Chapter Two

Baseband Pulse Transmission

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 Introduction

• Sources of bit errors in a baseband data transmission

system are:

– Channel noise
– Intersymbol interference (ISI)

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Matched Filter

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 Matched Filter
• We have to optimize the design of the filter so as to maximize the peak pulse
signal to noise ratio, thereby enhance the detection of the pulse signal .

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 Properties of the Matched filter
In general the matched filter is a linear time-invariant filter that has a time-reversed and
delayed version of the input signal, that is “matched” to the input signal.

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Simple Example for Matched Filter

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Matched filter for the rectangular pulse

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Matched filter for the rectangular pulse

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 Error Rate Due to Noise
• Consider a PCM system based on polar NRZ signaling, the channel noise is
modeled as AWGN w(t) with zero mean and power spectral density (No/2).
Then the received signal is

where A is the transmitted pulse amplitude.

• Due to the noisy channel, the receiver requires a decision device to decide
whether the received pulse is a 0 or 1.

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 Error Rate Due to Noise

• The sample value y is compared to a preset threshold λ in the

decision device:
– Y > λ →The receiver makes a decision in favor of symbol 1
– Y < λ →The receiver makes a decision in favor of symbol o
– Y = λ →The receiver just makes a guess.
• There are two possible kinds of error to be considered:
–Symbol 1 is chosen when a 0 was actually transmitted, which is
called an error of the first kind.
–Symbol 0 is chosen when a 1 was actually transmitted, which is
called an error of the second kind.

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 Error Rate Due to Noise
• Case One: Suppose 0 was sent.
• The conditional probability density function of random variable y given that
symbol 0 was sent is:

• Where p10 is the conditional probability of error given that symbol 0 was send,
and Where p01 is the conditional probability of error given that symbol 1 was
send. 11
Error Rate Due to Noise

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 Error Rate Due to Noise

The average probability of symbol error (Pe) is:

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 Error Rate Due to Noise
• The optimum threshold that minimize pe is

• Then the average probability of symbol error at the receiver is

• By using the upper bound of erfc then:

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Error Rate Due to Noise

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 Intersymbol Interference

• The next source of bit errors in a baseband-pulse transmission system is

intersymbol interference (ISI).
• ISI arises when the communication channel is dispersive.
• The channel is always band limited which causes dispersion or spreading of the
pulse waveform passing through it.
• When the channel bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of pulse, then the
spreading of the pulse will be slight.
• When the channel bandwidth is close to the bandwidth of pulse then the
spreading will exceed a symbol duration and causes the pulses to overlap. This
overlapping is called ISI.
• ISI causes signal degradation , raising the signal power to overcome the ISI will
not always improve the error performance.

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 Intersymbol Interference
• So far we assumed the channel effect is to add AWGN only
• However, some channels have filtering effect Hc(f), with impulse response hc(t),
that distorts the transmitted pulse shape g(t).

• ISI and noise causes errors in the decision device at the receivers output.
Transmit and receive filters should be designed to minimize the effects of
noise and ISI and deliver the digital data with the smallest error rate possible.

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Intersymbol Interference

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 Nyquist’s Criterion for Distortionless Baseband
Binary Transmission
• The Nyquist criterion for distortionless baseband transmission
in the absence of noise states that
– The frequency function P(f) eliminates intersymbol
interference for samples taken at intervals Tb provided that
it satisfies

– Where P(f) refers to the overall system, incorporating

transmit filter, channel filter and receiver filter.
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Ideal Nyquist Channel

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 Raised Cosine Spectrum
• To overcome the practical difficulties of the ideal Nyquist channel it is
necessary to extend bandwidth from the minimum value W = R b/2 to an
adjustable value between W to 2W.
• The raised cosine pulse shape has a parameter called rolloff factor.
• The rolloff factor α decides the BW of the pulse shape.
• The minimum bandwidth is when the rollof factor is zero.
• The maximum bandwidth is when the rollof factor is one.
• The raised cosine frequency spectrum is

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Raised Cosine Spectrum

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 Correlative-Level Coding

• ISI is treated as an undesirable phenomenon, it produces a degradation in

system performance.
• ISI can be introduced into the transmitted signal in a controlled manner, so
it is possible to achieve a signalling rate equal to the Nyquist rate (2W)
symbol per second.
• The effect of the introduced ISI can be interpreted at the receiver in a
deterministic way.
• The basic idea is duobinary signalling
– Doubling of the transmission capacity.
– Also called class I partial response

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 Duobinary Signaling
• Duo implies doubling of the transmission capacity of a straight binary
system.
• When two-level (0/1) sequence of short pulses is applied into a duobinary
encoder it is converted into a three-level output, -2,0,+2

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 Duobinary Signaling
• This process changes the input sequence from uncorrelated two levels
into a sequence of correlated three level pulses . The correlation between
adjacent pulses may be viewed as introducing ISI into the transmitted
signal in an artificial manner.

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Duobinary Signaling

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 Duobinary Signaling
• The original two level sequence may be detected from the duobinary
encoded sequence using

• A major drawback of this detection procedure is that, once errors are

made, they tend to propagate through the output, because a decision on
the current input depends on the correctness of the decision made on the
previous input.To avoid the propagation error, a pre - coding before the
duobinary can be used as shown below, it converts the binary sequence
into another binary sequence using

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Duobinary Signaling

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 Modified Duobinary Signaling
• In Duobinary signalling the power spectral density of transmitted pulse is
nonzero at the origin, which is consider undesirable feature in some
applications, since many communication channel can not transmit a DC
components.
• By using modified duobinary (class IV partial response) technique with
correlation span of two binary digits we can correct this undesirable
feature.
• This is achieved by subtracting amplitude modulated pulses spaced 2Tb
second apart as shown below

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 Modified Duobinary Signaling
• The output of the modified duobinary signaling is three level as in
duobinary.

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Modified Duobinary Signaling

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Generalized Form of Correlative Level Coding
(Partial Response Signaling)

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 Generalized Form of Correlative Level Coding
(Partial Response Signaling)

• Advantages of partial response signaling:

- Binary data transmission over a physical baseband channel can be
achieved at a rate close to the Nyquist rate.
- Different spectral shapes can be produced, appropriate for the
applications in hand
• The price to be paid is a larger signal – to – noise – ratio is required to
yield the same average probability of symbol error in the presence of
noise, due to the increase in the number of signal level used.

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 Eye Patterns
• The ISI and other signal degradation can be studied conveniently on an
oscilloscope through what is known as the eye Diagram.
• Eye patterns is defined as the synchronized superposition of all possible
realization of the signal of interest viewed within a particular signaling
interval.
• The eye pattern derives its name from the fact that it resembles of the
human eye for binary wave. The interior region of the eye pattern is called
the eye opening.
• The width of the eye opening defines the time interval over which the
received signal can be sampled without error from ISI.

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 Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission
• In baseband M-ary PAM transmission, the pulse amplitude modulator
produces one of the M possible amplitude levels with M>2.
• Figure below shows a quaternary (M = 4) system and binary data
sequence (0010110111).

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 Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission 1
• Consider an M – ary PAM system with symbol duration T second. 1/T may
refer as the signaling rate which is expressed in symbol per second or
bauds.
• M – ary PAM system 1 baud is equal to ( ) bit per second, and
symbol duration T is related to the bit duration Tb as

• Note that by usingan M – ary PAM system, we can transmit information at

a rate faster than the corresponding binary PAM, but it requires
more transmitted power.
• The transmitted power must be increased by the factor( ),
compared to a binary PAM system.

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