Fourier Series Analysis

Ramp Parabolic
Constant function function
t2
Taylor’s Series: x(t )  x(0)  x' (0)t  x' ' (0)  
2!

Fourier Series is a composition of dc value, sine and cosine functions

DC Fund. AC 2nd order 3rd order nth order

Compo. compo Harmonics harmonics harmonics
x(t )  a0  a1 cos t  a 2 cos 2t  a3 cos 3t  ...........  a n cos nt
....................  b1 sin t  b2 sin 2t  b3 sin 3t...........  bn sin nt

x(t )  a0   a n cos nt  bn sin nt  Trigonometric Form
n 1

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 1

Fourier Coefficients are
1 2 1  1 T 1 t1 T
a0 
2 
0
x( )d 
2  x( )d  T 0 x(t )dt  T t1 x(t )dt
1 2 2 T
an   x( ) cos nd   x(t ) cos ntdt
 0 T 0
1 2 2 T
bn   x( ) sin nd   x(t ) sin ntdt
 0 T 0

x(t )   n
C
n  
e jnt
Exponential Form

T
1
C n   x(t )e  jnt dt
T 0

x(t )  C0   2 C n cos(nt   n ) Combined Trigonometric Form
n 1
T
1
C 0   x(t )dt
Check yourself
T 0 EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 2
 Find the Fourier series for the square wave pulse train

x(t )  a0  a1 cos t  a 2 cos 2t  a3 cos 3t  ...........

....................  b1 sin t  b2 sin 2t  b3 sin 3t...........

2 1   2
1  E E
a0 
2 
0
x( )d 

2  0
Ed   0d 
 
 2

2
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 3
 Continued--------------

2  2
x( ) cosn d  E cosn d  0 cosn d  sin n  0  0
1 1 1 E 
an 
 
0  
0   n

2  2
x( ) sin n d  E sin n d  0 sin n d   cosn  0
1 1 1 E 
bn 
  0   0   n

E
1  cos(n )
n
When n is even numbers bn  0

2E
When n is odd numbers bn 
n

Fourier series of square wave signal

E 2E 2E 2E
x(t )   sin t  sin 3t  sin 5t...........
2  3 5
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 4
 Find the first four components of the output voltage of the RC circuit
when a square shape signal with T=4 sec

Fourier series of square shape input signal is

E 2E 2E 2E
vi (t )   sin t  sin 3t  sin 5t  ...........
2  3 5
vi (t )  15  60 sin t  20 sin 3t  12 sin 5t  .............
1 1 
  2f  2  2  rad / s
T 4 2
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 5
 Transfer Function of the circuit is

vo (t ) 1
H (t )  
vi (t ) RCD  1

1 1
H ( s)  
RCs  1 s  1

1 1  j 1 2 1     1
H ( j )     tan      tan 1

j  1 1   2
1  2
 1  1  2

Thus, The magnitude of output voltage can be found by using

vi (t )
vo (t )  H ( j )vi (t ) 
1 2
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 6
 Continued.. Practice to Make Table
The table for respective values based on different frequencies is
obtained as
Frequency 0 ω 3ω 5ω
Input 15Π 60 20 12
Magnitude
θ (˚) 0 -57.52 -78.02 -82.74
Output 15Π 32.22 4.15 1.516
Magnitude

The output voltage Fourier series is

vo (t )  15  32.22 sin(t  57.52)  4.15 sin(3t  78.02)  1.516 sin(5t  82.74)

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 7

 Find the frequency spectrum of the following square shape signal

Solution: Fourier series of square wave signal is

E 2E 2E 2E
vi (t )   sin t  sin 3t  sin 5t  ...........
2  3 5

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 8

 Problem Practice
Find the five components of the output voltage of figure (b) in the steady
state when frequency of square shape input signal as shown in figure (a)
is 60 Hz.
Also draw the frequency spectrum for the output voltage components.

vi(t)
R=10Ω L=31.5 mH
220

vo
0 T/2 T 3T/2 t vi
C=112 uF vC
- 220

(a)
(b)

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 9

 Find the Fourier series for the sawtooth wave pulse train

y  mx
Amplitude
Slope , m 
Displaceme nt
2
x(t )  t  t
2
2 2
   rad/sec
T 2
2 2
1 1 1 t
 x(t )dt   tdt 
T 2
a0  1
T 0 2 0 2 2 0

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 10

 2 T 2 2
an   x(t ) cos ntdt   t cos ntdt   t cos ntdt
2

T 0 2 0 0

Since we have to find the integral of two functions, integration by parts is used

 du 
 uvdx  u  vdx    dx  dx
vdx

dt
an   t cos ntdt  t  cos ntdt   (  cos ntdt )dt
2 2 2

0 0 0 dt

2
1 1
 t. sin nt 0   sin ntdt
2

n n 0
 1 2 1 1

 0  cos nt 0  
  
1  cos 2n  1  cos n2   0
 n   n  n 
2 2 2

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 11

 2 T 2 2
bn   x(t ) sin ntdt   t sin ntdt   t sin ntdt
2

T 0 2 0 0

1
2
dt 1
bn  t  sin ntdt   (  sin ntdt )dt  
2 2
t  cos nt 0   cos ntdt
2
0 0 dt n n 0
2  1 2 2 2
 cos n2   sin nt 
0
 cos n 2  0 
n  n 2
 n n
Fourier series of sawtooth wave signal

2 2  1
x(t )  a0   sin nt  1   sin nt
n 1 n  n1 n
2 1 2
x(t )  1  sin t  sin 2t  sin 3t  ...........
  3
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 12
 Find the Fourier series for the half-wave rectified signal
and Draw its frequency spectrum

2 2
   1 rad/sec
T 2
x( )  Vm sin   Vm sin 
1 2 1  Vm 
a0  
2 0
x( )d  
2 0
Vm sin  d 
2
 cos  0


Vm
 cos   cos 0  Vm
2 
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 13
 1  Vm 

 
an  Vm sin  cos nd  sin  cos nd
0  0


Vm 
 2 sin  cos nd 
Vm 
 sin( n  1)  sin( n  1) d
2 0 2 0
Vm   

2  0 0
 sin( n  1) d   sin( n  1) d  
 
Vm   cos(n  1)  cos(n  1) 
   
2  n 1 0 n 1 0
Vm   cos(n  1) 1  cos(n  1) 1 
    
2  n 1 n 1 n 1 n  1
V  cos n 1 cos n 1 
 m       0 when _ n _ is _ odd
2  n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1
Vm  1 1 1 1 
      when _ n _ is _ even
2  n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1
 2Vm

 (n  1)
Check yourself 2 EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 14
 1  Vm 

 
bn  Vm sin  sin nd  sin  sin nd
0  0

Vm 

2 0
2 sin  sin nd

Vm 
  cos(n  1)  cos(n  1) d
2 0

Vm   

2  0 0
 cos( n  1)d   cos( n  1)d  
 

Vm sin( n  1) sin( n  1) 
   
2  n  1 0 n  1 0 
V  sin( n  1) sin( n  1) 
 m  0  0  0
2  n  1 n 1 

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 15

 1 π Vm π Vm π
b1   Vm sin θ sin θdθ  0 sin θdθ
2
  2 sin2
θdθ
π 0 π 2π 0

Vm π
 
2π 0
(1  cos 2θ )dθ

Vm π Vm π

2π 0
1dθ 
2π 0
cos 2θdθ
π
Vm Vm sin 2θ Vm
 π 
2π 2π 2 0 2
Fourier series of half-wave rectified signal

Vm Vm 2Vm cos nt
x(t ) 
π

2
sin t 
π

n 2, 4,6 n  1
2

only _ when _ n _ is _ even

Frequency spectrum of half-wave rectified signal

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 16
 Even Function Symmetry
The function f(t) is said to be an even function if
f(-t)=f(t)

In this type of signal, the coefficient bn is zero. Also

only half period can be counted for integration of the
signal
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 17
 Odd Function Symmetry
The function f(t) is said to be an odd function if
f(-t)=-f(t)

In this type of signal, the coefficients a0 and an are zero.

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 18

 Steps of solving a signal by Fourier series
Step #1 :
Whenever see a continuous function signal, indentify the symmetry
condition such as even function or odd function symmetries
If even function bn is zero, don’t need to calculate bn at all.
If odd function a0 and an are zero, don’t need to calculate a0 and an at
all
Step #2 :
Whatever be the period of the given function, take a complete cycle
for finding the terms of a0 , an and bn
Step #3 :
If there is no symmetry then find the terms of a0 , an and bn and put all
coefficients into the series and simplify
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 19
 Find the frequency spectrum of the triangular wave signal

Since this is an even function signal, so the Fourier coefficients bn = 0 and

a0, an are to be determined.
To find the function of the signal, only positive slope is taken into account,
i.e. time T/2 is the final point.
The function of the signal can be found by straight line formula without constant level,
y  mx

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 20

 Amplitude A 2A
m  
Displacement T / 2 T
2A
x(t )  t
T
2
  2 _ rad / sec
T

This is a half-wave symmetry signal, so

2 T /2
2 2A 4A t A
a0  
T /2
tdt  2 
T 0 T T 2 0
2

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 21

 4 T /2 2A 8A T /2 8A  T /2 T / 2  dt  
an   t cos nωtdt  2  t cos nωtdt  2 t  cos nωtdt     cos nωtdt  dt 
T 0 T T 0 T  0 0
 dt  
8 A  sin nωt  8 A  cos nωt T / 2 
T /2
T / 2 sin nωt 8A  2π T 
 2 t  dt   2  2 2   2 2 2  cos n   1
T  nω 0 0 nω  T  n ω 0  T n ω  T 2 
 2π T 

8A
 cos n   1 
2A
cos nπ  1
2 2 4π  T 2  n π
2 2 2
T n
T2
Only harmonics for odd numbers of n will be found. So the series becomes as

A 4A   1 
f (t )   2   2  cos nt Magnitude
2  n 1,3,5  n 
A/2
4A/
π2 4A/
9π2 4A/
25π2
Freq.
0 ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω 6ω
(rad/s)

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 22

 Find the frequency spectrum of the full-wave rectified signal

Since this is an even function signal, so the Fourier coefficients bn =

0 and a0, an are to be determined.

 cos  0
 Vm Vm 2Vm
1
 (1)  1 


a0  Vm sin( )d  
0   

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 23

 1 2
an 
 0
x( ) cos( n )d

 
 sin(1  n)  sin(1  n) d
2 Vm Vm
 
 Vm sin( ) cos( n )d  2 sin( ) cos( n )d 
0  0  0
 

  sin( n  1) d    sin( n  1) d

Vm Vm

 0 0
 
 Vm   cos( n  1)  Vm   cos( n  1) 
 
  n 1 
0   n 1 
0

 Vm   cos( n  1) 1  Vm   cos( n  1) 1 

   
  n 1 n  1   n 1 n  1
 Vm   cos n 1   cos n 1 
         
   n  1 n  1  n  1 n  1 
 Vm  n cos n  cos n  n  1  n cos n  cos n  n  1

  n2  1 

 Vm  2  2 cos n  2Vm  1  cos n 
      
  n 1  2
  n 1 
2

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 24

Only harmonics for even numbers of n will be found. So the series becomes as


2Vm 4Vm  1 
x( ) 

   2  cos n
 n  2, 4, 6  n  1 

2Vm/π
4Vm/
3π 4Vm/
15π 4V /
m
35π
Freq.
0 ω 2ω 3ω 4ω 5ω 6ω
(rad/s)

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 25

 Homework #
a) Find the Fourier Series of the given trapezoidal signal.
b) Also draw the frequency spectrum for the series.

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 26

 From Fourier transform to Laplace transform

Exponential form of Fourier series


f (t )  C e
n  
n
jnωt

T /2
1

 jnωt
Cn  f ( t )e dt
T T / 2

Components frequency nω  ω
Spacing between adjacent components ω  ω
2π
and Period T
ω
Then 
f (t )  C
ω  
ω e jωt

ω
T /2


 jωt
Cω  f ( t )e dt
2 π T / 2
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 27
 From Fourier transform to Laplace transform

1    jωt
T /2
f (t )     f (t )e dt  e ω
2 π ω     T / 2
 jωt


T   , ω  dω,   

1   jωt
 

   f (t )e dt  e dω
 jωt
f (t ) 
2 π     

g ( ω)  

f (t )e  jωt dt

1  

f (t )    g (ω)e dω
jωt

2π    
ℱ−1[g(ω)]=f(t)

g(ω)=ℱ[f(t)]
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 28
 From Fourier transform to Laplace transform

f(t) and g(ω) are called Fourier transform pair. g(ω) is called Fourier
transform and f(t) is called inverse Fourier transform of g(ω) . For
the unilateral Fourier transform, equation is

g ( ω)  
0
f (t )e  jωt dt =ℱ[f(t)]

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 29

 Laplace TRANSFORM
 σt
A factor e is introduced in the integrand of the infinite integral of g(ω)

so that latter would converse, means f (t )e  σt . This factor is called a convergence

Factor. Now
 
g (ω)   e  σt
f (t )e  jωt
dt   f (t )e ( σ  jω )t dt
0 0

σ  jω  s and g(ω)is replaced by F(s) as a function of s.


F (s)  
0
f (t )e  st dt

This is the unilateral Laplace transform.

Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 30

 

From g ( ω)  0
f (t )e  ( σ  jω )t dt

the inverse Fourier transform of g(ω) is by definition


1
e  σt f ( t )  
jωt
g ( ω )e dω
2π 

Multiplying both sides by e σt


1

( σ  jω ) t
f (t )  g ( ω )e dω
2π  
j
1

( σ  jω ) t
 g ( ω )e d ( jω )
2 πj  j

σ  jω  s and g(ω) is replaced by F(s) as a function of s. Inverse Laplace transform

σ  j
1
f (t )  
st
F ( s )e ds
2 πj σ  j
Check yourself EEN 303, Dr. B. Saha,Professor, DEEE, IUBAT 31