Strength of Materials

Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Lecture - 35
Combined Stresses - II

Welcome to the second lesson of the eighth module which is on combined stresses part II. In
fact, in the last lesson we have discussed about or we have introduced the concept of the
combined stresses in a member wherein a particular member is subjected to a combination of
loads; say for example, axial load and the torsion or the torsion and the bending or could be
axial load and bending and various combination of these individual loads. Now we have also
looked into that how do we compute the stresses when a particular member is subjected to the
combinations of these different loads.

Now, in this particular lesson we are going to look into some more aspects of such combined
loads and how do we analyze them and thereby we compute the values of the stresses.

(Refer Slide Time: 01:44 - 02:06)

Hence, it is expected that, once this particular lesson is completed, one should be able to be
acquainted with some more aspects of combined loadings in a particular member and thereby
the evaluation of the combined stresses in members and one should be in a position to
evaluate stresses in structural members due to such combination of loading or combined
loading.
(Refer Slide Time: 02:08 - 03:32)

The scope of this particular lesson therefore includes the recapitulation of previous lesson.
We will be looking into some aspects of the previous lesson which we have already discussed
and that we will be doing through the question answer session. Also, in this particular lesson
we will be using the already developed formulae for evaluation of stresses or combined
actions of loadings.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:29 - 03:35)

Now, as I have told you, in the last lesson, that in the previous modules we have developed
some formulae for the individual load cases. Like for example; we have looked into that how
to evaluate stress in a member when that particular member is subjected to axial load. Or if a
particular member is subjected to a twisting moment or torsion then how do we calculate the
stresses because of the torsion in a member; or if the member is subjected to transverse
loading for which there will be bending in the member and thereby there will be bending
stresses or shear stresses and we have seen how to evaluate those stresses because of such
bending moment and shear force. Here we are going to make use of those formulae which we
have derived earlier in evaluating the stresses because of the combined loading. Also, we will
be looking into some examples for evaluation of stresses in structural members which will be
arising due to these combine loadings.

(Refer Slide Time: 03:39 - 03:55)

Now let us look into the answers of the questions which we had posed last time. The first
question which we posed was how will you evaluate the combined stresses if the member is
subjected to an axial load and bending moment. That means now that a particular member is
subjected to not only the axial load but also subjected to a bending moment. Now, in such a
situation how do you calculate the combined stresses?

Now we had looked into in the last lesson that there could be cases with reference to either a
cantilever beam or simply supported beam or for that matter any of such members where it is
supported at suitable supports and is subjected to axial load as well as the transverse load.
When this particular member is subjected to as gives in the figure, you have the axial load,
transverse load and the moment as well. Now if we like to calculate stress at any cross section
in the member then the stress will be because of this axial load and this lateral load is going
to cause a bending moment M and shear force V and there will be stresses because of this
bending moment M and because of the shear force V and finally we will have to calculate the
resulting stress because of all three actions.

(Refer Slide Time: 04:08 - 07:12)

Now as you know we have seen that when a particular member is subjected to axial load that
is subjected to a stress which we call as normal stress which is P/A and since the load is
compressive so the stress also is compressive and which is uniform throughout the cross
section. Now, because of the bending there will be bending stress which we have seen earlier
that σ=My/I, where M is the bending moment, y is the distance at which we are computing
the bending stress from the neutral axis and I is the moment of inertia of the cross section
with respect to the neutral axis.

As we have seen that this bending stress with respect to the neutral axis where the stress is
zero, causes compression and tension. In this particular case, the top part above neutral axis is
under compression and the bottom part below neutral axis is under tension. So if we combine
these two normal stresses together, i.e., the normal stress produced by the axial load and the
normal stress produced by the bending, then we get a combined stress. Now, apart from this
bending stress and the normal stress, the transverse loading will cause a shear force as well
and because of shear force there will be shear stress in the member at that particular cross
section. So we got to compute the value of the shear stress at the point where we are
computing the bending stress and the normal stress and as you know, the shear stress
τ=VQ/Ib and in this particular formula we have seen that how to calculate the value of the
shear stress when we know the shear force at that particular cross section, so we know the
normal stress because of the axial load, we can compute the value of the normal stress
because of the bending and we can compute the value of the shear stress because of the
shearing force which is acting.

Now the normal stresses because of the axial load and bending can be combined together to
give the resulting normal stress and normal stress and shear stress the two stresses which are
acting in two different planes. We compute the values using either the transformation
equations or using Mohr’s circle.

