JAVA METHODS

MIDTERM MODULE

A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an

operation. When you call the System.out.println() method, for example, the system
actually executes several statements in order to display a message on the console.
Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values,
invoke a method with or without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the
program design.

Creating Method
Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method −
Syntax
public static int methodName(int a, int b) {
// body
}
Here,
 public static − modifier
 int − return type
 methodName − name of the method
 a, b − formal parameters
 int a, int b − list of parameters
Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown
in the following syntax −
Syntax
modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {
// method body
}
The syntax shown above includes −
 modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.
 returnType − Method may return a value.
 nameOfMethod − This is the method name. The method signature consists of
the method name and the parameter list.
 Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of
parameters of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero
parameters.
 method body − The method body defines what the method does with the
statements.
Example
Here is the source code of the above defined method called min(). This method takes
two parameters num1 and num2 and returns the maximum between the two −
/** the snippet returns the minimum between two numbers */

public static int minFunction(int n1, int n2) {

int min;
if (n1 > n2)
min = n2;
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else
min = n1;

return min;
}

Method Calling
For using a method, it should be called. There are two ways in which a method is
called i.e., method returns a value or returning nothing (no return value).
The process of method calling is simple. When a program invokes a method, the
program control gets transferred to the called method. This called method then returns
control to the caller in two conditions, when −

 the return statement is executed.

 it reaches the method ending closing brace.
The methods returning void is considered as call to a statement. Lets consider an
example −
System.out.println("This is tutorialspoint.com!");

The method returning value can be understood by the following example −

int result = sum(6, 9);

Following is the example to demonstrate how to define a method and how to call it −
Example
public class ExampleMinNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 11;
int b = 6;
int c = minFunction(a, b);
System.out.println("Minimum Value = " + c);
}

/** returns the minimum of two numbers */

public static int minFunction(int n1, int n2) {
int min;
if (n1 > n2)
min = n2;
else
min = n1;

return min;
}
}

This will produce the following result −

Output
Minimum value = 6

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The void Keyword

The void keyword allows us to create methods which do not return a value. Here, in the
following example we're considering a void method methodRankPoints. This method is
a void method, which does not return any value. Call to a void method must be a
statement i.e. methodRankPoints(255.7);. It is a Java statement which ends with a
semicolon as shown in the following example.
Example
public class ExampleVoid {

public static void main(String[] args) {

methodRankPoints(255.7);
}

public static void methodRankPoints(double points) {

if (points >= 202.5) {
System.out.println("Rank:A1");
}else if (points >= 122.4) {
System.out.println("Rank:A2");
}else {
System.out.println("Rank:A3");
}
}
}

This will produce the following result −

Output
Rank:A1

Passing Parameters by Value

While working under calling process, arguments is to be passed. These should be in
the same order as their respective parameters in the method specification. Parameters
can be passed by value or by reference.
Passing Parameters by Value means calling a method with a parameter. Through this,
the argument value is passed to the parameter.
Example
The following program shows an example of passing parameter by value. The values
of the arguments remains the same even after the method invocation.
public class swappingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 30;
int b = 45;
System.out.println("Before swapping, a = " + a + " and b = "
+ b);

// Invoke the swap method

swapFunction(a, b);
System.out.println("\n**Now, Before and After swapping values
will be same here**:");
System.out.println("After swapping, a = " + a + " and b is "
+ b);

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public static void swapFunction(int a, int b) {

System.out.println("Before swapping(Inside), a = " + a + " b
= " + b);

// Swap n1 with n2
int c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
System.out.println("After swapping(Inside), a = " + a + " b =
" + b);
}
}

This will produce the following result −

Output
Before swapping, a = 30 and b = 45
Before swapping(Inside), a = 30 b = 45
After swapping(Inside), a = 45 b = 30

**Now, Before and After swapping values will be same here**:

After swapping, a = 30 and b is 45

Method Overloading
When a class has two or more methods by the same name but different parameters, it
is known as method overloading. It is different from overriding. In overriding, a method
has the same method name, type, number of parameters, etc.
Let’s consider the example discussed earlier for finding minimum numbers of integer
type. If, let’s say we want to find the minimum number of double type. Then the
concept of overloading will be introduced to create two or more methods with the same
name but different parameters.
The following example explains the same −
Example
public class ExampleOverloading {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 11;
int b = 6;
double c = 7.3;
double d = 9.4;
int result1 = minFunction(a, b);

// same function name with different parameters

double result2 = minFunction(c, d);
System.out.println("Minimum Value = " + result1);
System.out.println("Minimum Value = " + result2);
}

// for integer
public static int minFunction(int n1, int n2) {
int min;
if (n1 > n2)
min = n2;

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else
min = n1;

return min;
}

// for double
public static double minFunction(double n1, double n2) {
double min;
if (n1 > n2)
min = n2;
else
min = n1;

return min;
}
}

This will produce the following result −

Output
Minimum Value = 6
Minimum Value = 7.3
Overloading methods makes program readable. Here, two methods are given by the
same name but with different parameters. The minimum number from integer and
double types is the result.

