A N S I 117 - 2 0 2 0

A M E R I C A N N ATI ON A L S TA N DA R D

Standard Specification for

Structural Glued Laminated
Timber of Softwood Species
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org ii
 A N S I 117 - 2 0 2 0

A M E R I C A N N ATI ON A L S TA N DA R D

Standard Specification for

Structural Glued Laminated
Timber of Softwood Species

APA – The Engineered Wood Association

Approved May 5, 2020

American National Standards Institute

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org iii
FOREWORD (This Foreword is not a part of American National Standard ANSI 117-2020)
This Standard is a revision of American National Standard ANSI 117-2015. It contains information
for the design of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) members.

Since January 1, 2013, APA – The Engineered Wood Association has assumed the Secretariat
responsibilities for this Standard. The maintenance of this Standard follows the Operating
Procedures for Development of Consensus Standards of APA – The Engineered Wood Association,
approved by ANSI.

Inquiries or suggestions for improvement of this standard are welcome and should be directed to
APA – The Engineered Wood Association at 7011 South 19th Street, Tacoma, WA 98466,
www.apawood.org.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

CONTENTS
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD . . . . . . . . ii 5 LAYUP REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv 5.1 Lumber Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Substitutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5.3 Determining Number of Laminations
2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . 2 in Each Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 U.S. Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5.4 Wane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5.5 Tension Laminations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.6 Tapered Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.7 Fire-Resistive Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.8 Cross Sections with Bevel Cuts
3.2 Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
on Compression Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Combination Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5.9 Non-Standard Depths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4 Stress Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.5 Balanced or Unbalanced Layups . . . . . . . . . 5 6 ALTERNATE COMBINATIONS . . . . . . . . 18
3.6 Adjusted Design Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7 Standard Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6.2 Design Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8 Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.3 Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.9 Appearance Grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6.4 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES . . . . . . . . . 8 ANNEX A
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Design Value Tables for Structural Glued
4.2 Bending Design Values, Fbx+, Fbx–, Fby . . . . . . 8 Laminated Softwood Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Compression Perpendicular ANNEX B
to Grain Design Values, Fcx, Fcy . . . . . . . . . 8 Layup Requirements for Structural Glued
4.4 Shear Design Values, Fvx, Fvy . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Laminated Softwood Timber . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.5 Modulus of Elasticity Design Values,
Ex true, Ex app, Ex min, Ey true, Ey app, ANNEX C
Ey min, Eaxial and Eaxial min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Laminating Lumber Grading Rules for
4.6 Tension Parallel to Grain Design Value, Ft . . . 11 Structural Glued Laminated Timbers . . . . . . 34
4.7 Compression Parallel to Grain APPENDIX X1
Design Value, Fc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 History of Standard (Non-Mandatory) . . . . . 68
4.8 Radial Compression Design Values, Frc . . . 11
4.9 Radial Tension Design Values, Frt . . . . . . . . 11
4.10 Torsion Design Values, Fvt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.11 Modulus of Rigidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.12 Reference Design Value Tables . . . . . . . . . 12

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

1 SCOPE
The term structural glued laminated timber (glulam) as used herein refers to an
engineered, stress-rated product of a timber laminating plant, comprising assemblies of
suitably selected and prepared wood laminations bonded together with adhesives. The
grain of all laminations is approximately parallel longitudinally. Glulam is permitted to
be comprised of pieces end joined to form any length, of pieces placed or bonded edge
to edge to make any width, face glued to form any depth, or of pieces bent to curved
form during bonding.
This Specification contains values for the design of structural glued laminated timber
members. It is, however, intended to be neither a design manual nor an engineering
textbook. Structural design of glued laminated timber members and their fastenings shall
be in accordance with the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction.

Section 3 of this Specification (Basic Requirements) identifies characteristics of importance

to the use of structural glued laminated timber and provides general information useful
to the manufacturer and designer.
Section 4 (Reference Design Values) provides and describes reference design values for use
in the design of structural glued laminated timber. The reference design values require
adjustment by procedures detailed in the NDS. The design values described herein are
for use with the Allowable Stress Design (ASD) methodology. For Load and Resistance
Factor Design (LRFD), conversion formulas for design values are provided in the NDS.
The design values of glued laminated timber used in utility structures can be obtained by
multiplying the reference design values provided in this Specification by the conversion
factors specified in ANSI O5.2.
Specific layup requirements are provided in Section 5 of this Specification (Layup
Requirements). The production of structural glued laminated timber under this
Specification shall be in accordance with ANSI A190.1 Structural Glued Laminated Timber.
Combinations not listed in this Specification are permitted to be used provided that
all other requirements of this Specification are met. Specific requirements for alternate
combinations are included in Section 6 of this Specification (Alternate Combinations).
The annexes contained in this standard are mandatory, while notes and appendix
are non-mandatory. This standard incorporates the U.S. customary units as well as
the International System of Units (SI). The values given in the U.S. customary units
are the standard and the SI values given in parentheses are for information only. In
case of a dispute on size measurements, the U.S. customary method of measurement
shall take precedence.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS
This standard incorporates dated references. Subsequent amendments or revisions to
these references apply to this standard only when incorporated into this standard by
amendments or revisions.

2.1 U.S. Standards

ANSI A190.1-2017 American National Standard for Wood Products–Structural Glued
Laminated Timber
ANSI O5.2-2012 American National Standard for Wood Products–Structural Glued
Laminated Timber for Utility Structures
ANSI/AWC NDS-2018 National Design Specification for Wood Construction
ASTM D143-14 Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
ASTM D2395-17 Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative
Density) of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
ASTM D2915-17 Standard Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood
and Wood-Based Products
ASTM D3737-18e1 Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural
Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
ASTM D4442-16 Standard Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of
Wood and Wood-Based Materials
ASTM D4444-13(2018) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Standardization and
Calibration of Hand-Held Moisture Meters
ASTM D4761-19 Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of Lumber and
Wood-Based Structural Materials
ASTM D7341-14 Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Flexural
Properties of Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
ASTM D7438-13 Standard Practice for Field Calibration and Application of Hand-Held
Moisture Meters
ASTM D7469-16 Standard Test Methods for End-Joints in Structural Wood Products

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

2.2 References
AITC Timber Construction Manual, 2012
AITC Test Methods for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, 2007
AITC/WCLIB 200 Manufacturing Quality Control Systems Manual, 2009
APA Quality Assurance Policy for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, 2015
National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) Standard Grading Rules for Canadian
Lumber, 2017
Redwood Inspection Service (RIS) Standard Specifications for Grades of California Redwood
Lumber, 2019
Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association (NELMA) Standard Grading Rules for
Northeastern Lumber, 2017
Southern Pine Inspection Bureau Southern Pine Inspection Bureau Grading Rules, 2014
West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau Standard No. 17 Grading Rules for West Coast
Lumber, 2018
Western Wood Products Association Western Lumber Grading Rules, 2017

3 BASIC REQUIREMENTS
3.1 General
Structural glued laminated timber conforming to this Specification shall be produced
in laminating plants audited and licensed by an accredited inspection agency meeting
the requirements of ANSI A190.1. Quality assurance for workmanship and materials
shall be the responsibility of the manufacturer’s quality control operations. The
manufacturer’s quality control systems shall be subject to periodic auditing by the
accredited inspection agency. Timbers conforming to this Specification shall be marked
according to ANSI A190.1.
Structural glued laminated timbers are permitted to be made up of a single grade of
lumber or multiple grades placed with specific quantities in specific zones within the
cross-section. Structural glued laminated timber combinations generally utilize higher
grade lumber in the outer zones than in the center of the beam or core. Design values for
structural glued laminated timbers are established according to the analysis procedures
of ASTM D3737 or through full-scale tests in accordance with ASTM D7341 and
analysis in accordance with ASTM D2915.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

3.2 Species
Structural glued laminated timber can be manufactured from any suitable wood species.
Wood species with similar properties are grouped for convenience. Design properties
and layup information are included in this Specification for structural glued laminated
timbers of the following species groups:

Species Group Symbol Species that may be included in the group

Alaska Cedar AC Alaska Cedar
Douglas-Fir-Larch DF Douglas-Fir, Western Larch
Eastern Spruce ES Black Spruce, Red Spruce, White Spruce
Hem-Fir HF California Red Fir, Grand Fir, Noble Fir, Pacific Silver Fir, Western
Hemlock, White Fir
Port Orford Cedar POC Port Orford Cedar
Softwood Species SW Alpine Fir, Balsam Fir, Black Spruce, Douglas Fir, Douglas Fir South,
Engelmann Spruce, Idaho White Pine, Jack Pine, Lodgepole Pine,
Mountain Hemlock, Norway (Red) Pine, Norway Spruce (N)b, Ponderosa
Pine, Sitka Spruce, Sugar Pine, Red Spruce, Western Larch, Western Red
Cedar, White Spruce
Southern Pine SP Loblolly Pine, Longleaf Pine, Shortleaf Pine, Slash Pine
a SPF Alpine Fir, Balsam Fir, Black Spruce, Engelmann Spruce, Jack Pine,
Spruce-Pine-Fir
Lodgepole Pine, Norway (Red) Pine, Norway Spruce c, Red Spruce, Sitka
Spruce, White Spruce
a. Including Spruce-Pine-Fir and Spruce-Pine-Fir (South).
b. Norway Spruce (N) grown in Canada.
c. Norway Spruce grown in the U.S., as part of Spruce-Pine-Fir (South).

Other species or species groups are permitted to be used in accordance with ANSI
A190.1.

3.3 Combination Symbols

Each structural glued laminated timber layup is assigned a combination symbol. The
combination symbol is used to identify a combination and to distinguish one combination
from another. Each combination is assigned design values based on ASTM D3737 or
full-scale tests in accordance with ASTM D7341. Design values for combinations are
tabulated in Annex A. Layup requirements for combinations are tabulated in Annex B. The
combination symbols in Table A1-Expanded indicate the primary design bending stress
and the grading system used for the lumber in the outer zones. For example, 24F-V4
indicates that the beam has a primary bending design value of 2400 psi (16.6 MPa) and
that the lumber in the outer zones was visually graded. 24F-E13 indicates that the bending
design value is 2400 psi (16.6 MPa) and the lumber in the outer zones was E-rated using
a mechanical grading system in addition to visual requirements. The number at the end of
the combination symbol (13 in this example) is a number assigned to distinguish between
different combinations. The species group(s) used in the beam is also included as part of
the combination symbol. The first species group listed corresponds to the laminations in
the outer zones of the layup, and the subsequent species group is for the laminations used
in the interior zones.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

The combination symbols for layups in Table A2 are numbers which have been assigned
for specification purposes. Each combination symbol corresponds to a specific grade of
lumber used in a uniform grade layup.

3.4 Stress Classes

To simplify specification, combinations from Table A1-Expanded with similar design
stresses have been grouped into stress classes. These stress classes are recommended
for specification purposes rather than specifying by combination symbol. Use of the
stress class system allows manufacturers flexibility in choosing combinations that make
efficient use of their available resources and simplifies the design process. These stress
classes are shown in Table A1.
Stress classes are designated by primary bending stress and modulus of elasticity. To
qualify for a stress class, combinations are required to have design values that meet or
exceed all values listed for the stress class. Each combination qualifying for a stress class
also qualifies for all lower stress classes.
Because the stress classes are not species-group-specific, it is critical that the designer
specify when a particular species is required for appearance reasons or other
considerations. Some stress classes are not available in all species. Table A1-Expanded
lists combinations included in each stress class.

3.5 Balanced or Unbalanced Layups

Structural glued laminated timbers are permitted to be manufactured with lumber
grades placed symmetrically or asymmetrically about the neutral axis of the member.
Timbers with symmetric layups are referred to as “balanced” and have the same design
values for positive and negative bending. Timbers with asymmetric layups are referred
to as “unbalanced” and have higher design stresses for positive bending than for
negative bending. Unbalanced layups are generally used for simple, single-span beams,
while balanced layups are used for continuous or cantilevered beams. Unbalanced
combinations are permitted to be used as continuous or cantilevered beams, provided
that the stresses due to negative moment do not exceed the tabulated bending design
value modified by applicable adjustment factors. The top side of straight or cambered
beams is required to be marked “TOP” by the manufacturer to facilitate proper
installation.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

3.6 Adjusted Design Stresses

Reference design stresses for structural glued laminated timber are based on standard
conditions and must be modified for expected end-use conditions by applying
adjustment factors from the NDS. The reference design stress multiplied by all
applicable adjustment factors is referred to as the “adjusted design stress.” The reference
design values are discussed in Section 4.

3.7 Standard Sizes

ANSI A190.1 permits the use of any width or depth of structural glued laminated
timber. The use of standard finished sizes constitutes recommended practice to the
extent that other considerations will permit. The depth and width of the timber shall
be as agreed upon by the buyer and seller. All members shall be sized in accordance
with the width, depth, and length requirements of the structural design. Dimensional
tolerances shall be in accordance with ANSI A190.1.
Standard net finished widths for structural glued laminated timbers are as shown in
Table 3.7.

TABLE 3.7
STANDARD NET FINISHED WIDTHS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER
Softwoods Other Than Southern
Nominal Width of Laminations Pine Net Width (in.) Southern Pine Net Width (in.)
3 2-1/8 (54 mm) or 2-1/2 (64 mm) 2-1/8 (54 mm) or 2-1/2 (64 mm)
4a 3-1/8 (79 mm) 3 (76 mm) or 3-1/8 (79 mm)
6a 5-1/8 (130 mm) 5 (127 mm) or 5-1/8 (130 mm)
8 6-3/4 (171 mm) 6-3/4 (171 mm)
10 8-3/4 (222 mm) 8-1/2 (216 mm)
12 10-3/4 (273 mm) 10-1/2 (267 mm)
14 12-1/4 (311 mm) 12 (305 mm)
16 14-1/4 (362 mm) 14 (356 mm)
a. Standard widths for structural glued laminated timber meeting the requirements of the Framing appearance grade are 3-1/2
in. (89 mm) for nominal 4 in. lamination width and 5-1/2 in. (140 mm) for nominal 6 in. lamination width.

Standard depths are in multiples of the standard lamination thickness. Southern pine
laminations are typically surfaced to 1-3/8 inches (35 mm) thick, and laminations
of other softwood species are typically surfaced to 1-1/2 inches (38 mm) thick.
Laminations 3/4 inch (19 mm) thick are often used for curved members of both
southern pine and western species. Depths matching standard I-joist depths are also
available from many manufacturers.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

3.8 Shapes
Structural glued laminated timbers are manufactured in a variety of shapes from straight
beams to curved arches. Members are also manufactured with tapered or constant cross
section.
NOTE 1: For curved members manufactured with nominal 2-inch thickness
laminations, the recommended minimum radius of curvature (at the inside face) is 18
feet (5.5 m) for southern pine and 27 feet 6 inches (8.4 m) for other softwood species.
For tudor arches and other tightly curved members manufactured with nominal
1-inch thickness laminations, the recommended minimum radii of curvature (at the
inside face) are:
7 feet 0 inch (2.1 m) for southern pine (see Note 2)
9 feet 4 inches (2.8 m) for all other softwood species (see Note 2)
NOTE 2: The manufacture of curved members with radii shorter than these requires
standard thickness laminations to be planed to a thinner dimension resulting in more
waste and less efficient use of materials. It is recommended that the designer contact the
laminator prior to specifying radii shorter than those listed above. For thin laminations,
the radius should not be less than 100 times the lamination thickness for southern pine
or 125 times the lamination thickness for other softwoods.

3.9 Appearance Grades

Appearance grades shall be specified in accordance with ANSI A190.1 or as agreed upon
between buyer and seller. The reference design values are independent of the appearance
grades. Special surfacing, such as rough saw texturing, may reduce the cross section and
may affect the member capacity based on the reduced section properties. The reduced
cross section (if applicable) shall be considered in design.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

4 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

4.1 General
Design values for structural glued
FIGURE 4.1-1
laminated timber are dependent
AXIS ORIENTATIONS
on the orientation of the member
relative to the applied loads. Values y
designated with a subscript “x” are
x
based on transverse loads applied
perpendicular to the wide faces of the
laminations, causing bending about x x
the x-x axis (Figure 4.1-1). Values y y
designated with a subscript “y” are
based on transverse loads applied
parallel to the wide faces of the y x
laminations, causing bending about
the y-y axis (Figure 4.1-1). Design
values are tabulated for bending (Fbx+, Fbx–, Fby ), compression perpendicular to grain (Fcx,
Fcy ), shear (Fvx, Fvy ), modulus of elasticity (Ex, Ey ), tension parallel to grain (Ft ), and
compression parallel to grain (Fc ). Also tabulated are specific gravity values and species
groups for use in connection design. Values are not tabulated for torsion, for modulus of
rigidity, or for radial stresses in curved bending members, because these values can be
determined from other tabulated design values.

4.2 Bending Design Values, Fbx+, Fbx–, Fby

Tabulated design values are provided for positive bending of horizontally laminated
timbers (Fbx+ ), negative bending of horizontally laminated timbers (Fbx– ), and bending
of vertically laminated members (Fby ). Horizontally laminated members have bending
loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations. Vertically laminated
members have bending loads applied parallel to the wide faces of the laminations.
Positive bending causes tensile stresses at the bottom of a beam. Negative bending
causes compressive stresses at the bottom of a beam.

