Learning module 2

1st QUARTER

Name:

Grade and Section:

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 Table of Contents

Part 1. Learning Module Standard…………………………………………………………….4

Content Standard

Performance Standard

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Duration

Part II. Lesson Exploration……………………………………………………………………5

Lesson 3: The Concept of Power

Lesson 4: States, Nation, and Globalization

Part III. Assessment Tasks……………………………………………………………………19

Identification

Essay

Part IV. Internet Links…………………………………………………………………………21

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 Guidelines in using this Module

Dear SHS learners,

Good day! I wish you all safe in the comfort in your own houses with people closest to your
hearts!
As you are well aware of our current public health crisis due to COVID 19 Pandemic, we cannot
afford to take chances and have a face to face discussions of topics in our subject Philippine Politics
and Governance. As such, please allow me to navigate you to each part of the module.
Part I. Learning Module Standard
This part contains the module overview about the standards that learners must meet. Clearly
shown in this section is the alignment of content standards, performance standards and the most
essential learning competencies. The duration of the lessons and the completion of different learning
and assessment tasks are also provided.
Remember, this module is designed for you to work on your own but that does mean that you
can hop from one lesson/topic to another freely. Assess yourself first if you are ready to proceed to the
next lesson/topic or not.

Part II. Lesson Exploration

This section of the module presents the discussion and lecturette about the lesson. It also
provides activities that will help you arrive at the desired understanding of the concepts.

Part III. Assessment Tasks

These are your deliverables as culmination of this module. You are expected to demonstrate
your learnings about the concepts of the topics being discussed.

Part IV. Internet Link/References

The links provided here are the references from the internet. It also includes here the references from
the book.

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 Part I. Learning Module Standard

Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of

power, states, nation, and globalization.
Performance Standard The learners should clearly identify a specific
political phenomenon and
how it can be studied
Most Essential Learning 1. Analyze the nature, dimensions/types, and
Competencies consequences of power
(MELC) 2. Analyze the relationship among nations and states
in the context of globalization
Duration Week 4-Week 6

Part II. Lesson Exploration

Before we proceed to the lesson think of a words or phrases which are connected to the word
“power”. Write it on the flower map organizer.

POWER

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 Lesson 3
The Concept of Power

In the previous lesson on the different views on politics, you have learned that politics also
involves power and the distribution of resources. It is thus seen as the exercise of authority in the
state. Personal relationships are also characterized by power, whether you are conscious of this
or not. You can notice how power is practiced in everyday life, even in the most ordinary
situations.
In this lesson, you will be able to:
 define power
 analyze the nature, dimensions, types, and sources of power
 determine the vital role of power in politics

The Meaning of Power

Politics always involves the exercise of power by one person or persons to another
person or persons (Shively, 2012). Power is the ability to get someone to do something
he/she wants to accomplish, thus making things happen in the way he/she wants. In
having such ability, along with the exercise of power is an influence. Thus, influence is the
process by which a person affects the behavior and feeling of another person. In order to
influence a person, there must an authority which is the right to change another person.
Power is as well a prime ingredient of politics (Roskin et. al., 2012). However, there are
instances that power becomes cynical, brutal, and self-destructive that affirmed Lord
Acton’s dictum. “Power tends to corrupt: absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
In its broadest sense, power is one’s ability to achieve a desired outcome.
However, in political terms, power is the ability to influence another-the way one thinks or
behaves-in a manner not of his or her own choosing (Lasswell, 1936). It thus involves
one’s capacity to get things done, and to make someone do something he/she would not
otherwise do.
Sources of Power

1. Organizational Power is a power derived from a person’s position in an organization and

from control over valuable resources afforded by that position

 Reward power. It is the extent to which a leader can use extrinsic and intrinsic
rewards to control and influence other people.
 Coercive power. It is the degree to which a leader can deny desired rewards or
administer punishments to control other people and let them follow his wants.
 Legitimate power. It is the extent to which a leader can use subordinates’
internalized values or beliefs that the boss has a right of command to control his
subordinates’ behavior. That if legitimacy is lost, authority will not be accepted by
subordinates. It is otherwise known as formal hierarchical authority.

