance contracts by any entity that issues such contracts (described in IFRS 4
as an insurer). The IASB also has a project on its agenda that, when finalized,
would amend existing IFRS requirements for certain insurance contracts
regardless of whether they are issued by an insurance entity.
BC88. The revised 2013 IASB Exposure Draft, which proposes new recognition,
measurement, presentation, and disclosure guidance for insurance contracts,
establishes principles that an entity would apply to report useful information to
users of its financial statements about the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty
of cash flows from insurance contracts. The guidance in the revised 2013 IASB
Exposure Draft would apply to all entities that issue contracts that meet the
definition of an insurance contract, with certain scope exemptions.
BC89. The amendments in the revised 2013 IASB Exposure Draft would require
an entity to measure its insurance contracts using a current measurement model,
in which current estimates are remeasured at each reporting period. The
measurement approach is based on the building blocks of a current, discounted,
and probability-weighted average of future cash flows expected to arise as the
insurer fulfills the contract; an explicit risk adjustment; and a contractual service
margin representing the unearned profit of the contract. A simplified approach is
permitted if the coverage period is one year or less or if the measurement provides
a reasonable approximation to applying the building block approach.

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Amendments to the XBRL Taxonomy
The provisions of this Exposure Draft, if finalized as proposed, would require
changes to the U.S. GAAP Financial Reporting Taxonomy (Taxonomy). We
welcome comments on these proposed changes to the Taxonomy through ASU
Taxonomy Changes provided at www.fasb.org. After the FASB has completed its
deliberations and issued a final Accounting Standards Update, proposed
amendments to the Taxonomy will be made available for public comment at
www.fasb.org and finalized as part of the annual release process.

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