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Elements of Electrical Engineering (01ee0101) : B.Tech. SEM-1

This document describes an experiment to determine the relationship between series and parallel connected resistors. The experiment aims to verify theoretical calculations of equivalent resistance for different resistor connections by measuring resistance values using a multimeter. Key aspects covered include: resistances add in series but conductances add in parallel; series circuits divide voltage while parallel circuits divide current; equivalent resistance formulas for both connections; and the procedure to set up circuits using a power supply, resistors, and multimeter and record observations in a table to calculate percent error compared to theoretical values. Measurements are taken for various resistor combinations in both series and parallel to establish the relationships.

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paul abebaw
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
126 views

Elements of Electrical Engineering (01ee0101) : B.Tech. SEM-1

This document describes an experiment to determine the relationship between series and parallel connected resistors. The experiment aims to verify theoretical calculations of equivalent resistance for different resistor connections by measuring resistance values using a multimeter. Key aspects covered include: resistances add in series but conductances add in parallel; series circuits divide voltage while parallel circuits divide current; equivalent resistance formulas for both connections; and the procedure to set up circuits using a power supply, resistors, and multimeter and record observations in a table to calculate percent error compared to theoretical values. Measurements are taken for various resistor combinations in both series and parallel to establish the relationships.

Uploaded by

paul abebaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELEMENTS OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (01EE0101)

B.Tech. SEM-1

Experiment-2
Aim:
Determine the relationship in series and parallel connected resistors.

Apparatus:
 0-30V Regulated Power Supply
 Resistors / Decade Box
 Multimeter

Theory:
Individual resistors can be connected together in either a series connection, a parallel connection or
combinations of both series and parallel, to produce more complex resistor networks whose equivalent
resistance is the mathematical combination of the individual resistors connected together.
Resistors in Series:
Resistors are said to be connected in “Series”, when they are daisy chained together in a single line.
Then the amount of current that flows through a set of resistors in series will be the same at all points
in a series resistor network.

Figure 1 Resistors in Series Connection

In the following example the resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 ..., Rn are all connected together in series between
points A and B with a common current, I flowing through them. the total voltage in a series circuit which
is the sum of all the individual voltages added together. Mathematically,
𝑽𝑻 = 𝑽𝟏 + 𝑽𝟐 + 𝑽𝟑 + 𝑽𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑽𝒏

As the resistors are connected together in series the same current passes through each resistor in the
chain and the total resistance, RT of the circuit must be equal to the sum of all the individual resistors
added together. That is
𝑹𝑻 = 𝑹𝟏 + 𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝟑 + 𝑹𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑹𝒏

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he total resistance ( RT ) of any two or more resistors connected together in series will always be
GREATER than the value of the largest resistor in the chain.
Then series resistor networks can also be thought of as “voltage dividers” and a series resistor circuit
having N resistive components will have N-different voltages across it while maintaining a common
current. The Voltage Division Rule, allows us to use the effects of resistance proportionality to calculate
the potential difference across each resistance regardless of the current flowing through the series
circuit. Voltage across any resistor mathematically expressed as,
𝑹𝒏
𝑽𝒏 = 𝑽𝑻 ∗
𝑹𝑻

Resistors in Parallel:
Resistors are said to be connected together in parallel when both of their terminals are respectively
connected to each terminal of the other resistor or resistors. Unlike the previous series resistor circuit,
in a parallel resistor network the circuit current can take more than one path as there are multiple paths
for the current. Then parallel circuits are classed as current dividers.

Figure 2 Resistors in Parallel Connection

In the following example the resistors R1, R2, R3, R4 ..., Rn are all connected together in parallel between
points A and B with a common potential difference, V across them. Since there are multiple paths for
the supply current to flow through, the current may not be the same through all the branches in the
parallel network, as the resistive value of each branch determines the amount of current flowing within
that branch. However, the voltage drop across all of the resistors in a parallel resistive network is the
same. Then, Resistors in Parallel have a Common Voltage across them and this is true for all parallel
connected elements. The total current, IT entering a parallel resistive circuit is the sum of all the
individual currents flowing in all the parallel branches.
𝑰𝑻 = 𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐 + 𝑰𝟑 + 𝑰𝟒 + ⋯ + 𝑰𝒏

Equivalent resistor of parallel connected resistors is mathematically expressed as,


𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + + + + ⋯+
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑 𝑹𝟒 𝑹𝒏

Then parallel resistor networks can also be thought of as “current dividers” because the supply current
splits or divides between the various parallel branches. Current following from any branch/resistor
mathematically expressed as,

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𝑹𝑻
𝑰𝒏 = 𝑰𝑻 ∗
𝑹𝒏

Connection Diagram:

Figure 3 Connection Diagram of Series Connection

Figure 4 Connection Diagram of KVL

Procedure:
For verification of Series Connection:
1. Chose three different resistors from resistance decade box
2. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.3.
3. Turn on the supply and set voltage to some arbitrary value
4. Measure readings of ammeters.
5. Find out the resistance by Ohm’s law verify that measured value of equivalent resistance
matches the calculated value of equivalent resistance.
6. Calculate the % error.
7. Vary voltage applied to the circuit or vary resistors and repeat same steps.

For verification of Series Connection:


1. Chose three different resistors from resistance decade box
2. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig.4.
3. Turn on the supply and set voltage to some arbitrary value
4. Measure readings of ammeters.
5. Find out the resistance by Ohm’s law verify that measured value of equivalent resistance
matches the calculated value of equivalent resistance.

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6. Calculate the % error.
7. Vary voltage applied to the circuit or vary resistors and repeat same steps.

Observation Table:
For series connection:
Values of resistors connected in series, R1:________, R2:________, R3:________,

Sr No. Supply Voltage V Reading of Equivalent Calculated Value % Error


(Volt) Ammeter I(Amp) Resistance R of Equivalent
(Ohm) Resistance R
RT= V/I (Ohm)
RT=R1+R2+R3
1
2
3
4

For parallel connection:


Values of Resistors connected in parallel, R1:________, R2:________, R3:________,

Sr No. Supply Voltage V Reading of Equivalent Calculated Value % Error


(Volt) Ammeter I(Amp) Resistance R of Equivalent
(Ohm) Resistance R
RT= V/I (Ohm)
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= + +
𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟑

1
2
3
4

Calculations:

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Measurement of Outcome:

QUESTION AND ANSWER:


1. Two 2.4 kΩ resistors are in series and this series combination is in parallel with a 4.8 kΩ resistor.
The total resistance is [(a) 2.4 kΩ, (b) 4.8 kΩ, (c) 1.2 kΩ, (d)27.48 kΩ]

2. What are the different application of series circuit and parallel circuit?

3. Prove that the total power consumed by circuits containing series or parallel connected resistor
is obtained by adding power consumed by individual resistors.

4. What is the relation for equivalent conductance in series connection and parallel connection?

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OBJECTIVE (Why are you conducting this experiment?)

ITEMS/APPARATUS (Which instrument or consumable was used in this experiment?)


1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
9. 10.

OBSERVATIONS (List out important observations you made in this experiment)

CONCLUSION (What conclusion or theory was established in this experiment?)

Sign of Instructor: ______________


Grade: __________ Date: ______________

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