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  Information power. The leader has the access to and control of information. This
complements legitimate hierarchical power. This could be granted to specialists and
managers in the middle of the information system. The people may protect
information in order to increase their power
 Process power. The leader has full of control over the methods of production and
analysis. Thereby, placing an individual in the position of influencing how inputs are
transformed into outputs as well as managing the analytical process used to make
choices.
 Representative power. The legal right conferred to speak by the firm as a
representative of a potentially significant group composed of individuals from
departments or outside the firm. Helps complex organizations deal with a variety of
constituencies.

2. Individual Power or personal power is a power derived from personal characteristics

that are of value to the organization.

 Expert Power
 The ability to control another person’s behavior through the possession of
knowledge, experience, or judgment that the other person needs but does not
have.
 Is relative, not absolute
 Rational persuasion
 The ability to control another person’s behavior by convincing the other person
of the desirability of a goal and reasonable way of achieving it.
 Much of a supervisor’s daily activity involves rational persuasion.
 Referent power
 The ability to control another’s behavior because the person wants to identify
with the power source
 Can be enhanced by linking to morality and ethics and a long-term vision.

Symbols of Powers

Since organizational charts only reveal authority and not power, it is important to determine what
the symbols of power are across most organizations. One of the more easily identified power
symbols is that of a uniform for a public officer.

A. Kanter’s Symbols of Power

The primary characteristic of Kanter’s seven symbols of power is that they provide an ability
to aid or assist another person. Her symbols are active and other-directed.

The symbols are:

1. Ability to intercede for someone in trouble

2. Ability to get placements for favored employees
3. Exceeding budget limitations
4. Procuring above-average raises for employees
5. Getting items on the agenda at meetings
6. Access to recent information
7. Having top managers seek out one’s opinions

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 B. Kanter’s Symbols of Powerlessness
Powerlessness is a lack of power, which may have different symptoms in managers at
various levels of the organization.

C. Korda’s Symbols of Power

Korda’s symbols of power are easier to determine, and they include offer furnishing, time
power, and standing by.

Two Faces of Power

McClleland takes a stand for the use of authority in a right or wrong fashion.

1. Personal Power is used for personal gain, and results in a win-lose approach
2. Social Control involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish group goals

Types of Authority (Weber in Ethridge & Handelman, 2004)

1. Charismatic Authority. It an influence possessed by person by virtue of their personal

magnetism. They have the capacity to gain respect and even adulation to the point of
moving followers to make sacrifices. It flows not from the legal basis of one’s power but an
individual’s personal “gifts”

2. Rational-Legal Authority. It is a leadership based on established law. People obey the

leader or executive because they accept his or her power under law.

3. Traditional Authority. The leadership is based from the culture that is people often give
allegiance to the one who occupy the institutional positions.

4. Coercive Authority. The power to use force such as police or military force to demand
obedience from the subordinate.

Table 1. Dimensions of Power (Heywood 2013)

Power as decision-making Power is perceived as the

influence on the content of
decisions, what to be made,
and how to execute such
decision all involve power.
Power as agenda setting Power involves the ability to
set or control political agenda,
highlighting one at the
exclusion of other issues.
Power as thought control Power is seen as an
ideological indoctrination or a
psychological control where
one has the ability to change
or shape how another thinks or
behaves

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 What have you learned so far?

1. What is your understanding of the concept of Power?

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2. Think of relationships fostered in your circle of friends. Who among the members of the
group has the ability to exercise power and authority? Why him/her?
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3. In your barangay, how is power shown among the members of the community?
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Activity 1: Study the following pictures. How are the concepts of power and authority presented in
the following pictures? Write your answers on the box provided.