(Refer Slide Time: 07:51 - 08:58)

Now if you look into that in this particular figure at these three locations if we like to
compute the value of the stresses. In the first case, we have this normal stress, σ = P/A + My/I
and shearing stress, τ = VQ/Ib. So we have the normal stress and we have the shearing stress
and these resulting stresses because of the normal stress and the shearing stresses can be
computed from the Mohr’s circle, which gives you the maximum value of the normal stress
which you call as the σ1 or the principal stress. In fact, this is the answer for the second
question as well.

In fact, if you look into the question which we have for the second one that how will you
evaluate the principal stresses, if the member is subjected to axial load and bending moment?
Now as we have seen in the first one that when you have the axial load and the bending
moment we can compute the values of the normal stress; axial will give you the direct normal
stress and bending will give you the normal stress in terms of compression and tension with
respect to the neutral axis and you can calculate the resulting normal stresses and individually
you can calculate the shear stress from the shear formula τ = VQ/Ib.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:04 - 09:48)

Now, using this if we like to calculate the resulting stress you call as the maximum value of
the tensile or compressive stress, which is the principal stress that is the maximum or
minimum value, which we can compute from the Mohr’s circle.

(Refer Slide Time: 09:59 - 10:12)

Now, the third question posed was what will be the value of normal stress at the neutral axis?
Probably I can answer this from the second figure given.
(Refer Slide Time: 10:31)

Now you see that we have an element chosen, which is lying on the neutral axis. Now as you
know that when you compute the bending stress, the bending stress gives you a distribution
linear distribution with respect to the neutral axis, where you get a compressive force or
tensile force, depending on the kind of loading you have. On the neutral axis the value of the
normal stress which is arising from bending is equals to zero. Now if you have the
combination of axial and the bending then the normal stress which will be occurring at the
neutral axis point or along the neutral axis is only for the axial stress which is the normal
stress σx = P/A and there will not be any contribution from the bending along the neutral axis.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:34)

However, if you choose the point above the neutral axis or below the neutral axis, there you
will have the contribution from the bending and thereby you will have the resulting normal
stress. So as you can see that all three questions, which we had related to the actions of the
combined loading, where a member is subjected to the axial load and bending moment. When
axial load and bending moment occurs in a particular member simultaneously, we compute
the resulting normal stress, axial will give you the normal stress, bending also will give you
the normal stress and we can sum them together to get the resulting normal stress and then
because of the presence of the transverse load at that particular section there will be shearing
force as well and shearing force will produce the shearing stress. So you can have the
resulting stress from the calculated value of the normal stress and the shearing stress using
the Mohr’s circle.

Now you can visualize that when we had discussed in module 1 the transformation equation
or the Mohr’s circle of stress where because of the given stresses σ and τ, we could evaluate
that what will be the value of the principal stresses. Now as you can see from the practical
examples that a beam member is subjected to axial pull and the transverse load because of
some loading situations, where we compute the normal stress and the shearing stress
individually and then combine them together using the Mohr’s circle to find out the
maximum or minimum normal stresses and the maximum value of the shearing stresses.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:04 - 13:48)

Well, this is what is shown over here that if you get the stresses normal on the shearing
stresses then you can plot them in the Mohr’s circle. In first case, the normal stress is
negative and the shearing stress is positive and that is what you have getting corresponding to
the first element. When normal stress is positive and the shearing stress also is positive you
get the second figure as Mohr’s circle. Since in both cases, σ y = 0, we get on point on τ-axis.
We join them together and draw Mohr’s circle to get maximum and minimum value of
normal stress, which can be either compressive or tensile, depending upon the case.

(Refer Slide Time: 13:46)

Now let us look into that if a member is subjected to an axial pole along with the twisting
moment.

(Refer Slide Time: 13.52: - 17:44)

In the last lesson we had looked into some numerical example, where a member was
subjected to the axial load and the transverse load, which was causing bending in the
member, thereby the member was under the action of axial load and the bending. Now in this
particular case we are going to consider that if a member is subjected to the axial load and a
twisting moment then what happens to the combined action of this loading.

Now if we are interested to find out the stress at this particular point, let us say this point is A,
where we like to compute stresses because of the loading actions like you have the axial pull
P and there is a twisting moment which is positive in the sense that as we have defined earlier
that when the vectorial direction points towards the positive x axis, we call that as a positive
twisting moment and at this end a positive twisting moment is acting in this member.

