International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015

ISSN 2229-5518 15

Performance Analysis DiffServ based Quality of

Service in MPLS Network's
Dr. Ahmad Saker Ahmad, Dr.Talal Alatky, Manhal Jafar

Abstract—Over the last years, we have seen a rapid deployment of real-time applications on the Internet , there have been also many
research works about Quality of Service (QoS). Internet had new trend with an evolution for development of new applications for all
customers. These new applications required an increase in bandwidth guaranteed over the networks, with new services that are developed
and deployed. The new Enhancement in providing quality of service (QoS) on the Internet is based on the Different Services (DiffServ).
DiffServ divides traffic into small classes and allocates network resources on a per-class basis. In this architecture, packets are marked
with different DiffServ code points (DSCP) at edge routers, and the priority for packet's is given via the value of this field. In the other hand,
MPLS is a fast forwarding mechanism depends on Labels. The main advantage of MPLS is its support for traffic engineering which result in
best utilization of network's resources like link capacity. The integration of using MPLS (as a forwarding mechanism) with DiffServ (as a
QoS mechanism) offer high Quality of service especially for real time applications (such as VoIP, Video Conference. We simulate and
Evaluate in this paper the performance of MPLS-DiffServ network's by means of OPNET simulator. Our results showed Superiority of
MPLS-DiffServ over other kinds of networks and then was clear in decreasing End-to-End delay, delay variation, upload response time,
queuing delay, and Traffic Dropped, also in increasing the traffic received.

Index Terms—MPLS, DiffServ, QoS, Traffic Engineering, VoIP, Video Conference.

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1 INTRODUCTION

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ith the new trends of multimedia applications in the IP accessed by external user(s) through Virtual Private Network
networks, bandwidth became critical issue in the Inter- (VPN).
net community and service providers alike. Many mul- A traffic engineering enhancement to the QoS-OSPF routing
timedia applications such as video streaming and VOIP and protocol is proposed and used as the path selection algorithm
Video conference caused massive congestion on IP network's. in a DiffServ-MPLS network presented in [6]. The proposed
These applications and services not only need bandwidth, but scheme, called TE-QOSPF, exploits the use of non-shortest
also require a guarantee of quality of service, such as delay, paths to improve load-balancing and avoid network conges-
Jitter and packet loss. QoS requirements put new challenges to tion. Simulation results show that the algorithm outperforms
service providers [1]. QoS does not create capacity, but only the QoS-OSPF scheme in terms of loss ratio, link utilization,
supports the priorities of traffic and allocation of resources and delay.
under the terms of congestion [2]. Standard organizations such Based on the simulation results in [7] it can be derived that
as IETF proposed many criteria to support QoS in IP net- MPLS provides best solution in implementing the VoIP appli-
works. This included MPLS network as well as Different Ser- cation compared to conventional IP networks because of the
vices, many (RFC's) were published for both services and their following reasons. Routers in MPLS takes less processing time
integration [3]. When an MPLS network supports DiffServ, in forwarding the packets, this is more suitable for the applica-
traffic flows can receive class-based network treatment that tions like VoIP which posses less tolerant to the network de-
provides bases for QoS guarantees [4]. The objective of this lays. Implementing of MPLS with TE minimizes the conges-
work is to study the affect of the QoS mechanism with
tion in the network.
DiffServ-MPLS on network parameters such as jitter, delay
The affects of First in First Out (FIFO) & Priority Queuing (PQ)
and throughput. The study showed improvement in the
on packet delivery for applications such as Video and VoIP
throughput, jitter and delay when using MPLS-DiffServ net-
discussed in [8]. In this paper, it is investigated how the choice
work as compared to IP only or MPLS only.
of the queuing discipline can affect the applications and utili-
zation of the network resources in the routers.
2 RELATED WORK'S In [9] an improvement of MPLS-TE called EMPLS-TE is pre-
In [5] QoS analysis in a wired IP network discussed with more sented, it is based on a modification of operation of Forward-
realistic enterprise modeling and presents simulation results. ing Equivalence Class (FEC) in order to provide the quality of
Two major queuing disciplines are evaluated i.e. Priori- service to stream multimedia. EMPLS-TE defines paths for
tyQueuing and Weighted Fair Queuing. In the end, it is also network traffic based on certain quality of service.
analyzed how network's database service with applied QoS [10] Presents a QoS performance study of real-time applica-
may be affected in terms of throughput (average rate of data tions such as voice and video conferencing in terms of Packet
received) for internal network users when the server is also Delay Variation (PDV) over DiffServ with or without MPLS
TE in IPv4/IPv6 networks using OPNET. The effectiveness of
————————————————
DiffServ and MPLS TE integration in IPv4/IPv6 network is
illustrated and analyzed. This paper shows that IPv6 experi-
College of Information Technology, System Engineering and Computer
Networks Dep. University of Tishreen, Syria. ences more PDV than their IPv4 counterparts.