4.3 Compression Perpendicular to Grain Design Values, Fcx, Fcy

The use of multiple laminating grades results in different design values in compression
perpendicular to grain for the top and bottom and for the side faces of a beam. One
value is tabulated for use in bearing on the top or bottom of the beam and one value is
tabulated for side bearing to simplify design.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

The tabulated compression perpendicular to grain design values are based on a

deformation limit of 0.04 inch (1 mm) obtained when tested in accordance with ASTM
D143. A compression perpendicular to grain design value based on a 0.02 inch (0.5
mm) deformation limit can be estimated as 73% of the tabulated value.

4.4 Shear Design Values, Fvx, Fvy

The tabulated shear design values, Fvx and Fvy, are permitted to be used for prismatic
members subjected to most load conditions. For non-prismatic members and for all
members subject to impact or cyclic loads, the reference shear values shall be 72% of the
tabulated values. The reduced value shall also apply to the design of members to resist
shear from mechanical fasteners.
Prismatic members shall be defined as straight (or cambered) members with constant
cross section. Non-prismatic members include, but are not limited to: arches, tapered
beams, curved beams, and notched members. The tabulated shear design values, Fvy,
are applicable to members with four or more laminations. For members with three
laminations, the reference design value shall be 95% of the tabulated value. For members
with two laminations, the reference design value shall be 84% of the tabulated value.
The tabulated shear design values permit minor amounts of checking (≤ 15% of beam
width) without explicit consideration by the designer. An accredited inspection agency
will typically provide guidelines for the analysis of severely checked beams.

4.5 Modulus of Elasticity Design Values, Ex true, Ex app, Ex min, Ey true, Ey app,
Ey min, Eaxial and Eaxial min
Design values for modulus of elasticity (E) are tabulated for bending about either axis
(x-x or y-y, as shown in Figure 4.1-1). In general, the apparent moduli of elasticity, Ex app
and Ey app, are used for calculation of deflection of bending members, and Ex min and Ey min
are used for stability calculations for columns and beams. Ex app and Ey app are based on
a span to depth ratio of 21, including an adjustment for shear deflection. These values
can be used for most designs without considering shear deflections explicitly. For span-
to-depth ratios of less than 14, deflections due to shear stresses should be considered.
ASTM D2915 presents one method of accounting for shear deflections.
NOTE 3: For example, when calculating the beam deflection at mid-span using Ex app
or Ey app, the following deflection equation may be used for a simple-span beam under
uniform load:
270 wL 4
δ=
E app bh 3

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

where:
δ = Total deflection, inches
w = Uniform load, lbf/ft
L = Span, feet
Eapp = Tabulated apparent modulus of elasticity, psi

b = Beam width, inches

h = Beam depth, inches
Ex true and Ey true are shear-free moduli of elasticity and generally estimated as 1.05 Ex app
and 1.05 Ey app, respectively. When Ex true and Ey true are used, the calculated deflection of
members accounts for the deflection due to bending only and therefore, the deflection
due to shear must be calculated separately and then added to the bending deflection to
account for the total deflection of the members.
NOTE 4: For example, when calculating the beam deflection at mid-span using Ex true or
Ey true, the following deflection equation should be used for a simple-span beam under
uniform load:
270 wL 4 28.8 wL 2
δ= +
E true bh 3 E true bh

where:
Etrue = Tabulated true modulus of elasticity, psi
For the calculation of extensional deformations, the axial modulus of elasticity for mixed
grade layup combinations provided in Tables A1 and A1-Expanded can be estimated as
Eaxial = 1.05 Ey app = Ey true, such as for use in calculating deflection of trusses. The bending
modulus of elasticity for uniform grade layup combinations provided in Table A2 can be
estimated as Ex true = Ey true = Eaxial, and Ex app = Ey app = 0.95 Eaxial

Ex min, Ey min, and Eaxial min are calculated using the following formula:

E app (1 - 1.645 CoV E) (1.05) E app [1 - 1.645 (0.10)](1.05)

E min = = = 0.528 E app
1.66 1.66

where:
Emin = Ex min, Ey min, or Eaxial min as appropriate
Eapp = Ex app, Ey app, or 0.95 Eaxial as appropriate
CoVE = coefficient of variation for modulus of elasticity

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

4.6 Tension Parallel to Grain Design Value, Ft

A single design value is tabulated for tension parallel to grain for each combination or
stress class.

4.7 Compression Parallel to Grain Design Value, Fc

A single design value is tabulated for compression parallel to grain for each optimized
combination or stress class. Uniform grade combinations have separate values tabulated
for members with two or three laminations and for members with four or more
laminations.

4.8 Radial Compression Design Values, Frc

The design value for radial compression, Frc, shall be equal to the design value for
compression perpendicular to grain of the side faces, Fcy.

4.9 Radial Tension Design Values, Frt

For southern pine, the design value for radial tension (tension perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of a curved member), Frt, shall be equal to 1/3 of the shear design value,
Fvx, for non-prismatic members. Radial reinforcement shall not be required.
For all other softwood species, the reference design value for radial tension shall
be limited to 15 psi (100 kPa) for loads other than wind or earthquake loads. If the
calculated radial tension stress (due to loads or load combinations not including wind
or seismic loads) exceeds 15 psi (100 kPa) multiplied by appropriate adjustment factors,
radial reinforcement shall be required. Design values for radial tension for radially-
reinforced members shall be limited to 1/3 of the shear design value for non-prismatic
members. Radial reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with the Timber
Construction Manual. For wind and earthquake loading, the design value for radial
tension shall be 1/3 of the shear design value for non-prismatic members.

Loading type Softwood Species Other Than Southern Pine Southern Pine
Wind or seismic 1/3 of Fvx for non-prismatic members 1/3 of Fvx for non-prismatic members
Other loading 15 psi (100 kPa)a 1/3 of Fvx for non-prismatic members
a. If the calculated radial tension stress (due to loads or load combinations not including wind or seismic loads) exceeds 15
psi (100 kPa) multiplied by appropriate adjustment factors, radial reinforcement shall be required. Design values for radial
tension for radially-reinforced members shall be limited to 1/3 of the shear design value for non-prismatic members. Radial
reinforcement shall be designed in accordance with the Timber Construction Manual.

4.10 Torsion Design Values, Fvt

The torsion design value shall be taken as 2/3 of the shear design value, Fvx, for non-
prismatic members.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

4.11 Modulus of Rigidity

In lieu of specific data, the modulus of rigidity shall be taken as 1/16 of the long-span
modulus of elasticity, as defined in the ASTM D3737, or Etrue for the lowest grade
lamination used in the layup. If data are available, they shall be permitted to be used to
determine the modulus of rigidity.
NOTE 5: The lowest grade lamination used in the layup can be found in Annex B. The
Etrue for the lowest grade lamination can be determined from Table A2 based on Etrue =
Eaxial, as specified in Section 4.5.

4.12 Reference Design Value Tables

The design values provided in Table A1, Table A1-Expanded, and Table A2 are valid for
beam and column applications. The design values in Table A1 and Table A1-Expanded
are applicable to members with 4 or more laminations and are intended primarily
for members stressed in bending about the x-x axis (Figure 4.1-1). Design values are
included, however, for axial stresses and stresses from bending about the y-y axis
(Figure 4.1-1).
Table A2 contains design values for members with uniform grade layups. These
combinations are intended primarily for members loaded axially or in bending about the
y-y axis (Figure 4.1-1). Design values are included, however, for bending about the x-x
axis (Figure 4.1-1).
The design values in Table A3 are applicable to stress classes and combinations that have
been modified by secondary manufacturing or fabrication by removing material from the
compression face to create a tapered beam. The design values in Table A3 shall replace the
corresponding design values in Table A1 or Table A1-Expanded for all such tapered beams.
For members manufactured with taper in the laminating plant with compression zone
grade requirements maintained, the design values published in Table A1 shall apply.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 12
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

5 LAYUP REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Lumber Grades
Lumber grades shall be in accordance with Annex C of this standard and Section 4.3,
Lumber for Laminating, of ANSI A190.1.

5.2 Substitutions
Lumber of higher grades of the same species is permitted to be substituted in all layups
with some restrictions. Visually graded lumber shall not be permitted to be substituted
for E-rated lumber. Substitutions of E-rated lumber grades for visual grades of lumber
shall be approved by the laminator’s accredited inspection agency prior to making the
substitution. Full or partial length substitutions are permitted.

5.3 Determining Number of Laminations in Each Zone

The number of laminations to use in each zone in the layup shall be calculated based
on the percentages shown in Tables B1 and B2. Percent values shall be multiplied by
the total depth of the member expressed in the number of laminations. The required
number of laminations shall be determined starting with the outer zones and working
inward. When the calculated number of laminations results in a fractional number, the
fractional number of laminations shall be rounded upward to the next whole number.
For the inner zones, the resulting excess of percentage resulting from rounding upward
of the outer zone is permitted to be subtracted from the next inner zone requirements.
Example: The tension zone of a hypothetical 16 lamination beam requires 5%
302-24, 15% L1, and 10% L2.
The number of 302-24 laminations is determined by: 16 x 0.05 = 0.8 (rounded
up to 1).
The combined number of 302-24 and L1 laminations is: 16 x (0.05 + 0.15) = 3.2
lams (round up to 4). Since there is already 1 lam of 302-24 from the calculation
above, the required number of L1 lams is 4 − 1 = 3 lams.
The combined number of 302-24, L1, and L2 lams is 16 x (0.05 + 0.15 + 0.10)
= 4.8 lams (rounded up to 5).
Since there are already 1 lam of 302-24 and 3 lams of L1 from the calculation
above, the required number of L2 lams is 5 − 4 = 1 lam.
Where more than one thickness is used within a member and those lamination
thicknesses vary by more than 3/16 inch (5 mm), the total thickness of each grade
of lumber required in the inner and outer tension and compression zones shall be
determined by using the thickest lamination in the member as the basic lamination
thickness.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

Example: When the thickest lamination used is 1-3/8 inches (35 mm) and 1.6
inches (41 mm) of L1 grade is required in a zone (based on multiplying the
percentage required for that zone in the table by the depth of the member in
inches), then a total thickness of at least 2-3/4 inches (70 mm) of L1 grade is
required in that zone.

5.4 Wane
Certain combinations are permitted to contain wane. These combinations are for dry
conditions of use only, except as allowed in ANSI A190.1. These combinations allow
wane up to 1/6 the width of the member on each side of the member. When this is the
case, the basic shear design value shall be reduced by 1/3. When wane is restricted to
just one side of the member, the basic design shear value shall be reduced by 1/6. When
wane material is used in these combinations, members shall be for industrial or framing
appearance grades and for prismatic members only.
Selectively placed wane is permitted for use in glued laminated timber combinations
without a corresponding reduction in shear design values based on the following set of
rules. Combinations meeting these requirements are for dry conditions of use only, except as
allowed in ANSI A190.1. When wane material is used in these combinations, members shall
be for industrial or framing appearance grades and for prismatic members only.
1. Lumber with wane up to 1/6 of the finished member width and 1/2 of the lamination
thickness shall be permitted on only one side of the member.
2. No wane shall be permitted within the central 40% of the depth of the cross section.
3. No wane shall be permitted in the outer laminations (top and bottom).
4. No wane shall be permitted in the 302 grade tension laminations.
5. No wane shall be permitted at the glue lines adjacent to the top or bottom laminations
or at glue lines adjacent to 302 grade tension laminations.
6. Wane shall not be permitted at the interior edge joint of multi-piece laminations.
7. Combinations utilizing wane conforming to these rules shall be designated with a
“W1” in the combination symbol (i.e., 24F-V1-W1). Appropriate stamps shall be
obtained from the laminator’s accredited inspection agency prior to production.

5.5 Tension Laminations

5.5.1 General
The flexural design values for most combinations listed in Table A1 require the use of
specially graded tension laminations in the outer 5% of beam depth on the tension
side(s). These special grades are designated as “302 tension laminations” and commonly
referred to as “special tension laminations.”

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

5.5.2 Combinations without 302 Tension Laminations

Combinations requiring 302 tension laminations are permitted to be manufactured
without the 302 tension lamination grade requirements provided the tabular design
value for extreme fiber in bending about the x-x axis, Fbx, is multiplied by 0.75 for
depths greater than 15 inches (380 mm) or by 0.85 for depths less than or equal to 15
inches (380 mm). When the 302 tension laminations specified in Table B1 are omitted
in visually graded layups that normally require 302 tension laminations, they shall be
replaced by dense laminations with a maximum slope of grain of 1:14 with knots and
other strength-reducing characteristics meeting the requirements of L1 or No. 1, based
on the normal lamination grading requirements used for the species.
5.5.3 Arches
302 tension laminations shall not be required for arches.

5.6 Tapered Members

Combination requirements, including 302 tension lamination requirements, shall apply
for every cross-section along the entire length of tapered beams (Figure 5.6-1) unless
the shop drawings or instructions from the designer indicate otherwise. Tudor arches
(Figure 5.6-2) shall be laid up in accordance with AITC/WCLIB 200 or APA Quality
Assurance Policy for Structural Glued Laminated Timber, unless specified otherwise.

FIGURE 5.6-1
TAPERED BEAMS

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

FIGURE 5.6-2
TUDOR ARCH

5.7 Fire-Resistive Construction

When bending members are specified to be one-hour fire-resistive, they shall be
manufactured to the specified layup as tabulated except that a core lamination shall be
removed, the tension zone moved inward and the equivalent of one additional nominal
2-inch thickness outer tension lamination added.
When bending members are specified to be one-and-one-half-hour or two-hour fire-
resistive, they shall be manufactured to the same layup as tabulated except that two core
laminations shall be removed, the tension zone moved inward and the equivalent of two
additional nominal 2-inch thickness outer tension laminations added.
For members designed for fire exposure on four sides, both the top and bottom of
the layup shall be modified to meet these requirements. For layups designed for fire
exposure on three sides, only the bottom shall require modification.
Layups modified to meet these requirements shall be marked with “1-HOUR FIRE
RATING” if one additional tension lamination is used or “2-HOUR FIRE RATING” if
two additional tension laminations are used. Additionally, balanced layups designed
and manufactured for three-sided fire exposure shall be marked with “TOP” on the
appropriate face to ensure proper orientation in the structure.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

5.8 Cross Sections with Bevel Cuts on Compression Face

Beams manufactured with a bevel cut (or cuts) on the compression face (Figure 5.8-1) shall
be laid up so that the grade of laminations in the outer compression zone is maintained
through the entire depth of the bevel cut. Where necessary, core laminations shall be
removed and additional compression laminations shall be added to meet this requirement.

FIGURE 5.8-1
BEVEL CUT IN OUTER COMPRESSION ZONES

5.9 Non-Standard Depths

For beams with non-standard depths, (i.e., I-joist compatible depths, etc.), grade
requirements of the combination shall be maintained throughout the depth of the layup.
For unbalanced layups, any of three options shall be permitted to be used:
1. All laminations are permitted to be planed to a constant thickness.
2. One or more core laminations are permitted to be planed to a thinner dimension.
3. A core lamination is permitted to be removed with one extra compression lamination
added with the excess material removed from the compression side after laminating.
For balanced layups, either Option (1) or Option (2) shall be used.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

6 ALTERNATE COMBINATIONS
6.1 General
The development and use of alternate combinations allows for more efficient and
innovative use of the lumber resource. Combinations not listed in this Specification shall
be permitted to be used, subject to the provisions of this Section.
Alternate layups shall be approved by the laminator’s accredited inspection agency prior
to production. Alternate combinations shall be given a unique designation following
industry protocols for assigning combination symbols.

6.2 Design Values

Design values for alternate layups shall be established by analysis in accordance with
ASTM D3737 or by full-scale testing in accordance with ASTM D7341 and analysis in
accordance with ASTM D2915. All design values shall be approved by the laminator’s
accredited inspection agency before use.
6.2.1 Design Values by Analysis Only
For combinations developed by analysis only, the design values shall be established
according to ASTM D3737. In addition, for horizontally laminated beams, the maximum
outer fiber bending stress calculated according to transformed section analysis shall not
exceed the nominal bending stress by more than 10% unless the end joints are qualified
and maintained at a higher qualification stress level (QSL).
6.2.2 Design Values by Full-Scale Testing and Analysis
Design values shall be permitted to be established following the procedures of ASTM
D7341 and ASTM D2915. Samples chosen for full-scale testing shall be representative
of production. Full-scale beam tests shall be conducted by an accredited testing lab or
witnessed by a representative of an accredited inspection agency.

6.3 Quality Assurance

The production parameters and end joint QSL’s from the initial qualification shall be the
basis of the manufacturing facility’s quality assurance requirements for alternate layups
with design values established by full-scale testing. Documentation of these requirements
shall be maintained at the manufacturing facility and shall be available to the laminator’s
accredited inspection agency. Periodic evaluation shall be conducted as required by ASTM
D7341 to ensure that test-based design values are maintained over time.