As we have seen earlier that because of this twisting moment we get the shear stress at
different points which is given by τ = Tρ/J. Now, from the center if we go along the radius,
maximum shear stress will be acting on the surface where r is maximum.

(Refer Slide Time: 15:58)

Now, given the value of the twisting moment T, we can compute the value of the shear stress
if we know the radius of this cross section and J is the polar moment of inertia, J=Ix +Iy or in
this particular case it will be Iy+Iz, as we have called x-axis as the a longitudinal axis. Thus,
we have the actions for the axial load as a normal stresses which is P/A and twisting moment
will give us the shear stress τ.
Therefore, if we look into this particular element this element will be subjected to the
shearing action because there is a twisting moment which is a positive twisting moment. We
will have the shear which is represented in the figure, which is resulted from this twisting
moment T and σ is the normal stress that is acting.

Now if this particular element is subjected to a normal stress σ and shearing stress τ, then the
maximum normal stress we can compute again from the Mohr’s circle of stress as explained
earlier.

(Refer Slide Time: 17:42)

We will look into some examples on how to compute these using numerical values.

Now let us look into that, if a particular member is subjected to, again a combined loading
action but here the individual loadings are bending and twisting moment which are acting
simultaneously in a member. We had seen the action of a twisting moment in a bar that how
do we calculate the shearing stress because of the twisting moment? Also, we have looked
into that if a beam is subjected to transverse loading then how do we calculate the bending
moment and the shear force and consequently how do we compute the bending stress and the
shearing stress? Now if the member is subjected to the twisting moment as well as the
bending then what we will be the consequence or how do we calculate the stresses in such
members? If you look into this that here we have a twisting moment which is acting. Again it
is a positive twisting moment and a load P is acting at the end of this cantilever beam, fixed at
one end.
(Refer Slide Time: 17:47)

Now load P, which is acting at the free end of the cantilever beam will produce a moment at
this section where we are interested to find out the stresses. We are interested to find out the
stresses at point A and B on this particular cross section let us say which is at a distance of a
from the free end. Now at this particular cross section the load P is going to cause a bending
moment, M=Pa and also there would be a shear force, which is equals to P.

(Refer Slide Time: 20:02)

In fact, if you take a free body diagram, it can be seen that both moment and shear will be
negative. Now physically if you look into this particular member when this is loaded at the
tip, it will be deflected downwards, due to which, top surface will be on the tension and the
bottom will be under compression and that we can verify from the numerical values as well.
 e now that, σ = My/I = Pa y/I = Pay/I

Now the question is that when this moment and the shear force is acting on this particular
cross section then what are the kinds of stresses we are going to get at point A and point B?
Now as you know that at point A because of the twisting moment there will be shearing
stress,

τ1 = Tρ/J

where T is the twisting moment, rho is the value of the radius of outer point and J is the polar
moment of inertia of the cross section.

Also, there will be shearing stresses because of the shear force V, but the point A which is on
the top surface, there as we have seen the shear stress because of the shear force is equals to
zero. So, the only contribution of the shear will be from the twisting moment at point A. At
point A, because of the bending due to load P is causing bending at A which is, M= Pa, will
have a normal stress,

σx = My/I

At the top point we will have a normal stress σx and there will be shearing stress τ1, which is
arising from the twisting moment only and the representation of the stress pattern at point A
is given in the figure.

Now at point B which is lying in the neutral axis, now as you have seen that at the neutral
axis level the stress because of bending is equals to zero. So there will not be any contribution
from the bending thereby the value of the normal stress for that particular point will be zero.
So all we will have at that particular point is the shearing stress is which is arising from the
twisting moment and the shearing stress which is arising from the shear force value. So, for
this case,

τ1 = Tρ/J

τ2 = VQ/Ib

So, if we combine these two together τ1 and τ2 depending on their corresponding signs, we
will get a resulting shearing stress at this particular section and you will not have any normal
stress.
(Refer Slide Time: 23:04)

Hence, these are the two situations that we get corresponding to A and B and if we plot these
stresses in the Mohr’s circle then you get the situations in this form.

(Refer Slide Time: 23:15)

In the first case where we have the normal stress σx and shearing stress τ1, while, σy = 0. So
after drawing Mohr’s circle, we can get the maximum values of normal and shearing stress.
And corresponding to the other one, where we do not have normal stress, σ = 0, but we have
the resulting stress only τ = τ1 + τ2. As we only have the values of the τ, so if we plot the
Mohr’s circle we get the principal stresses σ1 = σ2 = τ1 + τ2, which we have seen is the case
of the pure shear.
That means at that particular point the state of pure shear is prevailing and corresponding to
that, as we have seen in the past that how to compute the value of the normal stresses we get
the normal stress as equals to the shearing stress.

(Refer Slide Time: 24:54 - 26:55)

Well, let us look into some examples. This is the problem which was given to you last time
wherein this is the cantilever beam which is subjected to axial pull or the axial load, which is
inclined at an angle. The magnitude of this load is 50 kN. The cross section of the beam is a
rectangular one having width of 20 mm and the depth of 120 mm. Now we will have to
compute the value the value of the maximum in-plane shear stress and off course the
principal stresses at point A. Now, point A as we can see is 20 mm away from the neutral
axis of the beam and the point is at a distance of 250 mm from the edge cantilever beam.

Now this particular load which is acting at an inclination with reference to the beam axis,
which is at an angle θ, can be decomposed into two directions: one is in the axial direction
and another one is in the perpendicular direction and thereby this axial direction force will
cause an axial pull or thereby there will be normal stress because of that and the transverse
loading, which is component in the vertical direction will cause bending and a shear at this
particular cross section.

So first we will have to find out that what are the magnitudes of the bending moment and
what are the magnitudes of the shearing force that is acting at this particular section, so that
we can compute the value of the principal stress and the in-plane shear stress?
(Refer Slide Time: 26:59 - 32:59)

First thing is that we have decomposed this inclined load which is at an angle of theta in two
directions: one in the axial direction and one in perpendicular to this axis direction.

cosθ = 4/5 = 0.8 and sinθ = 3/5 = 0.6

Horizontal component = 50⨯cosθ = 40 N

Vertical component = 50⨯sinθ = 30 N

As the axial load 40 kN will cause a normal stress, which is,

σ = P/A = 40⨯1000/(20⨯120) = 16.7 MPa.

(Refer Slide Time: 30:22)

If we take the free body at the section at point A, we can calculate the bending moment and
shear force, which is,

M = 30⨯0.25 = 7.5 kNm

V = 30 N

Now because of this negative bending moment, we will get a positive stress, because
σ = My/I. Since M is negative and y is positive, so we will have a normal stress which is
tensile, because of the bending. And also, we have the axial pull, which will give a tensile
stress. So these two stresses, since they are of the same nature, we can add them together.

σb = My/I = (7.5⨯106⨯20)/(20⨯1203/12) = 52 MPa

So 52 MPa is the normal stress because of the bending and 16.7 MPa is the tensile stress
because of the axial pull. So the total stress that we have because of the bending and the
normal stress, σx = 16.7+52 = 68.7 MPa

(Refer Slide Time: 31:28)

Now, in the y direction, we do not have any normal stress, so σy = 0. The shear force can be
calculated as follows,

τ = VQ/Ib = 30⨯1000⨯40⨯20⨯40)/(20⨯20⨯1203/12) = 16.7 MPa

Thus, we get the shearing stress as 16.7 MPa and since this is negative it is acting in the
negative direction as we have taken our sign convention.
(Refer Slide Time: 32:51)

This is the state of stress that we have at that particular point A wherein we have the normal
stress σx and the shearing stress τ. Now as you know that at a particular point when we have
the combination of the normal stress and the shearing stress we can calculate the value of the
maximum normal stresses and the maximum shearing stresses using the transformation
equation or using the Mohr’s circle.

(Refer Slide Time: 33:15 - 35:59)

Mohr’s circle for this state of stress is shown in the figure. Now the value of the radius,

OA’ = √ =√ = 38.2 MPa

Now, the maximum value of in-plane shearing stress will be equal to the radius of Mohr’s
circle, i.e., 38.2 MPa. When we like to compute the value principal stresses,

σ1 = 68.7/2 + 38.2 = 72.55 MPa

σ2 = 68. / 38. = 3.85 MPa

(Refer Slide Time: 34:57)

(Refer Slide Time: 36:25)

Therefore, once we know the individual stresses we can compute the resulting stress using
this Mohr’s circle.
(Refer Slide Time: 36:35 - 37:52)

Now let us look into the second example which is the combination of the axial pull and the
twisting moment. A bar is subjected to an axial pull of 80 kN and also it is subjected to a
twisting moment T of 1.1 kNm. It is a machine shaft is of solid circular cross section of
diameter 60 mm. Now we will have to evaluate a maximum tensile stress and in-plane shear
stress at point A. Here, at point A, you have to evaluate what will be the maximum value of
the tensile stress and what will be the value of the in-plane shear stress.

As we were discussing today about the stresses that will be developed because of this axial
pull and the twisting moment; as we have seen that the axial pull is going to give us the
normal stress that P divided by the cross-sectional area the axial pull divided by the cross-
sectional area will give us the normal stress and the twisting moment is going to produce the
shearing stress. So at the point A on the surface you are going to have the normal stress and
the shearing stress and if you the normal stress and shearing stress you can compute the value
of the maximum normal stress and the maximum shear stress from the Mohr’s circle. Now let
us look into that.

The normal stress due to axial pull,

σ = P/A = 80⨯103 / π⨯302) = 28.3 MPa

The value of the shearing stress,

τ = Tρ/J = 80⨯103⨯16 / π⨯603) = 26 MPa

(Refer Slide Time: 38:20 - 40:10)

This is the value of the shearing stress and this is the value of the normal stress at point A
because of the action of the axial tensile pull and because of the twisting moment. Therefore,
because of the actions of these two individual loading which are acting simultaneously, we
are getting the stresses the normal stresses and the shearing stress of this much of magnitude.

(Refer Slide Time: 39:30)

Now if we plot these stresses in the Mohr’s circle, we can get the values of principal stresses
and maximum in-plane shearing stress at point A. From Mohr’s circle, it can be deducted that

Radius of Mohr’s Circle, R = √ = 29.6 MPa

Maximum principal stress, σ1 = (28.3/2) + 29.6 = 43.75 MPa

Minimum principal stress, σ2 = 8.3/ .6 = 15.45 MPa

Maximum in-plane shear stress = R = 29.6 MPa

(Refer Slide Time: 41:57)

(Refer Slide Time: 42:59)

Hence, the maximum tensile stress that is occurring at that particular point is 43.75 MPa, the
maximum compressive stress that is occurring is 15.45 MPa and the maximum value of the
shearing stress, the in-plane shearing stress that is occurring which is the radius of the Mohr’s
circle is equals to 29.6 MPa; these are the values which we wanted to have. If you recollect
from the previous lesson, we had shown you that this particular type of force distribution or
the load combination comes in the case of a shaft which is used in the helicopter fan which
moves; you know, it is subjected to a twisting moment and because of this the lift is subjected
to an axial pull as well. Therefore, if we like to compute the value of the stresses then we get
the stress in this form in such shafts.

(Refer Slide Time: 44:21 - 45:32)

Well, let us look into another interesting problem, where there is a horizontal bracket ABC, it
is in the horizontal plane. This is subjected to a load at the tip; one is a vertical one which is
of magnitude 2 kN and another one is 3 kN which is acting parallel to the arm AB. Now what
we need to do is that we need to compute the value of the stresses at a point D which is at the
support which is at A. If we look into the cross section, the cross section again is a solid
circular one with a diameter of 60 mm. Now what we will have to do is that we will have to
compute the maximum tensile stress, maximum compressive stress and maximum in-plane
shear stress at point D.

Now let us analyze the forces first that how we transfer these forces to this tip of this
particular beam. This bracket ABC, we can reduce it to a cantilever beam AB which is fixed
at A and free at B. Now the vertical force which is of magnitude 2 kN, if we shift it to point B
then this is associated with a moment, which is going to be a twisting moment. The horizontal
force which is of magnitude 3 kN, if we shift to this point B this gives us an axial thrust to
member AB and is associated with the moment which is a bending moment at point B with
magnitude 3 kN times the lever arm, which is equals to 0.4m. Thus, the member AB is
subjected to a vertical load of magnitude 2 kN, a horizontal load of magnitude or axial load of
magnitude 3 kN and a twisting moment T at the tip and a bending moment M at B.
(Refer Slide Time: 45:35)

Now the vertical load which is acting at the tip at point B of magnitude 2 kN, is also going to
produce a bending moment at A. Now if we look into the cross section you will find that load
P will cause a bending moment about the z axis. Now already we have a moment M which is
acting about y axis. We have a moment which is acting about y axis, load P is going to cause
a moment about z axis and we have T which is a twisting moment which is acting about the
axis which is perpendicular to the board. Along with that we have the axial thrust which is of
magnitude 3 kN. Now the interesting part is that we are interested to compute the value of the
stress at point D.

