ASSIGNMENT NO 1

ARCHITECTURE OF CLOUD COMPUTING AND GRID COMPUTING

NAME ZARMINA NAZIR

ROLL NO 166

SUBJECT DDB

SEMESTER 5TH

DEPARTMENT COMPUTER SCIENCE

What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet.In other words,we can say that Cloud is
something,which is present at remote location.Cloud can provide services over public and
private networks,i.e.,WAN,LAN or VPN.Applications such as e-mail,web conferencing,
customer relationship management (CRM) execute on cloud.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing services -- from applications to
storage and processing power -- typically over the internet and on a pay-as-you-go basis.
What is the history of cloud computing?

Cloud computing as a term has been around since the early 2000s, but the concept of
computing-as-a-service has been around for much, much longer -- as far back as the 1950s,
when computer bureaus would allow companies to rent time on a mainframe, rather than have
to buy one themselves.

Cloud Computing Architecture

The Cloud Computing architecture offers scalability in computing enormous data and in a
tenant organization.Resource pooling, measure service, self-service, and broad network access
are the special characteristics that can elevate a cloud architecture.The blog below describes
everything regarding Cloud Computing concepts, technology & architecture.

Cloud Architecture in Cloud Computing, is a combination of several components and

subcomponents that form together. Cloud Computing security architecture is categorized into
frontend and backend, along with an amalgamation of the event-driven architecture and the
service-oriented architecture in Cloud Computing.

Frontend is a user/client-facing architecture. It comprises client-side interfaces and applications

necessary to access Cloud Computing platforms. The frontend communicates with the backend
via a network, i.e., through the Internet. The frontend also sends queries to the backend
through the middleware.

Example: Web servers, mobile devices, tablets, thin and fat clients, etc.

Backend on the other hand, refers to the cloud itself. It is a compilation of Cloud Computing
resources used by service providers (generally termed as hosts) to manage and execute cloud
services. It renders security to cloud users’ data. The backend also provides middleware to help
connect devices and communicate with each other.
The backend protects the data that comes from the frontend and also responds to the queries
accordingly. Along with security management, this part of cloud architecture design also
engages in traffic management.

Example: Big data storage, traffic control mechanism, virtual machines, etc.

The Cloud Computing architecture diagram below will give you a brief about the cloud:

Various Components of the Cloud Architecture:

Cloud Computing comprises several components that are loosely coupled. It conducts
operations with the help of these components and subcomponents that make up the cloud
architecture design.Let’s have a look at the various components that fall under the frontend
and the backend of Cloud Computing architecture.

The Frontend of Cloud Computing Architecture:

The frontend of Cloud Computing architecture depicts everything a user interacts with. It
is a combination of various subcomponents that combine to create a user interface. The
major frontend components are as follows:

User Interface

A user interface represents all the tasks that an end-user performs to access a platform.
Some of the popular user interfaces are Google Sheets, Gmail, and so on. The cloud
possesses the benefit of taking the entire load upon it without annoying customers w.r.t.
space and similar constraints.
Client Infrastructure

It is a frontend component of Cloud Computing that enables a graphical user interface

(GUI) to help users interact with the cloud.

Software

It represents the cloud software architecture that runs on the user end. It primarily lays
its focus on client-side applications and browsers.

Network

Client devices act as a key component in connecting cloud services over the network.Here, the
Internet acts as a medium of networks in executing communications between both the
frontend and the backend.It is a hardware that acts on the side of end-users.The network can
also be provided as a utility, thereby enabling customers to customize the network route and
the protocol.

The Backend of Cloud Computing Architecture:

The backend empowers the functioning of the frontend. It encompasses hardware and storage
within it.A cloud service provider takes up the whole responsibility of executing the backend of
Cloud Computing.

The backend of the cloud infrastructure must be ideally robust as it holds everything together.
The prime components of the backend architecture include the following:

Application

It is a backend component of Cloud Computing that represents any software or a platform that
a client is willing to access.Here, user specifications are coordinated with the resources.

Runtime Cloud

The runtime cloud lays out the execution and runtime environment for the functioning of
virtual machines. It is a cloud operating system, where services run as per the virtualization
technology that aids in multiple runtimes on the same server.

