N

Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Introduction and history

of transformers

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
Th first
The fi t transformer
t f - GANZ - 1886
Three-phase
Three phase core-type
core type transformer
Three-phase shell-type transformer
Core form transformer Shell form transformer
circular leg section rectangular leg section
Basic transformer equations:
Voltage across a winding is given by
E = 4.44 x f x Φ x n
where f is frequency, Φ is total flux
n is number off turns
E/n = 4.44 x f x Φ
= 4.44 x f x B x A
where B is flux density
A is core area
Basic transformer equations:

Voltage ratio = V1/V2 =n1/n2

Current ratio = I1/I2 = n2/n1

Impedance ratio = Z1/Z2 = (n1/n2)2

Simplified transformer circuit
Equivalent circuit of a transformer
Vector diagram of transformer on load
 E d-a = V b-c = V1

Ve-f = E f-e = V2

I0 Flux
 E d-a = V b-c = V1 If-e = I2

Ve-f = E f-e = V2

I’b-c = n2/n1.I2
Ib-c = I1

Load phase
angle

I0 Flux
 I1X1
V1
I1R1

Vb-c I2

I2X2

Ve-f I2R2

V2

I’ I1

Load
phase
g
angle

I0

Flux
Simplified equivalent circuit
 2000 MVA
1000
MVA
1150kV
100 1000kV
MVA

10
100kV
MVA
25kV
1
10kV
MVA
150kVA
100 1kV
kVA
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

R t off development
Rate d l t off transformers
t f
LOSS EVALUATION

Evaluated cost of ownership = first cost + cost of losses

CAPITALISATION OF LOSSES:
C C = CT + A x P0 + B x PK
where
h CC = capitalised
it li d costt
CT = tendered price
A = capitalisation rate for no-load loss (£/kW)
P0 = guaranteed no
no-load
load loss (kW)
B = capitalisation rate for load loss (£/kW)
PK = Guaranteed load loss (kW)
OPERATING COSTS

• Core losses - Choice of coresteel

• Winding losses - Winding design
• Stray losses - Control of leakage flux
A ttypical
i l small
ll power distribution
di t ib ti transformer
t f
Typical distribution
substation used in
mainland Europe
A llocomotive
ti mounted
t d traction
t ti transformer
t f
1000 MVA, 400/1342 kV autotransformers in NGC
800 MVA bank of 400 kV generator transformers at Drax
1500 MVA bank, 525/330 kV autotransformers
300 MVA, 762 kV single-phase autotransformers at NYPA
1500 MVA bank of 800 kV transformers at Guri Dam
2000 MVA, 400 kV quadrature booster at Stocksbridge
An underwater transformer for installation at the base
of an oil-drilling platform in the North Sea
IEC STANDARDS FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS (1)
• IEC 60076 Power transformers
• IEC 60076-1 : general
• IEC 60076-2 : temperature rise
• IEC 70076-3 : dielectric tests
• IEC 70076-4 : guide for lightning impulse testing
• IEC 70076-5 : ability to withstand short circuit
IEC
CSSTANDARDS
S FOR
O POWER
O TRANSFORMERS
S O S (2)
( )
• IEC 60076-6 : reactors
• IEC 60076-7 : loading guide – oil filled transformers
• IEC 60076-8 : application guide
• IEC 70076-9 : terminals and tapping markings
• IEC 70076
70076-10:
10 ddetermination
t i ti off sound
d levels
l l
• IEC 70076-11: dry-type power transformers
• IEC 70076-12: loading guide – dry-type transformers
IEC
CSSTANDARDS
S FOR
O POWER
O TRANSFORMERS
S O S (3)
• IEC 60076-13: Self-protected liquid-filled transformers
• IEC 60076-14: Design and application of liquid-
….immersed power transformers using high temperature
….insulation
insulation materials
• IEC 60076-15: Gas-filled type power transformers
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Magnetic circuits

