A Seminar Report on

CLOUD COMPUTING WITH AMAZON

Submitted to
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad
In partial fulfillment for the requirement of the award of the degree
Bachelor of Technology
In
Information Technology.

Submitted by

E. Pallavi Chowdary
Roll No. 07AG1A1214

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ACE
Engineering College
Ankushapur(V), Ghatkesar(M),R.R. Dist. – 501 301
FEBRUARY 2011
 Ankushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M), R.R. Dist. – 501 301

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad)

Website: www.aceec.ac.in E-Mail: [email protected]

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar entitled “CLOUD COMPUTING WITH AMAZON” is
submitted by G.Sravani bearing roll no. 07AG1A1214in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology from Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad for the academic year 2010-2011.

G.Shyam Sundar Prasad Prof C. Sunil Kumar

Internal Guide Head of the Department

 1. Cloud Computing
Cloud computing describes computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not
require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers
the services. Parallels to this concept can be drawn with the electricity grid where end-users
consume power resources without full understanding of every component device in the grid
required to provide said service.
Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualization,
service-oriented architecture, autonomic and utility computing. Details are abstracted from end-
users, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in
the cloud" that supports them.[1]
Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT
services based on Internet protocols, and it typically involves provisioning of dynamically
scalable and often virtualized resources.[2][3] It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-
access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.[4] This frequently takes the form of
web-based tools or applications that users can access and use through a web browser as if it were
a program installed locally on their own computer.[5]
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides a somewhat more objective
and specific definition: "Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction."
The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on the cloud drawing used
in the past to represent the telephone network,[7] and later to depict the Internet in computer
network diagrams as an abstraction of the underlying infrastructure it represents.[8] Typical cloud
computing providers deliver common business applications online that are accessed from another
Web service or software like a Web browser, while the software and data are stored on servers.
 2.Top Ten Cloud Computing Providers
 Google
 Amazon
 Microsoft
 3Tera
 IBM
 Dell
 HP
 Gigaspaces
 Cisco
 AT&T

3.Products & Services

 Compute
 Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
 Amazon Elastic MapReduce
 Auto Scaling
Content Delivery
 Amazon CloudFront
Database
 Amazon SimpleDB
 Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS)
Deployment & Management
 AWS Elastic Beanstalk
E-Commerce
 Amazon Fulfillment Web Service (FWS)
Messaging
 Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS)
 Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS)
 Amazon Simple Email Service (SES)
Monitoring
 Amazon CloudWatch
Networking
 Amazon Route 53
 Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
 Elastic Load Balancing
Payments & Billing
 Amazon Flexible Payments Service (FPS)
 Amazon DevPay
Storage
 Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
 Amazon Elastic Block Storage (EBS)
 AWS Import/Export
 Support
 AWS Premium Support
Web Traffic
 Alexa Web Information Service
 Alexa Top Sites
Workforce
 Amazon Mechanical Turk

4.Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2)

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that provides resizable compute
capacity in the cloud. It is designed to make web-scale computing easier for developers.
Amazon EC2’s simple web service interface allows you to obtain and configure capacity with
minimal friction. It provides you with complete control of your computing resources and lets you
run on Amazon’s proven computing environment. Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to
obtain and boot new server instances to minutes, allowing you to quickly scale capacity, both up
and down, as your computing requirements change. Amazon EC2 changes the economics of
computing by allowing you to pay only for capacity that you actually use. Amazon EC2 provides
developers the tools to build failure resilient applications and isolate themselves from common
failure scenarios.

5.History
Amazon announced a limited public beta of EC2 on August 25, 2006.Access to EC2 was granted
on a first come first served basis. Amazon added two new instance types (Large and Extra-
Large) on October 16, 2007. On May 29, 2008, two more types were added, High-CPU Medium
and High-CPU Extra Large. There are currently nine types of instances available.
Amazon added three new features on March 27, 2008. These features included static IP
addresses, Availability Zones, and User Selectable Kernels. Amazon added Elastic Block Service
(EBS) on August 20, 2008. This provides persistent storage, a basic feature which had been
lacking since the service was introduced.
Amazon EC2 is in full production since it dropped the beta label on October 23, 2008. On the
same day, Amazon announced the following features: a service level agreement for
EC2,Microsof Windows in beta form on EC2 Microsoft SQl Server in beta form on EC2, plans
for an AWS management console, and plans for load balancing, auto scaling, and cloud
monitoring services. These features were subsequently added on May 18, 2009.
Amazon EC2 was mostly developed by a team in Cape Town, South Africa. The team was led
by Chris pickham. Pinkham provided the initial architecture guidance for EC2 and then built the
team and led the development of the project. Other members of the team included Chris Brown
and William Van Biljon.
 6.How to start with EC2

Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) is a web service that enables you to launch and
manage Linux/UNIX and Windows server instances in Amazon's data centers.You can get
started with Amazon EC2 by following the tasks shown in the following diagram.You'll
primarily use the AWS Management Console, a point-and-click web-based interface.