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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3 MPLS critical data, excluding or delaying less critical traffic during

periods of congestion.
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), as standardized by
- Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ): alocates a percentage of the
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a layer 3 packet
switching technology that transmits traffic effectively and output bandwidth equal to the relative weight of each traffic
supports QoS on the Internet. MPLS improves the perfor- class during periods of congestion.
mance of routing in the network layer [11][12]. Fig 1 shows the - Custom Queuing (CQ): assigns a certain percentage of the
MPLS header. bandwidth to each queue to assure predictable throughput for
other queues. It is designed for environments that need to
guarantee a minimal level of service to all traffic.
To handle this, the use of QoS mechanisms ensures that pack-
ets will receive appropriate treatment as they travel through
the network. This helps applications and end users to be in
line with their expectations and with the commitments con-
tracted by the customer with the network operator. Fig 2
shows The basic QoS Model.

Fig. 1: MPLS Header

MPLS is used in Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks and
as a backbone to Internet Protocol (IP) to provide guaranteed
efficient bandwidth and Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning
in the network [13][14]. MPLS supports multiple Layer 2 pro-
tocols such as ATM, Frame Relay and Ethernet. Because of the

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variety of the underlay network structures, MPLS is able to
establish end to- end IP connections with different QoS charac-
teristics associated with the multiple transport media [15]. A
label is a small, fixed index, which identifies a Forward Equiv-
alence Class (FEC); a group of IP packets that are forwarded Fig. 2: The basic QoS Model
over the same path with the same packet treatments. With
MPLS, the packet is faster than with use IP address because 5 DIFFSERV
MPLS uses labels to quickly check the next hop that leads to
the destination without going to the network layer to analyze If Differentiated Services[17] had been discussed by IETF and
the packets along the path [9]. Routers along the path do not being commented as RFC2475, RFC2597, RFC2598, RFC2474
have to examine the IP header of every passing packet, they and RFC3270. DiffServ approaches the problem of QoS by di-
only examine the contents of the label. The label inserted be- viding traffic into a small number of classes and allocating
tween the layer 2(data link layer) and the layer 3(network lay- network resources on a per-class basis. The class is marked
er) in the OSI model; therefore it is called layer 2.5 protocol directly on the packet, in the 6-bit DiffServ Code Point (DSCP)
[7],[13]. field. The DSCP determines the QoS behavior of a packet at a
particular node in the network. This is called the per-hop be-
havior (PHB) and is expressed in terms of the scheduling and
4 QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) drop preference that a packet experiences. From an implemen-
Quality of Service is defined as the set of techniques to control tation point of view, the PHB will be translated to the packet
bandwidth, delay, and jitter and packet loss in a network. QoS queue used for forwarding, the drop probability in case the
also provides techniques to observe network traffic [16].The queue exceeds a certain limit, the resources (buffers and
internet and IP protocol were designed to provide best-effort bandwidth) allocated to each queue, and the frequency at
traffic where all packets are treated equally. But as applica- which a queue is serviced [18].
tions load is getting higher and network traffic is becoming The differentiated services architecture is based on a simple
highly diverse, just increasing the amount of resources such as model where traffic entering a network is classified and possi-
available bandwidth to avoid congestion does not provide bly conditioned at the boundaries of the network, and as-
proper resource utilization and is not sufficient to meet appli- signed to different behavior aggregates. Each behavior aggre-
cations requirements. There are many of queuing schemes gate is identified by a single DS code point. Within the core of
used to achieve QoS: the network, packets are forwarded according to the per-hop-
- First In First Out (FIFO): does not classify packets. When the behavior (PHB) associated with the DS code point [19]. The
arriving rate is greater than the sending rate on the interface, IETF defined a set of 14 standard PHB's as it clear in Fig 3:
FIFO enqueues and dequeues packets in the order the packets -Best effort (BE). Traffic receives no special treatment. It used
arrive. for types of non-interactive traffic.
- Priority Queuing (PQ): assures that during congestion the -Expedited Forwarding (EF). PHB is the key ingredient in
highest priority data does not get delayed by lower priority
traffic. PQ is designed for environments that focus on mission

