International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology ISSN (Online):2278-5299

Volume 3, Issue 5: Page No. 90-94. September-October 2014

http://www.mnkjournals.com/ijlrst.htm

SUB SOIL INVESTIGATION AND SUITABLE TYPE

OF FOUNDATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
SUPERSTRUCTURE IN THE BANK OF GANGUA
NALLAH, BHUBANESWAR
1
K P Dash, 2Dr. T K Lohani and 3H R Behera
12,3
Orissa Engineering College, Bhubaneswar, India

Abstract- Gangua Nallah is the lifeline of Bhubaneswar city. This Nallah, a small river not only meets the requirement of water to the
inhabitants but also meets all other necessities. It is located in the S-E of the capital of the state of Odisha, but in the recent past
mushrooming with constructions and infrastructural developments in its downstream has created acute problem preventing the natural
course of the river besides hindering the nature’s set-up. Since the region is devoid of solid and hard rock basement, it has become a
matter of concern for the technocrats to provide suitable and stabilized foundations for those upcoming massive structures. The complex
behavior of the soil parameters, whose index and engineering properties have been determined strictly based on Indian Standard Codes,
reflects the lacuna of foundation problem. The lithological variation of the land shows the entire region spread by thick blanket of clayey
soil having high porosity with less permeability generates swampy land throughout the year. But at a greater depth the stratum is defined
by a compact, hard and impervious lateritic bed that gives ample support for a safe and stable foundation. Geotechnical investigation is
inevitable once a plan for superstructure is to be executed. Engineering properties of the underlying soil need to be studied thoroughly to
find an amicable solution for design aspects to be implemented.Two numbers of bore holes named BH-1 and BH-2of 10.0m depth each are
taken into consideration whose diameter ranges to 150mm by wash drilling method. Standard Penetration Tests were conducted at regular
interval. Disturbed and undisturbed samples at suitable intervals or at change of strata whichever exists early were collected for
classification of soil. Based on the above circumstances suggestions were deceived to find suitable type of foundation. In this context bore
logs, soil profile, laboratory and field test play a vital role. From the various studies of soil it was found that clayey sand, sandy clay and
blanket of clay pre-dominates the study area. This followed by a thick layer of laterite defining the bedrock. Sometimes laterite is
associated with sandstone in the region. Load bearing structures are completely unfavorable on such type of soil. Due to expansive nature
of soil, deep foundation/pile foundation is suggested.

Keywords - Standard penetration test (SPT), Undisturbed sample (UDS), Disturbed Sample (DS), Borehole Logs, Shear Strength,
Safe Bearing Capacity, Gangua Nallah
of population, abandonment of agricultural lands and
I. INTRODUCTION conversion of cultivable lands to infrastructural projects.
The state of Odisha located in the eastern coast of India Stratigraphic, lithologic and geomorphic set up partially
consists of thick alluvial bed due to deposits incurred by control the performance of soil. The annual rainfall in the
meandering rivers towards the downstream. The coastal area also varies considerably from year to year which affects
alluvium forms unconsolidated material of which the study the physico-chemical properties of soil and its strength
area forms a part it. These formations composed of sand, parameters. The study area which extends for a long stretch
gravel, silt, clay and laterite. It has extensive unconfined and under Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation of Khurda district
confined zone down to 150m-300m. This zone is underlain constituting the part of Khurda district has its own
by Mahanadi graben extending in a NW-SE direction. The importance due to massive infrastructural growth,
physical and index parameters of soil under the study area mushrooming educational institutes and high rise apartments.
with an aerial extension of around 150km2 are completely The scope of work comprises of conducting detail soil
dependent on the percolation and penetration of surface and investigation, laboratory testing, conducting and estimation
groundwater. As the water of Gangua is comparatively of safe bearing capacity for the proposed work on drilling
sweeter it may be assessed that impact of saline environment two nos. of boreholes.
is too negligible on the soil characters of the river bed. The
hydrogeological set up of the study area owes to the varied II. METHODOLOGY
geomorphic and geological set up which controls the physical The methods of investigation consist of visual
and chemical characteristic of the soil strata. Geotechnical reconnaissance, drilling of boreholes, laboratory experiments
parameters at various depths of soil strata along the bank of and determination of soil parameters and analysis of the
Gangua Nallah are alarming. The primary reason behind the results. The field borehole drillings are extended up to 10m
variation is the impact of coastal environment, rapid growth below Natural Ground Level (NGL) or refusal. This is