Sign Up for EC2

To use Amazon EC2, you need an AWS account. If you don't already have one, you'll be
prompted to create one when you sign up for Amazon EC2. Signing up for Amazon EC2 also
automatically signs you up for Amazon Simple Storage Service and Amazon Virtual Private
Cloud, which are closely integrated with Amazon EC2.You're not charged for any of the services
unless you use them.

To sign up for Amazon EC2

1. Go to http://aws.amazon.com/ec2 and click Sign Up for Amazon EC2.
2. Follow the on-screen instructions.
Launch an Instance
Now that you're signed up for Amazon EC2, you're ready to launch an instance using the AWS
Management
Console.
Important
The instance you're about to launch will be live (and not running in a sandbox).You will incur
the standard Amazon EC2 usage fees for the instance until you terminate it in the last task in this
tutorial. The total charges will be minimal (typically less than a dollar). For more information
about Amazon EC2 usage rates, go to the Amazon EC2 product page.
To launch an instance
1. Start the launch wizard:
a. From the AWS Management Console, click Sign in to the AWS Console and log in with the
email address and password you used when signing up for Amazon EC2.

Tip
If you pause for a long period of time during this procedure, the AWS Management
Console automatically logs you out.To stay logged in while you work through this tutorial,
click Settings in the top right corner of the console window and clear the Sign out on
inactivity check box.
b. From the Amazon EC2 Console Dashboard, click Launch Instance to start the Request
Instances Wizard.

2. Choose an AMI:
An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) contains all the information needed to create a new instance
of a
server. For example, an AMI might contain all the software to act as a web server (e.g., Linux,
Apache,and your web site), or all the software to act as a Windows database server (e.g.,
Windows and SQL
Server).
The first page of the wizard displays a list of basic AMIs on the Quick Start tab.
• Select either the Basic 64-bit Amazon Linux AMI, or the Getting Started on Microsoft Windows
Server 2008 AMI.

3. Accept the default instance details:

After you select an AMI, the wizard steps to the Instance Details page. This is where you
control settings such as the number and size of instances to launch (in this tutorial you'll launch a
single large instance).
• The default settings on this page of the wizard and the next two pages are what we want, so
just click Continue on each page.
 4. Create a key pair:
A key pair is a security credential similar to a password, which you use to securely connect to
your
instance after it's running. If you're new to Amazon EC2 and haven't created any key pairs yet,
when
the wizard displays the Create Key Pair page, the Create a new Key Pair button is selected by
default.We assume you'll want a new key pair.
a. On the Create Key Pair page, enter a name for your key pair (e.g., GSG_Keypair). This will be
the name of the private key file associated with the pair (with a .pem extension).

b. Click Create & Download your Key Pair.

You're prompted to save the private key from the key pair to your system.
c. Save the private key in a safe place on your system. Note the location because you'll need to
use the key soon to connect to the instance.
5. Create a security group:
A security group defines firewall rules for your instances.These rules specify which incoming
network traffic should be delivered to your instance (e.g., accept web traffic on port 80). All
other traffic is ignored.You can modify rules for a group at any time. The new rules are
automatically enforced for all running instances.
If you're new to Amazon EC2 and haven't set up any security groups yet, when the wizard
displays the Configure Firewall page, the Create a new Security Group button is selected by
default, and typical firewall rules are already selected. Use the default rules for this tutorial.
a. On the Configure Firewall page of the wizard, enter a name for your security group and a
description. The following image shows the default rules for a Linux/UNIX instance (SSH and
HTTP access).

The following image shows the default rules for a Windows instance (RDP, MS SQL Server,
and HTTP access).
Click Continue.
Caution
The security group you've created enables all IP addresses to access your instance. This
is acceptable for the short exercise in this tutorial, but it's unsafe for production environments.
In production, you'll authorize only a specific IP address or range of addresses to access
your instance.
6. Review your settings and launch the instance:
After you configure the firewall, the wizard steps to the Review page where you can review the
settings and launch the instance.
a. Click Launch.
A confirmation page is displayed to let you know your instance is launching.
b. Click Close to close the confirmation page, and then click Instances in the navigation pane to
view your instance's status. It takes a short time for an instance to launch. The instance's status
will be pending while it's launching.