6.4 Documentation
Documentation of the design values and layup requirements for alternate layups
shall be maintained by the accredited inspection agency and by the laminator. This
documentation shall be available to the public upon request.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

ANNEX A
Design Value Tables for
Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timber

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 TABLE A1
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions.)
Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis
Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Faces of Laminations Loaded Parallel to Wide Faces of Laminations
Extreme Fiber in Bending
Bottom Top Modulus of Elasticity Modulus of Elasticity Axially Loaded Fasteners
of Beam of Beam
Stressed Stressed For For Com­ Specific
in Tension in Tension Compression Shear For Stability Extreme Compression Shear For Stability Tension pres­sion Gravity for
(Positive (Negative Perpendicular Parallel Deflection Calcu- Fiber in Perpendicular Parallel Deflection Calcu- Parallel Para­l­lel Fastener
Bending) Bending) to Grain to Grain Calculations lations Bending to Grain to Grain Calculations lations to Grain to Grain Design
Fbx+ Fbx–a Fc^^ x Fvxd E x true E x app E x min Fby Fc^^ y F vyd,e Ey true Ey app Ey min Ft Fc G
Stress Class (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) 106 psi) (psi) (psi)
16F-1.3E 1600 925 315 195 1.4 1.3 0.69 800 315 170 1.2 1.1 0.58 675 925 0.41
20F-1.5E 2000 1100 425 195f 1.6 1.5 0.79 800 315 170 1.3 1.2 0.63 725 925 0.41
24F-1.7E 2400 1450 500 210f 1.8 1.7 0.90 1050 315 185 1.4 1.3 0.69 775 1000 0.42

24F-1.8E 2400 1850b 650 265c 1.9 1.8 0.95 1450 560 230c 1.7 1.6 0.85 1100 1600 0.50j
g c c
26F-1.9E 2600 1950 650 265 2.0 1.9 1.00 1600 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.50j
28F-2.1E SPg 2800 2300 805 300 2.2i 2.1i 1.09i 1600 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55
30F-2.1E SPg,h 3000 2400 805 300 2.2i 2.1i 1.09i 1750 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55

Footnotes to Table A1
a. For balanced layups, Fbx− shall be equal to Fbx+ for the stress class. Designer shall specify when balanced layup is required.
b. Negative bending stress, Fbx−, is permitted to be increased to 1,950 psi for southern pine for specific combinations. Designer shall specify when these increased stresses are
required.
c. For structural glued laminated timber of southern pine, the basic shear design values, F vx and F vy, are permitted to be increased to 300 psi and 260 psi, respectively.
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

d. The design values for shear, F vx and F vy, shall be decreased by multiplying by a factor of 0.72 for non-prismatic members, notched members, and for all members subject to
impact or cyclic loading. The reduced design value shall be used for design of members at connections that transfer shear by mechanical fasteners. The reduced design value
shall also be used for determination of design values for radial tension and torsion.
e. Design values are for timbers with laminations made from a single piece of lumber across the width or multiple pieces that have been edge bonded. For timbers
manufactured from multiple piece laminations (across width) that are not edge bonded, value shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations or by 0.5 for
all other members. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote (d).
f. Certain southern pine combinations may contain lumber with wane. If lumber with wane is used, the design value for shear parallel to grain, F vx, shall be multiplied by 0.67 if
wane is allowed on both sides. If wane is limited to one side, F vx shall be multiplied by 0.83. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote (d).
g. 26F, 28F, and 30F beams are not produced by all manufacturers, therefore, availability may be limited. Contact supplier or manufacturer for details.
h. 30F combinations are restricted to a maximum 6 in. nominal width unless the manufacturer has qualified for wider widths based on full-scale tests subject to approval by an
accredited inspection agency.
i. For 28F and 30F members with more than 15 laminations, E x true = 2.1 x 106 psi, E x app = 2.0 x 106 psi and E x min = 1.06 x 105 psi.
j. For structural glued laminated timber of southern pine, specific gravity for fastener design is permitted to be increased to 0.55.
Stress classes represent groups of similar glued laminated timber combinations. Values for individual combinations are included in Table A1-Expanded. Design
values are for members with 4 or more laminations. For 2 and 3 lamination members, see Table A2. Some stress classes are not available in all species. Contact
manufacturer for availability.

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20
 TABLE A1-EXPANDED
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONS a
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions.)
Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis
(Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Faces of Laminations) (Loaded Parallel to Wide Faces of Laminations) Axially Loaded Fasteners
Compression Specific Gravity
Extreme Fiber Perpendicular for
in Bending to Grain Fastener Design
Bottom Top of
of beam Beam
Stressed Stressed
in in Shear Shear Com­
Tension Ten­sion Com­ Parallel Extreme Compression Parallel Tension pres­sion Top or
(Positive (Neg­a­tive Tension pres­sion to Fiber in Perpendicular to Parallel Par­al­lel Bottom Side
Bending) Bend­ing) Face Face Grain Modulus of Elasticity Bending to Grain Grain Modulus of Elasticity to Grain to Grain Face Face
Species
Outer/ Fbx+ Fbx− Fc⊥⊥ x F vxb E x true E x app E x min Fby Fc⊥⊥ y F vyb,c Ey true Ey app Ey min Ft Fc G

Com­bi­na­tion Symbol
Core (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
16F-1.3E 1600 925 315 195 1.4 1.3 0.69 800 315 170 1.2 1.1 0.58 675 925 0.41
16F-V3 DF/DF 1600 1250 560 560 265 1.6 1.5 0.79 1450 560 230 1.6 1.5 0.79 975 1500 0.50 0.50
16F-V6 DF/DF 1600 1600 560 560 265 1.7 1.6 0.85 1450 560 230 1.6 1.5 0.79 1000 1600 0.50 0.50
16F-E2 HF/HF 1600 1050 375 375 215 1.5 1.4 0.74 1200 375 190 1.4 1.3 0.69 825 1150 0.43 0.43
16F-E3 DF/DF 1600 1200 560 560 265 1.7 1.6 0.85 1400 560 230 1.6 1.5 0.79 975 1600 0.50 0.50
16F-E6 DF/DF 1600 1600 560 560 265 1.7 1.6 0.85 1550 560 230 1.6 1.5 0.79 1000 1600 0.50 0.50
16F-E7 HF/HF 1600 1600 375 375 215 1.5 1.4 0.74 1350 375 190 1.4 1.3 0.74 875 1250 0.43 0.43

16F-V2 SP/SP 1600 1400 740 650 300 1.6 1.5 0.79 1450 650 260 1.5 1.4 0.74 1000 1300 0.55 0.55
16F-V3 SP/SP 1600 1450 740 740 300 1.5 1.4 0.74 1450 650 260 1.5 1.4 0.74 975 1400 0.55 0.55
16F-V5 SP/SP 1600 1600 650 650 300 1.7 1.6 0.85 1600 650 260 1.6 1.5 0.79 1000 1550 0.55 0.55
16F-E1 SP/SP 1600 1250 650 650 300 1.7 1.6 0.85 1400 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1050 1550 0.55 0.55
16F-E3 SP/SP 1600 1600 650 650 300 1.8 1.7 0.90 1650 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1100 1550 0.55 0.55
20F-1.5E 2000 1100 425 195 1.6 1.5 0.79 800 315 170 1.3 1.2 0.63 725 925 0.41
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

20F-V3 DF/DF 2000 1450 650 560 265 1.7 1.6 0.85 1450 560 230 1.6 1.5 0.79 1000 1550 0.50 0.50
20F-V7 DF/DF 2000 2000 650 650 265 1.7 1.6 0.85 1450 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1050 1600 0.50 0.50
20F-V12 AC/AC 2000 1400 560 560 265 1.6 1.5 0.79 1250 470 230 1.5 1.4 0.74 925 1500 0.46 0.46
20F-V13 AC/AC 2000 2000 560 560 265 1.6 1.5 0.79 1250 470 230 1.5 1.4 0.74 950 1550 0.46 0.46
20F-V14 POC/POC 2000 1450 560 560 265 1.6 1.5 0.79 1300 470 230 1.5 1.4 0.74 900 1600 0.46 0.46
20F-V15 POC/POC 2000 2000 560 560 265 1.6 1.5 0.79 1300 470 230 1.5 1.4 0.74 900 1600 0.46 0.46
20F-E2 HF/HF 2000 1400 500 500 215 1.7 1.6 0.85 1200 375 190 1.5 1.4 0.74 925 1350 0.43 0.43
20F-E3 DF/DF 2000 1200 560 560 265 1.8 1.7 0.90 1400 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1050 1600 0.50 0.50
20F-E6 DF/DF 2000 2000 560 560 265 1.8 1.7 0.90 1550 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1650 0.50 0.50
20F-E7 HF/HF 2000 2000 500 500 215 1.8 1.6 0.85 1450 375 190 1.5 1.4 0.74 1050 1450 0.43 0.43
20F-E8 ES/ES 2000 1300 450 450 200 1.6 1.5 0.79 1000 315 175 1.5 1.4 0.74 825 1100 0.41 0.41
24F-E/SPF1 SPF/SPF 2400 2400 560 560 215 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 470 190 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 2000 0.42 0.42
24F-E/SPF3 SPF/SPF 2400 1550 560 650 215 1.7 1.6 0.85 1200 470 195 1.6 1.5 0.79 900 1750 0.42 0.42

20F-V2 SP/SP 2000 1550 740 650 300 1.6 1.5 0.79 1450 650 260 1.5 1.4 0.74 1000 1400 0.55 0.55
20F-V3 SP/SP 2000 1450 650 650 300 1.6 1.5 0.79 1600 650 260 1.6 1.5 0.79 1000 1400 0.55 0.55
20F-V5 SP/SP 2000 2000 740 740 300 1.7 1.6 0.85 1450 650 260 1.5 1.4 0.74 1050 1500 0.55 0.55
20F-E1 SP/SP 2000 1300 650 650 300 1.8 1.7 0.90 1400 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1050 1550 0.55 0.55
20F-E3 SP/SP 2000 2000 650 650 300 1.8 1.7 0.90 1700 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.55 0.55
24F-1.7E 2400 1450 500 210 1.8 1.7 0.90 1050 315 185 1.4 1.3 0.69 775 1000 0.42

24F-V1 SP/SP 2400 1750 740 650 300 1.8 1.7 0.90 1450 650 260 1.6 1.5 0.79 1100 1500 0.55 0.55
24F-V4d SP/SP 2400 1650 740 650 210 1.8 1.7 0.90 1350 470 230 1.6 1.5 0.79 975 1350 0.55 0.43
24F-V5 SP/SP 2400 2400 740 740 300 1.8 1.7 0.90 1700 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.55 0.55

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21
 TABLE A1-EXPANDED (Continued)
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONS a
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions.)
Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis
(Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Faces of Laminations) (Loaded Parallel to Wide Faces of Laminations) Axially Loaded Fasteners
Compression Specific Gravity
Extreme Fiber Perpendicular for
in Bending to Grain Fastener Design
Bottom Top of
of beam Beam
Stressed Stressed
in in Shear Shear Com­
Tension Ten­sion Com­ Parallel Extreme Compression Parallel Tension pres­sion Top or
(Positive (Neg­a­tive Tension pres­sion to Fiber in Perpendicular to Parallel Par­al­lel Bottom Side
Bending) Bend­ing) Face Face Grain Modulus of Elasticity Bending to Grain Grain Modulus of Elasticity to Grain to Grain Face Face
Species
Outer/ Fbx+ Fbx− Fc⊥⊥ x F vxb E x true E x app E x min Fby Fc⊥⊥ y F vyb,c Ey true Ey app Ey min Ft Fc G

Com­bi­na­tion Symbol
Core (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
24F-1.8E 2400 1850 650 265 1.9 1.8 0.95 1450 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1100 1600 0.50
24F-V4 DF/DF 2400 1850 650 650 265 1.9 1.8 0.95 1450 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1100 1650 0.50 0.50
24F-V8 DF/DF 2400 2400 650 650 265 1.9 1.8 0.95 1550 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1100 1650 0.50 0.50
24F-E13 DF/DF 2400 2400 650 650 265 1.9 1.8 0.95 1750 560 230 1.8 1.7 0.90 1250 1700 0.50 0.50
24F-E18 DF/DF 2400 2400 650 650 265 1.9 1.8 0.95 1550 560 230 1.8 1.7 0.90 975 1700 0.50 0.50

24F-V3 SP/SP 2400 2000 740 740 300 1.9 1.8 0.95 1700 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1650 0.55 0.55
24F-V8 SP/SP 2400 2400 740 740 300 1.9 1.8 0.95 1700 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1650 0.55 0.55
24F-E4 SP/SP 2400 2400 805 805 300 2.0 1.9 1.00 1850 650 260 1.9 1.8 0.95 1450 1750 0.55 0.55
26F-1.9E e 2600 1950 650 265 2.0 1.9 1.00 1600 560 230 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.50
26F-V1 DF/DF 2600 1950 650 650 265 2.1 2.0 1.06 1850 560 230 1.9 1.8 0.95 1350 1850 0.50 0.50
26F-V2 DF/DF 2600 2600 650 650 265 2.1 2.0 1.06 1850 560 230 1.9 1.8 0.95 1350 1850 0.50 0.50

26F-V1 SP/SP 2600 2000 740 740 300 1.9 1.8 0.95 1700 650 260 1.7 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.55 0.55
26F-V2 SP/SP 2600 2100 740 740 300 2.0 1.9 1.00 1950 740 260 1.9 1.8 0.95 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
26F-V3 SP/SP 2600 2100 740 740 300 2.0 1.9 1.00 1950 650 260 1.9 1.8 0.95 1250 1800 0.55 0.55
26F-V4 SP/SP 2600 2600 740 740 300 2.0 1.9 1.00 1700 650 260 1.9 1.8 0.95 1200 1600 0.55 0.55
26F-V5 SP/SP 2600 2600 740 740 300 2.0 1.9 1.00 1950 650 260 1.9 1.8 0.95 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
28F-2.1E SPe 2800 2300 805 300 2.2g 2.1g 1.11g 1600 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

28F-E1 SP/SP 2800 2300 805 805 300 2.2g 2.1g 1.11g 1600 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
28F-E2 SP/SP 2800 2800 805 805 300 2.2g 2.1g 1.11g 2000 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
30F-2.1E SPe,f 3000 2400 805 300 2.2g 2.1g 1.11g 1750 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55
30F-E1 SP/SP 3000 2400 805 805 300 2.2g 2.1g 1.11g 1750 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55 0.55
30F-E2 SP/SP 3000 3000 805 805 300 2.2g 2.1g 1.11g 1750 650 260 1.8 1.7 0.90 1350 1750 0.55 0.55

Footnotes to Table A1-Expanded:

a. The combinations in this table are applicable to members consisting of 4 or more laminations and are intended primarily for members stressed in bending due to loads applied
perpendicular to the wide faces of the laminations. However, design values are tabulated for loading both perpendicular and parallel to the wide faces of the laminations.
For combinations and design values applicable to members loaded primarily axially or parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, see Table A2. For members of 2 or 3
laminations, see Table A2.
b. The design values for shear, F vx and F vy shall be decreased by multiplying by a factor of 0.72 for non-prismatic members, notched members, and for all members subject to
impact or cyclic loading. The reduced design value shall be used for design of members at connections that transfer shear by mechanical fasteners. The reduced design value
shall also be used for determination of design values for radial tension and torsion.
c. Design values are for timbers with laminations made from a single piece of lumber across the width or multiple pieces that have been edge bonded. For timber manufactured
from multiple piece laminations (across width) that are not edge-bonded, value shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations or by 0.5 for all other
members. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote (b).
d. This combination may contain lumber with wane. If lumber with wane is used, the design value for shear parallel to grain, F vx, shall be multiplied by 0.67 if wane is allowed on
both sides. If wane is limited to one side, F vx shall be multiplied by 0.83. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote (b).
e. 26F, 28F, and 30F beams are not produced by all manufacturers, therefore, availability may be limited. Contact supplier or manufacturer for details.
f. 30F combinations are restricted to a maximum 6 in. nominal width unless the manufacturer has qualified for wider widths based on full-scale tests subject to approval by an
accredited inspection agency.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org
g. For 28F and 30F members with more than 15 laminations, E x true = 2.1 x 106 psi, E x app = 2.0 x 106 psi, and E x min = 1.06 x 106 psi.

