Product Manual EIE – Pitot Tube Apparatus
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1 Aim of the Experiment
To study and measure velocity of flow using Pitot tube
2 Introduction and Theory
A Pitot tube is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube was
invented by the French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 1700s and was modified to its modern form in the
mid1800s by French scientist Henry Darcy. It is widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft and to
measure air and gas velocities in industrial applications.
The basic Pitot tube consists of a tube pointing directly into the fluid flow. As this tube contains fluid, a
pressure can be measured; the moving fluid is brought to rest (stagnates) as there is no outlet to allow flow
to continue. This pressure is the stagnation pressure of the fluid, also known as the total pressure or
(particularly in aviation) the pitot pressure.
The measured stagnation pressure cannot of itself be used to determine the fluid velocity (airspeed
in aviation). However, Bernoulli's equation states:
Stagnation pressure = static pressure + dynamic pressure
Mathematically this can also be written:
Pt = Ps + (V2/2g)
Solving that for velocity we get: V = √ 2 g (Pt−Ps)
Where:
V is fluid velocity;
Pt is stagnation or total pressure,
Ps is static pressure;
The dynamic pressure, then, is the difference between the stagnation pressure and the static pressure.
2.1 Apparatus Description
The setup consists of simple clear Perspex channel with two tube each to measure static and stagnation
pressure of the fluid in the channel. Channel is supplied water with the help of tank and the flow is
controlled by a gate valve.
Scale is imprinted next to the tube to measure the pressure heads.
3 Experimental Procedure
1) Switch on the pump and feel the tank that supplies water to the pitot apparatus.
2) Now slowly open the pitot outlet valve so that channel is filled completely with water
3) Observe and note down the pressure heads reading in m of water
4) Calculate time for discharge for known quantity of water
5) Calculate and compare theoretical and actual velocities
4 Observations Table:
Area of flow Channel = 0.02 m
Sr. No. Pt Ps (Pt-Ps) Vpito Time Q V measured
t
(m) (m) (m) m/s s m3/s m/s
3
4.1 Conclusion
Thus Pitot tube can be used to measure the velocity of fluid
Sample Calculations
Area of flow Channel (Dia= 0.02 m) = 3.14 X 10-4 m 2
(Pt.-Ps) V Time for Q V measured
pitot
Sr. No. (m) m/s 5 cm rise in m3/sec m/s
water column
1.6 X 10-4
1 0.035 0.82 37 sec 0.513
Measuring tank area=0.3*0.4*0.3 m3
Q=0.3*0.4*0.05/t m 3/sec
Q=0.3*0.4*0.05/37 m 3/sec
Q=1.610-4 m3/sec
V pitot = √ 2 g ( Pt −Ps )=√ 2 X 9.81(0.035)=0.82
Therefore, V pitot = 0.82
V measured=0.513
The co-efficient velocity = V measured / V pitot = 1.59
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