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Clippers NJHG

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82 views

Clippers NJHG

Uploaded by

Ijaz Talib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Semiconductor Diode

Clipper and Clamper Circuits


Clippers
● Clipper circuits, also called limiter circuits, are used to eliminate
portion of a signal that are above or below a specified level – clip value.
● The purpose of the diode is that when it is turn on, it provides the clip
value
● Clip value = V’. To find V’, use KVL at L1
● The equation is : V’ – VB - V = 0  V’ = VB + V

Vi

V’ = VB + V
L1

 Then, set the conditions


 If Vi > V’, what happens?  diode conducts, hence Vo = V’
 If Vi < V’, what happens?  diode off, open circuit, no current flow, Vo = Vi
EXAMPLE

For the circuit shown below sketch the waveform of the output
voltage, Vout. The input voltage is a sine wave where Vin = 10 sin
t. Assume V = 0.7 V
Parallel Based Clippers

 Positive and negative clipping can be performed simultaneously


by using a double limiter or a parallel-based clipper.

 The parallel-based clipper is designed with two diodes and two


voltage sources oriented in opposite directions.
 This circuit is to allow clipping to occur during both cycles;
negative and positive
Clipper – Diode in Series
Problem 3.11
Figure P3.11(a) shows the input voltage of the circuit as shown in Figure
P3.11(b). Plot the output voltage Vo of these circuits if V = 0.7 V

P3.11(a) P3.11(b)
Clampers
● Clamping shifts the entire signal voltage
by a DC level.
 Consider, the sinusoidal input voltage
signal, vI.
 1st 900, the capacitor is charged up to
the peak value of Vi which is VM.
 Then, as Vi moves towards the –ve
cycle,
 the diode is reverse biased.
 Ideally, capacitor cannot discharge,
hence Vc = VM
 By KVL, we get

NOTE: The input signal is shifted by a dc


level; and that the peak-to-peak value is
the same
Clampers
● A clamping circuit that includes an independent voltage source VB.
Peak value VM

 STEP 1: Knowing what value that the capacitor is charged to. And from
the polarity of the diode, we know that it is charged during positive
cycle. Using KVL,
 VC + VB – VS = 0  VC = VM – VB
 STEP 2: When the diode is reversed biased and VC is already a constant
value
 VO – VS + VC = 0  VO = VS – VC.
EXAMPLE – clampers with ideal diode

For the circuit shown in figure below, sketch the


waveforms of the output voltage, Vout. The input
voltage is a sine wave where Vin = 20 sin t. Assume
ideal diodes.

Vin
What if the diode is non-ideal?
C Vi

+ + 10

Vi Vo t
5V -4.3
- - -10

The diode is a non-


-14.3
ideal with V = 0.7V
-24.3

Step 1: VC + V - VB – Vi = 0  VC = 10 + 5 – 0.7 = 14.3V


Step 2: VO – Vi + VC = 0  VO = Vi – 14.3.
Diode Clampers

A clamper (or
dc restorer) sets
(or restores) the
dc reference of a
waveform.
Clipper Circuit

• Clipper circuits have the ability to ‘clip’ off a


portion of the input signal without distorting
the remaining part of the alternating
waveform.

Copyright © ODL Jan 2005


12 Open University Malaysia
LP3 13
Clamper Circuit
Clamper Circuit
• The clamping network ‘clamp’ a signal to different dc
level without altering the wave-shape.
• The network will have a capacitor, a diode and a resistive
element.
• The magnitude of R and C must be chosen such that the
time constant t = RC is large enough to ensure that the
voltage across the capacitor does not discharge
significantly during the interval the diode is non-
conducting
• Used in TV receivers as a DC restorer

Copyright © ODL Jan 2005


15 Open University Malaysia
Diode :- Clamper
POSITIVE CLAMPER

The circuit for a positive clamper


is shown in the figure. During the
negative half cycle of the input
signal, the diode conducts and
acts like a short circuit. The
output voltage Vo  0 volts . The
capacitor is charged to the peak
value of input voltage Vm. and it
behaves like a battery. During the
positive half of the input signal,
the diode does not conduct and
acts as an open circuit. Hence the
output voltage Vo Vm+ Vm This
gives a positively clamped
voltage.
Vo Vm+ Vm = 2 Vm
Diode :- Clamper
Positive Clamper
Diode :- Clamper
Negative Clamper
During the positive half cycle
the diode conducts and acts
like a short circuit. The
capacitor charges to peak value
of input voltage Vm. During
this interval the output Vo
which is taken across the short
circuit will be zero During the
negative half cycle, the diode is
open. The output voltage can
be found by applying KVL.
Diode :- Clamper
Negative Clamper
Diode :- Clamper
Biased Clamper
Diode :- Clamper
The circuit of a positively biased clamper is
shown in the figure. During the negative half
cycle of the input signal the diode is forward
biased and acts like a short circuit. The capacitor
charges to Vi + Vs . Applying the KVL to the input
side

During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the diode
is reverse biased and it acts as an open circuit. Hence Vs
has no effect on Vo. Applying KVL around the outside loop.
How Does A Clamp Circuit Work?
•In the positive half cycle C
gets charged through D to
10V (peak of sine wave + 5
V) with the straight plate of
C at a higher potential. D
Clips the output to a
maximum of -5V.

•In the negative half cycle


D is reverse biased. The
output can reach a
minimum of –15V (-VC +
negative peak of sine
wave).
LP3 22
Biased clampers

Biased clampers allow a waveform to shifted above or


below a dc reference other than 0 V.
 The dc reference is determined by the biasing voltage (VB) and
the setting of the potentiometer (R1).
Zener clampers

The diodes in (a) are in a common-cathode configuration.


The diodes in (b) are in a common-anode configuration.

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