22
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE A2
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER
(Members stressed primarily in axial tension or compression)
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions.)
All Loading Axially Loaded Bending About
X-X Axis
Loaded
Bending about Y-Y Axis Perpendicular
Loaded Parallel to Wide Faces of to Wide Faces of
Laminations Laminations
Tension Shear Shear
Parallel Parallel Parallel
to Compression to Grain to
Com­bi­nation Symbol

a, b, c
Modulus of Elasticity Grain Parallel to Grain Bending Bending Grain c
Com­
pres­sion 2 or 4 or 4 or 2 Lam­i­
Per­pen­ More More 2 or 3 More nations
E x true, E x min, dicular Lam­i­ Lam­i­ Lami­ Lami­ 3 Lam­i­ 2 Lam­i­ to 15 in.
Ey true or E x app or Ey min or to Grain na­tions na­tions na­tions na­tions na­tions nations Deepd
Eaxial Ey app Eaxial min Fc⊥⊥ Ft Fc Fc Fby Fby Fby F vy Fbx F vx
Species Grade (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
Visually Graded Western Species
1 DF L3 1.6 1.5 0.79 560 950 1550 1250 1450 1250 1000 230 1250 265
2 DF L2 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 1250 1950 1600 1800 1600 1300 230 1700 265
3 DF L2D 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 1450 2300 1900 2100 1850 1550 230 2000 265
4 DF L1CL 2.0 1.9 1.00 590 1400 2100 1950 2200 2000 1650 230 2100 265
5 DF L1 2.1 2.0 1.06 650 1650 2400 2100 2400 2100 1800 230 2200 265

14 HF L3 1.4 1.3 0.69 375 800 1100 1050 1200 1050 850 190 1100 215
15 HF L2 1.5 1.4 0.74 375 1050 1350 1350 1500 1350 1100 190 1450 215
16 HF L1 1.7 1.6 0.85 375 1200 1500 1500 1750 1550 1300 190 1600 215
17 HF L1D 1.8 1.7 0.90 500 1400 1750 1750 2000 1850 1550 190 1900 215
e
22 SW L3 1.1 1.0 0.53 315 525 850 725 800 700 575 170 725 195

69 AC L3 1.3 1.2 0.63 470 725 1150 1100 1100 975 775 230 1000 265
70 AC L2 1.4 1.3 0.69 470 975 1450 1450 1400 1250 1000 230 1350 265
71 AC L1D 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 1250 1900 1900 1850 1650 1400 230 1750 265
72 AC L1S 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 1250 1900 1900 1850 1650 1400 230 1900 265

73 POC L3 1.4 1.3 0.69 470 775 1500 1200 1200 1050 825 230 1050 265
74 POC L2 1.5 1.4 0.74 470 1050 1900 1550 1450 1300 1100 230 1400 265
75 POC L1D 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 1350 2300 2050 1950 1750 1500 230 1850 265

Visually Graded Southern Pine

47 SP N2M12 1.5 1.4 0.74 650 1200 1900 1150 1750 1550 1300 260 1400 300
47 1:10 SP N2M10 1.5 1.4 0.74 650 1150 1700 1150 1750 1550 1300 260 1400 300
47 1:8 SP N2M 1.5 1.4 0.74 650 1000 1500 1150 1600 1550 1300 260 1400 300
48 SP N2D12 1.8 1.7 0.90 740 1400 2200 1350 2000 1800 1500 260 1600 300
48 1:10 SP N2D10 1.8 1.7 0.90 740 1350 2000 1350 2000 1800 1500 260 1600 300
48 1:8 SP N2D 1.8 1.7 0.90 740 1150 1750 1350 1850 1800 1500 260 1600 300
49 SP N1M16 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 1350 2100 1450 1950 1750 1500 260 1800 300
49 1:14 SP N1M14 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 1350 2000 1450 1950 1750 1500 260 1800 300
49 1:12 SP N1M12 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 1300 1900 1450 1950 1750 1500 260 1800 300
49 1:10 SP N1M 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 1150 1700 1450 1850 1750 1500 260 1800 300
50 SP N1D14 2.0 1.9 1.00 740 1550 2300 1700 2300 2100 1750 260 2100 300
50 1:12 SP N1D12 2.0 1.9 1.00 740 1500 2200 1700 2300 2100 1750 260 2100 300
50 1:10 SP N1D 2.0 1.9 1.00 740 1350 2000 1700 2100 2100 1750 260 2100 300

Footnotes to Table A2
a. For members with 2 or 3 laminations, the shear design value for transverse loads parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fvy,
shall be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.84 or 0.95, respectively.
b. The shear design value for transverse loads applied parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fvy, shall be multiplied by 0.4
for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations manufactured from multiple piece laminations (across width) that are not edge bonded.
The shear design value, Fvy, shall be multiplied by 0.5 for all other members manufactured from multiple piece laminations with
unbonded edge joints. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnotes (a) and (c).
c. The design values for shear, Fvx and Fvy, shall be decreased by multiplying by a factor of 0.72 for non-prismatic members, notched
members, and for all members subject to impact or cyclic loading. The reduced design value shall be used for design of members
at connections that transfer shear by mechanical fasteners. The reduced design value shall also be used for determination of design
values for radial tension and torsion.
d. The tabulated Fbx values are for members without special tension lams up to 15 inches in depth. If the member depth is greater than
15 inches without special tension lams, the tabulated Fbx values must be multiplied by a factor of 0.88. If special tension lams are
used, the tabulated Fbx values are permitted to be increased by a factor of 1.18 regardless of the member depth, provided that the
increased Fbx value does not exceed 2,400 psi.
e. When Western Cedars, Western Cedars (North), Western Woods, and Redwood are used in combinations for Softwood Species
(SW), the design value for modulus of elasticity shall be reduced by 100,000 psi. When Coast Sitka Spruce, Coast Species, Western
White Pine, and Eastern White Pine are used in combinations for Softwood Species (SW) tabulated design values for shear parallel
to grain, Fvx and Fvy, shall be reduced by 10 psi, before applying any other adjustments.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 23
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE A3
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED
SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONS WITH TAPER CUTS (FIGURE 3.6-1) ON THE COMPRESSION FACEa,b
Combination Species Fbx+ Ex true Ex app Ex min Fc⊥⊥x Top F vxc
Symbol Outer/Core (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
16F-1.3E 1050 1.3 1.2 0.63 315 140
16F-V3 DF/DF 1600 1.6 1.5 0.79 560 190
16F-V6 DF/DF 1600 1.6 1.5 0.79 560 190
16F-E2 HF/HF 1350 1.5 1.4 0.74 375 155
16F-E3 DF/DF 1600 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 190
16F-E6 DF/DF 1600 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 190
16F-E7 HF/HF 1350 1.5 1.4 0.74 375 155
16F-V2 SP/SP 1450 1.6 1.5 0.79 650 215
16F-V3 SP/SP 1550 1.5 1.4 0.74 650 215
16F-V5 SP/SP 1550 1.6 1.5 0.79 650 215
16F-E1 SP/SP 1600 1.7 1.6 0.85 650 215
16F-E3 SP/SP 1600 1.7 1.6 0.85 650 215
20F-1.5E 1250 1.5 1.4 0.74 375 150
20F-V3 DF/DF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 190
20F-V7 DF/DF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 190
20F-V12 AC/AC 1650 1.5 1.4 0.74 470 190
20F-V13 AC/AC 1650 1.5 1.4 0.74 470 190
20F-E2 HF/HF 1700 1.6 1.5 0.79 375 155
20F-E3 DF/DF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 190
20F-E6 DF/DF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 560 190
20F-E7 HF/HF 1700 1.6 1.5 0.79 375 155
20F-V2 SP/SP 1500 1.5 1.4 0.74 650 215
20F-V3 SP/SP 1700 1.6 1.5 0.79 650 215
20F-V5 SP/SP 1500 1.6 1.5 0.79 650 215
20F-E1 SP/SP 1950 1.7 1.6 0.85 650 215
20F-E3 SP/SP 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 650 215
24F-1.7E 1250 1.5 1.4 0.74 375 150
24F-V5 DF/HF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 375 190
24F-V10 DF/HF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 375 155
24F-E2 HF/HF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 375 155
24F-E11 HF/HF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 375 155
24F-E15 HF/HF 1900 1.7 1.6 0.85 375 155
24F-V1 SP/SP 1800 1.7 1.6 0.85 650 215
24F-V4 SP/SP 1250 1.5 1.4 0.74 470 215
24F-V5 SP/SP 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 215
24F-1.8E 2000 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
24F-V4 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
24F-V8 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
24F-E4 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
24F-E13 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
24F-E18 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
24F-V3 SP/SP 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 215
24F-V8 SP/SP 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 215
24F-E1 SP/SP 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 215
24F-E4 SP/SP 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 215
26F-1.9E 2000 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
26F-V1 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
26F-V2 DF/DF 2100 1.8 1.7 0.90 560 190
26F-V1 SP/SP 2000 1.8 1.7 0.90 650 215
26F-V2 SP/SP 2400 1.9 1.8 0.95 740 215
26F-V3 SP/SP 2000 1.9 1.8 0.95 650 215
26F-V4 SP/SP 2000 1.9 1.8 0.95 650 215
26F-V5 SP/SP 2000 1.9 1.8 0.95 740 215
28F-2.1E 2400 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 215
28F-E1 SP/SP 2400 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 215
28F-E2 SP/SP 2400 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 215
30F-2.1E 2400 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 215
30F-E1 SP/SP 2400 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 215
30F-E2 SP/SP 2400 2.0 1.9 1.00 650 215
a. Design values are applicable to beams that have up to 2/3 of the depth on the compression side removed by taper cutting.
b. Tabulated design values apply only to tapered portion of member.
c. Shear design value has been reduced for non-prismatic members.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 24
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

ANNEX B
Layup Requirements for
Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timber

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 25
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
Visually Graded Western Species
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
16F-V3 DF

5% L3 DF — 10% L3 DF —
— — — — — —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — 5% L2 DF —
5% L2 DF — 5% L1 DF —
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Balanced)
16F-V6 DF

5% L2 DF — 5% L1 DF —
— — — 5% L2 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — 5% L2 DF —
5% L2 DF — 5% L1 DF —
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-V3 DF

10% L2 DF — 5% L2 DF —
— — — — — —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — 5% L2 DF —
5% 302-20 DF — 5% 302-20 DF —
4–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-V3 DF

20% L2 DF —
— — —
— L3 DF —
20% L2 DF —
15% L1 DF —
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Balanced)
20F-V7 DF

5% 302-20 DF — 5% 302-20 DF —
5% L2D DF — 5% L2 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — 5% L2 DF —
5% 302-20 DF — 5% 302-20 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-V7 DF

10% L1 DF — 15% L1 DF —
— — — — — —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — — — —
10% L1 DF — 15% L1 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11–18 Lams 19 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-V12 AC

10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC —

15% L2 AC — 15% L2 AC — 15% L2 AC — 15% L2 AC —
— L3 AC — — L3 AC — — L3 AC — — L3 AC —
10% L2 AC — 10% L2 AC — 10% L2 AC — 10% L2 AC —
25% L1D AC — 30% L1D AC — 10% L1S AC — 10% L1S AC —
5% 302-20 AC 1:14 5% 302-20 AC 1:14 5% 302-24 AC — 5% 302-26 AC —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 AC 1:16 5% 302-22 AC — 5% 302-24 AC —
20F-V13 AC
(Balanced)

10% L1S AC — 10% L1S AC — 5% L1S AC —

10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC —
— L3 AC — — L3 AC — — L3 AC —
10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC — 10% L1D AC —
10% L1S AC — 10% L1S AC — 5% L1S AC —
5% 302-20 AC 1:16 5% 302-22 AC — 5% 302-24 AC —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 Lams 12 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-V14 POC

5% L1D POC — 5% L1D POC — 5% L1D POC — 10% L1D POC —

— — — 5% L2 POC — 5% L2 POC — 5% L2 POC —
— L3 POC — — L3 POC — — L3 POC — — L3 POC —
— — — — — — — — — 5% L2 POC —
10% L2 POC — 10% L1D AC — 10% L1D POC — 5% L1D POC —
5% 302-20 POC 1:14 5% 302-20 AC 1:14 5% 302-24 POC — 5% 302-24 POC —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 Lams 12 or More Lams
5% 302-20 POC 1:14 5% 302-20 POC 1:14 5% 302-24 POC — 5% 302-24 POC —
20F-V15 POC
(Balanced)

10% L2 POC — 10% L1D POC — 10% L1D POC — 5% L1D POC —
— — — — — — — — — 5% L2 POC —
— L3 POC — — L3 POC — — L3 POC — — L3 POC —
— — — — — — — — — 5% L2 POC —
10% L2 POC — 10% L1D POC — 10% L1D POC — 5% L1D POC —
5% 302-20 POC 1:14 5% 302-20 POC 1:14 5% 302-24 POC — 5% 302-24 POC — Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 26
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-V4 DF

10% L2D DF — 10% L2D DF — 10% L2D DF —

10% L2 DF — 10% L2 DF — 10% L2 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
15% L2 DF — 15% L2 DF — 10% L2 DF —
10% L1 DF — 10% L1 DF — 5% L1 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 1:14 5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
24F-V5 DF/HF
(Unbalanced)

20% L2D DF — 20% L2D DF — 10% L2D DF —

20% L2 HF — 20% L2 HF — 10% L2 HF —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF —
20% L1 HF — 20% L1 HF — 20% L1 HF —
15% L1 DF — 15% L1 DF — 10% L1 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 1:14 5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 DF 1:14 5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF —
(Balanced)
24F-V8 DF

5% L1 DF — 5% L1 DF — 5% L1 DF —
10% L2 DF — 10% L2D DF — 5% L2 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
10% L2 DF — 10% L2D DF — 5% L2 DF —
5% L1 DF — 5% L1 DF — 5% L1 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 1:14 5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
24F-V10 DF/HF

5% 302-20 DF 1:14 5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF —

(Balanced)

15% L1 DF — 15% L1 DF — 10% L1 DF —

10% L2 HF — 10% L2 HF — 15% L2 HF —
— — — L3 HF —
— L3 HF — L3 HF
— — 15% L2 HF —
10% L2 HF 10% L2 HF
— — 10% L1 DF —
15% L1 DF 1:14 15% L1 DF — 5% 302-24 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 5% 302-22 DF
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

25% L1 DF — 25% L1 DF — 25% L1 DF —

26F-V1 DF

5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF —

— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF —
20% L1 DF — 20% L1 DF — 20% L1 DF —
5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF — 5% 302-26 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF — 5% 302-26 DF —
(Balanced)
26F-V2 DF

20% L1 DF — 20% L1 DF — 20% L1 DF —

5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF —
20% L1 DF — 20% L1 DF — 20% L1 DF —
5% 302-22 DF — 5% 302-24 DF — 5% 302-26 DF —
E-Rated Western Species
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
16F-E2 HF

10% 1.6E2 HF — 5% 1.6E2 HF —

— — — — — —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF —
— — — 5% 1.6E2 HF —
5%
5% 302-20 HF 1.6E4 302-20 HF 1.6E4
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams
(Alternate)
16F-E2 HF

10% 1.9E2 HF — 20% 1.6E2 HF —

— — — — — —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF —
— — — — — —
10% 1.9E6 HF — 30% 1.6E4 HF —
4–7 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
16F-E3 DF

10% 1.9E2 DF — 5% 1.9E2 DF —

— — — — — —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — — — —
10% 1.9E6 DF — 5% 302-20 DF 1.9E6
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Balanced)
16F-E6 DF

10% 1.9E6 DF — 5% 302-20 DF 1.9E6

— — — — — —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — — — —
10% 1.9E6 DF — 5% 302-20 DF 1.9E6 Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 27
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
4 or More Lams
(Balanced)
16F-E7 HF

5% 302-20 HF 1.6E4
5% 1.6E4 HF —
— L3 HF —
5% 1.6E4 HF —
5% 302-20 HF 1.6E4
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams
(Alternate)
16F-E7 HF

10% 1.9E6 HF — 30% 1.6E4 HF —

— — — — — —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF —
— — — — — —
10% 1.9E6 HF — 30% 1.6E4 HF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-E2 HF

10% 1.9E2 HF — 10% 1.9E2 HF — 20% 1.9E2 HF —

— — — — — — — — —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF —
15% 1.6E4 HF — 10% 1.6E4 HF — — — —
5% 1.9E6 HF — 5% 1.9E6 HF — 15% 1.9E6 HF —
5% 302-20 HF 1.9E6 5% 302-20 HF 1.9E6 5% 302-20 HF 1.9E6
4–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-E2 HF

10% 1.9E2 HF —
— — —
— L3 HF —
10% 1.9E6 HF —
10% 2.1E6 HF —
4–10 Lams 11–13 Lams 14 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-E3 DF

10% 1.9E2 DF — 15% 1.9E2 DF — 15% 1.9E2 DF —

— — — — — — — — —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
15% 1.9E6 DF — 15% 1.9E6 DF — 10% 1.9E6 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 DF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 DF 1.9E6
4–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-E3 DF

20% 2.1E2 DF —
10% 1.9E2 DF —
— L3 DF —
10% 1.9E6 DF —
20% 2.1E6 DF —
4–10 Lams 11–13 Lams 14 or More Lams
(Balanced)
20F-E6 DF

5% 302-20 DF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 DF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 DF 1.9E6

15% 1.9E6 DF — 15% 1.9E6 DF — 10% 1.9E6 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
15% 1.9E6 — 15% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 DF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 DF 1.9E6
4–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-E6 DF

20% 2.1E6 DF —
10% 1.9E6 DF —
— L3 DF —
10% 1.9E6 DF —
20% 2.1E6 DF —
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 HF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 HF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 HF 1.9E6
(Balanced)
20F-E7 HF

5% 1.9E6 HF — 5% 1.9E6 HF — 15% 1.9E6 HF —

15% 1.6E4 HF — 10% 1.6E4 HF — — — —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF —
15% 1.6E4 HF — 10% 1.6E4 HF — — — —
5% 1.9E6 HF — 5% 1.9E6 HF — 15% 1.9E6 HF —
5% 302-20 HF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 HF 1.9E6 5% 302-22 HF 1.9E6