Now if you look into this particular moment, which is being produced by load P of 2 kN, at
point D being at the neutral axis, the stress will be zero. So at point D, the moment which is
being produced by 2 kN does not have any effect. So this particular point will be subjected to
a compressive stress because of the axial compressive force, will be subjected to a
compressive stress because of the bending which is acting about y axis and will be subjected
to shearing action because of the twisting moment T that is acting at the end B.

So let us compute and also at the end A because of this vertical load 2 kN, there will be a
shearing force component which will be producing the shearing stress. So there will be
shearing stress produced because of the twisting moment T, there will be shearing stress
produced because of the shear force V, there will be bending stress because of M which is
acting about y axis and there will be normal stress because of the axial compressive force.
The normal stress due to axial compression, σ = 3⨯103/2827.43 = 1.061 MPa

Now the bending moment, M = 3⨯0.4 = 1. Nm and I = π⨯604/64 = 636172.5 mm4

Now, the bending stress is, σ = My/I = 1.2⨯106⨯30/636172.5 = 56.6 MPa which is
compressive at this particular point.

So we have a normal stress due to axial load, which is compressive and we have also got a
normal stress from the bending which is compressive, so if we add these out we get the total
normal stress, σ = 1.061+56.6 = 5 .661 MPa.

(Refer Slide Time: 50:17)

Now, twisting moment, T = 2⨯0.4 = 0.8 Nm, ρ = 30mm and J = 2I. Thus, shearing stress
due to twisting is,

τT = Tρ/J = 0.8⨯106⨯30)/(2⨯2636172.5) = 18.86 MPa

Shearing stress at point D due to shear force, V=2 kN is,

τV = 4V/3A = (4⨯2⨯103)/(3⨯2827.42) = 0.94 MPa

Hence, the total shear stress, τ = τT + τV = 18.86+0.94 = 19.8 MPa

So you see this is the element which is at D which is subjected to a normal compressive stress
of this magnitude and a shearing stress.
Now if we plot these stresses in the Mohr’s circle, we can get the values of principal stresses
and maximum in-plane shearing stress at point A. From Mohr’s circle, it can be deducted that

Radius of Mohr’s Circle, R = √ = 35 MPa

Maximum principal stress, σc = 5 .661/2) + 35 = 63.83 MPa

Minimum principal stress, σt = = 5 .661/ + 35 = 6.17 MPa

Maximum in-plane shear stress = R = 35 MPa

(Refer Slide Time: 51:57 - 54:13)

Hence, at the member, at that particular point here the magnitude of the maximum
compressive stress is 63.83 MPa and maximum tensile stress of 6.17 MPa is the. Now the
value of the maximum shearing stress in-plane shearing stress is 35 MPa.

These are the values at that particular point when the bracket is subjected to tip loads: one in
the vertical direction, another in the horizontal direction which is parallel to AB. Now these
two forces compute the stresses at the support which gives you the maximum tensile,
maximum compressive and the shearing stresses of the magnitudes as we have calculated
over here.

Well, we have another example problem. Now this is the sign board as we have discussed last
time. When the wind forces act on such signs it produces combined force actions on the
vertical members and this particular board is subjected to a wind load of 1.8 kPa. You will
have to find out the maximum in-plane shear stresses at three points A, B and C.

(Refer Slide Time: 55:56 - 56:25)

Well, then to summarize, in this particular lesson we have looked into the aspects of the
previous lesson. Now we have looked into some more aspects of the combined loading
actions. In the last lesson we had discussed that, what are the forms of different combined
loading that a member is subjected to. Now in this particular case we have looked into some
more aspects of such combined loading and therefore and thereby we have looked into some
examples to evaluate combined stresses in member after analyzing the members for the
proper loading.

(Refer Slide Time: 56:29 - 56:56)

(Refer Slide Time: 57:00 - 57:18)

Now these are the questions given for you. How will you evaluate the combined stresses in
the member if the member is subjected to torsion and bending moment? How will you
evaluate the principal stresses in the member if the member is subjected to torsion and
bending moment and what is the value of normal stress on the neutral axis when the member
is subjected to torsion and bending? Well, we will discuss this in the next lesson. Meanwhile
you can go through the lesson and look into these questions, thank you.