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 Activity 2: Using compare and contrast the Diagram, differentiate power from authority

POWER AUTHORITY

How are they alike?

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How are they different?

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 Lesson 4
States, Nation and Globalization

Before we proceed to the lesson. let’s have some activity first which is called “Alphabet
Organizer”. Write a word or phrase that relates to GLOBALIZATION which begins with each
letter.

A B C D

E F G H

I J K L

M N O P

Q R S T

U V W X

Y Z

You have learned in module 1 that political science is the study of the state and the
government. In this lesson, you will further understand the state and be acquainted with the
fundamental differences among state and nation. You may wonder what could be importance of
states as a political entity and as an actor in the global order, given the increasing
interconnected of the world at present. The relationship between the state, nation and
globalization
This lesson presents the future role of the state, nations and globalization in political
processes. Moreover, give students a profound understanding of the evolution of globalization
and the ever-changing structure of nation and state.
In this lesson, you will be able to:
 define and differentiate nation from state
 identify and explain the components and origin of the state
 determine the influence of globalization on nation states

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Concept of State
State taken from the Latin word “stare” (to stand) a state is a political community that
occupies a definite territory; having an organized government with the authority to make and
enforce laws without the consent of a higher authority. It also defined as self-governing political
entity. The term state can be used interchangeably with the county.

Elements of the State

1. People-also known as population or inhabitants.
2. Territory-refers to the portion of the earth which composed of aerial (air space above),
fluvial (waters around and connecting the islands of the archipelago) and terrestrial
(landmass) domains.
3. Sovereignty-refers to supreme and absolute power within its territorial boundaries.

Types of Sovereignty
 Internal is the power of the state to rule within its territory
 External is the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection to or
control by other states.
Characteristics of Sovereignty
1. Sovereignty is absolute from the legal point of view
2. Sovereignty is permanent
3. Sovereignty of the state is universal
4. Sovereignty is inalienable
5. Sovereignty cannot be divided between or shared by a plurality
6. Sovereignty is exclusive

4. Government-refers to the institution or agency or instrumentalities through which the

state maintains social order, provide public services, and enforces binding decisions.

Forms of Government

1. Distribution of Power

a. Unitary. Government power is held by one central authority. Example: Philippines,

Denmark, Italy, Finland, Peru, Rwanda.
b. Confederation. It is voluntary association of independent states that often only
delegate a few powers to the central government. Weak or loose organization of
states agrees to follow a powerful central government. Examples: The
commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) formerly known as Soviet Union,
Switzerland’s canton system.
c. Federal. Government power is divided between one central and several regional
authorities. Example: Malaysia, USA, Nigeria, Australia

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Citizen Participation

a. Autocracy.
Form of government wherein one person possesses unlimited power. The
citizen has limited, if any, role in government. The leader is from a family or from a
social class or from a strong party. In addition, Monarchy is a government in which
the supreme power is lodged in the hands of a monarch who reigns over a state or
territory, usually for life and by hereditary right; the monarch may be either a sole
absolute ruler or a sovereign-such as king, queen, or prince-with constitutionally
limited authority.

Forms of Autocratic Government

1. Absolute or Totalitarian Dictatorship. The ideas of a single leader glorified.

Government tries to control all aspects of social and economic life. Moreover,
the government is not responsible to the people. Ex: Adolf Hitler, Benito
Mussolini, Joseph Stalin.