4–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-E7 HF

10% 2.1E6 HF —
10% 1.9E6 HF —
— L3 HF —
10% 1.9E6 HF —
10% 2.1E6 HF —
4–7 Lams 8–9 Lams 9–13 lams 14–16 Lams 17 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

10% C6 ES — 10% C6 ES — 15% C6 ES — 10% C6 ES — 15% C6 ES —

20F-E8 ES

15% D4 ES — 15% D4 ES — 10% D4 ES — 15% D4 ES — 10% D4 ES —

— D ES — — D ES — — D ES — — D ES — — D ES —
15% C4 ES — 15% C4 ES — 10% C4 ES — 10% C4 ES — 10% C4 ES —
5% B ES — 5% B ES — 15% B ES — 10% B ES — 10% B ES —
5% 302-20 ES B ES 5% 302-22 ES B ES 5% 302-22 ES B ES 5% 302-24 ES B ES 5% 302-24 ES B ES

Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 28
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
4–7 Lams 8 or More Lams
5% 302-24 SPF 2.0E6 5% 302-24 SPF 2.0E6
24F-E/SPF1
(Balanced)

15% 2.0E6 SPF — 10% 1.8E3 SPF —

5% 1.8E3 SPF — — — —
— 1.4E2 SPF — — 1.4E2 SPF —
5% 1.8E3 SPF — — — —
15% 2.0E6 SPF — 10% 1.8E3 SPF —
5% 302-24 SPF 2.0E6 5% 302-24 SPF 2.0E6
4–7 Lams 8 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-E/SPF3

20% L2D DF — 5% L2D DF —

5% 1.8E3 SPF — 10% 1.8E3 SPF —
— 1.4E2 SPF — — 1.4E2 SPF —
5% 1.8E3 SPF — — — —
15% 2.0E6 SPF — 10% 1.8E3 SPF —
5% 302-24 SPF 2.0E6 5% 302-24 SPF 2.0E6
4–10 Lams 11–13 Lams 14–15 Lams 16 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-E4 DF

20% 2.1E2 DF — 10% 2.1E2 DF — 10% 2.1E2 DF — 10% 2.1E2 DF —

20% 1.9E2 DF — 20% 1.9E2 DF — 15% 1.9E2 DF — 10% 1.9E2 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
20% 1.9E6 DF — 30% 1.9E6 DF — 15% 1.9E6 DF — 10% 1.9E6 DF —
15% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-22 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-22 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6
4–8 Lams 9–13 Lams 14 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

5% 302-20 HF 2.1E6 5% 302-22 HF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 HF 2.1E6

24F-E11 HF

5% 2.1E6 HF — 5% 2.1E6 HF — 5% 2.1E6 HF —

10% 1.9E6 HF — 10% 1.9E6 HF — 10% 1.9E6 HF —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF —
10% 1.9E6 HF — 10% 1.9E6 HF — 10% 1.9E6 HF —
5% 2.1E6HF — 5% 2.1E6HF — 5% 2.1E6HF —
5% 302-20 HF 2.1E6 5% 302-22 HF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 HF 2.1E6
4–10 Lams 11–13 Lams 14–15 Lams 16 or More Lams
5% 302-22 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6
24F-E13 DF
(Balanced)

15% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF —

20% 1.9E6 DF — 30% 1.9E6 DF — 15% 1.9E6 DF — 10% 1.9E6 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
20% 1.9E6 DF — 30% 1.9E6 DF — 15% 1.9E6 DF — 10% 1.9E6 DF —
15% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF — 5% 2.1E6 DF —
5% 302-22 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 DF 2.1E6
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11–14 Lams 15–19 Lams 20 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-E15 HF

10% 2.1E2 HF — 10% 2.1E2 HF — 10% 1.9E2 HF — 10% 2.1E2 HF — 10% 2.1E2 HF —
10% 1.6E4 HF — 15% 1.6E4 HF — 10% 1.6E4 HF — 10% 1.6E4 HF — 15% 1.6E4 HF —
— L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF — — L3 HF —
10% 1.6E4 HF — 10% 1.9E2 HF — 10% 1.9E2 HF — 10% 1.9E2 HF — 10% 1.9E2 HF —
5% 2.1E6 HF — 5% 2.1E6 HF — 5% 2.1E3 HF — 5% 2.1E3 HF — 5% 2.1E3 HF —
5% 302-20 HF 2.1E6 5% 302-20 HF 2.1E6 5% 302-24 HF 2.1E3 5% 302-24 HF 2.1E3 5% 302-24 HF 2.1E3
4–8 Lams 9–11 Lams 12–15 Lams 16 or More Lams
5% 302-20 DF 2.2E6 5% 302-22 DF 2.2E6 5% 302-22 DF 2.2E2 5% 302-22 DF 2.2E2
24F-E18 DF
(Balanced)

5% 2.2E6 DF — 5% 2.2E6 DF — 5% 2.2E2 DF — 5% 2.2E2 DF —

— — — 10% 1.9E6 DF — 5% 1.9E2 DF — 10% 1.9E2 DF —
— L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF — — L3 DF —
— — — 10% 1.9E6 DF — 5% 1.9E2 DF — 10% 1.9E2 DF —
5% 2.2E6 DF — 5% 2.2E6 DF — 5% 2.2E2 DF — 5% 2.2E2 DF —
5% 302-20 DF 2.2E6 5% 302-22 DF 2.2E6 5% 302-22 DF 2.2E2 5% 302-22 DF 2.2E2
Visually Graded Southern Pine
4 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
16F-V2 SP

10% N2M —
— — —
— N2M —
— — —
5% N1D —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
16F-V2 SP

10% N2M — 10% N2M —

— — — — — —
— N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8
10% N2M — 10% N2M —
10% N1D 1:12 10% N2D 1:12
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
16F-V3 SP

10% N2D — 5% N2D —

— — — — — —
— N3M 1.8 — N3M 1.8
5% N2D — — — —
5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 — Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 29
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
16F-V3 SP

10% N2D — 10% N2D —

— — — — — —
— N2M — — N2M —
25% N2D — 5% N2D —
5% N2D 1:10 5% N2D 1:10
4 or More Lams
(Balanced)
16F-V5 SP

5% N1M —
5% N2M 1:10
— N2M —
5% N2M 1:10
5% N1M —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
16F-V5 SP

5% N2D 1:10 5% N2D 1:10

25% N2D — 5% N2D —
— N2M — — N2M —
25% N2D — 5% N2D —
5% N2D 1:10 5% N2D 1:10
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-V2 SP

10% N2D — 15% N2D —

— — — — — —
— N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8
10% N2M — 5% N2M 1:10
5% N1D 1:12 — — —
5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-V2 SP

10% N1D — 10% N1M 1:14

10% N2M — 15% N2M —
— N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8
10% N2M — 10% N2M —
20% N1D — 20% N1D 1:12
4–10 Lams 11–12 Lams 13 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-V3 SP

5% N2M — 5% N2M — 5% N2M —

— — — — — — — — —
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
5% N1D — — — — 5% N2M 1:10
5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-V3 SP

10% N2D — 10% N2D —

— — — — — —
— N2M — — N2M —
— — — 15% N1D —
25% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 —
(Balanced)
20F-V5 SP

5% N1D — — — — 5% N2D 1:12

10% N2M — 15% N2D — 5% N2D —
— N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8 — N3M 1.8
10% N2M — 15% N2D — 5% N2D —
5% N1D — — — — 5% N2D 1:12
5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 — 5% 302-20 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-V5 SP

10% N1D — 10% N1D 1:12

10% N2D — 10% N2D —
— N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8
10% N2D — 10% N2D —
10% N1D — 10% N1D 1:12
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

10% N1D — 5% N1M 1:12 15% N1M 1:12

24F-V1 SP

— — — 10% N1M — — — —
10% N2D — 15% N2M — 15% N2M —
— N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8 — N3M 1:8
15% N2D — 15% N2M — 15% N2M —
5% N1D — 10% N1D — 10% N1D 1:12
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-V3 SP

10% N1D — 10% N1D — 10% N1D —

10% N2D — 10% N2D — 10% N2D —
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
15% N2D — 15% N2D — 15% N2D —
5% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 30
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
4–5 Lams 6–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

5% N1M 1:12 5% N1M 1:14 5% N1M 1:12 5% N1M 1:14

24F-V4 SP

10% N1M — 5% N1M — 5% N1M — 10% N1M 1:12

15% N2M — 15% N2M — 15% N2M — 10% N2M —
— N3C 1:8 — N3C 1:8 — N3C 1:8 — N3C 1:8
10% N2M — 15% N2M — 15% N2M — 20% N2M —
25% N1D — 15% N1D — 15% N1D — 10% N1D 1:14
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 —
(Balanced)
24F-V5 SP

5% N1D — 5% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12

10% N2D — 5% N2D — 5% N2D 1:10
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
10% N2D — 5% N2D — 5% N2D 1:10
5% N1D — 5% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 —
(Balanced)
24F-V8 SP

5% N1D — 5% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12

10% N2D — 5% N2D — 10% N2D 1:10
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
10% N2D — 5% N2D — 10% N2D 1:10
5% N1D — 5% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-20 1:14 5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 —
7–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

20% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12

26F-V1 SP

— — — 15% N1D — 5% N1D —

— — — — — — 10% N2D —
— N1M — — N2D — — N2M —
— — — — — — 15% N2D 1:10
20% N1D — 20% N1D — 5% N1D 1:14
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 —
7–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
26F-V2 SP

20% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12

— — — 15% N1D — 20% N1D —
— N2D — — N2D — — N2D —
— — — — — — 15% N1D —
20% N1D — 20% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 —
7–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-V3 SP

20% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12

— — — 15% N1D — 20% N1D —
— N1M — — N1M — — N1M —
— — — — — — 15% N1D —
20% N1D — 20% N1D — 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 —
7–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 —
(Balanced)
26F-V4 SP

5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12

15% N1D — 15% N1D — 15% N1D —
— N1M — — N1M — — N1M —
15% N1D — 15% N1D — 15% N1D —
5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 —
7–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 —
(Balanced)
26F-V5 SP

5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12

15% N1D — 15% N1D — 15% N1D —
— N2D — — N2D — — N2D —
15% N1D — 15% N1D — 15% N1D —
5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12 5% N1D 1:12
5% 302-22 — 5% 302-24 — 5% 302-26 — Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 31
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
E-Rated Southern Pine
4 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
16F-E1 SP

5% 1.9E2 —
— — —
— N2M —
5% 1.9E6 —
5% 302-20 1.9E6
4–10 Lams
(Alternate)
16F-E1 SP

10% 1.9E2 —
— — —
— N2M —
— — —
10% 2.1E6 —
4 or More Lams
(Balanced)
16F-E3 SP

10% 1.9E6 —
— — —
— N2M —
— — —
10% 1.9E6 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11–13 Lams 14 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
20F-E1 SP

10% 1.9E2 — 10% 1.9E2 — 5% 1.9E2 — 15% 1.9E2 —

— — — — — — — — — — — —
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
— — — 10% 1.9E6 — 5% 1.9E6 — — — —
5% 2.1E6 — 5% 2.1E6 — — — — 10% 1.9E6 —
5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-20 1.9E6
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-E1 SP

10% 2.1E2 — 10% 2.1E2 —

— — — — — —
— N2M — — N2M —
— — — 15% 1.9E6 —
25% 2.1E6 — 15% 2.1E6 —
4–10 Lams 11–14 Lams 15 or More Lams
(Balanced)
20F-E3 SP

5% 302-20 1.9E6 5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-20 1.9E6

15% 1.9E6 — 5% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
15% 1.9E6 — 5% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
5% 302-20 1.9E6 5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-20 1.9E6
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams
(Alternate)
20F-E3 SP

25% 2.1E6 — 10% 2.1E6 —

10% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
— N2M — — N2M —
10% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
25% 2.1E6 — 10% 2.1E6 —
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
24F-E1 SP

10% 2.1E2 — 10% 2.1E2 — 20% 1.9E2 —

— — — — — — — — —
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
25% 1.9E6 — 20% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
5% 2.1E6 — 5% 2.1E6 — 5% 2.1E6 —
5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-22 2.1E6 5% 302-24 2.1E6
4–8 Lams 9–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-22 2.1E6 5% 302-24 2.1E6
(Balanced)
24F-E4 SP

15% 2.1E6 — 15% 2.1E6 — 15% 2.1E6 —

10% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
— N2M — — N2M — — N2M —
10% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 — 10% 1.9E6 —
15% 2.1E6 — 15% 2.1E6 — 15% 2.1E6 —
5% 302-20 2.1E6 5% 302-22 2.1E6 5% 302-24 2.1E6
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)
28F-E1 SP

10% N1D 2.3E 1:12 10% N1D 2.3E 1:12

10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
— N2M — — N2M —
10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
15% N1D 2.3E — 5% N1D 2.3E —
5% 302-28 2.3E5 5% 302-30 2.3E5 Continued on next page.

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 32
Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

TABLE B1 (Continued)
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL GLUED LAMINATED SOFTWOOD TIMBER COMBINATIONSa
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-28 2.3E5 5% 302-30 2.3E5
(Balanced)
28F-E2 SP

15% N1D 2.3E — 5% N1D 2.3E —

10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
— N2M — — N2M —
10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
15% N1D 2.3E — 5% N1D 2.3E —
5% 302-28 2.3E5 5% 302-30 2.3E5
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
(Unbalanced)

*30F combinations are restricted to a maximum 6 in. nominal

30F-E1 SP

10% N1D 2.3E — 15% N1D 2.3E —

20% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E — width unless the manufacturer has qualified for wider widths
— N2M — — N2M — based on full‑scale tests subject to approval by an accredited
10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
15% N1D 2.3E — 5% N1D 2.3E —
agency.
5% 302-28 2.3E5 5% 302-30 2.3E5
4–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-28 2.3E5 5% 302-30 2.3E5
(Balanced)
30F-E2 SP

15% N1D 2.3E — 5% N1D 2.3E —

10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
— N2M — — N2M —
10% N1D 2.0E — 15% N1D 2.0E —
15% N1D 2.3E — 5% N1D 2.3E —
5% 302-28 2.3E5 5% 302-30 2.3E5
California Redwood
4–7 Lams 8–10 Lams 11 or More Lams
5% 302-20 L1 or L2 5% 302-22 L1 or L2 5% 302-24 L1 or L2
(Balanced)
16F-V1 SP

25% L1 or L2 — 20% L1 or L2 — 20% L1 or L2 —

— — — 5% L3 — 5% L3 —
— L4 or L5 — — L4 or L5 — — L4 or L5 —
— — — 5% L3 — 5% L3 —
25% L1 or L2 — 20% L1 or L2 — 20% L1 or L2 —
5% 302-20 L1 or L2 5% 302-22 L1 or L2 5% 302-24 L1 or L2
a. The layup for each combination is tabulated with the required percentage of the beam depth for each laminating lumber
grade from top to bottom of a glulam beam (see 5.3). For visually-graded layups, a specific slope of grain limitation
for the laminating lumber grade is also specified when the requirement is more restrictive than the standard laminating
lumber grade (see Annex C). For E-rated layups, an E-rated laminating lumber requirement is also specified, when
appropriate, in addition to the standard tension lamination requirement.

TABLE B2
LAYUP REQUIREMENTS FOR UNIFORM GRADE MEMBERS
Combination Symbol Grade/Species Combination Symbol Grade/Species
Douglas-Fir-Larch Port Orford Cedar
1 L3 DF 73 L3 POC
2 L2 DF 74 L2 POC
3 L2D DF 75 L1D POC
4 L1CL DF Southern Pine
5 L1 DF 47 N2M12 SP
Hem-Fir 47 1:10 N2M10 SP
14 L3 HF 47 1:8 N2M SP
15 L2 HF 48 N2D12 SP
16 L1 HF 48 1:10 N2D10 SP
17 L1D HF 48 1:8 N2DSP
Softwoods 49 N1M16SP
22 L3SW 49 1:14 N1M14 SP
Alaska Cedar 49 1:12 N1M12 SP
69 L3AC 40 1:10 N1M SP
70 L2AC 50 N1D14 SP
71 L1DAC 50 1:12 N1D12 SP
72 L1S AC 50 1:10 N1D SP

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

ANNEX C
Laminating Lumber Grading Rules for
Structural Glued Laminated Timbers

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C1. INTRODUCTION
Lumber shall be either visually graded or mechanically graded as required for the
laminating combinations. Structural laminating lumber shall be graded on the basis
of the dressed size of the lumber. The knot sizes for structural laminating grades of
western species are based on a fraction of the dressed width of the piece of lumber. This
is in contrast to the knot sizes for structural joist and plank grades and structural light
framing grades of all species, which are tabulated on the basis of the nominal width.
When lumber is graded before being ripped or resawn, it shall be graded on the basis
of the ripped or resawn size. Otherwise it shall be graded after being ripped or resawn.
Where the finished width of the laminated timber is less than 85% of the dressed width
of the lumber used for the laminations, the lumber shall be graded on the basis of the
next smaller nominal width.

C2. DEFINITIONS/MEASUREMENT OF
CHARACTERISTICS
C2.1 Bow
A deviation flatwise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece.

C2.2 Checks
A separation of the wood normally occurring across or through the rings of annual
growth and usually as a result of seasoning.