After a short period, your instance's status switches to running.You can click Refresh to refresh
the display.

Record the public DNS name for your instance because you'll need it for the next task. If you
select the instance, its details (including the public DNS name) are displayed in the lower pane.
You can also click Show/Hide in the top right corner of the page to select which columns to
display.When your instance's status is running, you can connect to it. If you launched a
Linux/UNIX instance,see Connect to Your Linux/UNIX Instance . If you launched a Windows
instance, see Connectto Your Windows Instance .
Terminate Your Instance
1. In the AWS Management Console, locate the instance in your list of instances on the
Instances page.
2. Right-click the instance, and then click Terminate.
3. Click Yes,Terminate when prompted for confirmation.
Amazon EC2 begins terminating the instance. As soon as the instance status changes to shutting
down or terminated, you stop incurring charges for that instance.
Congratulations! You successfully launched, connected to, and terminated an instance
 7.Elastic compute units
The Elastic Compute Unit (ECU) was introduced by Amazon EC2 as an abstraction of compute
resources. Amazon’s Definition of ECU notes “We use several benchmarks and tests to manage
the consistency and predictability of the performance of an EC2 Compute Unit. One EC2
Compute Unit provides the equivalent CPU capacity of a 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007
Xeon processor. This is also the equivalent to an early-2006 1.7 GHz Xeon processor referenced
in our original documentation”
Daniel Berninger of go Cipher Software Proposed broad adoption of the ECU and a mapping of
1 ECU to a 400 Passmark score.
 8.Pricing
Amazon primarily charges customers in two ways:
 Hourly charge per running virtual machine
 Data transfer charge
 The hourly charge for a running virtual machine are based on the resources allocated to
the machine (CPU cores memory and storage) as well as license fees for software pre-installed
including Microsoft Windows. Virtual machines can be saved and shutdown for a small fee and
do not incur the hourly fee in that state.
 The performance of multiple identical virtual machines may however vary.
 Customers can easily create/reboot virtual machines. You can also terminate your
instance and create another one later, although in this case you may lose any local data that hasn't
been backed up (e.g., to Amazon S3, or a Storage area network service such as EBS).
 As of July 2010, Amazon charges $0.085/hour ($62/month) for the smallest "On-
Demand" virtual machine running Linux and 33 times that for the largest one running Windows
($2.88/hour). "Reserved" instances can go as low as $31/month for a three-year prepaid plan.
The data transfer charge ranges from $0.08 to $0.19 per gigabyte, depending on the direction and
monthly volume.
 Amazon does not have monthly minimums or account maintenance charges.
FreeTier
As part of AWS’s Free Usage Tier, new AWS customers can get started with Amazon EC2 for
free. Upon sign-up, new AWS customers receive the following EC2 services each month for one
year:
 750 hours of EC2 running Linux/Unix Micro instance usage
 750 hours of Elastic Load Balancing plus 15 GB data processing
 10 GB of Amazon Elastic Block Storage (EBS) plus 1 million IOs, 1 GB snapshot
storage, 10,000 snapshot Get Requests and 1,000 snapshot Put Requests
 15 GB of bandwidth in and 15 GB of bandwidth out aggregated across all AWS services
 On-Demand Instances
On-Demand Instances let you pay for compute capacity by the hour with no long-term
commitments. This frees you from the costs and complexities of planning, purchasing, and
maintaining hardware and transforms what are commonly large fixed costs into much smaller
variable costs.
The pricing below includes the cost to run private and public AMIs on the specified operating
system (“Windows Usage” prices apply to both Windows Server® 2003 and 2008). Amazon also
provides you with additional instances for Amazon EC2 running Microsoft, Amazon EC2
running SUSE Linux Enterprise Server and Amazon EC2 running IBM that are priced
differently.
 US – N. Virginia
 US – N. California
 EU – Ireland
 APAC – Singapore
US – N. Virginia
Standard On-Demand Instances Linux/UNIX Usage Windows Usage
Small (Default) $0.085 per hour $0.12 per hour
Large $0.34 per hour $0.48 per hour
Extra Large $0.68 per hour $0.96 per hour
Micro On-Demand Instances
Micro $0.02 per hour $0.03 per hour
High-Memory On-Demand Instances
Extra Large $0.50 per hour $0.62 per hour
Double Extra Large $1.00 per hour $1.24 per hour
Quadruple Extra Large $2.00 per hour $2.48 per hour
High-CPU On-Demand Instances
Medium $0.17 per hour $0.29 per hour
Extra Large $0.68 per hour $1.16 per hour
Cluster Compute Instances
Quadruple Extra Large $1.60 per hour N/A*
Cluster GPU Instances
Quadruple Extra Large $2.10 per hour N/A*
* Windows is not currently available for Cluster Compute or Cluster GPU Instances.
 Pricing is per instance-hour consumed for each instance, from the time an instance is launched
until it is terminated. Each partial instance-hour consumed will be billed as a full hour.
Reserved Instances
Reserved Instances give you the option to make a low, one-time payment for each instance you
want to reserve and in turn receive a significant discount on the hourly usage charge for that
instance. After the one-time payment for an instance, that instance is reserved for you, and you
have no further obligation; you may choose to run that instance for the discounted usage rate for
the duration of your term, or when you do not use the instance, you will not pay usage charges
on it. In addition to Reserved Instances for Linux/UNIX and Windows operating systems
specified below, we also offer Reserved Instances for Amazon EC2 running SUSE Linux
Enterprise Server.
 US – N. Virginia
 US – N. California
 EU – Ireland
 APAC – Singapore
US – N. Virginia
One-time Fee
3 yr Linux/UNIX Windows
Standard Reserved Instances 1 yr Term
Term Usage Usage
Small (Default) $227.50 $350 $0.03 per hour $0.05 per hour
Large $910 $1400 $0.12 per hour $0.20 per hour
Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.24 per hour $0.40 per hour
Micro Reserved Instances
Micro $54 $82 $0.007 per hour $0.013 per hour
High-Memory Reserved Instances
Extra Large $1325 $2000 $0.17 per hour $0.24 per hour
Double Extra Large $2650 $4000 $0.34 per hour $0.48 per hour
Quadruple Extra Large $5300 $8000 $0.68 per hour $0.96 per hour
High-CPU Reserved Instances
Medium $455 $700 $0.06 per hour $0.125 per hour
Extra Large $1820 $2800 $0.24 per hour $0.50 per hour
Cluster Compute Reserved
Instances
Quadruple Extra Large $4290 $6590 $0.56 per hour N/A*
Cluster GPU Reserved Instances
Quadruple Extra Large $5630 $8650 $0.74 per hour N/A*
* Windows is not currently available for Cluster Compute or Cluster GPU Instances.

