EEE 3127 ANALOG SYSTEMS

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

UNIVERSITI P U T RA M ALAY S IA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN
Faculty of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

EEE3127
ANALOG SYSTEM LABORATORY

LAB 6: FILTERS

NAME : ABDUL HAKIM BIN ROSLAN (200866)

: MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN RAJAK (200812)
: MUHAMMAD IKHWAN AFFAN BIN ROHAIMI (201072)
LECTURER : DR. ROSLINA
DUE DATE : 4 JANUARI 2021

SEMESTER 1-2020/2021

1
Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina Mohd Sidek | 1st Semester 2020/2021
 EEE 3127 ANALOG SYSTEMS
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

FILTER

Students are able to

i) To analyze and characterize analog filters.
ii) Design, construct and troubleshoot analog filters for an FM receiver of audio
system iii) Lead a group and/or to function as a team member

LAB EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENT

Simulator: Circuit Simulator (LTSPICE, PSPICE, etc)
Component: Resistors, Capacitors, Op-amp IC ADTL082 for simulation or TL082
(available on ASLK-Pro Board) or LM741 for hardware.

INTRODUCTION
Filters are essential blocks in many electronic systems especially in communications.
Communications systems use modulation to send information from one point to another.
This lab exercise will focus on analog filters and at the same time is intended to provide
an exposure to the system application of analog filters. Links for additional topics
related to modulation including LTSPICE analysis and stereo sound are listed in the
reference section.

– Filter Characteristics
A filter performs a frequency-selection function where it passes certain frequencies
within its passband and rejects other frequencies of input signals. Figure 1 illustrates 4
major types of filters which are Low-Pass Filters (LPF), High-Pass Filters (HPF), Band-
Pass Filters (BPF) and Band-Stop Filters (BSF) or band-reject filters.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 1 – Transmission characteristic or frequency response of ideal (a) low-pass (b)
high-pass (c) band-pass and (d) band-reject or band-stop filters

Figure 2(a) illustrates the characteristic of non-ideal low-pass filter. Unlike the ideal
filter characteristic shown in Figure 2(b), non-ideal filters have transition band which
extends from passband frequency, ωpass to stopband frequency, ωstop. The ratio, ωstop/ωpass
measures the sharpness of the filter response and is called selectivity factor. Non-ideal
filter may produce magnitude ripples in the passband and in the stopband.

2
Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Dr. Roslina Mohd Sidek | 1st Semester 2020/2021
 (a) (b)

Figure 2 – Transmission characteristics of (a) ideal and (b) non-ideal low-pass filters

– Applications of Filters in Stereo Receiver System

Figure 3 illustrates the block diagram of an FM (frequency modulation) stereo receiver

system. Modulation refers to the process of imposing a message signal onto a high
frequency carrier wave so that the message can be transmitted over a long distance. The
modulation process in this receiver generate three modulating signals which are the sum
of the left and right channel audio (L+R), the difference of the left and right channel
audio (L-R) and a 19 kHz pilot subcarrier. The (L+R) audio is from 30 Hz to 15 kHz and
the (L-
R) audio is contained in two sidebands extending from 23 kHz to 53 kHz. The objective
of this lab exercise is to analyze the channel filters used to separate the (L+R), (L-R) and
the 19 kHz pilot subcarrier.

Figure 3 – FM stereo receiver. Separation circuits separate the audio signal using filters,
demodulator and summing amplifiers.
The final left channel audio for the left speaker and also the right channel audio for the
right speaker are produced using the same three modulating signals or without
additional external signal. Figure 4 shows the schematic of the channel separation
circuit. A frequency doubler and demodulator (which performs the reverse process of
modulation) are used to extract the audio signal from the 23 kHz to 53 kHz sidebands
after which the 30 Hz to 15 kHz (L-R) is passed through another filter. The (L+R) and (L-
R) audio signals are then applied to a summing amplifier to produce the left and right
channel audio (-2L and -2R).
Figure 4
 RESULTS