2. Absolute Monarchy. The king, queen, or emperor exercises the supreme and
unlimited powers of government wherein the position is usually inherited.
Absolute monarch rules by divine right are rare today but from the 1400s to the
1700’s they ruled most of the Western Europe. Ex: King of Saudi Arabia. The
counterpart of absolute monarchy is limited monarchy wherein the ruler has a
limited power as mandated by the constitution.

b. Oligarchy.
It is the government by the few. Sometimes a small group exercises control
especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The group gets its power from military
power, social power, wealth, religion, or a combination. In here, the citizen has a
very limited role. Thus, political opposition is usually suppressed-sometimes
violently. Ex: Communist countries such as China. Leaders in the party and armed
forces control government.

c. Democracy.
It is a government based on the consent of the governed. The people are
the sovereign; thus, they hold the highest political authority. Citizens have
freedom to criticize their leaders because they are the one who elected
them in the position. People have a high degree of participation in every
government processes.
Democracy has two forms
 Indirect democracy is a form of democratic government wherein the people
directly elect their leaders who will govern them and perform governmental
functions.

 Direct democracy is a form of government wherein the people will convene in

a mass assembly and directly formulate and expressed the will of the state

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 3. Legitimacy
a. De jure. It is a form of government wherein it has the peoples’ support and possess
constitutional mandate. Therefore, it is a legitimate government.
b. De facto. It is a form of government supported by the people but no constitution
mandate or legal support.
4. Executive and Legislative Relationship
a. Presidential. A form of government in which executive branch exists separately from
the legislature. The president is constitutionally independent of the legislature because
they are elected directly by the people.
b. Parliamentary. A form of government in which members of an executive branch (the
cabinet and its leader- a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their
positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it. The members
of executive branch are also members of the parliament or the legislature. Moreover,
this type of government can be dissolved at will
Concept of Nation
 Nation is the social construction of a collective identity. It is an imagined political
community that is imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign (Anderson, 1991).
It is also defined as a group of people who share the same history, geography,
language, customs, and sometimes religion.

 The nation is said to be imagined because members have a mental image of their
affinity. It is limited because nations have “finite, if elastic boundaries, beyond which lie
other nations”. It is sovereign in so far as no dynastic monarchy can claim authority over
them.

 A nation is an imagined community because “regardless of the actual inequality and

exploitation that may prevail in each, the nation is always conceived as a deep,
horizontal comradeship. It is a large group of people who are bound together, and
recognize a similarity among themselves, because of a common culture; in particular, a
common language seems important in creating nationhood (Shively, 2013)

 Moreover, the term nation-state as being defined by UNESCO “is one where the great
majority are conscious of a common identity and share the same culture”. In addition,
nation-state “is an area where the cultural boundaries match up with the political
boundaries”.

 The ideal of nation-state is that the state incorporates people of a single ethnic stock
and cultural traditions. Therefore, nation-state would exist if nearly all the members of
a single nation were organized in a single state, without any other national communities
being present. Although the term is widely used, no such entities exist

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 TABLE 1. DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE STATE AND NATION (Murali, et.al 2005)

STATE NATION
 Exited not only at present but also  Modern phenomenon
in the ancient period
 It is legal political  It is racial cultural
 People organized for law within a  People psychologically joined
definite territory together with common will to live
together
 A state must be sovereign  People continue as a nation even if
they do not remain sovereign
 Inhabited by heterogenous group  Inhabited by homogeneous groups of
of people people

Concept of Globalization

 Globalization also known as Global Industrialism is a process of forging international

political, economic, religious, and socio-cultural interconnections. The concept of
sovereign nation-states is increasingly being challenged by globalization.

 Heywood (2013) illustrates the phenomenon of globalization as the process through

which societies have become so embedded or interconnected that events and
decisions in one part of the world have significant effects on the lives of people in the
other part of the world.