Reserved Instances can be purchased for 1 or 3 year terms, and the one-time fee per instance is
non-refundable. Usage pricing is per instance-hour consumed. Instance-hours are billed for the
time that instances are in a running state; if you do not run the instance in an hour, there is zero
usage charge. Partial instance-hours consumed are billed as full hours.
If Microsoft chooses to increase the license fees that it charges for Windows, we may
correspondingly increase the per-hour usage rate for previously purchased Reserved Instances
with Windows. The initial one-time payment for a Reserved Instance will be unaffected in this
situation. Any such changes would be made between Dec 1 – Jan 31, and with at least 30 days’
notice. If the per-hour usage rate does increase, you may continue to use your Reserved Instance
with Windows with the new per-hour usage rate, convert your Reserved Instance with Windows
to a Reserved Instance with Linux, or request a pro rata refund of the upfront fee you paid for the
Reserved Instance with Windows.
Reserved Instances are available for Linux/UNIX, Windows and SUSE Linux Enterprise
operating systems. We do not currently offer a Reserved Instance that can be used with
Microsoft SQL Server. You can also optionally reserve instances in Amazon VPC at the same
prices as shown above.
Spot Instances
Spot Instances enable you to bid for unused Amazon EC2 capacity. Instances are charged the
Spot Price, which is set by Amazon EC2 and fluctuates periodically depending on the supply of
and demand for Spot Instance capacity. To use Spot Instances, you place a Spot Instance request,
specifying the instance type, the Region desired, the number of Spot Instances you want to run,
and the maximum price you are willing to pay per instance hour. To determine how that
maximum price compares to past Spot Prices, the Spot Price history is available via the Amazon
 EC2 API and the AWS Management Console. If your maximum price bid exceeds the current
Spot Price, your request is fulfilled and your instances will run until either you choose to
terminate them or the Spot Price increases above your maximum price (whichever is sooner).
The following table displays the Spot Price per Region and instance type (updated every 30
minutes). In addition to Linux/Unix and Windows, we also offer Spot Instances for Amazon EC2
running SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Note that Cluster Compute and Cluster GPU Instances
are not currently available as Spot Instances.
<p>Your browser does not support iframes.</p> If you would like to go straight to a view of the
latest Spot Instance pricing:
1. Log in to the AWS Management Console, then click the “Amazon EC2” tab.
2. Click on “Spot Requests” in the navigation pane on the left.
3. Click on “Pricing History” to open a view of pricing selectable by instance type.

