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Digital Signals and Systems: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

This document discusses digital signals and systems. It covers topics such as analog to digital conversion, common digital sequences like unit impulse and unit step, generating digital signals from analog functions, linear time-invariant causal systems, difference equations, impulse responses, stability, and digital convolution. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like linearity, time-invariance, causality, computing outputs from impulse responses, and evaluating convolution sums.

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Mahmoud Abdou
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views

Digital Signals and Systems: Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou BAU

This document discusses digital signals and systems. It covers topics such as analog to digital conversion, common digital sequences like unit impulse and unit step, generating digital signals from analog functions, linear time-invariant causal systems, difference equations, impulse responses, stability, and digital convolution. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts like linearity, time-invariance, causality, computing outputs from impulse responses, and evaluating convolution sums.

Uploaded by

Mahmoud Abdou
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

BAU Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Digital Signal
2

 To process an analog signal using a digital signal


processor:
 Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) must take place
 Then the digital signal is processed via DSP algorithm(s).

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Common Digital Sequences
3

 Unit-impulse sequence (digital unit-impulse function):

 Unit-step sequence (digital unit-step function):

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Shifted unit-impulse and unit-step
sequences.
4

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Sinusoidal sequences
5

 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠 0.125𝜋𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Exponential sequence
6

 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(0.75)𝑛 𝑢 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 10

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


EXAMPLE 3.1
7

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Generation of Digital Signals
8

 To generate the digital sequence from its analog signal


function, we substitute time t by nT into the analog
signal x(t):

 EXAMPLE 3.2

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution Example 3.2
9

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution Example 3.2
10

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


11
LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT, CAUSAL
SYSTEMS

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Linearity
12

 y1(n) is the system output using an input x1(n)


 y2(n) is the system output using an input x2(n)
 the system output due to the weighted sum inputs
⍺x1(n)+βx2(n) is equal to ⍺y1(n)+βy2(n)

 Check the linearity of:


 y(n)=10x(n)
 y(n)=x2(n)
Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou
Example: Linear Systems
13

 y(n) = 10.x(n)
 x1(n) = u(n); x2(n) = δ(n)
 y1(n) = 10.u(n) and y2(n) = 10.δ(n)

Linear system

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: Linear Systems
14

 Inputs:

Non-Linear
system
Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou
Time invariance
15

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Time invariance
16

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: Time Invariance
17

Given the linear systems


 y(n) = 2.x(n-5)
 y(n) = 2.x(3n)
determine whether each of the following systems is time
invariant.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: Time Invariance
18

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: Time Invariance
19

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Causality
20

 A causal system is one in which the output y(n) at time n


depends only on the current input x(n) at time n, its
past input sample values such as x(n-1), x(n-2), . . .

 if a system output depends on the future input values,


such as x(n + 1), x(n + 2), . . . , the system is non-causal

 The non-causal system cannot be realized in real time.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: causality
21

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Difference Equations and Impulse
Responses
22

 A causal, linear, time-invariant system can be described by a


difference equation having the following general form:

 Where a1, …, aN, and b0, … , bN are the coefficients of the


difference equation:

 y(n) depends on the past output samples y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N),


the current input sample x(n), and the past input samples,
x(n-1), . . . , x(n-N).

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: Difference Equation
23

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


System Representation Using Its
Impulse Response
24

 A linear time-invariant system can be completely


described by its unit-impulse response
 It is defined as the system response due to the impulse
input δ(n) with zero initial conditions

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example
25

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example: Solution
26

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


FIR System
27

 if the difference equation without the past output terms,


y(n-1), . . . , y(n-N), that is, the corresponding coefficients
a1, . . . , aN, are zeros, the impulse response h(n) has a
finite number of terms
 We call this a finite impulse response (FIR) system
 The output sequence of a linear time-invariant system
from its impulse response (digital convolution sum)

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example
28

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
29

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
30

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
31

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
32

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
33

 A stable system is one for which every bounded input


produces a bounded output (BIBO)
 consider a linear time-invariant representation with all
the inputs reaching the maximum value M for the worst
case

 Using the absolute values of the impulse response leads


to:

 If the absolute sum is a finite number, the product of the


absolute sum and the maximum input value is therefore
a finite number

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Bounded-in-and-Bounded-out Stability
34

 a linear system is stable if the sum of its absolute


impulse response coefficients is a finite number

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example
35

 Given the linear system

 Determine whether this system is stable or not.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
36

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Digital Convolution
37

 A linear time-invariant system can be represented by


using a digital convolution sum

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Digital Convolution
38

 Note that for a causal system, which implies its impulse


response:

 the lower limit of the convolution sum begins at 0


instead of ∞

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Digital Convolution
39

The convolution sum requires the sequence h(n)


to be reversed and shifted.

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example
40

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
41

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Example
42

 Evaluate the digital convolution of the following signals

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
43

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
44

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
45

 Tabular Method

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Solution
46

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


47

 The convolution operation can be viewed in the bloc


diagram as follows:

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Properties of the Convolution
48

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Duration of LTI Systems Impulse
Response
49

 We can subdivide the class of linear time-invariant


systems into two types:
 Those that have a finite-duration impulse response widely
called FIR

 Those that have an infinite-duration impulse response


widely called IIR

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Problem3.10
50

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Problem 3.14
51

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Problem 3.16
52

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Problem 3.23
53

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou


Problem 3.27
54

Dr. Abdul Rahman El Falou

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