PROJECT REPORT

HOME SECURITY LASER SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
[ECE]
AMBEDKAR INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED COMMUNICATION
AND RESEARCH
GEETA COLONY, NEW DELHI - 110031

SUBMITTED BY

Shivam Jha- 06610102817

Yogesh Kumar-4051012817

Madhuri Beniwal-40810102817

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. Rajveer Singh Yaduvanshi

Professor, ECE

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘LASER SECURITY ALARM
SYSTEM’ submitted by Shivam Jha (06610102817), Yogesh Kumar
(40510102817), Madhuri Beniwal (40810102817) studying B. Tech in ECE,
have satisfactorily completed project in the semester - VII during their academic
year 2020 – 2021.

PROJECT SUPERVISOR MENTOR

Dr. D.K. Raheja Dr. Rajveer Singh Yaduvanshi

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It is great pleasure for us to complete this minor project on Home Security

Laser System in the stipulated amount of time during this tough time in the
ongoing Covid-19 pandemic.

We express the sincere gratitude to our mentor Dr. Rajveer Singh Yaduvanshi
for his novel association of ideas, encouragement, appreciation and intellectual
zeal which motivated us to venture this project successfully.

We express my sincere thanks to our project supervisor Dr. D.K. Raheja for his
constant technical advice and guidance throughout the project. We express our
deep gratitude and affection to our parents who stood behind us in all our
endeavours.
Finally, it is pleased to acknowledge the indebtedness to all those who devoted
themselves directly or indirectly to make this project report success.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO

1 ABSTRACT Iv

2 INTRODUCTION Iv

3 WORKING AND ITS PRINCIPLE Vii

4 OBJECTIVE AND BLOCK DIAGRAM Viii

5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Ix

6 COMPONENTS AND ITS DESCRIPTION x-xxiii

7 CIRCUIT DESIGN xxiv-xxv

8 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Xxvi

9 RESULT Xxvii

10 CONCLUSION Xxviii

11 REFERENCE Xxix

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 ABSTRACT
Security is a most important factor today. Technology develops day by day in the
world. The crime gang also improves their technology to perform their operation.
So technology of security should be modern with time to protect the crime works.
We decide to make a security project as our project. In this project we have used
laser light to cover a large area. We know laser light goes through long distance
without scattering effect. It’s also visible only at source and incident point,
otherwise invisible. These two properties help us to build up a modern security
system, which may name as “laser security”. When any person or object
crossover the laser line the security alarm will ringing and also the focus light
will “on” to focus the entrance of unauthorized person.

LASER-Ray goes through long distance without scattering effect and the ray is
almost invisible. Only the radiation point and incident point is visible. So by this
security project we can make an invisible boundary of a sensitive area. There is
two part of the system. One is transmitter and other is receiver. The transmitter
part is built with a LASER radiator, a pair of dry cell batteries, an on-off switch
and a stand to hold it. The receiver side, there is a focusing LDR (Light depending
Resistor) sensor to sense the LASER continuously. The LDR sensor also holds
with a stand and it connected with the main driver circuit. The circuit has two
parts. One is filtered the signal of discontinuity ray and others is alarm circuit.
When anybody crossover the invisible ray the main circuit sense the discontinuity
by sensor and turn on the alarm circuit. If once the alarm circuit is on it will still
ringing until push the reset button. There is two option of ringing. One is the
duration of ringing depends on preset timer and another reset manually. Any
option can be set by DPDT switch. If anybody wants to bind a sensitive area with
the single ray he has to use mirror at every corner to reflect it. The system has
built with low cost and high performance.
The power consumption of the system is very low.

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 INTRODUCTION
Need of security is the basic necessity of any individual. The feeling that we are
safe and everything around us is all right is imperative for a peaceful living. But
in this unsafe world, when crime, terror and threats are on their peak, how can
one attain that sense of security? Here, laser security system provides us with a
solution and for this reason more and more people are installing them in order to
stay safe and secure. Various electronic security systems can be used at home and
other important working places for security and safety purposes.
Laser Security alarm is a device used for security purposes. It has a wide
application in fields of security and defence starting from the security of simple
house hold material to a very high valued material of an organization. They once
used to be expensive solutions for security needs. Owing to cost cutting and fast
technological advancements, this form of security system is becoming more
affordable.
Lasers differ from other light sources in a few significant ways. There are two
features that are important for security systems. Unlike a light bulb or flashlight,
laser light doesn't spread out, it is a narrow beam. And laser light is essentially a
single colour. Because laser light doesn't spread much, it can be sent it a long way
and still have enough energy in a small area to trigger the security system detector.
Because it's a single wavelength, it can put a blocking filter on the detector to let
laser light through without letting background light onto the detector.
Laser light travels in a straight line. For instance, to protect the front of the yard,
putting the laser at one comer and the detector at the other corner would do the
job. That's not a very practical configuration, though. More typically, if it is
needed to protect the perimeter of a room, or at least the enhances. So laser
security systems start with a laser pointing to a small mirror. The first mirror is
angled to direct the beam to a second small mirror, and so on until the final
mirror directs the beam to the detector. If the beam is interrupted anywhere
between the laser and the detector, the electronics will put the warning signal.
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 PRINCIPLE:

There are three essential components to a laser security system: a laser, a detector
and sensing circuit. The laser is a concentrated light source that puts out a straight
line, 'pencil beam, of light of a single colour. The detector is sensitive to light and
puts out a voltage when the laser light hits it. The detector is connected to the
sensing circuit. When the laser beam is interrupted and cannot reach the detector,
its voltage output changes, and the circuit sense the change and put out a warning
signal

Working
This circuit is based on LDR(Light Depended Resistor),variable resistor in which
the resistance varies according to the light intensity falling on it.
.A photo resistor is also called light dependent resistor or photocell is a light
controlled variable resistor. Based on principle of photoconductivity. When ray
of light incident on it, conductivity of material increased.
Here laser continuously falls on LDR and due to this it provide low resistance.
When the switch is turned on, the current flows to the LDR ,and Q2 becomes ON
and it makes the transistor Q1 off.
All current flows through the resistor R3 and transistor Q2. Q1 remains off and
hence the buzzer also remains OFF in this case.
When the LASER is OFF or get cutoff, LDR is offer high resistance.Hence it
makes Q2 OFF. And Q1 on This implies that transistor Q1 is ON and buzzer
connected to collector of transistor Q1.
Hence this makes the buzzer to sound.

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 OBJECTIVE:

The core objective of this project is to design a laser security system with laser
and light dependent resistor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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 COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

SNO. COMPONENT QUANTITY

1. Laser Pointer 1

2. LDR 1

3. LED 1

4. Resistor 2

5. Transistor 2

6. Buzzer 1

7. 9V Battery 1

8. Breadboard 1

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:

LASER:

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification

based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. The term "laser"
originated as an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of
radiation".
A laser differs from other sources of light in that it emits light coherently. Spatial
coherence allows a laser to be focused to a tight spot, enabling applications such
as laser cutting and lithography. Spatial coherence also allows a laser beam to
stay narrow over great distances (collimation), enabling applications such as laser

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pointers. Lasers can also have high temporal coherence, which allows them to
emit light with a very narrow spectrum, i.e., they can emit a single colour of light.
Temporal coherence can be used to produce pulses of light as short as a
femtosecond.

Applications:

• Medicine: Bloodless surgery, Laser healing,

surgical treatment, kidney stone treatment,

eye treatment, dentistry.
• Industry: Cutting, welding, material heat
treatment, marking parts, non-contact
measurement of parts.
• Military: Marking targets, guiding munitions, missile defence, electro-optical

countermeasures (EOCM), alterative to radar, blinding troops.

• Law enforcement: used for latent fingerprint detection in the forensic
identification field.
• Research: Spectroscopy, laser ablation, laser annealing, laser scattering, laser

interferometer, lidar, laser capture micro dissection, fluorescence microscopy.

• Product development/commercial: laser printers, optical discs (e.g. CDs),

barcode scanners, thermometers, pointers, holograms, bubble grams.

• Laser lighting displays: Laser light shows.
• Cosmetic skin treatments: acne treatment, cellulite and striae reduction, and
hair removal

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LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

A photo resistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR)

or photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor.
The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with
increasing incident light intensity; in other words,
it exhibits photoconductivity. A photo resistor can be applied in light sensitive
detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated switching circuits.
Photo resistors work based off of the principle of photoconductivity.
Photoconductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the material’s conductivity
is increased when light is absorbed by the material. When light falls i.e. when the
photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band of the semiconductor
material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the incident light
should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material to
make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence
when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons
are excited to the conduction band which results in a large number of charge
carriers. The result of this process is more and more current starts flowing through
the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the
device has been decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR.
In the dark, a photo resistor can have a resistance as high as a few mega ohms (M
ohms), while in the light, a photo resistor can have a resistance as low as a few
hundred ohms. If incident light on a photo resistor exceeds a certain frequency,
photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to
jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electrons conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photo
resistor can substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique
photo resistors may react substantially differently to photons within certain
wavelength bands.