PART 1 (FILTER CHARACTERIZATION)

Figure 1 : L+R (mono) circuit

Figure 2 : L+R circuit that results low-pass filter

 Type of filter : Low pass filter

Parameters Value
Cutoff/ Corner Frequency 15.88 kHz
Roll-off rate of the transition band -20dB/decade
Voltage gain at passband 4.024dB
Voltage gain at bandwidth 1.012dB

Table 1 : Parameters of L+R filter

Figure 3 : L-R filter ( Stereo ) circuit

Figure 4 : L-R filter which results high-pass filter

Type of filter : High pass filter

Parameter Value
Cutoff/Corner Frequency 17.21kHZ
Roll off rate of the transition band -40dB/decade
Voltage gain at passband 7.035dB
Voltage gain at bandwidth 4.031dB
Table 2 : Parameters of L-R filter

Figure 5 : Pilot filter circuit

Type of filter : band pass filter

Parameters Value
Cutoff/ Corner frequency 17kHz ,22.16kHz
Center frequency 19.93kHz
Roll of rate of the transition band -20dB/decade
Voltage gain at passband -5.404dB
Voltage gain at bandwidth -8.476dB
Table 3 : Parameters of pilot filter
PART 2 ( FILTER RESPONSE MEASUREMENT)

FREQUENCY,Hz VOLTAGE GAIN(Db) PHASE

1 -163.0496 179.76

1K -43.0493 179.186

10K -3.34478 118.504

35K 6.8779 -12.823

1M -20.4694 -295.33

10M -24.5481 -459.280

1G -63.4072 -518.073

10G -103.0665 -537.977

1T -183.0631 -539.977

100T -263.063 -539.99

Table 1: The data obtained during the process of measuring the frequency response of the
L+R Filter.
 MAGNITUDE RESPONSE

50
0
-50
FREQUENCY

-100 Voltage
-150 Gain(dB)
-200
-250
-300
VOLTAGE GAIN (dB)

PHASE RESPONSE

400
200
FREQUENCY

0
-200
-400
-600
PHASE
PART 3 (UNIVERSAL FILTER)

Figure 3(a) : The schematic diagram of the universal filter

Figure(3b) : The frequency response

DISCUSSION
PART 1 (FILTER CHARACTERIZATION)

In this experiment, we are given task to observe the characteristic of the filter. It is
consist of 3 parts, characteristic of Sallen-Key filters, procedure of reading frequency and
universal filter. Filter is a type of signal processing filter in the form of electronic circuits
which capable of passing certain frequencies while attenuating other frequencies. Thus
filter can extract important frequencies from signal that also contain undesirable
frequencies.

For part 1 there are 3 types of filter, L+R (low-pass filter), L-R ( high-pass filter ) and
pilot filter ( band-pass filter ). We can divide result (graph) of the filter into 3 regions which
are the important parameters for the filter; pass band, transition band and stop band. In
pass band region, we can get the cutoff frequency, the voltage gain around it and
overshoot/ ripple. At the transition band we can observe the roll-off rate. Lastly, stop band
which indicates the region that the filter starts to reject the frequencies.

Firstly, L+R filter which results low-pass filter as shown in Figure 1 (circuit) and Figure
2 (graph). Initially, before run the simulation, we can anticipate the result of the circuit by
just looking at the position of the Resistor and Capacitor in the input and feedback of the
filter. From the graph, we can extract important parameters as shown in Table 1. To proof
all the parameters, we can actually calculate it. Calculation is shown below.

All the calculation is

same as results shown in
Table 1 hence we can
conclude that the result
and conclusion is
compromise to
each other.
 Next, we need to observe the L-R filter and the circuit was built in as shown in Figure
3. From Figure 4, we can see that the L-R filter produce high pass filter and there are
ripples on the pass band region. As the frequency increase, the capacitor will behave as
short circuit hence will make the voltage gain decrease. To proof all the results in Table 2,
we did the calculation below:

Since the filter is cascaded, we need to divide it into 2 parts, low frequency and high
frequency in the calculation.
Calculated voltage gain at pass band is approximately same as in simulation with the
difference around 0.2dB hence the value is acceptable.