Data Transfer
Internet Data Transfer
The pricing below is based on data transferred "in" and "out" of Amazon EC2.
Data Transfer In US & EU Regions APAC Region
All Data Transfer $0.10 per GB $0.10 per GB
Data Transfer Out *** US & EU Regions APAC Region
First 1 GB per Month $0.00 per GB $0.00 per GB
Up to 10 TB per Month $0.15 per GB $0.19 per GB
Next 40 TB per Month $0.11 per GB $0.15 per GB
Next 100 TB per Month $0.09 per GB $0.13 per GB
Over 150 TB per Month $0.08 per GB $0.12 per GB
There is no Data Transfer charge between Amazon EC2 and other Amazon Web Services within
the same region (i.e. between Amazon EC2 US West and Amazon S3 in US West). Data
transferred between Amazon EC2 instances located in different Availability Zones in the same
Region will be charged Regional Data Transfer. Data transferred between AWS services in
different regions will be charged as Internet Data Transfer on both sides of the transfer.
Usage for other Amazon Web Services is billed separately from Amazon EC2.

Availability Zone Data Transfer

 $0.00 per GB – all data transferred between instances in the same Availability Zone using
private IP addresses.
Regional Data Transfer
 $0.01 per GB in/out – all data transferred between instances in different Availability
Zones in the same region.
Public and Elastic IP and Elastic Load Balancing Data Transfer
 $0.01 per GB in/out – If you choose to communicate using your Public or Elastic IP
address or Elastic Load Balancer inside of the Amazon EC2 network, you’ll pay Regional Data
Transfer rates even if the instances are in the same Availability Zone. For data transfer within the
same Availability Zone, you can easily avoid this charge (and get better network performance)
by using your private IP whenever possible.
Amazon Elastic Block Store
 US – N. Virginia
 US – N. California
 EU – Ireland
 APAC – Singapore
Amazon EBS Volumes
$0.10 per GB-month of provisioned storage
$0.10 per 1 million I/O requests
Amazon EBS Snapshots to Amazon S3
$0.15 per GB-month of data stored
$0.01 per 1,000 PUT requests (when saving a
snapshot)
$0.01 per 10,000 GET requests (when loading a
snapshot)

Elastic IP Addresses
No cost for Elastic IP addresses while in use
 $0.01 per non-attached Elastic IP address per complete hour
 $0.00 per Elastic IP address remap – first 100 remaps / month
 $0.10 per Elastic IP address remap – additional remap / month over 100
Amazon CloudWatch
 US – N. Virginia
 US – N. California
 EU – Ireland
 APAC – Singapore
US – N. Virginia
Amazon EC2 Monitoring
$0.015 per instance-hour (or partial hour) for Detailed Monitoring at 1-minute
frequency
Basic Monitoring for Amazon EC2 instances is provided at 5-minute frequency, free of charge.
Learn more about Detailed Monitoring from Amazon Cloud watch.

Auto Scaling
Auto Scaling is enabled by Amazon CloudWatch and carries no additional fees. Each instance
launched by Auto Scaling is automatically enabled for monitoring and the applicable Amazon
Cloudwatch charges will be applied.
Elastic Load Balancing
 US – N. Virginia
 US – N. California
 EU – Ireland
 APAC – Singapore
US – N. Virginia
$0.025 per Elastic Load Balancer-hour (or partial hour)
$0.008 per GB of data processed by an Elastic Load
Balancer
* Your usage for the free tier is calculated each month across all regions and automatically
applied to your bill – unused monthly usage will not roll over. Does not include Amazon EC2
running Microsoft, Amazon EC2 running SUSE Linux Enterprise Server and Amazon EC2
 running IBM. See offer terms for more details and other restrictions.
** As part of AWS’s Free Usage Tier, new AWS customers will receive free 15 GB of data
transfer in and 15 GB of data transfer out each month aggregated across all AWS services for
one year.
*** Rate tiers take into account your aggregate Data Transfer Out usage across Amazon EC2,
Amazon S3, Amazon RDS, Amazon SimpleDB, Amazon SQS, Amazon SNS, and Amazon
VPC.