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LED (Light Emitting Diode):

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead

semiconductor light source. Like an ordinary
diode, the LED diode works when it is forward
biased. In this case, the n-type semiconductor is
heavily doped than the p-type forming the p-n
junction. When it is forward biased, the potential barrier gets reduced and the
electrons and holes combine at the depletion layer (or active layer), light or
photons are emitted or radiated in all directions. A typical figure blow showing
light emission due electron-hole pair combining on forward biasing. It is a
PNjunction diode, which emits light when activated. The explanation behind the
emission of photons in an LED diode lies in the energy band theory of solids.
According to this theory, whether the electron-hole combining will give out
photons or not depends on whether the material has a direct band gap or indirect
band gap. Those semiconductor materials which have a direct band gap are the
ones that emit photons. When a suitable voltage is applied to the leads, electrons
are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in
the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the colour of
the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy
band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than I mm2)
and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern

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Applications:
LED uses fall into four major categories:
• Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
• Illuminations where light is reflected from objects to give visual response

of these objects.
• Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision.
• Narrow band light sensors where LEDS operate in a reverse-bias mode and
respond to incident light, instead of emitting Light.

BUZZER:

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical,

electromechanical, and piezoelectric. Typical uses
of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices,
timers and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or keystroke.

Early devices were based on an electromechanical

system identical to an electric bell without the metal
gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to
interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units
were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word
"buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made.
The buzzer consists of an outside case with two pins to attach it to power and
ground. When current is applied to the buzzer it causes the ceramic disk to
contract or expand. Changing this then causes the surrounding disc to vibrate.
That's the sound that you hear. Adjust the potentiometer to increase or decrease

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the resistance of the potentiometer. If you increase the resistance of the
potentiometer then it will decrease the Volume of the buzzer. If you decrease the
resistance of the potentiometer then it will increase the Volume of the buzzer.

Applications:
• Annunciator panels
• Electronic metronomes
• Game show lock-out device
• Microwave ovens and other household appliances
• Sporting events such as basketball games
• Electrical alarms

TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic

signals and electrical power. Transistor has many functions, such as detecting,
rectifying, amplifying, switching, voltage stabilizing; signal modulating and so
on. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for
connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the
transistor’s terminals changes the current through another pair of terminals. As a
variable current switch, transistor can control the output current based on the input
voltage. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

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The fundamental principle behind all transistors is simple: Current flow between
two terminals is prevented by an energy barrier that has been set up between them.
To operate the transistor, a third terminal is provided that allows you to lower the
energy barrier.
Common applications of transistor comprise of analog & digital switches, power
regulators, signal amplifiers & equipment controllers. Transistors are also the
constructing units of incorporated circuits and most up to date electronics.

RESISTOR

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements

electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and,
at the same time, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits
resistors are used to limit current flow, to adjust signal levels, bias active
elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors

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that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as part of
motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test roads for generators.
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements
(such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light,
humidity, force, or chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and
are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components
can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated. The electrical function of a resistor is specified
by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of
more than nine orders of magnitude.
The nominal value of the resistance will fall within a manufacturing tolerance.

The main function of resistors in a circuit is to control the flow of current to other
components. Take an LED (light) for example. If too much current flows through
an LED it is destroyed. So a resistor is used to limit the current.

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BATTERY:

An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells

that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains
a positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes
allow ions to move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current
to flow out of the battery to perform work. Primary (single-use or "disposable")
batteries are used once and discarded; the electrode materials are irreversibly
changed during discharge. Common examples are the alkaline battery used for
flashlights and a multitude of portable device. Secondary (rechargeable
batteries) can be discharged and recharged multiple times; the original
composition of the electrodes can be restored by reverse current. Examples
include the lead-acid
batteries used in vehicles
and lithium ion batteries
used for portable
electronics. Batteries
come in many shapes
and sizes, from
miniature cells used to
power hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that
provide standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centres.

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 BREADBOARD AND CONNECTING WIRES:

A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping of electronics. These

solderless breadboards does not require soldering, it is reusable. This makes it
easy to use for creating temporary prototypes and experimenting with circuit
design. A modern solderless breadboard socket consists of a perforated block of
plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor bronze or nickel silver alloy spring
clips under the perforations. Interconnecting wires and the leads of discrete
components such as capacitors, resistors, and inductors, power supply, one or
more signal generators, LED display or LCD modules, and logic probes can be
inserted into the remaining free holes to complete the circuit. A bus strip usually
contains two rows: one for ground and one for a supply voltage. Typically the
row intended for a supply voltage is marked in red, while the row for ground is
marked in blue or black.

