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Ch2 Fluid Dynamics

The document discusses key concepts in fluid dynamics including: 1. Newton's laws of motion as they relate to fluid flow and defining forces like mass times acceleration. 2. Mathematical descriptions of fluid properties over time including velocity, pressure, and temperature fields. 3. Characterizing the motion and deformation of fluid particles using Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. 4. Introducing concepts like viscosity, shear stress, vorticity, and diffusion which are important for modeling fluid behavior.

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39 views

Ch2 Fluid Dynamics

The document discusses key concepts in fluid dynamics including: 1. Newton's laws of motion as they relate to fluid flow and defining forces like mass times acceleration. 2. Mathematical descriptions of fluid properties over time including velocity, pressure, and temperature fields. 3. Characterizing the motion and deformation of fluid particles using Lagrangian and Eulerian descriptions. 4. Introducing concepts like viscosity, shear stress, vorticity, and diffusion which are important for modeling fluid behavior.

Uploaded by

gaith syoof
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch 2 Fluid Dynamics

Basic Motion Laws

Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its
state by the action of an external force.

The second law explains how the velocity of an object changes


when it is subjected to an external force.
The law defines a force to be equal to change
in momentum (mass times velocity) per change in time.
F=m*a

The third law states that for every action (force) in nature there is
an equal and opposite reaction.
Mathematical Modeling
Boundary Layer Theory and Turbulence
Pressure (Forces); Velocity (Flow Structure)

Fluid Dynamics:
Pressure: Forces, Drag
and Lift Forces

Fluid Kinematics:
1. Deformation: Shear
and Strain, Friction
Losses
2. Vorticity and Rotation

Turbulence: Mixing and


Dissipation, Heat
Transfer, Mass Transfer

Temperature Field,
Evaporation, Combustion
(angular deformation & linear deformation)
Motion of a Fluid Particle (Kinematics)
The scheme of following the trajectories of individual particles is called the
Lagrangian description of motion and is very useful in solid mechanics

The scheme of describing the flow at every fixed point as a function of time
is called the Eulerian formulation of motion.
Let Q represent any property of the fluid (mass, pressure, velocity, acceleration).
The total differential change in Q, as the independent variables change by dx, dy, dz, & dt:

Q = Q(x, y, z, t)
dp/dz=-ρg
Assume Δz=(-h)
Hence, Δp =dp/dz*Δz
Δp = (-ρg)*(-h) = ρgh
Following an infinitesimal particle, then,

or dx/dt = u, dy/dt = v, dz/dt = w

Substitute back, and divide by dt, we get,


Substantial derivative = the Local derivative + the Convective derivative
Kinematic properties in terms of velocity derivatives.

In terms of velocity derivatives,


the rate of rotation about the z axes Counter-clock wise

Use new variable, ꙍ, such as,

In vector notation,

If ꙍ = 0, then the flow is irrotational.


Angular deformation
The 2-D shear strain
It is defined as the average decrease of the angle between two
lines which are initially perpendicular in the unstrained state.

Taking AB and BC as our initial lines, the shear-strain increment


is,
The dilatation, or extensional strain
The linear deformation

The extensional strain in the x direction is defined as the fractional


increase in length of the horizontal side of the element.

Similarly,

The strain-rate tensor


(μ, k, & d)
τ = μ ∂u/∂y
For simple fluids such as water, oil, or gases, the relationship is linear or Newtonian.

Or,

Units:
Fluids that have a non-linear relation between shear stress and rate of strain are called a non-Newtonian fluids.
Viscosity correlations:
The generalized kinetic-theory formula for dilute-gas viscosity is of the form:
A common approximation for the viscosity of dilute gases is the power law:
Units:

or

calculations
Correlations:
Fick’s law of diffusion
Dimensionless parameters:
cos(90) = 0 cos(0) = 1.0

k j
90o
90o

i
The three unit vectors
θ = 90

θ = 90, cosθ = 0
Cross Product

sin(90) = 1.0 sin(0) = 0

k j
90o
90o

i
The three unit vectors
Cartesian coordinates system
Cylindrical polar coordinates system

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