9.Features
Amazon EC2 provides a number of powerful features for building scalable, failure resilient,
enterprise class applications, including:
 Amazon Elastic Block Store – Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS) offers persistent
storage for Amazon EC2 instances. Amazon EBS volumes provide off-instance storage that
persists independently from the life of an instance. Amazon EBS volumes are highly available,
highly reliable volumes that can be leveraged as an Amazon EC2 instance’s boot partition or
 attached to a running Amazon EC2 instance as a standard block device. When used as a boot
partition, Amazon EC2 instances can be stopped and subsequently restarted, enabling you to
only pay for the storage resources used while maintaining your instance’s state. Amazon EBS
volumes offer greatly improved durability over local Amazon EC2 instance stores, as Amazon
EBS volumes are automatically replicated on the backend (in a single Availability Zone). For
those wanting even more durability, Amazon EBS provides the ability to create point-in-time
consistent snapshots of your volumes that are then stored in Amazon S3, and automatically
replicated across multiple Availability Zones. These snapshots can be used as the starting point
for new Amazon EBS volumes, and can protect your data for long term durability. You can also
easily share these snapshots with co-workers and other AWS developers.
 Multiple Locations – Amazon EC2 provides the ability to place instances in multiple
locations. Amazon EC2 locations are composed of Regions and Availability Zones. Availability
Zones are distinct locations that are engineered to be insulated from failures in other Availability
Zones and provide inexpensive, low latency network connectivity to other Availability Zones in
the same Region. By launching instances in separate Availability Zones, you can protect your
applications from failure of a single location. Regions consist of one or more Availability Zones,
are geographically dispersed, and will be in separate geographic areas or countries. The Amazon
EC2 service level agreement commitment is 99.95% availability for each Amazon EC2 Region.
Amazon EC2 is currently available in four regions: US East (Northern Virginia), US West
(Northern California), EU (Ireland), and Asia Pacific (Singapore).
 Elastic IP Addresses – Elastic IP addresses are static IP addresses designed for dynamic
cloud computing. An Elastic IP address is associated with your account not a particular instance,
and you control that address until you choose to explicitly release it. Unlike traditional static IP
addresses, however, Elastic IP addresses allow you to mask instance or Availability Zone
failures by programmatically remapping your public IP addresses to any instance in your
account. Rather than waiting on a data technician to reconfigure or replace your host, or waiting
for DNS to propagate to all of your customers, Amazon EC2 enables you to engineer around
problems with your instance or software by quickly remapping your Elastic IP address to a
replacement instance. In addition, you can optionally configure the reverse DNS record of any of
your Elastic IP addresses by filling out this form.
 Amazon Virtual Private Cloud – Amazon VPC is a secure and seamless bridge
between a company’s existing IT infrastructure and the AWS cloud. Amazon VPC enables
enterprises to connect their existing infrastructure to a set of isolated AWS compute resources
via a Virtual Private Network (VPN) connection, and to extend their existing management
capabilities such as security services, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems to include their
AWS resources.
 Amazon CloudWatch – Amazon CloudWatch is a web service that provides monitoring
for AWS cloud resources, starting with Amazon EC2. It provides you with visibility into
resource utilization, operational performance, and overall demand patterns—including metrics
such as CPU utilization, disk reads and writes, and network traffic. You can get statistics, view
graphs, and set alarms for your metric data. To use Amazon CloudWatch, simply select the
Amazon EC2 instances that you’d like to monitor; within minutes, Amazon CloudWatch will
begin aggregating and storing monitoring data that can be accessed using web service APIs or
Command Line Tools.
 Auto Scaling – Auto Scaling allows you to automatically scale your Amazon EC2
capacity up or down according to conditions you define. With Auto Scaling, you can ensure that
the number of Amazon EC2 instances you’re using scales up seamlessly during demand spikes to
maintain performance, and scales down automatically during demand lulls to minimize costs.
Auto Scaling is particularly well suited for applications that experience hourly, daily, or weekly
variability in usage. Auto Scaling is enabled by Amazon CloudWatch and available at no
additional charge beyond Amazon CloudWatch fees.
 Elastic Load Balancing – Elastic Load Balancing automatically distributes incoming
application traffic across multiple Amazon EC2 instances. It enables you to achieve even greater
fault tolerance in your applications, seamlessly providing the amount of load balancing capacity
needed in response to incoming application traffic. Elastic Load Balancing detects unhealthy
instances within a pool and automatically reroutes traffic to healthy instances until the unhealthy
instances have been restored. You can enable Elastic Load Balancing within a single Availability
Zone or across multiple zones for even more consistent application performance. Amazon
CloudWatch can be used to capture a specific Elastic Load Balancer’s operational metrics, such
as request count and request latency, at no additional cost beyond Elastic Load Balancing fees
 High Performance Computing (HPC) Clusters – Customers with complex
computational workloads such as tightly coupled parallel processes, or with applications
sensitive to network performance, can achieve the same high compute and network performance
provided by custom-built infrastructure while benefiting from the elasticity, flexibility and cost
advantages of Amazon EC2. Cluster Compute and Cluster GPU Instances have been specifically
engineered to provide high-performance network capability and can be programmatically
launched into clusters – allowing applications to get the low-latency network performance
required for tightly coupled, node-to-node communication. Cluster Compute and Cluster GPU
Instances also provide significantly increased network throughput making them well suited for
customer applications that need to perform network-intensive operations
 VM Import – VM Import enables you to easily import virtual machine images from your
existing environment to Amazon EC2 instances. VM Import allows you to leverage your existing
investments in the virtual machines that you have built to meet your IT security, configuration
management, and compliance requirements by seamlessly bringing those virtual machines into
Amazon EC2 as ready-to-use instances. This offering is available at no additional charge beyond
standard usage charges for Amazon EC2 and Amazon S3.