Then, we need to simulate the Pilot filter. Based on observation, we can see that this
filter is one pole filter as shown in Figure 5. The graph shown in Figure 6 shows that pilot
filter is actually a band pass filter which we can also calculate its quality factor, Q later.
Before that, we need to proof that the results extracted in Table 3 with calculation;
We use formula of quality factor ,Q to determine bandwidth and corner frequency at low
and high.
PART 2(FILTER RESPONSE MEASUREMENT)

1. The L+R filter shown in Figure 3 above was constructed on a breadboard by using two op-
amp (LM741), four capacitor and nine resistors.
2. Connect the power supply to the filter circuit
3. Connect the output of function generator
4. Then, adjust the amplitude for the output signal from function generator
5. Change to a higher amplitude as we want the output not to be so low. Example, set it at 2V
peak to peak sinusoidal wave.
6. Connect the power supply to the digital multimeter
7. Record the input voltage amplitude by connecting it to digital multimeter
8. On the digital multimeter, click on ACv button to measure the input voltage and shift it to dB
by pressing the shift button
9. Then, connect the input of digital multimeter to the output voltage of the circuit
10. Next, change the frequency at the power supply in order to make the gain of the circuit
below passband gain
11. So by increasing the frequency, it will affect the gain by lowering it value.
12. Keep adjust the frequency until u get the desired gain.
13. Record the gain value for each different frequency.
14. The data collected were used to plot the magnitude and phase responses of the L+R Filter
by using Microsoft Excel. The scale of the axes are set to logarithm
in order to obtain the Bode plot.
15. The experiment above was verified by using the LTSPICE to carry out the AC
analysis on the pilot band-pass filter to obtain the frequency response.
PART 3 (UNIVERSAL FILTER)

For this part, we have to design a universal filter configuration that will be replace the (L+R) low
pass filter. As show in the figure 3(a), the circuit consists of three op-amps (ADTL082), two pairs of
RC networks and five resistor. As we can see the universal filter is a type of multiple-feedback
filter circuit that can produce all three filter responses, Low Pass, High Pass and Band
Pass simultaneously from the same single active filter design. State variable filters uses three
or more operational amplifier circuit cascaded together to produce the individual filter outputs.
Because of its versatility, this filter is called the universal filter. This filter provides the user with
easy control of the gain and Q-factor. It offers several features which are not available with the
other simpler filters. By properly summing all three filter types outputs some very interesting
responses can be made. Bandpass filters with high Q can be built. The damping and/or critical
frequency could be electronically tuned. The low-pass and high-pass outputs are inverted in
phase while the band-pass output maintains the phase. The gain of each of the outputs of the filter
is also independently variable. With an added amplifier section summing the low-pass and high
pass section.
From the circuit in figure 3(a), we can see that R1 and R6 is the result of the voltage gain of this
low-pass response and by looking from the section 1 above, we know that the voltage gain of the
(L+R) low pass filter at the pass band is 4.024 Db, hence we can find the value of R6 by the
following relationship.

For the next part, the two pair RC network that consist of C2, C3, R3 and R4 will determine the
two-pole response for this universal filter. By using the formula below we can dtermine the required
capacitance as we chose the same value for R3 and R4.

After that, we use the command “ac dec 100 1Hz 100K” to the the frequency response plotted as
in figure 3(b) and we also can see that the voltage gain at the passband of universal filter is
4.02477164 Db as it is very close to the simulated value in the section 1. Finally we can say that
the designed of this universal filter have been sucessfully replaced.

REFERENCES

i. Analog Devices (2012). State Variable Filters. Retrieved from

https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-223.pdf
ii. The Offset Volt (2018). Active Band-pass Filter. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-TFiLf-iGjs&t=1310s
iii. Mono and stereo sounds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0R13WMHPlUU