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 Jump wires (also called jumper wires) for solderless bread boarding can be
obtained in readyto-use jump wire sets or can be manually manufactured. The
latter can become tedious work for larger circuits. Ready-to-use jump wires
come in different qualities, some even with tiny plugs attached to the wire ends.
Jump wire material for ready-made should usually be solid copper, tin-plated
wire - assuming no tiny plugs are to be attached to the wire ends. Shorter
stripped wires might result in bad contact with the board's spring clips
(insulation being caught in the springs). Longer stripped wires increase the
likelihood of short-circuits on the board. Needle-nose pliers and tweezers are
helpful when inserting or removing wires, particularly on crowded boards.

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 CIRCUIT DESIGNING:

1.Place the 2 n-p-n transistor into the breadboard like the given circuit
diagram.

2. Now connect LDR to Base and collector of the transistor Q2.

3. Connect resistor on the breadboard like the given circuit diagram.

4. Connect the anode of LED to the resistor R1 and cathode to the

Collector of the transistor Q1

5. Now connect the buzzer the same way we have connected the LED.

6. Connecting transistor Q1 emitter to ground through resistor

7. Now connecting the voltage supply.

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MODEL CIRCUIT:

Basing on the instructions circuit is connected.

PRECAUTIONS:

• We have used a laser pointer in this project. Direct exposure of laser light
on eyes can be very dangerous. Even though it is a low power laser, avoid
direct eye exposure of laser.
• Make sure the connections are correct.

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 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES:

These are easy to install and work at both within as well as outside houses. These
are very effective perimeter alarm systems around properties. In indoor systems
can utilize the normal power outlets and jacks making them inconspicuous. At
outside these can be easily be hidden behind the bushes or plants without causing
any damage. They consume less power when compared to the laser system as the
whole, which is expensive.

These laser systems can be installed in homes either by self or by hiring a

technical person. By technological innovations cost of the security systems has
been cut to a large extent. So, making laser systems one among affordable security
system options can be very safe.

Lasers are strong in beam width and can be focused on the perfect target. By using
laser security system one can be safe in the case of harmful effects to the body.
As the beam width used in the laser security systems are not strong beam widths.

The circuit, construction and setup for the Laser Security System are very simple.
If used with a battery, the laser security system can work even when there is a
power outage.

DISADVANTAGES:

• The laser security system works only if the laser is obstructed. If the
intruder passes without obstructing the laser, it is considered as a failure.
• In order to secure a larger area, we need more lasers and corresponding
sensors.

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 APPLICATIONS:

• Laser Security System can be used in safety lockers in our homes, where
even if the locker’s code is hacked, it acts as an additional layer of security.
• Apart from security systems, this laser based setup can also be used to
check if pets or babies crossed a certain boundary.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

When the laser beam falling over the LDR is interrupted by the object in the field
of laser net, hence the LDR develops an output voltage and the alarm rings
showing the sign of any intruders. The Laser Security System has been
successfully designed and developed. The buzzer is turned on as the laser beam
falling on the LDR is interrupted. The experimental model was made according
to the circuit diagram and the result was as expected.

The LDR has to be placed in dark place or inside a case so that the other source
of light except the laser beam doesn’t affect the LDR. This helps the circuit to
work faster and properly.

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 CONCLUSION:
Laser security system provides us the security against any crime, theft in our day
to day life and so people are installing them in order to stay safe, secure and sound.
Various electronic security systems can be used at home and other important
working places for security and safety purposes. It is a great opportunity and
source of saving man power contributing no wastage of electricity. The "Laser
Security System" is an important helping system. Using this system robbery,
thefts & crime can be avoided to large extend. Avoiding thieves results in the
safety of our financial assets and thereby this system provides us protection
against all.

The Laser & LDR system is highly sensitive with a great range of working. The
system senses the light emitted by the Laser falling over the LDR connected with
the circuit. Whenever the beam of light is interrupted by any means, it triggers
the alarm or siren. This highly reactive approach has low computational
requirement, therefore it is well suited to surveillance, industrial application and
smart environments.

REFERENCE:

1. https://www.electronicshub.org

2. http://en.wikioedia.org/wiki/Main-Page

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