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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function of DiffServ is to help to put priorities when the con-

gestion starts. It penalizes certain flows to decrease the time
and the loss of others; it is thus a control mechanism of con-
gestion. MPLS allows rerouting the traffic in the event of con-
gestion; it is thus a mechanism of avoidance of congestion [20].
In the event of congestion, DiffServ alone makes it possible to
choose which packages will be eliminated in first; MPLS only
tiny room the chances of congestion but if it occurs, the pack-
ages are thrown randomly. When MPLS and DiffServ are both
used, the congestion is less probable and one chooses which
packages will be thrown in first if it arrives [21].The first chal-
lenge with supporting DiffServ in an MPLS network is that
label-switching routers (LSRs) make their forwarding deci-
sions based on the MPLS shim header alone, so the PHB needs
Fig. 3: DiffServ PHB's
to be inferred from it. The IETF solved this problem by assign-
ing the three experimental (EXP) bits in the MPLS header to
DiffServ for providing a low-loss, low-latency, low-jitter, and carry DiffServ information in MPLS as it showed in Fig 5.
assured bandwidth service. Real time applications with strin-
gent delay requirement such as VoIP, interactively game are
especially suitable to be forwarded using EF.
- Assured forwarding (AF) are defined to provide different
forwarding assurances. The AFxy PHB defines four AFx clas-
ses; namely, AF1, AF2, AF3, and AF4. Each class is assigned a
certain amount of buffer space and interface bandwidth to

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guarantee certain QoS. Within each class AFx, three drop
precedence values are defined. Under congestion, the packets
marked with high drop precedence will be dropped first.

6 MPLS INTEGRATED WITH DIFFSERV Fig. 5: Mapping 6-bit DSCP field into 3bits experimental (EXP)
field in MPLS.
MPLS inherently provides powerful traffic engineering capa-
bilities including explicit route LSP’s, path preemption, path
MPLS makes the DiffServ more reliable and faster due to its
protection and fast reroute. On the other hand, DiffServ pro-
path-oriented feature. With the MPLS-DiffServ techniques,
vides QoS by classifying traffic into Behavior Aggregates
separate classes of services supported via separate LSPs are
(BAs) and associating each with a specific PHB which specifies
routed separately, and all classes of service supported on the
the priority treatment at each node. The combined implemen-
same LSP are routed together.
tation of MPLS and DiffServ delivers end-to-end services with
consistent and predictable quality. Fig 4 shows DSCP allocat-
ing in MPLS header. 7 SIMULATION RESULT'S AND DISCUSSION:
Simulations in the paper are performed on the Network Simu-
lator, OPNET. We use network topology in Fig6 which simu-
late the real map of Syria. It is consist of 2 types of traffic. al-
Haffa sends FTP traffic to the server located near Damascus
"FTP_Server", al_Kirdaha and Jablah sends Video traffic to "
al_Kirdaha_Dest" and "Jablah_Dest" sequently also near Da-
mascus. All links between nodes are DS3 (44.736 Mbps). For
each scenario the duration of the simulation is 600 seconds.
FTP traffic was set to low load and best effort type of service,
where files are 150000 bytes and time between client request is
distributed constant with 50 seconds. Low resolution video
starting at 10 fps (frames per sec) arrival rate and 128x120 pix-
els are used and best effort type of service.
Fig. 4: DSCP allocating in MPLS header
In another scenario we used the network topology shown in
The principle of MPLS is to allot a label to each package when fig 7. In this scenario we apply MPLS technology and use one
it enters the network. This label is allotted according to the static LSP. In the last scenario we used the network topology
class of relay to which the package belongs. The definition of
these classes depends on the operator of the network but it can
also take into account the DiffServ class of service. The label
thus decides in each router of the next router, the DiffServ be-
havior and the possible use of the reserved resources. The
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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Fig. 6: The network topology used in the simulation

shown in fig8. In this scenario we apply MPLS technology and Fig. 8:The network topology with MPLS and two LSP's.
use two static LSP's (the Red one carry FTP traffic and the blue
carry Video traffic) . We made this scenarios also for study the Packet Delay Variation: Variance among end to end delays
effect of traffic engineering on the whole performance, for for video packets.
MPLS Parameter's we apply two FEC's based on destination Packet End-to-End Delay: The time taken to send a video ap-

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port (FTP server and video conferencing sever). We apply plication packet to a destination node application layer. This
also 2 trunks with two deferent traffic class (AF11 for low pri- statistic records data from all the nodes in the network.
ority and EF for high priority. Traffic Received: Average bytes per second forwarded to all
video conferencing applications by the transport
IP Interface Queuing Delay: This statistic represents instan-
taneous measurements of packet waiting times in the trans-
mitter channel's queue.
we study three cases according to QoS scheme used:
1-FIFO case:

Fig.7: The network topology with MPLS and one LSP

For QoS configuration we used three different schemes:
FIFO,WFQ (DSCP based), and PQ (DSCP based).
Performance Metrics:
IP Traffic Dropped: The number of IP datagrams dropped by
All nodes in the network across all IP interfaces.
FtpUpload Response Time:Time elapsed between sending a
file and receiving the response packet for the FTP application
in this node.

