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Department of Mechanical Engineering

The document discusses the evolution and concepts of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology. It provides a history of CNC machines from early mechanized tools to modern computer-controlled machines. It then covers key CNC concepts like motion control along axes, absolute and incremental coordinate systems, classifications of CNC machines, their features, and common applications like lathes, mills, drills, borers and grinders.

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MANIKANDAN B
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59 views

Department of Mechanical Engineering

The document discusses the evolution and concepts of CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology. It provides a history of CNC machines from early mechanized tools to modern computer-controlled machines. It then covers key CNC concepts like motion control along axes, absolute and incremental coordinate systems, classifications of CNC machines, their features, and common applications like lathes, mills, drills, borers and grinders.

Uploaded by

MANIKANDAN B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Subject code & Title: 15ME704 &Automated Manufacturing Unit/Lesson No: 1/ 1


Faculty name: Mr. K.Ramachandra Raju, Mr. S.Velmurugan, Semester:VII
Mr. A.Tajdeen, Mr. E.Soundarapandian

Topic: Evolution of CNC Technology - CNC machine -Concept, classification, features and
applications

CONTENTS TO BE COVERED

HISTORY
• In 1775, John Wilkinson- cannon boring machine (lathe).
• In 1881, Eli Whitney- milling machine.
• In 1947, Mr. John Parsons began experimenting forusing 3-axis curvature data to control the machine
toolmotion for the production for aircraft components.
• In 1949, parsons- first NC machine.
• In 1951, MIT was involved in the project.
• In 1955, after refinements NC became available inindustry
• Today, modern machinery are CNC milling machinesand lathes.US Air Force commissioned MIT to
develop the first "numerically controlled" machine in 1949. It was demonstrated in 1952.
• At 1970-1972 first Computer Numeric Control machines were developed.
• Today, computer numerical control (CNC) machines are found almost everywhere, from small job shops in
rural communities to companies in large urban areas.

CNC MACHİNE - INTRODUCTION


• Numerical control (NC) is a method of automatically operating a manufacturing machine based on a code
letters, numbers and special characters.The numerical data required to produce a part is provided to a
machine in the form of program, called part program or CNC (computer numerical control)
• In CNC (Computer Numerical Control), the instructions are stored as a program in a micro-computer
attached to the machine.
• The computer will also handle much of the control logic of the machine, making it more adaptable than
earlier hard-wired controllers.

BASIC CNC PRINCIPLES


All computer controlled machines are able to accurately and repeatedly control motion in various
directions. Each of these directions of motion is called an axis. Depending on the machine type there are commonly
two to five axes.
MOTION CONTROL - the heart of CNC
• The most basic function of any CNC machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control.
• Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required on most conventional
machine tools, CNC machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner.
• All forms of CNC equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be
precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel.
• The two most common axis types are linear (driven along a straight path) and rotary (driven along a
circular path). 

BASIC CNC PRINCIPLES COORDINATES SYSTEM

Absolute Coordinate System Incremental Coordinate System

Advantages:
• High Repeatability and Precision, e.g. Aircraft parts.
• Volume of production is very high.
• Complex contours/surfaces need to be machined, e.g. Turbines.
• Flexibility in job change, automatic tool settings, less scrap.
• Safer, higher productivity, better quality.
• Less paper work, faster prototype production, reduction in lead times.
• Easier to program.
• Easy storage of existing programs.
• Avoids human errors.
• Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines.
• Program editing at the machine tool.
• Tool path verification.
Disadvantages:
• Costly setup, skilled operators
• Computers, programming knowledge required
• Maintenance is difficult

CLASSIFICATION OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS


1. Based on the motion type
• Point-to-point system
• Contouring system (Continuous path systems)
2. Based on the control loops
• Open loop system
• Closed loop system
3. Based on the number of axes
• 2 axes CNCmachines
• 3 axes CNCmachines
• 4 axes CNCmachines
• 5 axes CNCmachines
4. Based on the power supply
• Electric system
• Hydraulic system
• Pneumatic system

FEATURES OF CNC MACHINERY


• The tool or material moves.
• Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
• Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages operations.
• Movement is controlled by a motors (actuators).
• Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
• Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically.

CNC APPLICATIONS

 Lathe Machine
 Milling Machine
 Drilling Machine
 The bench drill
 The pillar drill
 Boring Machine
 Grinding Machine

CNC Mills
 These machining centers use computer controls to cut different materials.
 They are able to translate programs consisting of specific number and letters to move the spindle to various
locations and depths.
 Used to make 3D prototypes, moulds, cutting dies, printing plates and sights.
 They cut metal that is often turning at fast speeds.
CNC lathes
 CNC lathes are able to make fast, precision cuts using indexabletools and drills with complicated
programs.Normally, they cannot be cut on manual lathes.
 They often include 12 tool holders and coolant pumps to cut down on tool wear.

CNC Grinders
 Grinding metal process uses a coated wheel that slowly removes metal to create a part.
 Through the years, grinding was done on a manual machine, but with the adventof CNC technology, the
grinding process has advanced.
CNC DRILLING
 Drilling is commonly used for mass production. The drilling machine (drilling press) is used to create or
enlarge holes.Drilling machine for different jobs;
 The bench drill: For drilling holes through raw materials such as wood, plastic and metal
 The pillar drill: A larger version that stands upright on the floor.
 As the bench drill, it can be used to drill larger pieces of materials and produce bigger holes.

CNC Boring
 Process of enlarging an existing hole or internal cylindrical surface.
 This can be accomplished on a lathe or a machine tool specifically designed for the process, such as a
horizontal boring machine.
CONCEPT MAP

• Lathe Machine
• Milling Machine
• Drilling Machine
• The bench drill
• The pillar drill
• Boring Machine History
• Grinding Machine CNC machine
CNC applications
introduction

Features of CNC Evolution of CNC Basic CNC


machinery Technology - CNC principles
machine -Concept,
classification, features
and applications
Motion Control -
the heart of CNC
Classification of CNC
machine tools
Basic CNC principles
Coordinates System
Based on the motion type
Based on the control loops
Based on the number of axes
Based on the power supply

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