International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN (Online): 2319-7064

Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611

Suitable Groundwater Recharge Structures In

Noyyal River Basin Coimbatore South Block Using
Remote Sensing and GIS
Seemon Rayappa Raja1, Karibasappa2
1
P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, India
2
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur, India

Abstract: Land and water resources are limited and their wide utilization is imperative, especially for countries like India, due to
increase in the population. Any economic activity like agriculture, industries or domestic activities are highly dependent on the water
resource. Water is an important resource that needs to be conserved for sustainable development. Management and conservation of
water is the need of the day. Water resource development programs are applied generally on watershed basis and thus prioritization is
essential for proper planning and management of water resources for sustainable development. In this study made to analyse
morphometric parameters of six sub watershed of Noyyal river basin in Coimbatore south block, Coimbatore district Tamilnadu. The
main objective of the study is to identify the suitable site and structures for the groundwater recharge. The morphometric parameters like
stream ordering, stream length, stream length ratio, and bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, form factor, circulatory
ratio, and elongated ratio were analyzed to know the characters of the watershed. The suitable site was identified by the integration of the
various thematic maps like land use/land cover map, geomorphological map, geology map, slope map, soil map, drainage density map,
lineament map based on the weightage for the different features. The suitable structure for groundwater recharge was identified by the
integration of thematic map and also by field visit.

Keywords: Morphometric, Watershed, Land use/land cover map, Soil map, Thematic map

1. Introduction
The study of the river basin Morphometric analysis
provides the useful parameter for the assessment of the
groundwater potential, surface and groundwater resource
management, runoff and geographic characteristics of the
drainage system. Morphometric is the measurement and
mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth's
surface, shape, dimension of its landforms. The
Morphometric analysis includes the linear aspects and aerial
aspects, in the linear aspects the stream ordering, stream
length, stream length ratio, and bifurcation ratio and in the Figure 1: Study Area Map
aerial aspect the drainage density, stream frequency, form
factor, circulatory ratio, and elongated ratio has been 3. Materials and Methodology
calculated.
In the present study morphometric analysis and prioritization
2. Study Area of watershed was carried out based on the integration of the
remote sensing and GIS technique. The satellite data used for
The study area of the watershed is the Noyyal river basin is the study is IRS P6 (LISS IV) which was collected from the
180 km (110 mi) long and 25 km (16 mi) wide and covers a National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad. The
total area of 3, 500 km2 (1, 400 sq. mi) lies between the Toposheets used for the study are 54 H/13 and 54 H/14 of
latitude 12.55-12.35 N and longitude of 77.45-78.00 E in 1:50000 scale obtained from the Tamilnadu State Capital
Coimbatore South block of Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu Survey of India (SOI), Chennai. The delineation of the
state. Coimbatore South Block is a town and a municipality watershed is done using the software an Arc map 10. The
in Coimbatore district in the Indian State of Tamilnadu drainage features of the watershed were digitized manually
using the arc GIS software. The ordering of the drainage
were done in reference to the staler. The morphometric
parameters were calculated manually. The ranking of the
parameters were given in the increasing order. The
prioritizations of the watershed were obtained from the
average of the ranking of various parameters. The features of
the various thematic maps were given weightage according to
the water recharge potential. Figure 2 show the flowchart
represents the methodology.

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
System (GIS) techniques are now a day used for assessing
various terrain and morphometric parameters of the
drainage basins and watersheds, as they provide a flexible
environment and a powerful tool for the manipulation and
analysis of spatial information.

Table 1: Morphometric parameters

Morphometric
Method Reference
Parameters
Stream order Hierarchial rank Strahler(1964)
Stream
Length of the stream Hortan(1945)
length(Lu)
Lsm=Lu/Nu
Where Lu= total stream
Mean stream
length of order „u‟, Nu= total Strahler (1964)
length (Lsm)
number of stream segments of
order „u‟
Figure 2: Methodology RL = Lu/Lu-1
where Lu = Total stream
Stream length
4. Morphometric Parameters length of order „u‟, Lu-1 = Horton (1945)
ratio (RL)
The total stream length of its
next lower order
Morphometry is defined as the measurement and
Rb = Nu/Nu+1
mathematical analysis of the configuration of the earth‟s where Nu = Total no. of
surface and of the shape and dimension of its landforms Bifurcation ratio stream segments of order „u‟, Schumm
(Clarke, 1966).The Main purpose of this work has to (Rb) Nu+1= Number of segments (1956)
discover holistic Stream Properties from measurement of of the next higher order
various attributes. A major emphasis in geomorphology
over the past several decades has been on the Dd=Lu/A
development of quantitative physiographic methods to where Dd = drainage density,
Drainage density
describe the evolution and behavior of surface drainage Lu = total stream length of all Horton (1945)
(Dd)
orders, A = area of the
networks (Horton-1945; Leopold & Maddock-1953;
basin(km2)
Abrahams-1984). Most previous morphometric analyses Fs=Nu/A
were based on arbitrary areas or individual channel where Fs= stream frequency,
segments. Using watershed as a basic unit in Stream
Nu = total number of streams Horton (1945)
morphometric analysis is the most logical choice. A frequency (Fs)
of streams of all orders, A =
watershed is the surface area drained by a part or the totality area of the basin, km2
of one or several given water courses and can be taken as a Rc = 4 * π * A/P2
basic erosional landscape element where land and water where Rc = circularity ratio, π
Circulatory
resources interact in a perceptible manner. In fact, they are = π value i.e., 3.141, A = area Miller (1953)
ratio(Rc)
the fundamental units of the fluvial landscape and a great of the basin, km 2, P2= square
of the perimeter, km
amount of research has focused on their geometric
Re = (4*A/ π) 0.5 /Lb
characteristics, including the topology of the stream where Re = elongation ratio,
networks and quantitative description of drainage texture, Elongation ratio
A = area of the basin, km2, Miller (1953)
(Re)
pattern and shape (Abrahams, 1984). The morphometric π = π value i.e., 3.141, Lb =
characteristics at the watershed scale may contain basin length, m
important information regarding its formation and Ff = A/Lb2
development because all hydrologic and geomorphic Form factor (Ff)
where, Ff = form factor, A = Schumm
processes occur within the Watershed (Singh 1992). The area of the basin, km2, Lb = (1956)
morphometric parameter with formulae is shown in Table 1. basin length
Rt = Nu/P
where Nu = total no. of
1. The quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is Drainage texture
streams of all orders, P = Horton (1945)
found to be of immense utility in river basin evaluation, (Rt)
basin
watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation perimeter, km
and natural resources management at watershed level. Cc = 0.2821 P/ A 0.5
Morphometric analysis of a watershed provides a Compactness
Where Cc = Compactness
constant Horton (1945)
quantitative description of the drainage system which is Ratio, A = Area of the basin,
(Cc
an important aspect of the characterization of watersheds km2, P = basin perimeter, km
(Strahler, 1964). The influence of drainage Morphometry is Lo= 1/2Dd where Lo= length
Length of over
very significant in understanding the landform processes, of overland flow, Dd= Horton (1945)
land flow (Lo)
soil physical properties and erosional characteristics. drainage density
Drainage characteristics of many river basins and sub basins Bs= Lb2/a where Bs = shape
Shape factor Nookratnam et
factor, Lb= basin length, A=
in different parts of the globe have been studied using (Bs)
area of the basin(km2)
al(2005)
conventional methods (Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1957,
1964; Krishnamurthy et al., 1996). Geographical Information
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
5. Results and Discussion soil type, infiltration capacity, relief and stage of
development of a basin (Smith, 1950). Horton
The morphometric parameters for the six watersheds were recognized infiltration capacity as the single important
carried out in the study. The morphometric parameters are of factor which influences drainage texture (Rt) and
linear parameters and shape parameters. The Drainage order considered the drainage texture to include drainage
map is shown in Figure 3. The morphometric parameters are density and stream frequency. Smith (1950) has classified
shown in Table 2. drainage density into five different texture i.e., very
coarse (< 2), Coarse (2- 4), moderate (4- 6), fine (6- 8)
Linear Parameters and very fine (> 8). In the present study area the 'Rt' value
range from 1.96 to 7.64 indicating that SW4 is fine textured
The linear morphometric parameters are bifurcation ratio, and SW1, SW2, SW3.SW5.SW6 are coarse textured.
drainage density, stream frequency, drainage texture, length
of overland flow. Length of Overland Flow (Lo)

Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) Length of overland flow is one of the most important
independent variables affecting both the hydrologic and
It is the ratio of number of streams of a given order to physiographic development of drainage basin. It is the
the number of streams of the next higher order length of water over the ground before it gets concentrated
(Schumm, 1956). The ratio varies with the different into definite stream channel. It is approximately equal to
classifications of stream orders. The lower values of 'Rb' one half the reciprocal of the drainage density. In the
are characteristics of the sub-watersheds which have less present study the length of overland flow varies from 0.24 to
structural disturbances (Strahler, 1964) and the drainage 0.39. Generally higher value of Lo is indicative of low relief
pattern has not been distorted due to the structural and whereas low value of Lo is an indicative of high relief.
disturbances. In present study the bifurcation value ranges
from 3-7.5. The Rb-values of the sub watershed in the study Shape Parameters
indicates that the SW1 is highly structural disturbed and other
sub watershed is less structurally disturbed. The shape parameters of the morphometric parameters are
form factor, circularity ratio, elongation ratio, shape factor,
Drainage Density (Dd) compactness coefficient.

The estimation of drainage density is a useful numerical Form Factor (Rf)

measure of landscape dissection and runoff potential
(Chorley, 1962). On the one hand, the drainage density The form factor „Rf‟ points out the shape or outline form of a
is a result of interacting factors controlling the surface drainage basin capable of being understood and affects
runoff. But on the other hand, it is influencing the output of stream discharge behaviors. The ratio of the basin area to
water and sediment from a drainage basin. Drainage density the square of basin length is called the Form factor
expresses the closeness of spacing of channels. The lower (Horton, 1932). Smaller the values of „Rf‟ more elongated
values of „Dd‟ leads to course drainage texture and a higher will be the basin/watershed. The values of Form factor in the
value for fine texture (Strahler, 1964). In the present study study area ranges from 0.19 to 5.85. The sub-watersheds are
the drainage density ranges from 1.2 2 km/km2. In the study more or less elongated in shape indicating lower peak flow
SW1 and SW2 had medium drainage density and SW3, SW4, for longer duration.
SW5 and SW6 has higher drainage density which indicates
they are fine textured, impermeable sub surface material and Circularity Ratio (Rc)
poor vegetation.
The circularity ratio 'Rc' is a shape measured depending
Stream Frequency (Fs) on stream flow in the sub basin (Miller, 1953). The
circularity ratio is influenced by the length and
Stream frequency/channel frequency (Fs) is the total frequency of stream, geological structures, land use/land
number of stream segments of all orders per unit cover, climate, relief and slope of the basin. The 'Rc' values
area(Horton, 1932). The low values of 'Fs' indicate that the for the sub-watersheds varies from 0.27 to 0.42 indicating
area is of low relief with permeable subsurface material. that all the sub-watersheds are of less circular in shape, low
In the study the Fs ranges from 1.66 to 2.72. The dense forest to moderate relief.
has low stream frequency and the high agriculture land have
more runoff and high stream frequency. The SW2 have high
stream frequency of 2.72 and the SW1 have low stream
frequency of 1.66. The number of streams increase with
respect to increase in drainage density.

Texture Ratio (Rt)

Texture ratio is an expression of the relative channel spacing

in fluvial dissected terrain. It depends on a number of natural
factors such as climate, rainfall, vegetation, rock and
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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
Table 2: Morphometric Parameters Calculation

Sub Area Perimeter Linear Parameter Shape Parameter

Watershed (Km2) (Km) Rm Dd Fs Rt Lg Rf Rc Re Cc Bs
Paruttikattupudur
53.471 45.229 7.49 1.254 1.664 1.968 0.398 0.442 0.328 0.375 1.745 2.262
(SW1)
Ayyampalaiyam
102.20 60.413 4.219 1.422 1.829 3.095 0.351 0.584 0.352 0.431 1.686 1.712
(SW2)
Sedapalaiyum
86.692 63.486 3.162 1.56 2.00 2.646 0.32 5.852 0.27 1.365 1.923 0.171
(SW3)
Irugur
39.618 34.155 4.38 2.058 2.726 7.646 0.243 0.198 0.426 0.251 1.531 5.05
(SW4)
Kollampalaiyum
40.256 42.994 3.056 1.942 2.409 2.256 0.257 1.255 0.273 0.632 1.911 0.797
(SW5)
Tennamanallur (SW6) 31.412 32.117 2.704 1.88 2.483 2.429 0.265 3.178 0.382 1.007 1.616 0.314

Elongation Ratio (Re) Compactness Co efficient (Cc)

It is the ratio between the diameter of the circle of the same Compactness Coefficient (Cc) is used to express the
area as the drainage basin and the maximum length of the relationship of a hydrologic basin to that of a circular basin
basin. A circular basin is more efficient in run -off having the same area as the hydrologic basin. A circular
discharge than an elongated basin (Singh, 1967). The basin is the most susceptible from a drainage point of view
value of elongation ratio (Re) generally varies from 0.6 to 1.0 because it will yield shortest time of concentration before
associated with a wide variety of climate and geology. Values peak flow occurs in the basin (Nooka Ratnam et al. 2005).
close to 1.0 are typical of regions of very low relief, whereas The value of the study are varies from 1.53 (SW4) to
that of 0.6 to 0.8 are associated with high relief and steep 1.92(SW3). The values indicates there wide variation in the
ground slope (Strahler, 1964). 'Re' values in the present watershed.
sub-watersheds varies from 0.25 to 1.36.The sub-
watersheds SW6 (1.00), and SW3 (1.36) have higher 'Re' Generation of Thematic Maps
value indicating high infiltration rate, low runoff, circular
basin and rest of the sub-watersheds are less elongated. Thematic maps like landuse/landcover, lineament,
geomorphology map were generated using LISS IV data.
Basin Shape Drainage map was extracted from the toposheet. The soil
map was obtaind from National Bureau of Soil Survey
Basin shape shows the geometry of the basin. The ideal shape toposheet and geology map was obtained from Geological
of the basin is frequently disturbed by geological, lithological Survey of India toposheet. The slope map was obtained from
and relief factors. Three indices namely form factor, SRTM data.
elongation ratio have been computed to understand the
basin shape. In the present study the basin factor ranges from Land Use / Land Cover
0.17-5.05. The SW1 and SW4 have low flood discharge
period and other sub watershed have high discharge period. The land use /land cover analysis is the important phenomena
which deals with the great emphasis of past and present. The
land cover features are identified from the satelite data IRS
P6(LISS IV). The land cover features identified in the study
area are crop land, plantation, fallow land, river, waterbodies,
barren rocky, cultivable land, open scrub, scrub forest, rural
built up, urban builtup, scrub forest and current shifting
cultivation. The land use land cover map is shown in Figure
5.

Slope

The slope of any terrain is one of the factors controlling the

infiltration of groundwater into the sub-surface and also a
suitability indicator from the groundwater prospect point of
view. Higher slope area facilitates high run-off allowing less
residence time for surfacewater, whereas in the gentle slope
area the surface run-off is slow, allowing more time for
surfacewater to percolate and hence comparatively more
infiltration. The slope map of the study area is shown in
Figure 6. In our present study, the slope ranges between mild
and moderate slope has been considered for prioritization.
Figure 4: Drainage Order Map

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 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
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Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
Soil

Soil plays a major role in groundwater recharge and meets

the basic needs of all agricultural production. The soil
types exist in the study area are clayey loamy soil, clayey
soil, red loamy soil, gravely clayey soil and rocky outcrops.
The soil map is shown in Figure 7. From observationthe
gravely cayey soil favours higher recharge and clayey soil
has lower water recharge capability.

Lineament and Lineament Density

Lineaments are straight linear elements visible at the

Earth's surface as a significant “lines of landscape”
(Hobbs, 1904). These are primarily a reflection of Figure 5: Land Use / Land Figure 6: Slope Map
discontinuities on the Earth‟s surface caused by geological or
geomorphic processes (Clark & Wilson, 1994). Cover Map
Geological features that give rise to lineaments include
faults, shear zones, fractures, dykes and veins as well as
bedding planes and stratigraphic contacts. Geomorphic
features, which appear as lineaments on the maps, aerial
photographs and satellite images include streams, linear
valleys and ridgelines. The recharge will be higher in the
higher lineament density region. The lineament map of the
study area is shown in Figure 8.

Drainage and Drainage Density Map

A drainage basin is a natural unit draining runoff water to a

common point. This map consists of water bodies, rivers,
tributaries, perennial & ephemeral streams, ponds. Drainage
network helps in delineation of watersheds. Drainage density
and type of drainage gives information related to runoff, Figure 7: Soil Map Figure 8: Lineament Map
infiltration relief and permeability. Dendritic drainage and
homogenous rocks, indicate structural and lithological
controls. The study area drainage is given in Figure 9.

Geomorphology

Geomorphology is the study of landforms of the earth, its

description and genesis (Gupta, 2003). Geomorphology
reflects various land form and structural features. The
geomorphological map is shown in Figure 10. In our present
study the geomorphological features are low dissected hills,
flood plains, intermountane valley and anthropogenic origin.
The flood plain regions have higher water recharge when
compared to other features. Figure 9 Drainage Map Figure 10: Geomorphology
Map
Geology

Geology plays an important role in the distribution and

occurrence of groundwater. In the present study the
geological features are extracted from the geological
toposheet. The geology map of study area is shown in Figure
11. The present study consist of granite gneises and dolerite
linings. Granite gneises favours higher recharge when
compared to dolerite linings due to the higher fractured
zones.

Figure 11: Geology Map Figure 12: Location Map of

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Index Copernicus Value (2013): 6.14 | Impact Factor (2014): 5.611
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