Fig.9 :IP Traffic Dropped (packets-sec) [FIFO]

In FIFO there is no difference when Different services is
been or not been. We made this test to see the affect of MPLS
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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and LSP's on network performance .As seen in the Fig.9 we MPLS and more LSP's also decrease the packet delay
seen that the traffic dropped decrease when we used to LSP's. variation and End-to-End Delay as it shown in Fig11 and
Fig 12 sequence.

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Fig.10: average (Client Ftp.Upload Response Time (sec) [FIFO]
Fig.12: average (Packet End-to-End Delay (sec)) [FIFO]

Fig.13 :average (Traffic Received (bytes/sec)) [FIFO]

Fig.11: average (Packet Delay Variation) [FIFO]
In Fig13 it is clear the traffic received increased when we
used MPLS with two LSP's
We saw also in Fig.10 decreasing in Upload Response Time 2-WFQ Case: In this case there is a clear difference when
for FTP traffic when we used MPLS with tow LSP's. Using we used DiffServ. We make three scenarios when we used one
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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LSP:
1-MPLS_ DiffServ_1LSP_WFQ_J: In this scenario we made
the priority for Jableh which send Video traffic to
"Jablah_Dest" by assign its traffic to EF. We assign AF11 for
the others (aL-Kirdaha and aL-Haffa)
2-MPLS_NO DiffServ_1LSP_WFQ_JK: In this scenario we
made the priority for both Jableh and aL -Kirdaha (EF). In oth-
er words there is no difference between them.
3- MPLS_NO DiffServ_1LSP_WFQ_JKF: In this scenario we
made the priority is the same for all Stations (Jableh, aL-
Kirdaha and aL-Haffa) . This is worst traffic because all traffics
on the same LSP and have the same priority.
when we used two LSP's there is two scenarios:
1- MPLS_ DiffServ_2LSP_WFQ_J: In this scenario we made
the priority for Jableh.
2- MPLS_NO DiffServ_2LSP_WFQ_JK: In this scenario we
made the priority is the same for all Stations (Jableh, aL-
Kirdaha and aL-Haffa) .

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Fig. 15:average (Packet Delay Variation) [WFQ]

Fig.14 :IP Traffic Dropped (packets-sec) [WFQ]

As it clear in Figures (14,15, 16,17) , using MPLS-DiffServ

always give us better result's especially when we use Two
LSP's.

Fig.16: average (Packet End-to-End Delay (sec)) [WFQ]

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fect of DiffServ is more than the previous two cases.

Fig.17 average (Traffic Received (bytes-sec)) [WFQ]

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We can observe from Fig 18 that the Queuing Delay in IP
Interface(in our case it is IF3) is more less when using
DiffServ. Fig.19 :IP Traffic Dropped (packets-sec) [PQ]

Fig.20 : average (Upload Response Time (sec)) [PQ]

Fig.18: average (WFQ Queuing Delay (sec) IF3 Q4) [WFQ]
When we have one LSP and put priority to FTP traffic
3-PQ Case: The scenarios are same as case 2 except that we similar as video traffic (EF) we will get less Upload Response
use PQ scheme as QoS configuration. We can see that the af- Time (in scenario MPLS_NO DiffServ_1LSP_WFQ_JKF) as it

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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seen in fig.20.

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Fig.23 :average (Traffic Received (bytes-sec)) [PQ]

Fig.21: average (Packet Delay Variation) [PQ]

Fig.24 : average (PQ Queuing Delay (sec) IF3 Q4) [PQ]

Fig.22: average (Packet End-to-End Delay (sec)) [PQ] 8 CONCLUSION

The performance metrics obtained from simulation shows that
We can conclude from fig.[21,.22] compared to fig [11,12] the combined use of MPLS and DiffServ with Traffic engineer-
and fig [15,16] that PQ is the suitable choice for achieve QoS in
ing provide less end-to-end delay, delay variation and queu-
video traffic because it's law values in delay variation and
ing delay and more received traffic for video traffic compared
End-to-End delay.
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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 9, September-2015
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to traditional IP networks and non-DiffServ networks. Routers using Traffic Engineering over MPLS: An Analysis”, 25th Annual
in MPLS takes less processing time in forwarding the packets, IEEE Conference, Local Computer Networks, LCN Proceeding,
also Implementing of MPLS with TE minimizes the congestion 2000.
in the network. DiffServ provide differentiated queue servic-
[13] Aruna Kapoor, Sunila Godara, Sanjeev Khambra, Amandeep,
ing. We apply different QoS schemes and observed that PQ is
“Comparative Analysis of Signaling Protocols in MPLS Traffic En-
the suitable choice for video traffic. In our future works we gineering”, National Workshop-Cum- Conference on Recent Trends
will try to study affect of DiffServ in GMPLS (Generalized in Mathematics and Computing (RTMC), 2011.
MPLS) networks.
[14] Dr. Reyadh Shaker Naoum and Mohanand Maswady, ”Perfor-
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