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Orbital or Critical Velocity (V) :: Gravitation 3

1. The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, giving the apparent effect of gravity decreasing towards the equator and increasing towards the poles. 2. A satellite's orbit depends on its horizontal velocity (Vh): if Vh < orbital velocity (Vc) it will be elliptical; if Vh = Vc, circular; if Vh > Vc, elliptical; escape velocities exist as well. 3. Orbital velocity is about 8 km/s for a satellite close to Earth's surface, and is determined by Earth's mass and the satellite's orbital radius.

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Aishwarya Shukla
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31 views1 page

Orbital or Critical Velocity (V) :: Gravitation 3

1. The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east, giving the apparent effect of gravity decreasing towards the equator and increasing towards the poles. 2. A satellite's orbit depends on its horizontal velocity (Vh): if Vh < orbital velocity (Vc) it will be elliptical; if Vh = Vc, circular; if Vh > Vc, elliptical; escape velocities exist as well. 3. Orbital velocity is about 8 km/s for a satellite close to Earth's surface, and is determined by Earth's mass and the satellite's orbital radius.

Uploaded by

Aishwarya Shukla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Gravitation 3

b. Due to rotation of earth : Earth is earth in elliptical path.


rotating about an axis passing through b. If Vh = Vc : Satellite revolves in circular
poles. Its sense of rotation is from west orbit.
to east. c. If Ve > Vh > Vc : Satellite revolves in
1. As earth rotates, every particle on elliptical path.
earth rotates with same angular d. If Vh = Ve : Satellite will escape out of
velocity but with different radii. gravitational field following
2. Apparent acceleration is, parabolic path.
gc = g – RZZ2 cos2O
e. If Vh > Ve : Satellite will escape out of
i. Effect of earth’s rotation at gravitational field following
equator (i.e. at O = 0) hyperbolic path.
gc = Z2
g – RZ
8. Orbital or critical velocity (vc ) :
for given Z, acceleration due to
gravity is minimum at equator. i. It is the velocity required to put the satellite into
ii. Effect of earth’s rotation at a circular orbit around the earth.
poles (i.e. at O = 90) ii. Orbital velocity of a satellite, when it is
gc = g revolving around the earth of mass M,
for given Z , acceleration due radius R, at a height h is,
to gravity is maximum at
poles. =
Note :  
The acceleration due to gravity on the earth is g
= 9.81 ms–2 (mean value). Its value on the moon Vc =
is about one sixth of that on the earth and that 
on the sun is about 27 times that on the earth.
Among the planets, the g is minimum on = 
Mercury. The value of g at the centre of the earth
is zero. iii. When satellite is orbiting close to the surface
7. Projection of a satellite : of earth i.e. h < < R, then

i. The first artificial satellite “SPUTNIK-I” was


Vc =
launched in space by U.S.S.R. on 4th October,
1957.
=
ii. The first Indian artificial satellite
“ARYABHATTA” was launched in space on = 7.92 km/s # 8 km/s
19th April, 1975. iv. The orbital velocity that must be given to a
iii. Minimum two stages of rocket are used to satellite in order to put it in an orbit very
launch the satellite successfully in space. close to the surface of earth is 7.92 km/s.
iv. The first stage of rocket is used to launch 9. Time period of a satellite
the satellite to a desired height. Second stage
i. It is the time taken by a satellite to complete
of rocket is used to push the satellite into
one revolution around the earth.
horizontal direction.
v. Shape of the orbit of the satellite depends
S 
upon horizontal velocity imparted to the T =
satellite.
a. If Vh < Vc : Satellite returns back to
S 
=

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