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Network Protocols: Dr. Ahmed Musa

The document discusses network architecture and protocols. It describes layering as a design principle that divides communication tasks into smaller parts. The TCP/IP architecture is adopted as a worldwide standard and is the basis for the Internet. The OSI 7-layer model defines 7 layers for inter-computing communications, though TCP/IP does not exactly match this model. Network architecture provides a framework while protocols define actual communication methods.

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Akram Ta
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26 views

Network Protocols: Dr. Ahmed Musa

The document discusses network architecture and protocols. It describes layering as a design principle that divides communication tasks into smaller parts. The TCP/IP architecture is adopted as a worldwide standard and is the basis for the Internet. The OSI 7-layer model defines 7 layers for inter-computing communications, though TCP/IP does not exactly match this model. Network architecture provides a framework while protocols define actual communication methods.

Uploaded by

Akram Ta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network

Protocols
Dr. Ahmed Musa
Network Communication
Architecture and Protocols
A network architecture is a blueprint of the complete computer communication
network, which provides a framework and technology foundation for designing,
building and managing a communication network.
Layering is a modern network design principle which divides the communication
tasks into a number of smaller parts, each part accomplishing a particular sub-task
and interacting with the other parts in a small number of well-defined ways.
Layering allows the parts of a communication to be designed and tested without a
combinatorial explosion of cases, keeping each design relatively simple.
The TCP/IP network architecture, which the Internet is based on, is such an open
network architecture and it is adopted as a worldwide network standard and widely
deployed in local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), small and large
enterprises, and last but not the least, the Internet.
Network Communication
Architecture and Protocols
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) network architecture, developed by
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Though not widely deployed,
the OSI 7-layer model is considered the primary network architectural model for
inter-computing and inter-networking communications.
In addition to the OSI network architecture model, there exist other network architecture
models by many vendors, such as IBM SNA (Systems Network Architecture), Digital
Equipment Corporation (DEC; now part of HP) DNA (Digital Network Architecture), Apple
computer’s AppleTalk, and Novell’s NetWare. Actually, the TCP/IP architecture does not
exactly match the OSI model.

Network architecture provides only a conceptual framework for communications


between computers. The model itself does not provide specific methods of
communication. Actual communication is defined by various communication
protocols.
OSI Network
Architecture 7
Layers Model
➢It is now considered the primary architectural model for
inter computing and internetworking communications.

➢Most of the network communication protocols used today


have a structure based on the OSI model.

➢The OSI model defines the communications process into 7


layers, dividing the tasks involved with moving information
between networked computers into seven smaller, more
manageable task groups. A task or group of tasks is then
assigned to each of the seven OSI layers. Each layer is
reasonably self-contained so that the tasks assigned to each
layer can be implemented independently. This enables the
solutions offered by one layer to be updated without
adversely affecting the other layers.
OSI Network
Architecture 7
Layers Model
➢The OSI 7 layers model has clear characteristics at each layer.

➢Basically, layers 7 through 4 deal with end-to-end communications between data


source and destinations, while layers 3 to 1 deal with communications between
network devices.

➢On the other hand, the seven layers of the OSI model can be divided into two
groups: upper layers (layers 7, 6 & 5) and lower layers (layers 4, 3, 2, 1). The upper
layers of the OSI model deal with application issues and generally are implemented
only in software.

➢The highest layer, the application layer, is closest to the end user. The lower layers
of the OSI model handle data transport issues.

➢The physical layer and the data link layer are implemented in hardware and
software. The lowest layer, the physical layer, is closest to the physical network
medium (the wires, for example) and is responsible for placing data on the
medium.
OSI Network
Architecture 7
Layers Model
Layer 7: Application Layer
➢ Defines interface to user processes for communication and data transfer in network
➢Provides standardized services such as virtual terminal, file and job transfer and operations
Layer 6: Presentation Layer
➢ Masks the differences of data formats between dissimilar systems
➢Specifies architecture-independent data transfer format
➢Encodes and decodes data; encrypts and decrypts data; compresses and decompresses data
Layer 5: Session Layer
➢Manages user sessions and dialogues
➢Controls establishment and termination of logic links between users
➢Reports upper layer errors
OSI Network
Architecture 7
Layers Model
Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Manages end-to-end message delivery in network
• Provides reliable and sequential packet delivery through error recovery and flow control
mechanisms
• Provides connectionless-oriented packet delivery
Layer 3: Network Layer
• Determines how data are transferred between network devices
• Routes packets according to unique network device addresses
• Provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion
Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• Defines procedures for operating the communication links
• Frames packets
• Detects and corrects packets transmit errors
OSI Network
Architecture 7
Layers Model

Layer 1: Physical Layer

• Defines physical means of sending data over network devices

• Interfaces between network medium and devices

• Defines optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics


Data
encapsulation
at each layer
Data
communication
between peer
layers
TCP/IP Four
Layers
Architecture
Model
Differences between OSI and TCP / IP Reference
Differences Models
between ➢OSI model distinguishes the three concepts, services, interfaces,

OSI and and protocols. TCP/IP does not have a clear distinction between
these three.
TCP / IP ➢OSI model gives guidelines on how communication needs to be
Reference done, while TCP/IP protocols layout standards on which the Internet
was developed. So, TCP/IP is a more practical model.
Models ➢In OSI, the model was developed first and then the protocols in
each layer were developed. In the TCP/IP suite, the protocols were
developed first and then the model was developed.

➢The OSI has seven layers while the TCP/IP has four layers.
TCP/IP Four Layers
Architecture Model

➢the Systems Network Architecture (SNA) proposed by IBM, is


one of the most popular network architecture models
➢SNA was designed around the host-to-terminal communication
model that IBM’s mainframes use
➢The IBM SNA model has many similarities with the OSI 7
layers model. However, the SNA model has only 6 layers and
does not define specific protocols for its physical control layer.
➢ The physical control layer is assumed to be implemented via
other standards.

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