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
 Soft Iron Wire
4w/kg

3 /k
3w/kg Iron Sheets

Hot Rolled Steel

2w/kg
Cold Rolled Steel
Domain
1w/kg Hi-B
Hi B
C t l
Control

1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

D
Development
l t off low-loss
l l steels
t l
Power loss characteristics of transformer steels
Manufacture
f off
amorphous
strip
i on a
cooled wheel
using
i rapid-
id
cooling
t h l
technology
Construction of single phase transformer with
amorphous metal strip- wound core
Three-phase
p transformer constructed from
amorphous metal strip-wound core
3-phase
p amorphous
p transformer
with laminated strip
Mandrel of Georg cut
cut-to-length
to length line
A Georg cut-to-length line with slit-to-width steel coils
 D W Y

Main p
parameters of core
Cruciform core section
 Yoke Yoke

Leg Leg

C
Core corner configurations
fi ti
The effect of rolling
direction on power
loss in a transformer
lamination
Core building berth for distribution transformers
Core building berth for small distribution transformers
Th
Three limb
li b core for
f small
ll power distribution
di t ib ti transformer
t f
Core building for 3-phase distribution transformer
Three limbed
core of small
power distribution
transformer
Types of construction of transformer cores
Core configurations
Core configurations
Core configurations
Core building for a single phase transformer
Core building: a 9-leg treble tripler
St l
Step-lapped
d core joint
j i t att top
t off leg
l
Step-lapped core joint
Mitred core with step
step-lapped
lapped joint
C
Core on b
building
ildi berth
b th ready
d to
t be
b lifted
lift d upright
i ht
Typical
yp three-phase
p core-type
yp transformer
of medium power range
Core for 132 kV, 40 MVA transformer
4-leg core for a single-phase generator transformer
5-leg core for a three-phase generator transformer
B-H loop for coresteel
Effect on magnetising current of switching in
at positive voltage peak
Effect on magnetising current of switching in
at voltage zero.
zero
Effect on magnetising current on switching in at
voltage zero with remnant flux in the core
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Windings

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
Copper-foil winding
Foil windings for distribution transformers
Alternative forms of windings in common use
 Front-to-front, Back to front
back-to-back
alternate coils reversed

Cross-over coils: inter coil connections

 6 12 6 6 7
5 11 5 5 8
4 10 4 4 9
3 9 3 3 10
2 8 2 2 11
1 7 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 12

Turns 7-12
7 12 Turns 7
7-12
12 collapsed Turns 7-12
7 12
loosely wound rearranged

Steps in forming a disc coil pair

Parallel disc pairs in a winding
Typical insulation structure for small transformers
Oil-barrier HV/LV ‘Solid’ HV/LV Multi-duct HV/LV
insulation insulation insulation

Insulation structures for transformer windings

Disc-type
Disc type winding construction for an HV winding
Layer-type winding construction for an HV winding
Continuously transposed conductor (CTC)
B
Bore h
horizontal
i t l winding
i di machine
hi
Horizontal winding machine
Disc winding on horizontal machine
H i
Horizontal
t l winding
i di machine
hi for
f layer
l windings
i di
Layer winding on horizontal machine
Layer winding machine
Bore vertical winding machine
Isostatic-clamping of windings during drying
COOLING SYSTEM DESIGNATIONS
(LIQUID IMMERSED)

First letter: O for insulating

g liquid
q with fire point
p below 300°C
K for insulating liquid with fire point above 300°C
L for insulating liquid with no measurable fire point
Second letter: N for natural thermosyphon flow
F for forced oil circulation
D for directed oil flow
Third letter: A for air
W for water
Fourth letter; N for natural convection
F for forced circulation
COOLING SYSTEM DESIGNATIONS
(DRY TYPE)

First letter: A for air

G for gas
S
Second letter: N ffor natural thermosyphon fflow
F for forced circulation
Thi d letter:
Third l tt A for
f air
i
G for gas
Fourth letter: N for natural convection
F for forced circulation
 FLC
%V