Storage
Numerous enterprises are willing to conduct their business operations through the cloud,
primarily due to its significant storage capacity. Storage is an important component of the
backend infrastructure when it comes to providing adaptable storage capacity for storing and
managing a huge amount of data.
All the data that is ready to operate on the cloud resides in storage. Cloud Computing is also
reliable due to its multiple replicas of storage, i.e., if one storage doesn’t function, information
automatically gets restored from the other one.

Storage services are quick to access and retrieve information from the remote cloud storage
servers. However, storage capacity varies according to the cloud service provider.

Example:Hard disk, DC persistent storage, solid-state drives, etc.

Infrastructure

The cloud infrastructure is a combination of hardware, software components, storage

resources, etc that are essential in carrying a Cloud Computing model.This majorly depends on
the clients’ workload.Infrastructure is known to enable services at the host level, the
application level, and the network level as it is an amalgamation of CPU, GPU, and accelerator
cards.

Management Software

This software is used to manage and establish coordination among the backend components,
along with enabling infrastructure configuration. It acts as a middleware in seamlessly
partitioning the resources between the frontend and backend. It also enhances the
performance of the code by implementing several plans and strategies.

Example:Storage, runtime cloud, security issues, infrastructure, compliance auditing, etc.

Security

It is a built-in backend component that implements a security mechanism to ease debugging in

case there are any issues. Its notable feature is security with a firewall to omit data loss and
redundancy. All the backend applications are secured because of this particular mechanism.

Cloud Deployment

It deploys and integrates applications in the Cloud Computing architecture. Deployment

initiates the working of SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS services to be used by consumers. All the necessary
installations and configurations of the cloud are implemented from the backend.

Server
The server runs virtually along with the premises of Cloud Computing. It is delivered through a
platform via the web. Also, the server evaluates resource sharing, resource allocation, de-
allocation, and resource monitoring.

Hypervisor

It is a firmware that acts as a Virtual Machine Manager. It provides users with a virtual
operating platform to manage operating systems. It also enables sharing a single instance of
cloud resources among several tenants. The hypervisor also plays an important role in creating
microservices without dropping the load on the operating systems.

Example: OpenStack, Docker, Kubernetes, and Oracle VirtualBox

Another essential point to note down is that Cloud Computing services can be availed on both
public and private networks or as a combination of both.

Service-oriented Architecture in Cloud Computing

The service-oriented architecture in Cloud Computing is responsible for providing the
infrastructure utility to handle an array of tasks during the cloud runtime. It manages the type
of service that is accessible according to a client’s requirement. In the Cloud Computing service,
to get an on-demand access of the network, the end-user either can own a data center or get
the access from the service provider.

It also conducts other tasks and functions, such as web services and storage.

Cloud-based Delivery Services

Cloud-based delivery is something that is offered to an end-user from the cloud through a
platform-like software. The major types of cloud architecture are mentioned below:

 Software as a Service (SaaS): It is a cloud application service that runs directly through a
web browser. Here, cloud providers provide software through the Internet, and
administrators can upload applications individually. SaaS manages everything from
installation to management. It allows users to access the application without the need
to download the software. It does so via a licensed subscription.

Example: Google Apps, Slack, Cisco Webex, HubSpot, and Salesforce

 Platform as a Service (PaaS): Similar to SaaS, PaaS is a cloud platform service for
software creation where development and testing of applications occur. PaaS
streamlines the process of app development and functions similar to middleware
services. In PaaS, the host avails hardware/software services without asking users to
install it on their premises. It is a platform that lets end-users run, develop, and execute
applications within the cloud.

Example:Azure, Magento, and OpenShift

 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): It is a cloud infrastructure service responsible for

application data management and runtime environment. It is available to users on a
pay-per-usage basis and executes scalable and redundant storage through API and cloud
applications. IaaS maintains the backend to facilitate computer hardware in the form of
a service, along with delivering virtualization technology.

Example:Cisco Metapod, Amazon Web Services (AWS), and Google Compute Engine (GCE)
These three combine to form a rack, termed as Cloud Computing Stack, with SaaS on the top,
PaaS in the middle, and IaaS at the bottom.

 
A Final Note:

The entire cloud technology architecture is aimed at providing higher bandwidth, uninterrupted
access, and network security to users. It also plays an important role in effectively managing the
budget, thereby enhancing the overall potential of a business. All the above components of the
architecture help in resolving the complex resource sharing problem and work distinctly to
execute a single function, i.e., Cloud Computing.