10.Instance Types
Standard Instances
Instances of this family are well suited for most applications.
 Small Instance (Default) 1.7 GB of memory, 1 EC2 Compute Unit (1 virtual core with 1
EC2 Compute Unit), 160 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit platform
 Large Instance 7.5 GB of memory, 4 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores with 2 EC2
Compute Units each), 850 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
 Extra Large Instance 15 GB of memory, 8 EC2 Compute Units (4 virtual cores with 2
EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
Micro Instances
Instances of this family provide a small amount of consistent CPU resources and allow you to
burst CPU capacity when additional cycles are available. They are well suited for lower
throughput applications and web sites that consume significant compute cycles periodically.
 Micro Instance 613 MB of memory, up to 2 ECUs (for short periodic bursts), EBS
storage only, 32-bit or 64-bit platform
High-Memory Instances
Instances of this family offer large memory sizes for high throughput applications, including
database and memory caching applications.
 High-Memory Extra Large Instance 17.1 GB memory, 6.5 ECU (2 virtual cores with 3.25
EC2 Compute Units each), 420 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
 High-Memory Double Extra Large Instance 34.2 GB of memory, 13 EC2 Compute Units
(4 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 850 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit
platform
 High-Memory Quadruple Extra Large Instance 68.4 GB of memory, 26 EC2 Compute
Units (8 virtual cores with 3.25 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage,
64-bit platform
High-CPU Instances
Instances of this family have proportionally more CPU resources than memory (RAM) and are
well suited for compute-intensive applications.
 High-CPU Medium Instance 1.7 GB of memory, 5 EC2 Compute Units (2 virtual cores
with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each), 350 GB of local instance storage, 32-bit platform
 High-CPU Extra Large Instance 7 GB of memory, 20 EC2 Compute Units (8 virtual
cores with 2.5 EC2 Compute Units each), 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform
 Cluster Compute Instances
Instances of this family provide proportionally high CPU with increased network performance
and are well suited for High Performance Compute (HPC) applications and other demanding
network-bound applications.
 Cluster Compute Quadruple Extra Large 23 GB memory, 33.5 EC2 Compute Units, 1690
GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform, 10 Gigabit Ethernet

Cluster GPU Instances

Instances of this family provide general-purpose graphics processing units (GPUs) with
proportionally high CPU and increased network performance for applications benefitting from
highly parallelized processing, including HPC, rendering and media processing applications.
While Cluster Compute Instances provide the ability to create clusters of instances connected by
a low latency, high throughput network, Cluster GPU Instances provide an additional option for
applications that can benefit from the efficiency gains of the parallel computing power of GPUs
over what can be achieved with traditional processors
Cluster GPU Quadruple Extra Large 22 GB memory, 33.5 EC2 Compute Units, 2 x NVIDIA
Tesla “Fermi” M2050 GPUs, 1690 GB of local instance storage, 64-bit platform, 10 Gigabit
Ethernet
EC2 Compute Unit (ECU) – One EC2 Compute Unit (ECU) provides the equivalent CPU
capacity of a 1.0-1.2 GHz 2007 Opteron or 2007 Xeon processor.