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followed by collection of UDS samples as per (IS: 2720) and
finally the soil samples are transported to the Civil
engineering laboratory of Orissa Engineering College. The
bulk density, moisture content, grain size analysis, shear
strength, liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, DFS,
water absorption, porosity and density of the samples are
determined in the laboratory (Mishra et al., 2010). For
detailed laboratory investigation SPT is conducted at 1.5m
intervals or at change of soil strata in different boreholes.
Disturbed soil samples from both the boreholes were
collected at 1.5m and SPT tests were conducted as (IS: 2131)
and (IS: 1985) respectively in different levels at the boreholes
in a continuous manner using UDS sampling tubes. The SPT
sampler was lowered inside the borehole un to the required
level and is driven by a 63.50kg hammer with a free fall of
750mm driving 450mm in three stages 150mm each and the
number of blows for each 150mm penetration for 2nd and 3rd
150mm drive recorded as “N”. Refusal is considered for
N>100. In the course of drilling groundwater was
encountered at a depth of 1.20m to 1.50m NGL. In an attempt
for optimization in the design of foundation for these Table 1 Bore Log Data of BH-1
proposed structures to be constructed at this site,
Geotechnical Investigation was envisaged. The entire
Investigation programme has been divided mainly into two
parts, Field works and Laboratory tests.
Field works
Field tests unfold the sub-surface deposits and their
characteristics. Laboratory tests help in determining the
relevant physical and geotechnical properties of the sub-
surface deposits leading to finalization of foundation depths
of the structures and the bearing capacity with particular
reference to the sub-surface types and their strength
parameters and settlement potentials at the site.
a. Boring
Boring was carried out by Wash Drilling method to sink
nominal 150mm diameter bore holes to depths envisaged by
using a mechanical winch. Disturbed soil samples were
collected at suitable intervals or at change of strata,
whichever is earlier, by open drive sampling method since it
was intended to ascertain the sub-soil characteristics.
b. Sampling
Representative soil samples were collected from the
boreholes at different depths of the soil strata (IS: 1892- Table 2 Bore Log Data of BH-2
1979). The samples in the sampling tubes sealed with wax at
the two opposite ends were then properly sealed in III. RESULTS
polythene bags and labeled for proper identification Laboratory test results of BH-1 and BH-2 are presented in
during testing. The disturbed soil samples were tested & its Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. The different depths from
test results are used for classification of soils (IS: 1498- which samples were collected for DS, UDS and SPT have
1970). Undisturbed samples were also collected at suitable been presented below. DS extends up to 1.5m followed by
intervals & brought to the laboratory for various tests. UDS up to 6m and SPT up to 10m respectively. Same
parameters for both the bore holes were considered to find a
cohesive relationship between this two bore hole log data.

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Sample collected at
0.5m 1.5m 2.0m 3.0m 4.5m 6.0m 7.5m 9.0m 10.0m

Correction Factor as per fig.

qd = CN cscdcic = Cu x 5.14 x
Depth

Pressure in kg/cm2gd = g x

1 of IS: 2131-1981 (C.F.)

Cu=0.067x N' in Kg / cm²

Field SPT Value (N)

Correction (N') N x C.F.

2
Effective Over Burden

SBC = qu + gd in T/m
Type of sample

sc x ic x dc in Kg / cm²
BH Reference
DS DS UDS UDS SPT UDS SPT SPT SPT

Depth in m.
collected

qu = qd/ F = qd / 2.5
After Over-burden
Sl.
Fine gravel No.
in %

in Kg / cm²
(20mm to 3.57 4.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.84

[N' = N]
4.75mm)

D
Coarse
sand in %
19.68 23.69 0.96 1.69 0.81 0.89 1.69 0.67 2.36 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI
(4.75mm to
2.0mm)
1 4.5 9 0.401 --- --- 0.603 5.842 2.337 27.38
Medium
sand in % 2 7.5 13 0.608 --- --- 0.871 10.185 4.074 46.82
28.68 31.58 5.96 6.48 8.15 7.64 9.19 3.94 9.56 BH-
(2.0mm to
Grain size analysis
% by wt. Retained

0.425mm) 1
3 9 16 0.823 --- --- 1.072 13.61 5.444 62.67
Fine sand in
%(0.425mm 4 10 21 0.942 --- --- 1.407 18.803 7.521 84.63
43.38 31.01 8.50 10.08 10.47 12.78 12.65 11.70 18.73
to
0.075mm) 1 4.5 8 0.428 --- --- 0.536 5.193 2.077 25.05
Silt & clay
4.69 9.47 84.58 81.75 80.57 78.69 76.47 83.69 68.51 2 7.5 12 0.699 --- --- 0.804 9.402 3.761 44.6
in % BH-
Liquid limit 2
18.0 19.0 38.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 32.0 3 9 17 0.847 --- --- 1.139 14.461 5.784 66.31
Atterberg’s

in %
Plastic limit 4 10 20 0.925 --- --- 1.34 17.908 7.163 80.88
----- ----- 19.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 18.0
Limit

in %
Plasticity
index in %
NP NP 19.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 14.0 Table 4 Calculation of SBC from field SPT Value for
Bulk density in gm/cc ---- ---- 1.976 1.981 ---- 1.971 ---- ---- ---- BH-1 and BH-2
Field Moisture content
---- ---- 18.05 19.36 ---- 18.67 ---- ---- ----
in %
2
Cohesion C in Kg/cm ---- ---- 0.30 0.29 ---- 0.29 ---- ---- ----
Bore At General Shear Local Shear Safe Bearing
Angel of shearing
resistance Ö in degree.
---- ---- 6 7 ---- 5 ---- ---- ---- Hole Depth Failure (in Failure (in Pressure (in
No. (in m.) kg/cm2) (kg/cm2) kg/cm2)
Specific gravity 2.65 2.68 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.72 2.74
Void ratio ---- ---- 0.62 0.63 ---- 0.63 ---- ---- ---- 1 2 3.457 2.089 1.374
Field SPT Value (N) ---- ---- ---- ---- 9 ---- 13 16 21
3 3.99 2.391 1.618
6 4.444 2.712 2.053
D.F.S in % 0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 20.0
2 2 2.862 1.838 1.183
Group of soil as per SP-
IS:- 1498-1970
SP
SM
CI CI CI CI CI CI CL 3 3.452 2.107 1.521
Table 3 Laboratory test results of BH-1 6 4.59 2.8 2.18
Table 5 Shear and Safe bearing of Bore Holes
Sample collected at
0.5m 1.5m 2.0m 3.0m 4.5m 6.0m 7.5m 9.0m 10.0m
Depth
Type of sample
All the tests were conducted as per relevant Indian Standard
DS DS UDS UDS SPT UDS SPT SPT SPT
collected Specifications. The details of the borehole characteristics
Fine gravel
in %
4.36 6.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 have been mentioned below:
(20mm to
4.75mm) BH-1
Coarse sand
in %
1. It is seen that non-plastic, non-expansive poorly graded
19.36 25.69 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.94 0.47
(4.75mm to
sand followed by sand mixed with silt stratum is existing
Grain size analysis
% by wt. retained

2.0mm)
Medium up to 2.0m depth from which one DS (disturbed sample)
sand in %
(2.0mm to
29.69 32.15 3.64 2.64 6.94 3.64 5.94 8.34 7.45 was collected at 0.5m depth. UDS was slipped at 1.5m
0.425mm)
depth to collect DS.
Fine sand in
%
43.44 22.24 3.86 2.79 9.80 4.88 8.06 10.27 7.39
2. From 2.0m depth, a high plastic, moderate expansive &
(0.425mm to
0.075mm) stiff consistent silt & clay with intermediate
Silt & clay
in %
3.15 13.69 92.36 94.57 83.26 91.48 85.36 80.45 84.69 compressibility strata exists up to 10.0m depth whose field
Liquid limit
18.0 20.0 52.0 53.0 38.0 53.0 36.0 36.0 38.0
N values from SPT were found to vary from 9 to 16 blows.
in %
Three UDS samples were collected at 2.0m, 3.0m & 6.0m
Atterberg’s
Limit

Plastic limit
in %
----- ----- 25.0 26.0 19.0 26.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 depth respectively. At 10.0m depth, a medium plastic,
Plasticity
NP NP 27.0 27.0 19.0 27.0 18.0 18.0 19.0
moderate expansive & very stiff consistent silt & clay with
index in %
Bulk density in gm/cc ---- ---- 1.994 2.010 ---- 1.993 ---- ---- ----
low compressibility strata exists whose Field N value from
Field Moisture content
in %
---- ---- 19.35 19.14 ---- 18.92 ---- ---- ---- SPT was found to be 21 (Table 2).
Cohesion C in Kg/cm
2
---- ---- 0.28 0.29 ---- 0.30 ---- ---- ----
BH-2
Angel of shearing
1. In this borehole, it is found that a non-plastic, non-
---- ---- 4 5 ---- 5 ---- ---- ----
resistance Ö in degree.
expansive poorly graded sand stratum followed by silty
Specific gravity 2.65 2.64 2.71 2.71 2.72 2.71 2.72 2.71 2.72
sand stratum existing up to 2.0m depth from which one
Void ratio ---- ---- 0.62 0.60 ---- 0.61 ---- ---- ----
DS sample was collected at 0.5m depth. UDS was slipped
Field SPT Value (N) ---- ---- ---- ---- 8 ---- 12 17 20

D.F.S in % 0.0 0.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 35.0
at 1.5m depth by which DS sample was taken.
Group of soil as per
SP SM CH CH CI CH CI CI CI
2. From 2.0m to 4.5m depth, a high plastic, high expansive
IS:- 1498-1970
Silt & clay with high compressibility strata exists from
Table 4 Laboratory test results of BH-2
which two UDS samples were collected at 2.0m & 3.0m
IV. DISCUSSION depth respectively.
Standard penetration tests were conducted to calculate the 3. From 4.5m depth, a high plastic, moderate expansive &
safe bearing capacity of the bore holes. Safe bearing capacity medium consistent Silt & clay with intermediate
at different depths for bore holes are calculated and presented compressibility strata existing up to 6.0m depth from
in Table 4. A summary of shear and safe bearing has been which Field N value from SPT was found to be 8.
presented in Table 5. 4. From 6.0m depth, a high plastic, high expansive Silt &
clay with high compressibility stratum exists upto 7.5m

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 International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology.
depth from which one UDS sample was collected at 6.0m Plastic
----- ----- 19.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 18.0
limit in %
depth.
Plasticity
5. From 7.5m to 10.0m depth, a high plastic, moderate index in %
NP NP 19.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 14.0

expansive & stiff to very stiff consistent silt & clay with Bulk density in
---- ---- 1.976 1.981 ---- 1.971 ---- ---- ----
gm/cc
intermediate compressibility strata whose Field N values Field Moisture content
---- ---- 18.05 19.36 ---- 18.67 ---- ---- ----
from SPT were found to be vary from 12 to 20. in %
Cohesion C in
DS/SPT/UDS samples collected at different depths from both Kg/cm2
---- ---- 0.30 0.29 ---- 0.29 ---- ---- ----

the bore holes were tested for its Grain size, Atterberg’s Angel of shearing
resistance Ö in ---- ---- 6 7 ---- 5 ---- ---- ----
Limit, Specific Gravity and DFS as per their relevant IS degree.
Codes and the test results of the same are presented in the sub Specific gravity 2.65 2.68 2.72 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.72 2.74
Void ratio ---- ---- 0.62 0.63 ---- 0.63 ---- ---- ----
soil investigation test results.UDS samples were also
Field SPT Value (N) ---- ---- ---- ---- N=09 ---- N=13 N=16 N=21
collected at different depths from both the boreholes. Shear
D.F.S in % 0.0 0.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 20.0
tests & all other test as above were conducted in UDS
Group of soil SP-
samples (Table 3). (IS:- 1498-1970)
SP
SM
CI CI CI CI CI CI CL

Pile & SBC calculation are calculated according to the IS

specifications (IS: 2911& IS: 6403).
1.1 Summary of Safe Bearing Capacity Sub soil investigation test result of the soil samples collected
Sl
Bore
Type of Type of SBC in
during boring from BH-2 for the subsoil investigations work
Hole Depth(M) is calculated below.
No. Sample Strata T/M2
Ref.
1 2.0 UDS CI 13.742 Test Conducted as per IS: 2720 and IS: 1498 – 1970
2 3.0 UDS CI 16.180
3 4.5 SPT(N=9) CI 27.38
4 6.0 UDS CI 20.534
BH-1 Sample collected at
5 7.5 SPT(N=13) CI 46.82 0.5m 1.5m 2.0m 3.0m 4.5m 6.0m 7.5m 9.0mt 10.0m
Depth
6 9.0 SPT(N=16) CI 62.67 Type of sample
DS DS UDS UDS SPT UDS SPT SPT SPT
7 10.0 SPT(N=21) CL 84.63 collected
1 2.0 UDS CH 11.836 Fine gravel
2 3.0 UDS CH 15.214 in %
4.36 6.23 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
(20mm to
3 4.5 SPT(N=8) CI 25.05
4.75mm)
4 BH-2 6.0 UDS CH 21.822 Coarse sand
5 7.5 SPT(N=12) CI 44.60 in %
19.36 25.69 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.64 0.94 0.47
(4.75mm to
Grain size analysis
% by wt. retained

6 9.0 SPT(N=17) CI 66.31

2.0mm)
7 10.0 SPT(N=20) CI 80.88 Medium
sand in %
Table 6 Lithological set up across different depths (2.0mm to
29.69 32.15 3.64 2.64 6.94 3.64 5.94 8.34 7.45
for borehole 1 and 2 0.425mm)
Fine sand in
%
43.44 22.24 3.86 2.79 9.80 4.88 8.06 10.27 7.39
UDS and SPT samples collected at different depths up to (0.425mm to
0.075mm)
10m shows their lithology and SBC is calculated for each
Silt & clay
depth of boring has been shown in Table 6. in %
3.15 13.69 92.36 94.57 83.26 91.48 85.36 80.45 84.69

4.2 Laboratory Test Results Liquid limit

18.0 20.0 52.0 53.0 38.0 53.0 36.0 36.0 38.0
in %
Sub soil investigation test result of the soil samples collected
Atterberg’s

Plastic limit
Limit

during boring from BH-1 for the subsoil investigations work in %

----- ----- 25.0 26.0 19.0 26.0 18.0 18.0 19.0

is presented below. Plasticity

NP NP 27.0 27.0 19.0 27.0 18.0 18.0 19.0
index in %
Test Conducted as per IS: 2720 and IS: 1498 – 1970
Bulk density in
---- ---- 1.994 2.010 ---- 1.993 ---- ---- ----
Sample collected at gm/cc
0.5m 1.5mt 2.0m 3.0m 4.5m 6.0m 7.5m 9.0mt 10.0m Field Moisture
Depth ---- ---- 19.35 19.14 ---- 18.92 ---- ---- ----
content in %
Type of sample
DS DS UDS UDS SPT UDS SPT SPT SPT Cohesion C in
collected ---- ---- 0.28 0.29 ---- 0.30 ---- ---- ----
Kg/cm2
Fine Angel of shearing
gravel in resistance Ö in ---- ---- 4 5 ---- 5 ---- ---- ----
% 3.57 4.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.84 degree.
(20mm to
Specific gravity 2.65 2.64 2.71 2.71 2.72 2.71 2.72 2.71 2.72
4.75mm)
Coarse Void ratio ---- ---- 0.62 0.60 ---- 0.61 ---- ---- ----
sand in %
(4.75mm 19.68 23.69 0.96 1.69 0.81 0.89 1.69 0.67 2.36 Field SPT Value (N) ---- ---- ---- ---- N=08 ---- N=12 N=17 N=20
to D.F.S in % 0.0 0.0 40.0 40.0 30.0 40.0 30.0 30.0 35.0
2.0mm)
Group of soil as per
Medium SP SM CH CH CI CH CI CI CI
IS:1498- 1970
sand in %
(2.0mm 28.68 31.58 5.96 6.48 8.15 7.64 9.19 3.94 9.56 V. CONCLUSION
to
0.425mm) Based on the field and laboratory test results & the above
Fine sand discussion the following may be concluded and
Grain size analysis
% by wt. Retained

in %
(0.425mm 43.38 31.01 8.50 10.08 10.47 12.78 12.65 11.70 18.73 recommended:
to
0.075mm) Two Boreholes of 10.0m depth below GL have been
Silt &
4.69 9.47 84.58 81.75 80.57 78.69 76.47 83.69 68.51 advanced for Geotechnical Investigation work. The ground
clay in %
water table was found to be vary from 1.1m to 1.3m depth
Liquid
rg’
be

18.0 19.0 38.0 36.0 36.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 32.0

Li

below the existing G.L during the month of March 2014.It is

s

limit in %

seen that an expansive clay strata is extended up to 10.0m

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 International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology.
depth below the G.L. in both the bore holes which a shallow 10. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1985: Indian standard code of
practice for subsurface investigation for foundations, IS: 1892-
strip footing may not be adequate as per IS: 2911 (Part – III ) 1979.
1980. Pile foundation may be suitable for the design of the 11. Bureau of Indian Standards, 2000: Indian standard code of
practice for Classification and identification of soils for general
foundation of the proposed structure. The study area is that engineering purposes, IS: 1498-1970.
zone where the importance of residential apartments and 12. Mishra A. K., et al. A New Technology of Marble Slurry Waste
buildings are increasing day by day. Considering the Utilization in Roads, Journal of Scientific and Industrial
Research. 2010. 69; 67-72.
importance of utility based on the present scenario the
investigated results has been reviewed to ascertain the
suitable type of foundation depending on stability and
economy. The foundation may be shallow or deep but the
most suitable type will be deep foundation for the following
setbacks.

1. To some extent soil bearing capacity is suitable for

shallow foundation at a depth of 3m.
2. The size of foundation will become too large as the SBC
is very less and simultaneously gives un-economical
foundation of any suitable geometrical shape.
3. Drastic increase in differential free swell (DFS) and
Plasticity Index Value (PIV) of the soil characteristics is
recorded below 3m depth.
4. This character indicates the soil is highly expansive in
nature.
5. The pressure bulb lies in the soil which exhibits high
compressibility, shrinkage and extremely high swelling
characteristics under very little load. The permeability is
extremely low.
6. Considering the above constraints in providing shallow
foundation an alternative (deep foundation/pile
foundation) is suggested.

REFERENCES
1. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1973: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Preparation of Dry Soil a sample for Various Tests,
IS: 2720-1973, Part-II (Revision 2).
2. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1973: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Determination of Unconfined Compressive Strength
IS: 2720-1973, Part-X.
3. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1978: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Determination of Shear Strength Parameters of a
Specimen Tested In Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial
Compression without the Measurement of Pore Water Pressure,
IS: 2720-1978, Part-XI.
4. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1978: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Determination of Shear Strength Parameters of a
Specimen Tested In Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial
Compression with the Measurement of Pore Water Pressure, IS:
2720-1978, Part-XII.
5. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1979: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Subsurface Investigation for Foundations (First
Revision), Second Reprint, November 1985, IS: 1892-1979.
6. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1980: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil, IS: 2720-
1980, Part-XIII.
7. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1981: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundations (First Revision) Sixth Reprint February 1998, IS:
6403-1981, 15.
8. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1982: Indian Standard Code of
Practice for Standard Penetration for Soil (First Revision) Third
Reprint March 1997,IS: 2131-1981.
9. Bureau of Indian Standards, 1985: Indian standard code of
practice for Design and construction of Pile foundations, load test
on piles, IS: 2911-1985, part-4.

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