C2.3 Compression Wood

Abnormal wood formed on the underside of leaning and crooked coniferous trees. It is
characterized, aside from its distinguishing color, by being hard and brittle.

C2.4 Crook
A deviation edgewise from a straight line drawn from end to end of a piece.

C2.5 Cup
A deviation in the face of a piece from a straight line drawn from edge to edge of a piece.

C2.6 Decay
A disintegration of the wood substance due to action of wood-destroying fungi, and is
also known as dote or rot.

C2.7 Edge Knot

A knot located at the edge of the face in a piece of lumber. A wide face knot overlapping part
of the edge shall be considered an edge knot if it occupies more than 1/2 the thickness.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C2.8 Growth Rate

A characteristic used to estimate specific gravity from the number of growth rings per
inch (25 mm) along with the amount of summerwood.

C2.9 Honeycomb
A form of decay similar to white speck but the pockets are larger.

C2.10 Knots
A portion of a branch or limb that has become incorporated in a piece of lumber. Knots
are permitted to be sound, unsound or not firmly fixed. A knot shall be measured by the
area of the cross section it occupies. For all lumber, knots shall be limited in size and
spaced as described for specific grades herein.

C2.11 Knotholes
The hole left when a “loose” knot falls or is forced from the lumber.

C2.12 Moisture Content

The weight of the water in wood expressed in percentage of the weight of the oven-dry
wood.

C2.13 Raised Grain

A condition of the surface of dressed lumber in which the hard latewood is raised above
the surface of the softer earlywood, but not torn loose from it.

C2.14 Shakes
A lengthwise separation of the wood which occurs between or through the rings of
annual growth.

C2.15 Slope of Grain

The deviation of the line of fibers from a straight line parallel to the sides of the piece.

C2.16 Splits
A separation of the wood through the piece to the opposite surface or to an adjoining
surface due to the tearing apart of the wood cells.

C2.17 Springwood or Earlywood

The less dense, larger-celled part of the growth layer formed first during the annual
growth cycle.

C2.18 Summerwood or Latewood

The denser, smaller-celled, later-formed part of a growth ring.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C2.19 Torn Grain

A manufacturing imperfection in the surface of a piece where wood has been torn or
broken out by surfacing.

C2.20 Twist
A deviation flatwise, or a combination of flatwise and edgewise, in the form of a curl or spiral.

C2.21 Wane
Bark or lack of wood from any cause except eased edges, on the edge or corner of a piece
of lumber.

C2.22 Warp
Any deviation from a true or plane surface, including bow, crook, cup, twist or any
combination thereof.

C2.23 White Speck

A form of decay identified by small white or brown pits or spots in wood caused by
fungi. It develops in the living tree and does not develop further in wood in service.

C3. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

C3.1 Moisture Content
Moisture content shall not exceed 16%. Moisture content determinations shall be
based on ASTM D4442, D4444, or D7438. In-line moisture meters used for lumber
segregation shall be calibrated using one of these standards. The range of average
moisture contents of pieces of lumber to be assembled into a single timber shall not
exceed 5 percentage points if the average moisture content of any piece exceeds 12%.
The moisture content of a piece of lumber shall be the average moisture content
throughout the cross section and along the length of the piece. Exception: when it is
known that the in-use equilibrium moisture content of the laminated timber will be 16%
or more, the moisture content of laminations at the time of bonding shall not exceed
20%. All bonding procedures for lumber with moisture content above 16% shall be
qualified according to the requirements of ANSI A190.1. These qualification tests shall
be performed using lumber with the maximum moisture content to be qualified (not to
exceed 20%).

C3.2 Surfacing and Cleanliness

At the time of bonding, variations in thickness across the width of a lamination shall not
exceed plus or minus 0.008 inch (0.2 mm). The variation in thickness along the length
of an individual piece of lumber or the lamination shall not exceed plus or minus 0.012

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

inch (0.3 mm). The thickness variation shall occur randomly across the width and along
the length such that the cumulative effect does not contribute to side-to-side depth
variations greater than allowed in ANSI A190.1. All bonding surfaces including face,
edge and end joints shall be smooth and, except for minor local variations, shall be free
of raised grain, torn grain, skip, burns, glazing or other deviations from the plane of the
surface that might interfere with the contact of sound wood fibers in the mating surfaces.
All bonding surfaces shall be free from dust, foreign matter and exudation which are
detrimental to satisfactory bonding.
When lumber will not be resurfaced prior to laminating, the grading process must
contain adequate checks to assure that pieces not conforming to the tolerances stated
above are excluded.
When lumber will be resurfaced after grading, pieces which will not, after being
surfaced, conform to the tolerances stated above shall be excluded.

C3.3 Knots
Knots shall be permitted to be sound, unsound or not firmly fixed.
C3.3.1 In or Near End Joints
Knots or knotholes in plane scarf joints shall be limited to those permitted for the
lumber grade. In no case shall they exceed 1/4 the nominal width of the piece in
laminations occupying the outer 10% on each side of bending members and in any
lamination of tension members.
Finger joints shall not contain knots.
In bending members, knots exceeding 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) diameter shall not be
permitted within 2 knot diameters or 6 inches (152 mm), whichever is less, of finger
joints in the inner and outer tension zones (in no case less than 10% of the depth of
bending members). Knots over 1/2-inch (13-mm) diameter shall not be permitted
within one knot diameter of finger joints in the balance of the laminations.
In tension members, knots larger than 3/8 inch (9.5 mm) shall not be permitted within
2 knot diameters or 6 inches (152 mm), whichever is less, of finger joints in any
lamination.
In compression members, knots larger than 3/4 inch (19 mm) shall not be permitted
within one knot diameter of finger joints. Measurement of knot diameter for spacing
near end joints shall be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the piece of lumber. The
distance of knots from finger joints shall be measured from the edge of the knot nearest
the joint to the closest part of the joint.
The grader must consider the end trim plus the length of the fingers, when determining
if a knot will be in, or too close to, a finger joint.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C3.4 Knotholes
Knotholes shall be permitted to be the same size as knots permitted in the grade. Other
holes shall be permitted if no larger than the allowable knothole.

C3.5 Splits and Shakes

Splits and shakes shall be permitted in all grades if extending from wide faces into the
thickness of the piece at an angle of 45° or more from the wide face.

C3.6 Checks
Seasoning checks are permitted.

C3.7 Warp
Warp (including bow, crook and cup) shall not be so great that they will not be
straightened out by pressure in bonding. Light crook shall be permitted.

C3.8 Pitch Pockets and Streaks

Medium scattered pitch or bark pockets are permitted in all grades. Pitch streaks shall
not exceed 1/6 of the width.

C3.9 Torn Grain

Torn grain up to 1/16 inch (1.6 mm) shall be permitted with some occasional allowance
for up to 1/8 inch (3.2 mm).

C3.10 Wane
Light wane, which will be removed by resurfacing and therefore not be present in the
finished timber, shall be permitted at the time of grading. For specific combinations,
wane not exceeding 1/6 the width on one or both edges of the wide face of a lamination,
as permitted by the layup, shall be permitted in designated grades, except that the outer
laminations, shall be free of wane.

C3.11 Slope of Grain

Slope of grain of visually graded lumber shall be limited in the full length of each
lamination according to the appropriate grade and shall be measured over a distance
sufficiently great to determine the general slope, disregarding local deviations, except as
noted for special tension laminations.

C3.12 Decay
Decay shall not be permitted, except that firm white speck in limited form may be
allowed in some laminating grades as defined herein.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C3.13 Timber Breaks

Timber breaks shall not be permitted.

C3.14 Compression Wood

Compression wood in recognizable form shall be restricted in tension laminations up
to 5% of the cross-section if neither damaging nor containing timber breaks. Other
lamination grades have specific allowances per grade.

C3.15 Saw kerfs

Saw kerfs shall not be allowed in the outer 5% of the member depth. Other zones shall
be permitted to have saw kerfs equal to or less than one-half of the allowable knot size
for the grade.

C3.16 Growth Rate

Density of all species, if visually determined, shall be graded according to the following:
a. Dense (D): Dense lumber shall average not less than 6 annual rings per inch (25 mm)
and 1/3 or more summerwood. Pieces averaging less than 6 annual rings per inch (25
mm) but not less than 4 are accepted as dense if averaging 1/2 or more summerwood.
b. Close (CL): Douglas-Fir-Larch only. Close grain lumber shall have a minimum
average of 6 but no more than 30 annual rings per inch (25 mm) with no restriction
on the percentage of summerwood. Pieces averaging 5 rings shall be accepted as close
grain if averaging 1/3 or more summerwood.
c. Medium (M): Medium grain lumber shall have 4 or more annual rings per inch (25
mm). In Douglas Fir and southern pine, pieces averaging less than 4 rings per inch
(25 mm) are accepted if averaging 1/3 or more summerwood.
d. Coarse (C): Southern Pine only. Coarse grain is that which fails to meet the
requirements for medium grain. Coarse grain is not defined in the current SPIB
Standard Grading Rules, but is permitted for some laminating grades of southern pine.

C4. VISUAL GRADES

C4.1 General Requirements
C4.1.1 Knots
The knot sizes for structural laminating grades of western species are based on a fraction
of the dressed width of the piece of lumber. This contrasts with the knot sizes for
structural joists and planks and structural light framing grades of all species, which are
tabulated on the basis of the nominal width.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

Knots shall be well spaced. “Well spaced” means that the sum of all knots in any 6
inches (152 mm) of length of a piece shall not exceed twice the size of the largest knot
permitted, and more than one knot of the maximum permissible size shall not be in the
same 6 inches (152 mm) of length. Tension laminations shall be excluded from this rule
due to more restrictive spacing requirements.
C4.1.2 Slope of Grain
Slope of grain of visually graded lumber shall be limited in the full length of each
lamination and shall be measured over a distance sufficiently great to determine
the general slope, disregarding local deviations, except as noted for special tension
laminations.
C4.1.3 Density or Growth Rate
Growth rate shall be verified on both ends of visually graded tension laminations. In
other visual grades, growth rate is permitted to be assessed by looking at one end of the
piece only, except as noted for special tension laminations.
C4.1.4 Specific Gravity of Species
Density or growth rate shall be
Near Average
permitted to be determined by weight Species SG at 12% MC
using the method described in Section AC 0.42
C7. When weight is used to establish DF-L 0.46
growth rate, grades requiring dense DF-S 0.46

rate of growth shall have a specific HF 0.39

SP 0.49
gravity above the near average specific
SPF 0.35
gravity for the species as shown in the
SW 0.32
table below.

C4.2 Laminating Grades

C4.2.1 General
In general, laminating grades are designated with an “L,” with the exception of southern
pine (which uses “N”). The grade follows, then the density designation. Grades without
density designations are considered medium. Example: L1D is laminating grade 1, dense.
C4.2.2 Grade Specific Requirements
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General Requirements
for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C4.2.2.1 L1D
a. Density: Dense.
Exception: “L1” for Douglas-Fir-Larch/Douglas-Fir South is considered dense. No
density designation as per 4.2.2 is required.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:14 for the full length of
the piece.
C4.2.2.2 L1
a. Density: Medium (except Douglas-Fir-Larch/Douglas-Fir South, which is dense).
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:14 for the full length of
the piece.
C4.2.2.3 L1CL
a. Density: Close.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:12 for the full length of
the piece.
C4.2.2.4 L2D
a. Density: Dense.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/3 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:12 for the full length of
the piece
d. White Speck: Firm white specks are permitted. A combination of white speck
and a knot in the same cross-section shall not occupy more than 1/3 the width or
equivalent.
C4.2.2.5 L2
a. Density: Medium.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/3 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:12 for the full length of
the piece.
d. White Speck: Firm white specks are permitted. A combination of white speck
and a knot in the same cross- section shall not occupy more than 1/3 the width or
equivalent.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C4.2.2.6 L3
a. Density: Medium.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/2 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:8 for the full length of the
piece.
d. White Speck: Firm white specks are permitted. A combination of white speck
and a knot in the same cross-section shall not occupy more than 1/2 the width or
equivalent.

C4.3 Species Specific Requirements—Douglas-Fir-Larch/Douglas-Fir South

Reference herein to Douglas-Fir-Larch shall apply to Douglas-Fir and Western Larch
grown within the states of Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Oregon and
California, because the design values shown are based on a statistical analysis of the
growth characteristics of the lumber from these sources.
Reference herein to Douglas-Fir South shall apply to Douglas-Fir grown within the states
of Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah because the design values shown are
based on a statistical analysis of the growth characteristics of the lumber from these sources.

C4.4 Species Specific Requirements—Hem-Fir

Reference herein to Hem-Fir species shall apply to any one or any combination of the
following species: Western Hemlock, Pacific Silver Fir, Noble Fir, Grand Fir, California
Red Fir and White Fir, including Hem-Fir grown in Canada.
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Sections C4.1 and C4.2, the following requirements
apply for additional grades:
C4.4.1 SSS
a. Density: Dense by weight measurement only.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/10 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:18 for the full length of
the piece.

C4.5 Species Specific Requirements—Softwoods

Reference herein to these species (SW) shall apply to any of the softwood species
grown in the United States and Canada having an assigned modulus of elasticity (E) of
1,000,000 psi (6,890 MPa) or more and design values in shear of 135 psi (0.93 MPa)
or more for No. 3 structural joists and planks grade based on 19% moisture content.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

The Softwood Species are those listed in Standard Grading Rules for Western Lumber
of the Western Wood Products Association, the Standard Grading Rules for West Coast
Lumber of the West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau, Standard Specifications for Grades
of California Redwood Lumber of the Redwood Inspection Service, Standard Grading Rules
for Northeastern Lumber of the Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association or the
Standard Grading Rules for Canadian Lumber of the National Lumber Grades Authority in
Canada.

C4.6 Species Specific Requirements—Southern Pine

Reference herein to “southern pine” shall apply to the four major species of southern
pines: Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf and Slash, as defined in the Southern Pine Inspection
Bureau Grading Rules of the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB).
The slope of grain for each grade is the maximum slope of grain allowed for the grade.
Lamination requirements for the specified layup may be more restrictive than the
basic slope of grain permitted by the grade. Where applicable, the more restrictive
requirements apply. This standard specifies slope of grain requirements for a particular
lamination.
C4.6.1 N1D
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General Requirements
for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:
a. Density: Dense.
b. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:10 for the full length of
the piece.
c. Knot Size:

Width (in.) 4 6 8 10 12
Edge Knot (in.) 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3
Center Knot (in.) 1-1/2 2-1/4 2-3/4 3-1/4 3-3/4
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C4.6.2 N1M
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:
a. Density: Medium.
b. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:10 for the full length of
the piece.
c. Knot Size:

Width (in.) 4 6 8 10 12
Edge Knot (in.) 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2 3
Center Knot (in.) 1-1/2 2-1/4 2-3/4 3-1/4 3-3/4
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

C4.6.3 N2D
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:
a. Density: Dense.
b. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:8 for the full length of the
piece.
c. Knot Size:

Width (in.) 4 6 8 10 12
Edge Knot (in.) 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3-1/4 3-3/4
Center Knot (in.) 2 2-7/8 3-1/2 4-1/4 4-3/4
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C4.6.4 N2M
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:
a. Density: Medium.
b. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:8 for the full length of the
piece.
c. Knot Size:

Width (in.) 4 6 8 10 12
Edge Knot (in.) 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/2 3-1/4 3-3/4
Center Knot (in.) 2 2-7/8 3-1/2 4-1/4 4-3/4
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

C4.6.5 N3M
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:
a. Density: Medium.
b. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:8 for the full length of the
piece.
c. Knot Size:

Width (in.) 4 6 8 10 12
Edge Knot (in.) 1-3/4 2-3/4 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2
Center Knot (in.) 2-1/2 3-3/4 4-1/2 5-1/2 6-1/2
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C4.6.6 N3C
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Section C4.1, the following requirements apply by grade:
a. Density: Coarse.
b. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:4 for the full length of the
piece.
c. Knot Size:

Width (in.) 4 6 8 10 12
Edge Knot (in.) 1-3/4 2-3/4 3-1/2 4-1/2 5-1/2
Center Knot (in.) 2-1/2 3-3/4 4-1/2 5-1/2 6-1/2
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

C4.7 Grade Specific Requirements—Alaska Cedar

Reference herein to this species shall apply to Alaska Cedar grown in the United States
or Canada.
In addition to the General Requirements outlined in Section C3, and the General
Requirements for Visual Grades in Sections C4.1 and C4.2, the following additional
requirements/exceptions apply by grade:
C4.7.1 L1S
a. Density: Dense.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross-section. A cross section
shall be defined as any one-foot (305-mm) length.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:14 for the full length of the
piece.
C4.7.2 L1D
a. Density: Dense.
b. Knot Size: Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross-section. A cross section
shall be defined as any one-foot (305-mm) length.
c. Slope of Grain: The basic slope of grain shall not exceed 1:12 for the full length of the
piece.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C4.8 Grade Specific Requirements—California Redwood

Reference to this species herein applies to Redwood manufactured from timber grown
within the Northern California coastal area as defined in the Standard Specifications for
Grades of California Redwood Lumber of the Redwood Inspection Service. The design
values shown herein are based on a statistical analysis of the growth characteristics of the
lumber from this source.
Laminating lumber shall be of Redwood graded in accordance with the Standard
Specifications for Grades of California Redwood Lumber of the Redwood Inspection Service.
There are five structural laminating grades of Redwood used for laminating purposes:
“L1,” Clear All Heart Laminating; “L2,” Clear Laminating; “L3,” Select Heart Laminating;
“L4,” Construction Heart Laminating; and “L5,” Construction Common Laminating. See
the above referenced standard for grading rules and specific requirements.