Short circuit test to measure impedance voltage

Pattern of leakage flux paths in a transformer
Workstation for Finite Element Mesh analysis
Leakage flux plot of a transformer
Failure modes of compressive stressed windings
Short circuit damage
on a disc windingg
Short circuit
damage on a
disc winding
Superconducting
transformer with a
niobium-tin winding
for operation
p at 2ºK
 Comparison Between Conventional
and Superconducting Transformers

Relative Weights of Conventional Relative Costs of Conventional

and Superconducting Transformers and HTSC Transformers

200 2.0

er unit)
Weightt (Tonnes)

Costs (pe
150 15
1.5

100 1.0

elative C
Conventional
50 Re 0.5 HTSC1
HTSC2
0 0
40 80 120 160 200 40 80 120 160 200
Rating (MVA) Rating (MVA)
DA-0013
 Progressive Reduction of Losses
for a 200 MVA 220 kV Transformer

No-Load Loss Load Loss

Po(kW) Pk(kW)
220 800

180 700

140 600

100 500

60 400

20 300
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
Conceptual view of a
hi h temperature
high t t
superconducting
transformer cooled
using liquid nitrogen
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Winding connections

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
STAR (Y) connection of windings
Advantages
g of Star (Y)
( ) connection:

• More economical for high-voltage windings

• Neutral point available
• Permits earthing directly or through an impedance
• Permits reduced insulation level at neutral
• Permits winding taps and tapchanger at neutral
• Permits single phase loading with neutral current
DELTA (D) winding connection
Advantages of Delta (D) connection:

• More economical for high-current,

low-voltage windings
• In combination with a star winding it
reduces the zero-phase sequence
impedance
peda ce o
of tthe
e ttransformer
a so e
ZIG ZAG (Z) winding connection
ZIG-ZAG
Advantages of a zig-zag (Z) connection:
• Permits neutral current loading with inherently
low zero-sequence impedance
• Reduces voltage unbalance in systems where
load is not evenly
y distributed between p
phases
• Permits creation of an artificial neutral for
the system
 I0

I0

I0
I0

3I0

Zero-sequence fault currents induced in a Delta winding

 I0

I0

I0

3I0

A zig-zag connected winding is inherently balanced

for zero-sequence fault currents
Path of zero-sequence flux in three-limbed core
Path of zero-sequence flux in a five-limb core
Example of clock-hour designation of 3-phase connections
Core and windings of a 40 MVA system transformer
 Series winding

I2

Common winding (I1-I2)

Neutral point
p

Connection of windings for an autotransformer

Advantages
g of an autotransformer connection:
• Reduction in physical size
• Reduction in impedance

Disadvantages of an autotransformer connection:

• Low impedance permits high short circuit forces
• Sensitive to lightning
g g impulse surges
g
S tt connection
Scott ti off transformers
t f
Operation
p of selector and diverter switches on an
on-load tap-changer (OLTC) of high-speed resistor type
Li
Linear tapping
t i winding
i di arrangementt
Reversing winding tapping arrangement
Coarse-fine winding arrangement
Tapping winding at neutral
point of autotransformer
p

• L
Lower voltages
lt to
t earth
th
• Lower cost of tapchanger
 Constant LV turns Constant HV turns Variable HV turns
Constant flux Variable LV turns Variable LV turns

Tapping winding at mid-voltage terminal of autotransformer

Tank-mounted
Tank mounted separate compartment tapchanger with
double-compartment for selector and diverter switches
Diverter resistors to limit circulating current in separate
separate-
compartment tapchanger during tap changing operations
Cover-mounted transformer with in-tank OLTC
C
Cover-mounted
t d transformer
t f with
ith in-tank
i t k ttapchanger
h
I t k ttapchanger
In-tank h connected
t d to
t winding
i di tappings
t i
Active parts of single-phase 300 MVA, 762 kV autotransformer
 Top yoke

LV1
LV1

Core
HV limb HV

LV2
LV2
LV2

Bottom yoke

Cross-section of a three-winding transformer

N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Transformer construction

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
Three limb cores ready for coil mounting
Assembling winding onto core of distribution transformer
Mounting windings on a core
F il LV windings
Foil i di assembled
bl d on the
th core
A
Assembly
bl off small
ll power distribution
di t ib ti transformers
t f
HV and
d LV windings
i di assembled
bl d onto
t three
th limb
li b cores
Windings with foil LVs mounted on a core
Inserting top yoke of core after winding assembly
Tank cover mounted small distribution transformer
Internal view
of 2000kVA
distribution
transformer
A typical three-phase
three phase
distribution transformer
with enamel covered
round wire on HV winding
and foil wound LV windings
Assembly of windings on a core
St l
Step-lapped
d core joint
j i t att top
t off leg
l
N ti windings
Nesting i di before
b f mounting
ti on to
t core
3-leg generator transformer
3-leg autotransformer: 1000 MVA at 400 kV
5 leg autotransformer: 1000 MVA at 400 kV
5-leg
5-leg generator transformer: 600 MVA at 400 kV
736 MVA generator transformer with in-tank LTC
5-leg generator transformer: 716 MVA at 525 kV
Lowering a treble-tripler
treble tripler transformer in to the tank
Effectt off water
Eff t content
t t on dielectric
di l t i
strength of transformer oil
Effect of water on the dielectric strength of
cellulose paper
Effect of water content on discharge
inception stress of cellulose paper
Rate of aging

Increase of aging
g g rate with water content of p
paper
p
S
Schematic off vapour phase drying plant
Control board for vapour phase drying system
A 500 kV oil-impregnated
p g
paper bushing for a power
transformer
Drying and filtering the
oil in a transformer
during the oil-circulation
process after oil-filling
p g
Measuring the electric strength of oil samples
Moving a 1000 MVA autotransformer by road
‘Schnabel’
Schnabel type car for transportation by railroad
Tank mounted radiators
Pattern of leakage flux paths in a transformer
Computer model of a 3-limbed core (laminations only)
C
Computer
t model
d l off a 3-limbed
3 li b d core with
ith yoke
k clamps
l
C
Computer
t model
d l off a 3-limbed
3 li b d core with
ith LV windings
i di
Computer model of a 3
3-limbed
limbed core with LV and HV windings
Loss distribution in core clamps due to leakage flux
from windings
Computer model of a 3-limbed core with windings in place
and fitted with horizontal flux shunts at winding ends
to control leakage flux
Loss distribution in core yoke clamps when
magnetic shunts are fitted
Computer model of a 3
3-limbed
limbed core with windings fitted
with magnetic shunts and conducting shields
Loss distribution in tank due to leakage flux with
no shunts or shields fitted
Loss distribution in tank due to leakage flux when
magnetic shunts and conducting shields are fitted
 Fl shunts
Flux h t

U off magnetic
Use ti shunts
h t tto control
t l stray
t lloss in
i steelwork
t l k
Shadow bars used to control magnetic field of LV leads
Active p
parts of a 234 MVA HVDC converter transformer
rated at 400 kV AC and 215 kV DC (HV-lead side)
Active p
parts of a 234 MVA HVDC converter transformer
rated at 400 kV AC and 215 kV DC (DC-lead side)
HVDC converter transformer in test: 400 kV ac
ac,
star and delta dc circuit windings
200 MVA, 400 kV quadrature booster, series unit
Testing a 2000 MVA,
400 kV quadrature
q
booster with series
and shunt units
connected
t d together
t th
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Transformer testing

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS
Routine tests:
• winding resistance
• winding ratio and phase displacement
• load loss and short circuit impedance
• no-load
no load loss and magnetising current
• dielectric tests
• tests on OLTC
TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS

Type tests:

• temperature rise test

• lightning impulse test

TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS

Special
p tests:

• chopped lightning impulse wave

• zero-sequence impedance

• sound level test

• short circuit withstand test

Circuit for ratio test
Connections for applied high
high-
potential tests
Method of connection for
a back-to-back heat run
Standard 1.2/50 μs impulse wave Forms of impulse wave