Using Command-Line Arguments

Sometimes you will want to pass some information into a program when you run it.
This is accomplished by passing command-line arguments to main( ).
A command-line argument is the information that directly follows the program's name
on the command line when it is executed. To access the command-line arguments
inside a Java program is quite easy. They are stored as strings in the String array
passed to main( ).
Example
The following program displays all of the command-line arguments that it is called with
−
public class CommandLine {

public static void main(String args[]) {

for(int i = 0; i<args.length; i++) {
System.out.println("args[" + i + "]: " + args[i]);
}
}
}

Try executing this program as shown here −

$java CommandLine this is a command line 200 -100
This will produce the following result −
Output
args[0]: this
args[1]: is
args[2]: a
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args[3]: command
args[4]: line
args[5]: 200
args[6]: -100

The this keyword

this is a keyword in Java which is used as a reference to the object of the current
class, with in an instance method or a constructor. Using this you can refer the
members of a class such as constructors, variables and methods.
Note − The keyword this is used only within instance methods or constructors

In general, the keyword this is used to −

 Differentiate the instance variables from local variables if they have same
names, within a constructor or a method.
class Student {
int age;
Student(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}

 Call one type of constructor (parametrized constructor or default) from other in a

class. It is known as explicit constructor invocation.
class Student {
int age
Student() {
this(20);
}

Student(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}

Example
Here is an example that uses this keyword to access the members of a class. Copy
and paste the following program in a file with the name, This_Example.java.
public class This_Example {
// Instance variable num
int num = 10;

This_Example() {
System.out.println("This is an example program on keyword
this");
}

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This_Example(int num) {
// Invoking the default constructor
this();

// Assigning the local variable num to the instance variable

num
this.num = num;
}

public void greet() {

System.out.println("Hi Welcome to Tutorialspoint");
}

public void print() {

// Local variable num
int num = 20;

// Printing the local variable

System.out.println("value of local variable num is : "+num);

// Printing the instance variable

System.out.println("value of instance variable num is :
"+this.num);

// Invoking the greet method of a class

this.greet();
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Instantiating the class
This_Example obj1 = new This_Example();

// Invoking the print method

obj1.print();

// Passing a new value to the num variable through

parametrized constructor
This_Example obj2 = new This_Example(30);

// Invoking the print method again

obj2.print();
}
}

This will produce the following result −

Output
This is an example program on keyword this
value of local variable num is : 20
value of instance variable num is : 10
Hi Welcome to Tutorialspoint
This is an example program on keyword this
value of local variable num is : 20
value of instance variable num is : 30
Hi Welcome to Tutorialspoint

Variable Arguments(var-args)

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JDK 1.5 enables you to pass a variable number of arguments of the same type to a
method. The parameter in the method is declared as follows −
typeName... parameterName
In the method declaration, you specify the type followed by an ellipsis (...). Only one
variable-length parameter may be specified in a method, and this parameter must be
the last parameter. Any regular parameters must precede it.
Example
public class VarargsDemo {

public static void main(String args[]) {

// Call method with variable args
printMax(34, 3, 3, 2, 56.5);
printMax(new double[]{1, 2, 3});
}

public static void printMax( double... numbers) {

if (numbers.length == 0) {
System.out.println("No argument passed");
return;
}

double result = numbers[0];

for (int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++)

if (numbers[i] > result)
result = numbers[i];
System.out.println("The max value is " + result);
}
}

This will produce the following result −

Output
The max value is 56.5
The max value is 3.0

The finalize( ) Method

It is possible to define a method that will be called just before an object's final
destruction by the garbage collector. This method is called finalize( ), and it can be
used to ensure that an object terminates cleanly.
For example, you might use finalize( ) to make sure that an open file owned by that
object is closed.
To add a finalizer to a class, you simply define the finalize( ) method. The Java runtime
calls that method whenever it is about to recycle an object of that class.
Inside the finalize( ) method, you will specify those actions that must be performed
before an object is destroyed.
The finalize( ) method has this general form −
protected void finalize( ) {
// finalization code here
}
Here, the keyword protected is a specifier that prevents access to finalize( ) by code
defined outside its class.
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This means that you cannot know when or even if finalize( ) will be executed. For
example, if your program ends before garbage collection occurs, finalize( ) will not
execute.

REFERENCES
Java Methods retrieved from https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_methods.htm in October
2020

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