C5. E
 -RATED GRADES (OTHER THAN 302 TENSION
LAMINATIONS)
C5.1 General
E-rated laminating lumber is lumber that has been selected by nondestructive
measurement and by visual inspection for compliance with the grade stiffness and
manufacturing requirements of Section C3. An E-rated laminating lumber grade
includes pieces with edge characteristics (knots, knotholes, burls, distorted grain) up
to the maximum size allowed for use with the grade in any laminated timber layup
combination. E-rated lumber has additional visual restrictions for portions of the lumber
not evaluated for stiffness.

C5.2 Long-Span E (LSE)

Long-span E or LSE as defined herein shall be used as the standard nomenclature for
specifying E values of E-rated laminating lumber.
C5.2.1 Definition
Long-span E is defined as the Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) calculated from deflection
measured in a flat-wise static bending test of lumber with center point loading and a
span-depth ratio (l/d) of approximately 100.
C5.2.2 Measurement
Long-span E shall be measured by the procedures of ASTM D4761, Bending Flatwise-
Center Point Loading.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C5.2.3 Lumber Production

E-rated laminating lumber shall be permitted to be produced with a system that
measures MOE by means other than direct long-span E measurement. Production
equipment used to measure MOE shall be calibrated to produce E-rated laminating
lumber grades meeting the long-span E requirements of those grades. For purposes of
calibration, long-span E shall be measured by the procedures of ASTM D4761, Bending
Flatwise- Center Point Loading.

C5.3 E-Rated Laminating Lumber Specifications

C5.3.1 Grade Names
E-rated laminating lumber grades shall be designated by the mean MOE of the grade,
which is the mean long-span E requirement of the grade, the word “LAM,” and the
denominator of allowable edge knot fraction. For example, a grade with a mean
long-span E requirement of 1,900,000 psi (13,100 MPa) and an allowable 1/3 edge
characteristic will be named “1.9E LAM-3.” For reasons of spacing on a grade stamp, this
is permitted to be shortened to 1.9E-3 on a stamp.
C5.3.2 E Specifications for E-rated Lumber for Qualification
C5.3.2.1 Mean Long-Span E
If the sample size is less than 125, the mean long-span E of the lumber shall equal or
exceed the specified grade mean MOE. Alternatively, if the sample size equals or exceeds
40, the mean long-span E of the sample, Et, shall meet the following criteria:

Et ≥ Es - 1.303 (St /√nt)

where:
St = the estimated population standard deviation (psi or MPa)
St = (Et - Est) / 0.684 (psi or MPa)
nt = sample size ( ≥ 40)
Et = mean long-span E of the sample (psi or MPa)
Es = grade long-span E (psi or MPa)
Est = 5th percentile long-span E calculated from the test data (psi or MPa)

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C5.3.2.2 MOE Distribution

The distribution of MOE values within an E-rated lumber grade shall be such that the
5th percentile value shall be equal to or greater than the grade 5th percentile values as
shown in the table below.

Long-Span E Specification
Grade Mean (106 psi) 5th Percentile (106 psi)
2.6E LAM 2.6 2.26
2.5E LAM 2.5 2.16
2.4E LAM 2.4 2.06
2.3E LAM 2.3 1.96
2.2E LAM 2.2 1.86
2.1E LAM 2.1 1.77
2.0E LAM 2.0 1.67
1.9E LAM 1.9 1.58
1.8E LAM 1.8 1.48
1.7E LAM 1.7 1.39
1.6E LAM 1.6 1.30
1.5E LAM 1.5 1.21
For SI: 10 psi = 6,890 MPa
6

C5.3.3 Visual Limitations

C5.3.3.1 Edge Characteristics
Characteristics such as knots, knotholes, burls and distorted grain occurring at
the edges of the wide faces shall be measured and limited to a fraction of the cross
section in conformance with American Lumber Standards approved procedures in the
following categories:

Edge Characteristics Codes

1/6 6
1/4 4
1/3 3
1/2 2

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C5.3.3.2 Untested Portions

Portions of the lumber not tested by the E-rating device shall conform to the following
visual limitations:
a. Non-Edge Knots: equal to the largest non-edge knots in the tested portion of the piece
or the next larger edge knot, whichever is greater.
b. Cross-Section Knots: Displacement of all knots in the same cross section shall not
exceed the size of the permitted non-edge knot.
c. Slope of Grain: The general slope of grain in the untested portion shall not be
steeper than:

Slope Edge Characteristic (Disp.)

1 in 12 1/6
1 in 10 > 1/6 to ≤ 1/4
1 in 8 > 1/4

C5.4 Production Quality Control

C5.4.1 Supervision
Quality control of E-rated laminating lumber shall be under the supervision of an
accredited third-party inspection agency.
C5.4.2 Quality Control
C5.4.2.1 Formal Quality Control Program Required
A formal quality control program shall be maintained at the production facility to
provide conformance to grade specifications on a continuous basis. The quality control
program shall be approved by an accredited third-party inspection agency.
C5.4.2.2 E-rated Grade Edge Characteristics
The edge characteristic restrictions applied for layup shall not be required to be
considered when establishing the MOE criteria for quality control of an E-rated
laminating lumber grade or when evaluating a given lot of E-rated laminating lumber for
conformance to the E specifications of the grade of the lot.
C5.4.2.3 Quality Control Records
Quality control records shall be maintained at the lumber production facility for a
minimum of five (5) years.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C5.5 Reinspection of Individual Lots for Conformance to Specifications

C5.5.1 Test Method and Evaluation
The procedures of AITC Test T124 shall be used for testing and evaluating individual
lots of E-rated laminating lumber for conformance to grade specifications.
C5.5.2 Disposition of Nonconforming Lots
C5.5.2.1 Regrade
The lumber shall be permitted to be regraded by testing all of the pieces in the lot in
accordance with the long-span E testing procedures of ASTM D4761, Bending Flatwise-
Center Point Loading, and eliminating low E pieces from the lot so that the specifications
for mean and lower 5th percentile E values of the E-rated grade are met. If the lumber
is regraded by commercial testing devices other than a long-span E measuring device,
conformance to grade specifications shall be verified by AITC Test T124.
C5.5.2.2 Assign a Lower Grade Level
The lumber shall be permitted to be used at a lower E-rated grade level for which the lot
was qualified by the test results.

C6. SPECIAL TENSION LAMINATION GRADES

C6.1 General
There are six (6) grades of tension laminations, 302-20, 302-22, 302-24, 302-26,
302-28 and 302-30. The following general restrictions and limiting provision apply to
all grades and sizes of lumber graded as tension laminations:
C6.1.1 Cross Section
A 1-foot (305-mm) length of a lamination shall be considered as a cross section.
C6.1.2 Density
Growth rate requirements shall apply to the full length of the piece. All tension
laminations shall be dense. Each piece shall have a specific gravity greater than the near
average specific gravity for the species. See Section C4.1.4 for the near average specific
gravity by species.
Exception: Certain exceptions apply as shown in the Alternate Rules for each grade
below.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.2 302-20
C6.2.1 Primary Rules (All Species)
C6.2.1.1 General
In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the
following limitations shall apply to all 302-20 grades under the primary rules of grading:
a. Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the width in any cross section.
b. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:12. Where more restrictive slope
of grain is required by the laminating combinations, the more restrictive slope of grain
shall apply.
c. Any cross-section shall have at least 50% clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics with a slope of grain no steeper than 1:12. Knots plus associated
localized cross grain, knots plus associated localized cross grain plus localized cross
grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain not associated with a knot
are permitted to occupy up to 1/2 of the cross-section.
C6.2.1.2 Visually Graded Combinations
In addition to the provisions in Section C6.2.1.1, the following applies to visually graded
combinations:
a. Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith-associated wood at the ends of the
piece occupying over 1/8 of the cross section shall be excluded. The next inch (25
mm) of wood outside the area of the pith-associated wood shall be dense. The line
along which measurement of this inch (25 mm) is made shall correspond to the line
used in the standard grading rules for rate of growth and percentage of summerwood.
If a distance of one inch (25 mm) is not available along this line, the measurement
will be made over such lesser portion as exists.
C6.2.1.3 E-Rated Combinations
In addition to the provisions in Section C6.2.1.1, the following applies to E-rated
combinations:
a. Laminations for E-rated combinations shall be visually graded and E-rated in
accordance with all of the requirements for the E-rated grade shown for the outer
tension laminations.
b. Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith-associated wood at the ends of
the piece occupying over 1/8 of the cross section shall be excluded. All wood not
included as pith-associated wood shall be at least medium grain rate of growth.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.2.2 Alternate Rules

C6.2.2.1 Douglas-Fir-Larch
Exceptions to provisions in Section C6.2.1 are allowed for Douglas-Fir-Larch 302-20
tension laminations as follows. Provisions not listed here are not excepted:
a. Knots shall not exceed the size listed in the following chart:

Nominal width, in. 4 6 8 10 12

Knot size, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

b. Any cross-section shall have at least 3/4 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics. Knots plus associated localized cross grain, knots plus associated localized
cross grain plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain
not associated with a knot are permitted to occupy up to 1/4 of the cross section.
c. Slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:10.
d. Pieces shall have a specific gravity of 0.45 or above based on oven-dried weight and
volume at 12% moisture content.
e. End Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up to 1:10. Test
procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as contained in ASTM D7469
and ANSI A190.1.
C6.2.2.2 E-Rated
The following are alternative provisions for E-rated tension laminations. Laminations
shall be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the requirements for
the E-rated grade shown for the outer tension laminations, except where specifically
modified in this section. Lumber shall be from an E-rating system which employs
continuously measured lowest point modulus of elasticity. In addition to these basic
requirements the following limitations shall apply:
a. Centerline knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross section.
b. Edge knots are limited to that allowed by the E-rated grade.
c. Special Provisions for Ends of Piece: In addition to the visual requirements above,
the untested portion(s) of each piece shall be visually graded to meet the following:
1. The untested portion(s) of the piece shall have the same general character as
theremainder of the piece.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

2. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:12.

3. Any cross-section shall have at least 1/2 clear wood free of strength reducing
characteristic.
d. Testing Provisions: When this alternative provision is used the lumber shall be
tested and qualified in accordance with AITC Test T123. Criteria for acceptance shall
be that the 5th percentile with 75% confidence determined by AITC Test T123 shall
equal or exceed 3,340 psi (23.0 MPa).
e. Application: Tension laminations qualified under this alternate provision are
permitted to be used for all visually graded combinations without regard to the Long-
span E provided the compression perpendicular to grain design values are satisfied.

C6.3 302-22
C6.3.1 Primary Rules (All Species)
C6.3.1.1 General
In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the
following limitations shall apply to all 302-22 grades under the primary rules of grading:
a. Knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the width in any cross-section.
b. Any cross-section shall have at least 60% clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics with a slope of grain no steeper than 1:16. Knots plus associated
localized cross grain, or knots plus associated localized cross grain plus associated
cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain not associated with a
knot are permitted to occupy up to 40% of the cross-section.
c. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:16. Where more restrictive slope
of grain is required by the laminating combinations, the more restrictive slope of grain
shall apply.
C6.3.1.2 Visually Graded Combinations
In addition to the provisions in Section C6.3.1.1, the following applies to visually graded
combinations:
a. Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith-associated wood at the ends
of the piece occupying over 1/8 of the cross-section shall be excluded. The next
inch (25 mm) of wood outside the area of the pith-associated wood shall meet the
growth rate requirements of the grade, including “dense” when dense laminations
are required. The line along which measurement of this inch (25 mm) is made shall
correspond to the line used in the standard grading rules for rate of growth and
percentage of summerwood. If a distance of one inch (25 mm) is not available along
this line, the measurement will be made over such lesser portion as exists.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.3.1.3 E-Rated Combinations

In addition to the provisions in Section C6.3.1.1, the following applies to E-rated
combinations:
a. Laminations shall be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the
requirements for the E-rated grade shown for the outer tension laminations.
b. Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith-associated wood at the ends of
the piece occupying over 1/8 of the cross section shall be excluded. All wood not
included as pith-associated wood shall be of at least medium grain rate of growth.
C6.3.2 Alternate Rules
C6.3.2.1 Douglas-Fir-Larch
Exceptions to provisions in Section C6.3.1 are allowed for Douglas-Fir-Larch 302-22
tension laminations as follows. Provisions not listed here are not excepted:
a. Knots shall not exceed the size listed in the following chart:

Nominal width, in. 4 6 8 10 12

Knot size, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

b. Any cross-section shall have at least 3/4 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics. Knots plus associated localized cross grain, knots plus associated
localized cross grain plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized
cross grain not associated with a knot are permitted to occupy up to 1/4 of the cross
section.
c. Slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:16.
d. Growth rate requirements shall apply to the full length of the piece. Douglas-Fir-
Larch tension laminations are required to have at least an average of six annual rings
per inch (25 mm). Pieces shall have a specific gravity of 0.35 or above based on oven-
dried weight and volume of 12% moisture content. This tension lamination provides
a compression perpendicular to grain design value of 590 psi. Where required to have
650 psi compression perpendicular to grain design value, at least one dense two-inch
nominal thickness lamination is required in the bearing area.
e. End Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up to 1:16. Test
procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as contained in ASTM D7469
and ANSI A190.1.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.3.2.2 Douglas-Fir-Larch
Exceptions to provisions in Section C6.3.1 are allowed for Douglas Fir-Larch 302-22
tension laminations as follows. Provisions not listed here are not excepted:
a. Knots shall not exceed the size listed in the following chart:

Nominal width, in. 4 6 8 10 12

Knot size, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

b. Any cross-section shall have at least 3/4 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics. Knots plus associated localized cross grain, knots plus associated localized
cross grain plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain
not associated with a knot are permitted to occupy up to 1/4 of the cross section.
c. Slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:12.
d. Growth rate requirements shall apply to the full length of the piece. Douglas-Fir-
Larch tension laminations are required to have at least an average of 6 annual rings
per inch (25 mm). This tension lamination provides a compression perpendicular to
grain design value of 590 psi (4.1 MPa). Where required to have 650 psi (4.5 MPa)
compression perpendicular to grain design value, at least one dense two-inch nominal
thickness lamination is required in the bearing area.
e. The long-span modulus of elasticity shall not be less than 1,700,000 psi
(11,700 MPa).
f. End Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up to 1:12. Test
procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as contained in ASTM D7469
and ANSI A190.1.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.3.2.3 E-rated
The following are alternative provisions for E-rated tension laminations. Laminations
shall be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the requirements for the
E-rated grade shown for the outer tension lamination, except where specifically modified
in this section. Lumber shall be from an E-rating system which employs continuously
measured lowest point modulus of elasticity. In addition to these basic requirements the
following limitations shall apply:
a. Centerline knots shall not occupy more than 1/4 of the cross section.
b. Edge knots are limited to that allowed by the E-rated grade.
c. Special Provisions for Ends of Piece: In addition to the visual requirements above,
the untested portion(s) of each piece shall be visually graded to meet the following:
1. The untested portion(s) of the piece shall have the same general character as the
remainder of the piece.
2. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:12.
3. Any cross-section shall have at least 60% clear wood free of strength reducing
characteristics.
d. Testing Provisions: When this alternative provision is used the lumber shall be
tested and qualified in accordance with AITC Test T123. Criteria for acceptance shall
be that the 5th percentile with 75% confidence determined by AITC Test T123 shall
equal or exceed 3,670 psi (25.3 MPa).
e. Application: Tension laminations qualified under this alternate provision are
permitted to be used for all visually graded combinations without regard to the Long-
span E provided the compression perpendicular to grain design values are satisfied.