Impulse waveshapes for testing

 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 40 20 0
% %

Transient voltage
%
distribution along a winding
Transient distribution of voltage along a winding
Transient voltage distribution in windings
Electrostatic shield Interleaving Inter-shielding

Improving impulse performance by increasing CS

 Failure on full wave impulse test in
tapping winding of 220kV transformer
Digital records of a lightning impulse test
Digital records of LI test converted to a frequency base
Testing a 420 MVA, 400 kV transformer for a CCGT station
3-D display of partial discharge activity
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Performance in service

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
PARALLEL OPERATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS

Transformers connected in parallel must have:

• similar power ratings
• same voltage ratings (and ratios)
• same phase angle relationship (clock hour number)
• same percentage impedance (with some tolerance)
Clock face designation
Clock-face
of phase relationships
 Artificial connection
possibilities when operating
transformers with different
clock hour numbers in
parallel

It is possible to parallel
transformers with different
clock hour numbers by
reversing or permutating
connections
Another transformer fire
Burnt out carcase 24 hours after fire
For a fire or explosion to
occur there must be:

• an arc or strong spark in the presence of

• oxygen or a combustible
b tibl gas
An arc can be caused by:
• inter turn failure
inter-turn - low energy
• inter-section failure Increasing
energy
• inter-winding failure release
• inter-phase failure
• line to tank failure - high energy
Pressure
I bar
In b P
Percussion
i effect
ff t
5

22

0 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time in ms
Effect of rate of rise of tank pressure
Mitigating actions to reduce risk of fire:

• immerse transformer in inert atmosphere

• rapid
p evacuation of oil from transformer
• replace oil by higher fire-point fluid
• replace oil by gas – air or SF6
A three-phase cast-resin transformer with forced-air cooling
High power cast resin transformer
8 000 kVA, 34.5 kV cast resin transformer with OLTC
Cast resin transformer in a protective enclosure
cooled by forced air or with a
circulating water cooling system
The Dryformer
 Windformer: The wind blows directly into the cable

M
More power even under
d low
l wind
i d conditions
diti d
due tto d
decoupling
li byb DC
New Windgenerator based on Powerformer Technology
Conventional
Gearbox Generator Transformer
Permanent Magnets
- higher efficiency
- less parts
- simple for low-speed

Cable Stator
- Less Corrosion
Windformer Generator - High Voltage output

Results:
- No gearbox
- No transformer
- Less maintenance
- Easy conversion to DC
 - Much higher power output
due to new Windformer system

- Behind the horizon and thus

outt off sight
i ht

Windformer for use off-shore

Gas insulated medium power transformer
Gas-insulated large power transformer
Equilibrium between water in oil and paper with temperature
Rate of aging

Increase of aging
g g rate with water content of p
paper
p
Drycol refrigerated breather
The Drycol refrigerated breather
Molecular sieve
filtration device for
on-site
i d drying
i off
transformers
Molecular sieve oil
di
driers on a 400kV
transformer
400kV transformer
protected by rubber
bag a
andd ssilica
ca ge
gel
breather
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Transformer failures
and protection

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
Failure of layer-winding due to circulating currents
• Average annual failure rate of all
transformers in service is 2%
• M
Mean time
ti to
t failure
f il is
i 50 years
• Half of all transformers fail within
50 years
y
• Typical life of a generator
transformer is 18-24 years
• Typical life of a transmission
transformer is 40-60 years
 35
30
25
20
15 %
10
5
0
Design
g Manufacture Material Operations

Assigned
g causes of transformer failures (CIGRE)
( )
30
25
20
15
%
10

5
0
Windings Core Terminals OLTC Other

Assigned components causing transformer failure (CIGRE)

Failure modes of transformers:

• natural ageing and deterioration

• strategic
g end-of-life
• economic end-of-life
• technical end-of-life
Failure modes - natural ageing:

• gradual deterioration of monitored data

• increase in maintenance costs
• i
increase in
i the
th number
b off disturbances
di t b
• failure of similar equipment
q p of a similar
age on the system
F il
Failure modes
d - strategic
t t i end-of-life
d f lif :
• new strategies for network operation
• changes in operating requirements
• new legal requirements
• application of new technologies
• end of support from a supplier
• lack of ‘know-how’ for old technologies
Failure modes - economic end-of-life:

• reduced
d d loss
l with
ith new materials
t i l
• lower maintenance costs
• high cost of replacing obsolete parts
Failure modes - technical end
end-of-life
of life:

• equipment damaged beyond repair

• repair
i costs
t high
hi h compared
d
with replacement
p costs
• security compromised after repair
Failure of power transformers:

• mainly due to technical end-of-life

• rarely due to economic end-of-life
• rarely due to strategic end -of-life
of life
• natural ageing is a major risk which can be
accelerated by high water contamination
Power transformers - indicators of
natural ageing and deterioration:

• decrease in oil quality

• increase in dielectric loss angle
• recurring OLTC problems
• oil leakage from tank
• corrosion of tank and radiators
• damage to Buchholz, relays, cables etc.
Reasons for transformer failure:
• Poor specifications,
specifications design or manufacturing
weaknesses, material defects
• System disturbances, operational factors,
interactions with system
• Maintenance, repairs, refurbishment that
have or have not been undertaken
Inappropriate specifications:

• Do not describe loading regime

• Do not disclose switching
g operations
p
• Do not reveal environmental conditions
Design deficiencies:

• Leakage
L k fl
flux andd circulating
i l i currents
• Inadequate shielding for electrostatic or
electromagnetic conditions
• Complications
p introduced to ‘simplify’
p y
the design
 Local requirements

Company specifications

International standards

Hierarchy of needs in design phase

Material defects:
• Change in material or process
• Inadequate quality control
Core melting due to circulating currents between
laminations (inadequate insulation coating)
Bullet found in wooden block from a transformer
Operational conditions (1):
• Part winding
inding resonance ind
induced
ced b
by
impulse or switching surge transients
• Fast front transients introduced by
operation of disconnect switches or
vacuum switches
Operational conditions (2):
• Overloading (worse with moisture)
• Static electrification
• Th
Through
h faults
f lt (short
( h t circuit
i it currents)
t )
• Out-of-phase
Out of phase synchronisation
• Ferroresonance
Van de Graaff Generator at Boston Museum of Science
Interaction with power systems:
• M
Magnetising
i i iinrush
h currents
• Harmonic currents from furnaces or trains
Maintenance and repair operations:
• Maintenance of on-load tapchangers
• Loose connections
• Tools left in tank
• Water ingress during maintenance
Water corrosion in a conservator
External factors:
• Geomagnetic disturbances
• Seismic faults
• Fi
Fires
Solar flare 500 000 km long
Solar flare releasing charged particles
Sunspot that caused Hydro Quebec blackout
Earthquake damage in New Zealand
Bushing porcelain fractured during a seismic
disturbance in Mexico
Transformer failure modes:

• IInsulation
l ti – PD/streamers/tracking
PD/ t /t ki
• Electrical – Open/short circuit, poor contacts,
earthing
thi connections
ti
• Thermal – Overheating, hotspot heating
• Ch i l – Contamination
Chemical C t i ti
• Mechanical – Bending, fracture, vibration,
l
loose jjoints
i t
Actions to improve service performance:

• Stringent design control procedures

• Improved design tools – FEM, computer models
• Quality programs exceeding ISO 9001-2001
• Introduction of DGA during testing
• Regular surveillance testing on site (DGA/HPLC)
• On-line monitoring of strategic installations
• Development of Expert Systems
Protection systems:
• Protect the transformer from faults in the
network
• Protect the network from internal faults in
the transformer
• Limit damage in the transformer to allow
repair
Electrical protection:
• Excess current in secondary circuit
• Excess current in primary circuit
• Difference between p
primaryy and
secondary currents (transformer
ratio applied)
pp )
• Earth fault currents
• Underexcitation
Electrical relay protection
Internal faults:

• Turn-to-turn
Turn to turn
• Phase-to-earth
• Phase-to-earth
• C
Core llaminations
i ti
• Core bolts
• Cooler fans and pumps
In-tank faults:

• Oil temperature
• Oil pressure
p
• Gas formation
Transformer protection devices:

• Buchholz relay
• Oil pressure/surge relay
• Gas collection
• L
Low oil
il level
l l
N
Newcastle
tl UUniversity
i it
MSc Power Distribution Engineering
EEE8054 - Transformers

Surveillance and
monitoringg

P f
Professor Dennis
D i J All
Allan FREng
FRE
Aims of transformer surveillance:

• predictive maintenance
p
• life extension
• refurbishment
• replacement strategy
Drivers to install surveillance equipment:

• need to reduce maintenance costs

• b k
background
d for
f refurbishment
f bi h t policies
li i
• plan replacement
p p strategy
gy
• provide information for life extension
projects
Transformer surveillance :
on-line measurements:
• partial discharge (electrical Lemke probe)
• partial discharge
p g (acoustic)
( )
• temperature (infra-red camera)
• oil
il analysis
l i (resistivity,
( i i i particles,
i l IFT,
IFT ECT)
• dissolved gas analysis
• liquid chromatography
• vibration
Transformer surveillance:
on-line measurements:
• partial
ti l discharge
di h (electrical
( l t i l Lemke
L k probe)
b )
• partial discharge (acoustic)
• temperature (infra-red camera)
• oil analysis (resistivity,
(resistivity particles,
particles IFT,
IFT ECT)
• dissolved gas analysis
• liquid chromatography
• vibration
L k probe
Lemke b to
t locate
l t pd
d in
i equipment
i t
Lemke probe to locate pd in equipment
Transformer surveillance:
on-line measurements:

• partial discharge (electrical Lemke probe)

• partial discharge (acoustic)
• temperature (infra-red camera)
• oil analysis (resistivity, particles, IFT, ECT)
• dissolved g
gas analysis
y
• liquid chromatography
• vibration
LV bushing turrets on a generator transformer
 440.0¡æ
AR01: 376.8¡æ

SP01: 127.6¡æ 400

300

SP02: 158.9¡æ

AR04: 158.1¡æ 200

AR02: 372.1¡æ
AR03: 357.3¡æ

100
100.0¡æ

Tank hotspot
p due to magnetic
g flux
Transformer surveillance:
on-line measurements:

• partial discharge (electrical Lemke probe)

• partial discharge
p g (acoustic)
( )
• temperature (infra-red camera)
• oil
il analysis
l i
• dissolved gas analysis
• liquid chromatography
• vibration
 Portable Oil Test Sets

Moisture

Breakdown
2-furfural
Material Condition Gases Symbol

Source of ‘key
key gases’
gases in DGA samples
DGA gas ratios
Duval triangle for DGA analysis
 Gases Generated During Breakdown
of Dielectric Oil (Gibeault / Hall / Noirhomme))

HYDROGEN H2
NTS
TITUEN

METHANE CH4
CONST

ETHANE C2 H6
GAS C

ETHYLENE C2 H4
G

ACETYLENE C2 H2

References: 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000

M. Duval, Electra,133,40 (1990 ).
T.V. Oommen, Gas Generation in Power Transformers Fault Temperature (°C)
 Gases Generated During Breakdown
of Cellulosic Insulation ( Gibeault / Hall / Noirhomme )
NTS

CARBON MONOXIDE CO
TITUEN
CONST
GAS C

CARBON DIOXIDE CO2

G

References: 100 200 250 300 400 500

M. Duval, Electra,133,40 (1990 ).
T.V. Oommen, Gas Generation in Power Transformers Fault Temperature (°C)
Transformer surveillance:
off-line measurement:

• dispersion (RVM)
• leakage inductance
• low frequency
q y impulse
p
• frequency response analysis (FRA)
• F
Fourier
i analysis
l i
• dielectric loss angle
Transformer surveillance:
off-line measurement:

• dispersion (RVM)
• leakage inductance
• low frequency
q y impulse
p
• frequency response analysis (FRA)
• F
Fourier
i analysis
l i
• dielectric loss angle
 Special
Spec a transformer
t a s o e tests
FRA measurement
using FRAMIT to
check for transformer
winding displacement

Recovery Voltage
Measurement of
moisture in transformer
solid insulation
 Continuous PD monitoring
g

PD signals acquired
at cable earth bonds
using split-core
HFCTs
Transformer surveillance:
intrusive measurement:

• degree of polymerisation (DP index)

• gel permeation chromatography
• X-ray
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
• winding clamping pressure
• OLTC contact wear
Transformer surveillance:
intrusive measurement:

• degree of polymerisation (DP index)

• gel permeation chromatography
• X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray
• winding clamping pressure
• OLTC contact wear
Time dependence of faults:

• occur in microseconds to seconds

• develop over minutes to days
• slowly develop over weeks to months
Aims of a monitoring scheme:

• reduce down times

• defer capital expenditure
• provide
id continuous
i assessment off plant
l condition
di i
Main advantages of monitoring:

• higher plant availability

• longer equipment life
• greater cost effectiveness
• improvements
p in product
p quality
q y
Monitoring schemes must be:

• simple
i l
• low cost
• easily maintained
• eliminate the need for experts
Quality of data must be focused on results to:

• preventt problems
bl from
f developing
d l i
• define the severity of any problem
• provide information to take action
• provide on-line
on line and off
off-line
line diagnostics
• enable ‘trending’ of data
• avoid intrusive maintenance
Transformer condition monitoring:
external sensors:

• t
temperature
t (t
(tank
k and
d OLTC)
• partial discharge (electrical and acoustic)
• vibration
• current (loading and fault levels)
• loading (life history)
• voltage (system transients)
• on-line dissolved gas analysis
Transformer condition monitoring:
external
t l sensors:

• t
temperature
t (t
(tank
k and
d OLTC)
• partial discharge (electrical and acoustic)
• vibration
• current (loading and fault levels)
• loading (life history)
• voltage (system transients)
• on-line dissolved gas analysis
The HYDRAN® p
principle
p

MEMBRANE
+V _ SIGNAL
H2
CELL
CO

O2

H2
CO
 Case 1: 735/230 kV 370MVA transformer
300
Shut
S ut
250 Load
H2) Equiivalent (PPM)

down
reduced
200 Alarm 1
Phase C
150
Hydran reading
100
Phase A Alarm 2
(H

50
Phase B
0
2/19/91 3/1/91 3/11/91 3/21/91 3/31/91 4/10/91 4/20/91

The HV bushing, multiple points of

Problem failure due to a mechanical failure
Transformer monitoring and management
Ambient Temperature

Load Current
Top Oil Temperature

Fans

Pump
Moisture

HYDRAN®
OLTC
FARADAY TNU DGA Results Display
Transformer Nursing Unit

Duval interpretation
and diagnostic method

Interpretation and Dynamic

di
diagnostics
ti are real-time
l ti real-time
as cursor is moved in the graphic
navigation area
Integrated monitor on large transformer

D25 control cabinet located at

Electric Junction Substation
h Harley PD sensor
installation on main tank wall
h Existing Harley T-MAP
3100 mounted on the
transformer next to the D25
Transformer condition monitoring:
i t
internal
l sensors:

• winding temperature (point and distributed)

• movement and vibration
• magnetic field
• water content
• partial discharge (wave-guide and acoustic)
• hydrogen and CH gases
Transformer condition monitoring:
internal sensors:

• winding temperature (point and distributed)

• movement and vibration
• magnetic field
• water content
• partial discharge (wave-guide and acoustic)
• hydrogen and CH gases
Serveron 8-gas
g on-line analyser
y
Lif managementt off transformers
Life t f
3 000 MVA, 1050 kV transformer bank