___________________________________________________________________________

GRID COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE

What is Grid Computing?

Grid Computing can be defined as a network of computers working together to perform a task

that would rather be difficult for a single machine.All machines on that network work under the
same protocol to act like a virtual supercomputer.The task that they work on may include
analysing huge datasets or simulating situations which require high computing power.Computers
on the network contribute resources like processing power and storage capacity to the network.

Grid Computing Architecture

The architecture of the Grid is often described in terms of "layers", each providing a specific
function. The higher layers are focused on the user (user-centric, in the jargon), whereas the
lower layers are more focused on computers and networks (hardware-centric)
 Layered architecture of grid

1. Network Layer

The bottom layer is the network, which assures the connectivity for the resources in the Grid.

2. Resource Layer

On top of it lies the resource layer, made up of the actual resources that are part of the Grid,
such as computers, storage systems, electronic data catalogues, and even sensors such as
telescopes or other instruments, which can be connected directly to the network.

3. Middleware Layer

The middleware layer provides the tools that enable the various elements (servers, storage,
networks, etc.) to participate in a unified Grid environment. The middleware layer can be
thought of as the intelligence that brings the various elements together - the "brain" of the
Grid!

4. Application Layer

The highest layer of the structure is the application layer, which includes all different user
applications (science, engineering, business, financial), portals and development toolkits
supporting the applications.
There are other ways to describe this layered structure they are:

GRID PROTOCOL ARCHITECTURE

 Fabric

For all the physical infrastructure of the Grid, including computers and the communication
network. Within the middleware layer, distinctions can be made between a layer of resource
and connectivity protocols, and a higher layer of collective services.

 Resource and connectivity protocols

It handles all "Grid specific" network transactions between different computers and other
resources on the Grid. Remember that the network used by the Grid is the Internet, the same
network used by the Web and by many other services such as e mail. A myriad of transactions is
going on at any instant on the Internet, and computers that are actively contributing to the Grid
have to be able to recognize those messages that are relevant to them, and filter out the rest.
This is done with communication protocols, which let the resources speak to each other,
enabling exchange of data, and authentication protocols which provide secure mechanisms for
verifying the identity of both users and resources.

 Collective Services
Collective Services are also based on protocols: information protocols, which obtain
information about the structure and state of the resources on the Grid, and management
protocols which negotiate access to resources in a uniform way. The services include:

o Keeping directories of available resources updated at all times.

o Brokering resources (which like stock broking, is about negotiating between those who
want to "buy" resources and those who want to "sell").
o Monitoring and diagnosing problems on the Grid.
o Replicating key data so that multiple copies are available at different locations for ease
of use.
o Providing membership/policy services for keeping track on the Grid of who is allowed to
do what, when.
 Applications Layer
o In all schemes, the topmost layer is the applications layer. Applications rely on all the
other layers below them in order to run on the Grid. To take a fairly concrete example,
consider a user application that needs to analyze data contained in several independent
files. It will have to:
o Obtain the necessary authentication credentials to open the files (resource and
connectivity protocols)
o Query an information system and replica catalogue to determine where copies of the
files in question can currently be found on the Grid, as well as where computational
resources to do the data analysis are most conveniently located (collective services)
o Submit requests to the fabric - the appropriate computers, storage systems, and
networks - to extract the data, initiate computations, and provide the results (resource
and connectivity protocols)
o Monitor the progress of the various computations and data transfers, notifying the user
when the analysis is complete, and detecting and responding to failure conditions
(collective services).

Advantages of Grid Computing

 Transparent and instantaneous access to geographically distributed and heterogeneous
resources.
 Improved productivity with reduced processing time.
 Provisioning of extra resources to solve problems that were previously unsolvable due
to the lack of resources
 A more resilient infrastructure with on-demand aggregation of resources at multiple
sites to meet unforeseen resource demand.
 Seamless computing power achieved by exploiting under-utilized or unused resources
that are otherwise wasted.
 Maximum utilization of computing facilities to justify IT capital investments.
 Coordinated resource sharing and problem solving through virtual organizations that
facilitates.
 Collaboration across physically dispersed departments and organizations.
 Service Level Agreement (SLA) based resource allocation to meet QoS requirements.
 Reduced administration effort with integration of resources as compared to managing
multiple standalone systems.