C6.4 302-24
C6.4.1 Primary Rules
C6.4.1.1 General
In addition to the basic requirements of the grades tabulated in these specifications, the
following limitations shall apply to all 302-24 grades under the primary rules of grading:
a. Knots shall not occupy more than 1/5 of the width in any cross section.
b. Any cross-section shall have at least 2/3 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics with a slope of grain no steeper than 1:16. Knots plus associated
localized cross grain, knots plus associated localized cross grain plus localized cross
grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain not associated with a knot
are permitted to occupy up to 1/3 of the cross-section.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

c. Maximum size single strength-reducing characteristics when not in the same

horizontal projection shall be at least two feet (610 mm) apart measured center to
center.
d. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:16. Where more restrictive slope
of grain is required by the laminating combinations, the more restrictive slope of grain
shall apply.
C6.4.1.2 Visually Graded Combinations
In addition to the provisions in Section C6.4.1.1, the following applies to visually graded
combinations:
a. Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith-associated wood at the ends of the
piece occupying over 1/8 of the cross section shall be excluded. The next inch (25
mm) of wood outside the area of the pith-associated wood shall meet the growth rate
requirements of the grade, including “dense” when dense laminations are required.
The line along which measurement of this inch (25 mm) is made shall correspond
to the line used in the standard grading rules for rate of growth and percentage of
summerwood. If a distance of one inch (25 mm) is not available along this line, the
measurement will be made over such lesser portion as exists.
C6.4.1.3 E-Rated Combinations
In addition to the provisions in Section C6.4.1.1, the following applies to E-rated
combinations:
a. Laminations shall be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the
requirements for the E-rated grade shown for the outer tension lamination.
b. Pieces containing wide-ringed or lightweight pith-associated wood at the ends of
the piece occupying over 1/8 of the cross section shall be excluded. All wood not
included as pith-associated wood shall be at least medium grain rate of growth.
C6.4.2 Alternate Rules
C6.4.2.1 Douglas-Fir-Larch
Exceptions to provisions in C6.4.1 are allowed for Douglas-Fir-Larch 302-24 tension
laminations as follows. Provisions not listed here are not excepted:
a. Knots shall not exceed the size listed in the following chart:

Nominal width, in. 4 6 8 10 12

Knot size, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

b. Any cross-section shall have at least 3/4 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics. Knots plus associated localized cross grain, knots plus associated
localized cross grain plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized
cross grain not associated with a knot are permitted to occupy up to 1/4 of the
cross-section.
c. Maximum size single strength-reducing characteristics when not in the same
horizontal projection shall be as least 2 feet (610 mm) apart measured center to
center.
d. Slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:12.
e. The long-span modulus of elasticity shall not be less than 1,800,000 psi
(12,400 MPa).
f. End Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up to 1:12. Test
procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as contained in ASTM D7469
and ANSI A190.1.
C6.4.2.2 E-rated
The following are alternative provisions for E-rated tension laminations. Laminations
shall be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the requirements for the
E-rated grade shown for the outer tension lamination, except where specifically modified
in this section. Lumber shall be from an E-rating system which employs continuously
measured lowest point modulus of elasticity. In addition to these basic requirements the
following limitations shall apply:
a. Centerline knots shall not occupy more than 1/5 of the cross section.
b. Maximum size single strength-reducing characteristics when not in the same horizontal
projection shall be at least 2 feet (610 mm) apart measured center to center.
c. Edge knots are limited to that allowed by the E-rated grade.
d. Special Provisions for Ends of Piece: In addition to the visual requirements above,
the untested portion(s) of each piece shall be visually graded to meet the following:
1. The untested portion(s) of the piece shall have the same general character as the
remainder of the piece.
2. The general slope of grain shall not be steeper than 1:12.
3. Any cross-section shall have at least 2/3 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

e. Testing Provisions: When this alternative provision is used, the lumber shall be
tested and qualified in accordance with AITC Test T123. Criteria for acceptance shall
be that the 5th percentile with 75% confidence determined by AITC Test T123 shall
equal or exceed 4,000 psi (27.6 MPa).
f. End Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up to 1:12. Test
procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as contained in ASTM D7469
and ANSI A190.1.
g. Application: Tension laminations qualified under this alternate provision are
permitted to be used for all visually graded combinations without regard to the Long-
span E provided the compression perpendicular to grain design values are satisfied.

C6.5 302-26
C6.5.1 Primary Rules
In addition to the basic requirements of the 302-24 lamination grade as tabulated in
Section C6.4, the following limitations shall apply:
a. Any cross-section containing an edge knot shall have 80% clear and straight-grained
wood.

C6.6 302-28
C6.6.1 Primary Rules
In addition to the basic requirements of the 302-24 lamination grade as tabulated in
Section C6.4, the following limitations shall apply:
a. Average long-span E for the grade shall be 2.3 x106 psi (15,900 MPa) with no piece less
than 1.96 x 106 psi (13,500 MPa) and shall be verified through daily quality control.

C6.7 302-30
C6.7.1 Primary Rules
In addition to the basic requirements of the 302-26 lamination grade as tabulated in
Section C6.5, the following limitations shall apply:
a. Average long-span E for the grade shall be 2.3 x106 psi (15,900 MPa) with no piece less
than 1.96 x 106 psi (13,500 MPa) and shall be verified through daily quality control.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.8 Alternate Rules by Species

C6.8.1 Southern Pine
Exceptions to provisions in Sections C6.2, C6.3 and C6.4 are allowed for southern pine
as follows. Provisions not listed here are not excepted:
a. Knots shall not exceed the size listed in the following chart:

Nominal width, in. 4 6 8 10 12

Knot size, in. 3/8 1/2 3/4 7/8 1
For SI: 1 in. = 25.4 mm

b. Any cross-section shall have at least 3/4 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics. Knots plus associated localized cross grain, or knots plus associated
localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain not associated
with a knot is permitted to occupy up to 1/4 of the cross-section.
c. Slope of grain shall be no steeper than 1:10 for 302-20 and 1:12 for 302-22 and
302-24.
d. End Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up the maximum
allowable for said grade. Test procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as
contained in ASTM D7469 and ANSI A190.1.
C6.8.2 E-Rated Hem Fir
The following are alternative provisions to those included in Sections C6.1, C6.2 and
C6.3 for E-rated Hem-Fir tension laminations:
a. Laminations shall be visually graded and E-rated in accordance with all of the
requirements for the E-rated grade tabulated in these specifications for the outer
tension lamination except where specifically modified in this section.
b. Laminations shall conform to WCLIB Standard No. 17, paragraph 101-c, except that
the 3-inch (76-mm) cutout provision does not apply.
c. The knot size permitted for all widths is a small knot (3/4-inch or 19-mm diameter).
The number of 3/4-inch (19-mm) knots permitted is proportionate to the size of the
piece of lumber in accordance with paragraph 101-c of WCLIB Standard No. 17.
d. The 1/6th edge knot characteristic restriction shall be applied to nominal 4-inch
wide lumber. For 302-24, 2.0E-1/6 grade is required, for 302-22, 1.8E-1/6 grade is
required and for 302-20, 1.5E-1/4 grade is required.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

e. Any cross-section shall have at least 2/3 clear wood free of strength-reducing
characteristics. Knots plus associated localized cross grain, knots plus associated
localized cross grain plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized
cross grain not associated with a knot are permitted to occupy up to 1/3 of the
cross-section
f. Slope of grain shall be no steeper than 1:12.
g. For 302-24 grade, maximum size single strength-reducing characteristics when not in
the same horizontal projection shall be at least 2 feet (610 mm) apart measured center
to center.
h. Special Provisions for Ends of Piece: The untested portion of each end of each
piece shall be visually graded to meet the following:
1. The ends of the piece shall have the same general character as the remainder of
the piece.
2. Any cross-section shall have at least 1/2, 3/5 or 2/3 clear wood free of strength-
reducing characteristics for 302-20, 302-22 or 302-24 respectively. Knots plus
associated localized cross grain, knots plus associated localized cross grain
plus localized cross grain not associated with a knot, or localized cross grain
not associated with a knot are permitted to occupy up to 1/2, 2/5 or 1/3 of the
cross-section for 302-20, 302-22 and 302-24, respectively.
i. E
 nd Joint Qualification: Manufacturers using these alternative tension lamination
provisions shall qualify their end joint by testing 30 end joints containing the
maximum slope of grain to be used in the plant for this grade up to 1:12. Test
procedures and criteria for acceptance of this test are as contained in ASTM D7469
and ANSI A190.1.
j. T
 esting Provisions: The provisions for end joint qualification for clear wood at
a cross-section and general slope of grain is permitted to be eliminated if a test is
conducted in accordance with AITC Test T123 to verify the strength of lumber from
the E-rating system which employs continuously measured lowest point modulus of
elasticity. Criteria for acceptance shall be that the 5th percentile with 75% confidence
determined by AITC Test T123 shall equal or exceed the following values:

Grade Test Value 5th Percentile, psi

302-24 4,000
302-22 3,670
302-20 3,340
For SI: 1 psi = 6,890 Pa

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C6.9 C-14: Alternate Provision for Machine-Graded Tension

Laminations
C6.9.1 General
This alternate provision covers lumber mechanically graded under the provisions of the
American Lumber Standard. These grades shall be qualified and quality controlled by
test for strength and stiffness by an agency accredited by the American Lumber Standard
Committee’s Board of Review. These grades include machine stress-rated lumber (MSR)
and machine-evaluated lumber (MEL). Machine-graded lumber is lumber manufactured
with the use of grading methodologies that include the use of machines for identifying
mechanical properties in the grading process. This alternate provision shall be applied to
lumber from each machine grading facility and grading system seeking qualification for
production of tension laminations to be used on structural glued laminated timber, with
grades equivalent to the 302-20, 302-22 and 302-24 grades required. Machine-graded
lumber to be used under this alternate provision shall meet specific product descriptions
as defined in the various standards. Qualification records shall be maintained at the
facility where carried out and shall be available for review by the accredited third-party
inspection agency of the laminator.
Lumber to be qualified for tension laminations under this alternate provision shall be
manufactured by a facility qualified to produce machine-graded lumber under the
supervision of a grading agency accredited by the Committee’s Board of Review. This
grading practice shall meet the quality control provision of such a grading agency and
include quality control for tensile strength and long-span E properties.
C6.9.2 Visual Grading
The general visual requirements for machine-graded lumber plus any additional
visual limitations required by the supervisory grading agency for qualification under
the provisions shall apply. In addition, the general lumber requirements contained in
Section C3 shall apply.
C6.9.3 Special Visual Grading Requirements
The supervisory grading agency shall provide appropriate visual limitations applicable
to those portions of pieces not subjected to machine grading which will assure that the
tensile strength requirements of the grade are maintained. For this purpose, these rules
are permitted to be those applied in Sections C6.2, C6.3 and C6.4 to obtain grades
equivalent to 302-20, 302-22 and 302-24.
C6.9.4 Quality Control
The quality control requirements of this alternate tension lamination material are
the responsibility of the lumber producer under the supervision of a grading agency
accredited by the American Lumber Standards Committee. Records for the respective
quality control responsibilities shall be maintained at the facility where carried out and

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

shall be available for periodic review by the lumber grading agency and the accredited
third-party inspection agency of the laminator.
If the lumber is supplied to the laminator as meeting the requirements of Sections
C2, C6.7.1 and C6.7.2, all mechanical and visual inspection and quality control
requirements shall be the responsibility of the machine grading facility.
If lumber is supplied to the laminator as meeting only the mechanical and visual stress
grading criteria of Section C6.7.1, those inspection and quality control requirements
shall be the responsibility of the machine grading facility; however, the laminator shall
be responsible for the additional visual grading required to meet the laminating criteria
of this standard.
C6.9.5 Identification
Each piece of machine-graded lumber used under this alternative provision shall be
grade stamped with the appropriate stamp of the supervisory lumber grading agency.
C6.9.6 Changes in Practice
If, in the judgment of the accredited third-party inspection agency of the laminator,
significant changes are made in the visual or machine grading practice, the qualification
prescribed herein shall be invalid and shall be re-qualified.
C6.9.7 Testing Provisions
When this alternative provision is used, the lumber shall be qualified for tensile strength
and long-span E using a sample size of not less than 102 pieces. The testing procedures of
AITC Test T123 shall be used for testing tensile properties. The testing procedures of ASTM
D4761, Bending Flatwise-Center Point Loading, shall be used for testing long-span E.
C6.9.8 Criteria for Acceptance
C6.9.8.1 Tensile Strength Qualification
For qualification for a tension lamination grade, the 5th percentile tensile strength estimated
with 75% confidence shall equal or exceed the values calculated as follows:

Grade Test Value 5th Percentile, psi

302-24 4,000
302-22 3,670
302-20 3,340
For SI: 1 psi = 6,890 Pa

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

Tension laminations for beams 6 inches (152 mm) or less in width and greater than
15 inches (381 mm) in depth shall meet or exceed 1.67 times the beam design value
in bending, Fbx. The values established in this way are then adjusted for lamination
width by multiplying by the factors of 0.95, 0.90 and 0.84 for nominal 8, 10 and 12
inches widths, respectively. These values are then reduced for beams of lesser depth by
multiplying by factors of 0.90 for beams 12 inches (305 mm) to 15 inches (381 mm) in
depth and 0.80 for beams less than 12 inches (305 mm) in depth.
C6.9.8.2 End Joint Qualification
Manufacturers using tension laminations qualified under this alternative provision shall
qualify the end joints by following procedures in ASTM D7469 by testing 30 end joints
in tension made from representative lumber from the machine-grading system.
C6.9.9 Application
Tension laminations qualified under this alternative provision are permitted to be used
for all visually graded and E-rated combinations provided the average long-span E of the
laminations is at least equal to the average long-span E of the grade of lumber for which
it is being substituted and the compression perpendicular to grain design values are
satisfied.
C6.9.10 Reinspection and Testing of Individual Lots for Conformance to
Specifications
The procedures of the grading agency supervising the production of the lumber shall be
used for re-inspecting individual lots for conformance to specifications.
C6.9.11 Records
The grading agency that supervises qualification to the provisions of C-14 shall report a
summary of the qualification results to the accredited third-party inspection agency of
the laminator.

C7. M
 ETHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
C7.1 General
Measuring specific gravity of a piece of lumber shall be permitted to be used to
determine density for all softwood species used for laminating, and shall be required
to be used for dense Hem-Fir, since ring count and percentage of summerwood do not
provide a reliable measure of density for Hem-Fir.
In determining specific gravity, lumber is weighed and a weight per volume is
calculated. From this number, the specific gravity can be calculated. In weighing lumber
to determine specific gravity, several factors shall be taken into account: moisture
content of the lumber; width, thickness and length; and accuracy of the measurements.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

C7.2 Moisture Content

Moisture contents shall be measured with a moisture meter calibrated for the species
being tested. The moisture content of lumber at the time of weighing shall be taken into
account in determining whether or not a piece meets the minimum weight requirements
for the species. The range of moisture content of lumber used for laminating is relatively
small. However, in the preparation of charts to use in production, the minimum weights
for 8%, 12% and 16% moisture content are recommended. Minimum weights for
intermediate moisture contents may be interpolated.

C7.3 Size
The thickness and width of lumber shall be maintained according to ANSI A190.1
tolerances, and measured to the nearest 0.01 inch (0.25 mm) at the time of weighing.
Length shall be measured to the nearest 1/8 inch (3.2 mm).

C7.4 Method of Weighing

Any method of weighing the nearest 0.01 lbf (0.044 N) is satisfactory.

C7.5 Calculation of Specific Gravity

Calculation of specific gravity shall be normalized to 12% moisture content in order to
compare it to the required levels. ASTM D2395 shall be used to calculate specific gravity.

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

APPENDIX X1
History Of Standard (Non-Mandatory)

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Standard Specification for Structural Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species

In July 2019, the APA Standards Committee on ANSI 117, Standard Specification for Structural
Glued Laminated Timber of Softwood Species, was formed to revise the national standard under
the consensus processes accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). This
national standard, designated as ANSI 117-2020, supersedes ANSI 117-2015 with editorial changes
in the standard format, update of referenced standards, and modification of 24F-1.8E stress class.

The names of the ANSI 117 Committee members when this version of the standard is published
are as shown below.

Name Affiliation Note

Deepareddy Akula Stella-Jones (Formerly McFarland Cascade)
Linda Brown Southern Pine Inspection Bureau
David Catta IB X-LAM USA
Kevin Cheung Western Wood Products Association
Mark Clark Hexion Inc. ExSub Member
Don DeVisser Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau Vice Chair
Brad Douglas American Wood Council
Julie Frappier Nordic Structures
Bill Gareis Ashland Chemical
Bill Gould ICC-ES
Bill Grigsby Trennah Detailing, LLC
Levi Huffman DR Johnson Wood Innovations
Jessica Jennings Georgia-Pacific Chemicals, LLC.
Jeff Morrison Rosboro LLC Chair
Victor Pearson American Laminators
Douglas Rammer USDA Forest Products Laboratory
Andreas Rhude Sentinel Structures, Inc.
Glen Robak Weyerhaeuser Company
Scott Skinner Akzo Nobel Coatings, Inc.
Kurt Stochlia KSPE Inc.
Robert Taylor Boise Cascade
Leif Van Cott UNALAM
Jim Vogt Structural Building Components Association
Chris Whelan Henkel Corporation
Tom Williamson T. Williamson – Timber Engineering, LLC ExSub Member
Clay Winje Kalesnikoff Lumber
B.J. Yeh APA - The Engineered Wood Association Secretariat
Larry Zhou Universal Timber Structures

Inquiries or suggestions for improvement of this standard should be directed to:

Secretariat, ANSI 117

APA – The Engineered Wood Association
7011 South 19th Street
Tacoma, WA 98466
Internet address: www.apawood.org
e-mail address: [email protected]

Form No. ANSI 117-2020  ■  © 2020 APA – The Engineered Wood Association  ■ www.apawood.org 69
 ANSI 117-2020
Standard Specification for
Structural Glued Laminated
Timber of Softwood Species
APA HEADQUARTERS
7011 So. 19th St. ■ Tacoma, Washington 98466 ■ (253) 565-6600 ■ Fax: (253) 565-7265
PRO D U C T SU PP O R T H E LP D E S K
(253) 620-7400 ■ [email protected]

Form No. ANSI 117-2020/Issued May 2020