11.Operating Systems and Software

Operating Systems
Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) are preconfigured with an ever-growing list of operating
systems. We work with our partners and community to provide you with the most choice
possible. You are also empowered to use our bundling tools to upload your own operating
systems. The operating systems currently available to use with your Amazon EC2 instances
include:
Operating Systems    
Red Hat Enterprise Linux Windows Server 2003/2008 Oracle Enterprise Linux
OpenSolaris Amazon Linux AMI Ubuntu Linux
Fedora Gentoo Linux Debian
SUSE Linux Enterprise
Software
Amazon EC2 enables our partners and customers to build and customize Amazon Machine
Images (AMIs) with software based on your needs. We have hundreds of free and paid AMIs
available for you to use. A small sampling of the software available for use today within Amazon
EC2 includes:
Databases Batch Processing Web Hosting
IBM DB2 Hadoop Apache HTTP
IBM Informix Dynamic Server Condor IIS/Asp.Net
IBM Lotus Web Content
Microsoft SQL Server Standard 2005/2008 Open MPI
Management
MySQL Enterprise   IBM WebSphere Portal Server
Oracle Database 11g    

Application Development Environments Application Servers Video Encoding & Streaming

IBM WebSphere Application
IBM sMash Wowza Media Server Pro
Server
Windows Media Server
JBoss Enterprise Application Platform Java Application Server

Ruby on Rails Oracle WebLogic Server

 
 12.AWS Case Study: 6 Waves Limited Rides the AWS Wave

6 Waves Limited (6waves) is a leading international publisher and developer of gaming

applications on the Facebook platform. The company aims to publish the next generation of
social games to cover every genre, language, and platform. Scouring the Earth to bring the most
fun and exciting games to social network users in the languages they speak, 6waves estimates
they have more than 50 million monthly players active on their games—a number that is quickly
growing.
Currently, 6waves is using Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2), Amazon Elastic
Block Storage, Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3), and Amazon Elastic Load
Balancing. Cosmos Tong, System Administrator for 6waves, describes how the services fit into
the company’s architecture: “As the games we publish are relatively independent, we group
servers of different games into separated [Amazon Web Services] AWS accounts and use
[Elastic Load Balancing] to set up load balancing and AWS security groups to control access.”
Before moving to AWS, the company rented physical servers with other hosting providers. Tong
explains why they sought another solution: “We needed to repeat the configuration process on
each individual server and spent a lot of time ensuring every customization had been done. When
we rented a physical server from another provider, they gave us a ‘standard’ server. Then, we
had to spend at least half an hour to install updates, add users, customize the system, etc. And,
we had to repeat the process each time new servers were added.” He adds, “Apart from
installation, we needed to spend a lot of time monitoring the physical health of each server and
handling problems like hard disk failure.”
Tong says 6waves settled on AWS “because of AWS’ reputation in the industry, the ease of
setting up new instances, and rich features.” He says, “With AWS, things are totally different.
We can create and launch instances from our own customized [Amazon Machine Image]. After
the instance launch, the only thing left to do is spend two minutes changing the server name. The
decoupling of storage from the instance largely simplifies disaster recovery and sizing. When an
upgrade is needed, we just shut down the old instance and launch a more powerful one using the
same [Elastic Load Balancing] storage. No need to worry about data migration, version and
configuration incompatibility, etc. By using AWS security groups, security is no longer
implemented on individual servers but centralized. This helps simplify our work and frees us
from the nightmare of locking ourselves out of the servers.”
6waves is also evaluating AWS’ Auto Scaling and how the company might need to change its
configurations to adopt it. One lesson the company has learned is that the decoupling of each
instance from the underlying hardware (through virtualization and AWS’ charge-per-use model)
provides flexibility in implementing a high-quality service at a reasonable cost. Tong says, “We
love the flexibility brought by the decoupling of instances and storage from the server hardware,
the simple way to scale up and down with Amazon EC2 AMIs and Elastic Load Balancing, and
consolidated accounts that help us group cost by cost center (i.e., by game), saving us from the
work of manual grouping of individual server cost.”

13.REFERENCES
www.aws.amazon.com
www.aws.amazon.com/ec2/pricing
http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/magazine/16-05/mf_amazon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud