HYDROLOGY  Recreation use of water

 Fish and wildlife protection

Introduction
Importance of Hydrologic Engineering Design
Hydrology - means the science of water
 Hydrologic design provides a service
- It is the science that deals with the
 Level of service must be defined and
occurrence, circulation and distribution of the earth
acceptable risk of failure must be
water and earth’s atmosphere. As a branch of earth
determined (local drainage ordinances)
science, it is concerned with the water in streams
and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the  Cost and site characteristics are typical
land and water occurring below the earth’s surface constraints
in the pores of the soil and rocks.  Occurrence, timing, and amount are the key
aspects of hydrology from an engineering
- basically an applied science. perspective…
 Problems are created by lack of water or too
CLASSIFICATION:
much water in a location at a moment in
1. Scientific Hydrology – the study which is time (e.g., flood)
concerned chiefly with academic aspects.
HYDROLOGY VS HYDRAULICS:
2. Engineering or Applied Hydrology – a study
concerned with engineering applications  Much of hydrology is based on observations
that are generalized to practice
Hydrology deals with :  Hydraulics tends to start from basic physical
principles, then make approximations for
(i) Estimation of water resources
practice
(ii) The study of processes such as
 Often, surface water hydrology provides
precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration
inputs (max flow rate) for hydraulics
and their interaction
(oversimplified explanation)
(iii) The study such as floods and droughts,
and strategies to combat them
Hydrologic cycle
Role of Hydrologists
Water cycle - also called hydrologic cycle
• help solve local and global problems related
to the overabundance, scarcity, or quality of water - cycle that involves the continuous
circulation of water in the Earth-
• undertake a wide range of activities in order
atmosphere system.
to monitor, manage and protect the water
environment
• tasks include:
 Design and operation of hydraulic structures
 Water supply
 Wastewater treatment and disposal
 Irrigation
 Drainage
 Hydropower generation
 Flood control
 Navigation
 Erosion and sediment control
 Salinity control
 Pollution abatement
 e. INFILTRATION
- is the physical process involving
movement of water through the
boundary area where the atmosphere
interfaces with the soil
- Water transfer is related to the porosity
of the soil and the permeability of the
soil profile.
Each path of the hydrologic cycle involves one
or more of the following aspects: (1) f. PERCOLATION
transportation of water, (ii) temporary storage - movement of water through the soil, and
and (iii) change of state it's layers, by gravity and capillary
forces

g. TRANSPIRATION
- the biological process that occurs mostly
in the day
- • Water inside of plants is transferred
Water budget equation or hydrologic equation - from the plant to the atmosphere as
quantities of water going through various individual water vapor through numerous
paths of the hydrological cycle in a given system can individual leave openings. Plants
be described by the continuity principle transpire to move nutrients to the upper
a. EVAPORATION portion of the plants and to cool the
- occurs when the physical state of water leaves exposed to the sun
is changed from a liquid state to a
gaseous state

b. CONDENSATION h. RUNOFF
- the process by which water vapor
changes it's physical state from a vapor, - flow from a drainage basin or watershed that
most commonly, to a liquid appears in surface streams
- Water vapor condenses onto small - The flow is made up partly of precipitation
airborne particles to form dew, fog, or that falls directly on the stream , surface
clouds. runoff that flows over the land surface and
through channels, subsurface runoff that
c. PRECIPITATION infiltrates the surface soils and moves
- process that occurs when any and all laterally towards the stream, and
forms of water particles fall from the groundwater runoff from deep percolation
atmosphere and reach the ground. through the soil horizons.

d. INTERCEPTION i. STORAGE
- the process of interrupting the - Water is stored in the atmosphere; water is
movement of water in the chain of stored on the surface of the earth, and water
transportation events leading to streams. stored in the ground.
The interception can take place by
WEATHER BASICS (METEOROLOGY):
vegetal cover or depression storage in
ATMOSPHERIC WATERS
puddles and in land formations such as
rills and furrows. Meteorology
 - Science that deals with the study of the - the moisture content of the atmosphere. Due
atmosphere and its phenomena especially to high temperature and the surrounding
with weather bodies of water, the Philippines has a high
relative humidity
Weather
- The average monthly relative humidity
- Mix of events that happen each day in our varies between 71 percent in March and 85
atmosphere. Weather is different in different percent in September
parts of the world and changes over minutes,
Rainfall
hours, days and weeks. Most weather
happens in the troposphere, the part of - most important climatic element in the
Earth’s atmosphere that is closest to the Philippines
ground. - The mean annual rainfall of the Philippines
varies from 965 to 4,064 millimeters
Climate
annually
- An average portrait of weather conditions in
The Seasons
a specific place over a long period
- the climate of the country can be divided
into two major seasons: (1) the rainy season,
from June to November; and (2) the dry
season, from December to May. The dry
season may be subdivided further into (a)
the cool dry season, from December to
February; and (b) the hot dry season, from
March to May.
Climate Types
Type I:
- two pronounced season: dry from November
Climate of the Philippines
to April and wet during the rest of the year.
- is tropical and maritime
- characterized by relatively high temperature, Maximum rain period is from June to
high humidity and abundant rainfall September.
- Temperature, humidity, and rainfall, which Type II:
are discussed hereunder, are the most
important elements of the country's weather - no dry season with a very pronounced
and climate. maximum rain period from December to
Temperature February. There is not a single dry month.

- the mean annual temperature is 26.6°C. The Minimum monthly rainfall occurs during the
coolest months fall in January with a mean period from March to May.
temperature of 25.5°C while the warmest
Type III:
month occurs in May with a mean
temperature of 28.3°C - no very pronounced maximum rain period

Humidity with a dry season lasting only from one to

three months, either during the period from
 December to February or from March to
May. This type resembles types I since it has
short dry season.
Type IV:
- rainfall is more or less evenly distributed
throughout the year. This type resembles
type 2 since it has no dry season.
Module 1
Catchment Area - The area of land draining into a - the process by which water vapor in the air
steam or a water course at a given location is known is changed into liquid water
as catchment area. It is also called as drainage area - crucial to the water cycle because it is
or drainage basin. responsible for the formation of clouds
Continuity equation for water CLOUDS
Mass inflow – mass outflow = change in mass - Mass of SMALL WATER DROPLETS or
storage TINY ICE CRYSTALS that FLOAT IN
THE AIR
Water Budget Equation
- Classified on the basis of their shape and
P – R – G – E – T = ΔS height

Where: TYPES OF CLOUDS

P = Precipitation 1. HIGH CLOUDS

- Made of ice crystals due to the cold air in
R = Surface Runoff the upper sky
G = Net Groundwater flow out of the catchment a. CIRRUS CLOUDS
- MOST COMMON OF THE HIGH
E = Evaporation CLOUD (5000-13000M) group
- composed entirely of ice and consist of long,
T = Transpiration
thin, wispy streamers.
ΔS = change in storage - "MARE'S TAILS"
- usually WHITE AND PREDICT FAIR
The storage S consists of three components as WEATHER
S = SS + Sm + Sg b. CIRROSTRATUS
- They are SHEET LIKE THIN CLOUDS
Where: that usually COVER THE ENTIRE SKY
- the SUN OR MOON WILL APPEAR TO
SS = Surface water storage
HAVE A HALO around it when in the
Sm = Water in storage as soil moisture presence of cirrostratus. Ice crystals from
the cloud refracts the light from the sun or
Sg = Water in storage as groundwater moon, creating a halo
In terms of rainfall-runoff relationship, can be - usually come 12-24 HOURS BEFORE A
represented as RAIN OR SNOW STORM
c. CIRROCUMULUS
R=P–L - are SMALL ROUNDED PUFFS that
Where: usually APPEAR IN LONG ROWS.
Cirrocumulus are USUALLY WHITE, but
L = Losses = water not available to runoff due to SOMETIMES APPEAR GRAY.
infiltration, evaporation, transpiration and surface - called a "MACKEREL SKY" because the
storage. sky looks like the scales of a fish
- usually SEEN IN THE WINTER TIME and
INDICATE FAIR, BUT COLD WEATHER
CLOUDS
2. MIDDLE CLOUDS
CONDENSATION - consists of ALTOSTRATUS and
ALTOCUMULUS clouds. Middle clouds
 are made of ICE CRYSTALS AND - They SPAN ALL LEVELS OF THE
WATER DROPLETS. TROPOSPHERE and can EVEN RISE UP
INTO THE STRATOSPHERE
a. ALTOSTRATUS CLOUDS a. CUMULUS CLOUDS
- USUALLY COVERS THE WHOLE SKY - They are PUFFY WHITE OR LIGHT
and HAS A GRAY OR BLUE-GRAY GRAY
APPEARANCE CLOUDS that LOOK LIKE FLOATING
- usually FORMS AHEAD OF STORMS COTTON BALLS
WITH CONTINUOUS RAIN OR SNOW. - associated with GOOD OR BAD
Occasionally, RAIN WILL FALL FROM WEATHER
AN ALTOSTRATUS CLOUD - CUMULUS HUMILIS clouds are associated
with FAIR WEATHER
b. ALTOCUMULUS - CUMULUS CONGESTUS clouds are
- They are GRAYISH-WHITE WITH ONE usually associated with BAD WEATHER
PART OF THE CLOUD DARKERTHAN - TOPS LOOK LIKE CAULIFLOWER
THE OTHER. HEADS and MEAN THAT LIGHT TO
- A WARM HUMID MORNING, then HEAVY SHOWERS CAN OCCUR
EXPECT THUNDERSTORMS BY LATE b. CUMULONIMBUS
AFTERNOON - known as THUNDERSTORM CLOUDS
- GROW UP TO 10KM HIGH associated
3. LOW CLOUDS with HEAVY RAIN, SNOW, HAIL,
- consist of WATER DROPLETS. The base LIGHTNING, AND TORNADOES
of a low cloud is FROM THE GROUND
SURFACE TO 2000M 5. UNUSUAL CLOUDS
a. STRATUS CLOUDS a. LENTICULAR CLOUDS
- UNIFORM GRAY IN COLOR AND CAN - clouds form on the downwind side of
COVER MOST OR ALL OF THE SKY. mountains
Stratus clouds can LOOK LIKE A FOG that - STAY IN ONE PLACE
DOESN'T REACH THE GROUND - Air moves up and over a mountain, and at
- LIGHT MIST OR DRIZZLE the point where the air goes past the
b. STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS mountaintop the lenticular cloud forms,
- LUMPY, AND GRAY. These clouds can b. KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ
LOOK LIKE CELLS UNDER A - look like BREAKING WAVES IN THE
MICROSCOPE OCEAN
- Only LIGHT PRECIPITATION, generally - These clouds form when there is a
in the form of DRIZZLE, occurs with difference in the wind speed or direction
stratocumulus between two wind currents in the
clouds. atmosphere
c. NIMBOSTRATUS -
- DARK GRAY WITH A RAGGED BASE c. MAMMATUS
- associated with CONTINUOUS RAIN OR - POUCHES OF CLOUDS THAT HANG
SNOW UNDERNEATH THE BASE OF A
- Sometimes they cover the whole sky and CLOUD
you CAN'T SEE THE EDGES OF THE - usually seen with cumulonimbus clouds that
CLOUD PRODUCE VERY STRONG STORMS
4. CLOUDS WITH VERTICAL GROWTH - described as looking like a FIELD OF
- include CUMULUS and TENNIS BALLS OR MELONS, or like
CUMULONIMBUS clouds FEMALE HUMAN BREASTS. In fact, the
name "mammatus" comes from the Latin
word mamma, or breast, because of this
 d. CONTRAILS ∙ wind, temperature, humidity, pressure in the
- WHITE STREAKS YOU SEE COMING volume region enclosing the clouds and ground
OFF HIGH-FLYING JET AIRPLANES surface at the given place
- short for CONDENSATION TRAIL clouds
For precipitation to form:
that formed when water vapor condenses
and freezes around small particles that exist ∙ The atmosphere must have moisture
in aircraft exhaust
- three types of contrails: SHORT-LIVED, ∙ There must be sufficient nuclei present to aid
PERSISTENT NON-SPREADING, AND condensation
PERSISTENT SPREADING ∙ Water conditions must be good for condensation of
SHORT-LIVED CONTRAILS water vapor to take place ∙ The products of
condensation must reach the earth
- If the air is somewhat moist, a contrail will
form right behind the airplane and make a Forms of Precipitation
bright white line that lasts for a short while a. Rain

PERSISTENT NON-SPREADING CONTRAILS - most common type of precipitation in our

atmosphere
- If the air is very moist, a contrail will form - when liquid droplets fall to the surface of the
behind an airplane and stay in the sky for earth
long time. - term rainfall is used to describe
- It can last for a few minutes or longer than a precipitations in the form of water drops
day, and it keeps its shape of a thin line.
Two different forms of rain
PERSISTENT SPREADING CONTRAILS
- Showers are heavy, large drops of rain and
- These contrails form when a persistent usually only last a period of time.
contrail spreads out. They grow wider and - Drizzles however usually last longer and are
fuzzier as time passes. made up of smaller droplets of water
- Sometimes contrails will actually take on the
characteristics of a natural cirrus cloud and b. Snow
no longer look like contrails, so they become - second most common precipitation
human made clouds. - consists of ice crystal which usually
Precipitation combine to form flakes forms when the
water vapor turns directly into ice without
- water that falls from the atmosphere in ever passing through a liquid state
either liquid or solid form. It results from the
condensation of moisture in the atmosphere c. Hail
due to the cooling of a parcel of air. - a showery precipitation in the form of
- denotes all forms of water that reach the irregular pellets or lumps of ice of size
earth from the atmosphere ranging from 5 to 125 mm
Factors Affecting the Type, Properties, and - occur in violent thunderstorms in which
Behavior of Precipitation vertical currents are very strong
- created when moisture and wind are together
∙ topography/region/space
Shapes of hail particles
∙ temporal/time
 Spherical
Meteorological Factors:  Conical
 Irregular
. weather elements that affect precipitation
 d. Fog - cyclones formed in locations outside the
- There is really no different between fog and tropical zone. Associated with frontal
the clouds that are high in the sky system, they possess a strong counter-
- fog is a cloud that has formed near the clockwise wind circulation in the northern
surface of the earth. e. Dew hemisphere
- result of atmospheric vapor condensing on - magnitude of precipitation and wind
the surface in the colder night air velocities are relatively lower than those of a
- Dew point is the temperature in which tropical cyclone
condensation starts to take place or when
dew is created
c. Anticyclones
e. Mist - These are regions of high pressure, usually
- bunch of small droplets of water which are of large extent
in the air. This occurs with cold air when it - Cause clockwise wind circulation in
is above a warm surface, for example water. northern hemisphere
Types of Cyclone
- Fog and mist are very similar, the only
a. cyclonic precipitation – lifting of air converging
difference is their visibility. You can see
into a low-pressure area (also known as cyclone)
visuals through mist and it is more haze
looking than a thicker substance. b. warm front precipitation – warm air advancing
upward over a colder air mass; has a slow rate of
f. Glaze ascent
- ice coating, generally clear and smooth,
formed on exposed surfaces by freezing of c. cold front precipitation – warm air forced
super cooled water deposited by rain or upward by an advancing cold air mass; the leading
drizzle. edge of the cold air mass is a cold front; faster rate
of ascent; rainfall is showery in nature or high
precipitation rate
Weather Systems for Precipitation
d. convective precipitation – rising of warmer,
Front - A front is the interface between two distinct lighter air in colder, denser surroundings; there is a
air masses. Under certain favorable conditions when change in temperature such as unequal heating at the
warm air mass and cold air mass meet, the warmer surface or unequal cooling at the top of the air layer;
air mass is lifted over the colder one with the may experience a scattered rain showers and cloud
formation of a front. bursts e. orographic
Cyclone - A cyclone is a large low pressure region precipitation –mechanical lifting of air mass over
with circular wind motion mountain barriers
Types of Cyclone Artificially Induced Precipitation - conducted to
modify and control weather condition Cloud
a. Tropical
- Typhoon: Southeast Asia; Seeding/Modification - a type of artificially
- cyclone: India; induced precipitation to dissipate cloud or stimulate
- hurricane: USA precipitation seeding agents: dry ice and silver
- normal areal extent of a cyclone is about 100 iodide
– 200 km in diameter
- isobars are closely spaced and the winds are 2 general approaches in cloud seeding static:
anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere 1 artificial nucleus per liter of cloud air dynamic:
- center of the storm, called the eye, which massive seeding
may extend to about 10 – 50 km in diameter
b. Extratropical cyclones Classification of Measuring Precipitation
a. yield point data – commonly uses rain gauge
since the area of considered in
measuring the precipitation is about 20cm only;
done in small regions
*point precipitation analysis = analysis of data
from a single gauge
b. areal data – uses radar where the area covered
for measurement is at around 2.5 km2
Measurement of Precipitation