 Globalization is an outcome of a growing interdependence among actors, activities, and

processes all over the world

Sorensen (2008) argues that modern states are based on:

1. National economy: Removal of geographical barriers to trade and the building of a
nation-wide infrastructure

2. National government: A centralized system of democratic rules and active political-

administrative capacities within a precisely defined territory

3. Nation: People who build a community of sentiment and a community of citizens.

4. Sovereignty: No final political authority outside or above the state.

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TABLE 2 FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION

Form of Features/Characteristics Manifestations/Examples

Globalization

 Internationalized
production
All economies have been
Economic integrated in a global  Financial capital flowing
economy freely between countries

 McDonaldization or
what George Ritzer
(1993) called as
rationalization that Max
Weber found in
bureaucracies extended
Information, commodities, and to fast-food chains. This
images from one part of the then leads to
world make cultural standardization of
Socio-cultural differences between nation processes such as
and individuals less significant production

 Information revolution

 Global brands
penetrating the local
scene

 Influence on domestic
issues of organizations
such as the United
Nations, World Trade
Organization, World
Political The importance of bank, Asian
international organizations, Development Bank,
transnational organizations, International Red Cross,
and nongovernmental and World Wide Fund
organization is being for Nature
recognized

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 What have you learned so far?

1. Explain your understanding of the following concepts:

State
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Nation
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Globalization
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2. Explain the relationship among nations and states in the context of globalization.
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Activity 3: Study the following pictures. How do they present the concept of globalization? Write
your answers on the box provided.

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Activity 4: Give at least 10 examples of a country or place which can be categorize as nation, state
or a nation-state. Write it at the table below

NATION STATE NATION-STATE

1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5.
6. 6. 6
7. 7 7.
8. 8. 8
9. 9 9
10 10. 10

Part III. Assessment Tasks

A. Identification. Read the statement carefully. Identify the term that is described. Write
your answer in the space provided

__________________1. It is a leader based on established law. People obey the leader or

executive because they accept his or her power under law.
__________________2. It the leadership is based from the culture that is people often give
allegiance to the one who occupy the institutional positions.
__________________3. It is the power to use force such as police or military force to demand
obedience from the subordinate.
__________________4. It involves the use of power to create motivation or to accomplish
group goals.
__________________5. It is the ability to control another’s behavior because the person
wants to identify with the power source.
__________________6. It is the extent to which a leader can use extrinsic and extrinsic
rewards to control and influence other people.
__________________7. The leader has full control over the methods of production and and
analysis.
__________________8. It is a lack of power, which may have different symptoms in
managers at different levels of the organization.
__________________9. It is the process by which a person affects the behavior and feeling
of another person.
_________________10. It is the right to influence another person.

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 B. Essay. Answer the question. Write your answer on the space provided. Refer to the
rubric.

1. In what way does globalization affect you as an individual?

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2. Can there be a strong state without nation. Use the situation of the Philippines to explain
your answer.
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Rubric: Essay
5 4 3 2
Content Content indicates Content indicates Content indicates Shows some
synthesis of original thinking thinking and thinking and
ideas, in-depth and develops reasoning applied reasoning but
analysis and ideas with with original most ideas are
evidences sufficient and firm thought on a few underdeveloped
original thought evidence ideas and unoriginal.
and support for
the topic
Organization Writing shows Writing is Writing is Writing lacks
high degree of coherent and coherent and logical
attention to logic logically logically organization. It
and reasoning of organized with organized. Some shows some
points. Unity transitions used points remain coherence but
clearly leads the between ideas misplaced and ideas lack unity.
reader to the and paragraphs stray from the Serious errors.
conclusion and to create topic. Transitions
stirs thought coherence. evident but not
regarding the Overall unity of used throughout
topic ideas is present essay

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 Part IV. Internet Links/References

Concept of nation, states, and globalization

http://www.genyo.com.ph/genyoshs/subjectdetails.php?subjectid=1414&contentlvlid=72

References:
Mendoza, D., Melegrito, M.,and Mactal, R. (2016) Politics Without Borders. Quezon City,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Tabajen, R., and Pulma, E. (2016) Philippine Politics and Governnance. Pasay City,
Philippines: JFS Publishing Services.

“The only way to predict the future is to have the power to shape the future
-Eric Hoffer

Congratulations! You did a great job! You just finished module 2. Rest and relax
for a while then we will move on to the next lesson.

Prepared By: Shaena Ellain D. Bondad, LPT

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