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Addressing Modes in Computer Organization

The document discusses addressing modes in 8086 microprocessors. There are different types of addressing modes including register modes, immediate modes, direct modes, indirect modes and indexed modes. The addressing mode specifies how the operand of an instruction is accessed in memory and identifies the effective address. Key addressing modes include register indirect which uses a base register to find the effective address, and auto-increment/decrement modes which automatically update the register after memory access.

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Archana R gopinath
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162 views

Addressing Modes in Computer Organization

The document discusses addressing modes in 8086 microprocessors. There are different types of addressing modes including register modes, immediate modes, direct modes, indirect modes and indexed modes. The addressing mode specifies how the operand of an instruction is accessed in memory and identifies the effective address. Key addressing modes include register indirect which uses a base register to find the effective address, and auto-increment/decrement modes which automatically update the register after memory access.

Uploaded by

Archana R gopinath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DIGITAL PRINCIPLES AND

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Addressing Modes
Addressing Modes– The term addressing modes
refers to the way in which the operand of an
instruction is specified. The addressing mode
specifies a rule for interpreting or modifying the
address field of the instruction before the operand is
actually executed.

Addressing modes for 8086 instructions are divided into


two categories:

1) Addressing modes for data

2) Addressing modes for branch

The 8086 memory addressing modes provide


flexible access to memory, allowing you to easily
access variables, arrays, records, pointers, and other
complex data types. The key to good assembly
language programming is the proper use of memory
addressing modes.

An assembly language program instruction consists of two


parts
The memory address of an operand consists of two
components:
IMPORTANT TERMS
Starting address of memory segment.
Effective address or Offset: An offset is
determined by adding any combination of three
address elements: displacement, base and index.
o Displacement: It is an 8 bit or 16 bit immediate value given
in the instruction.
o Base: Contents of base register, BX or BP.
o Index: Content of index register SI or DI.

According to different ways of specifying an


operand by 8086 microprocessor, different
addressing modes are used by 8086.

Addressing modes used by 8086 microprocessor are discussed


below:

• Implied mode:: In implied addressing the


operand is specified in the instruction itself. In
this mode the data is 8 bits or 16 bits long and data
is the part of instruction.Zero address instruction
are designed with implied addressing mode.

Example:
CLC (used to reset Carry flag to 0)
• Immediate addressing mode (symbol #):In this
mode data is present in address field of instruction
.Designed like one address instruction format.
Note:Limitation in the immediate mode is that the range
of constants are restricted by size of
• address field.

Example:MOV AL, 35H (move the data 35H into AL register)

• Register mode: In register addressing the operand is


placed in one of 8 bit or 16 bit general purpose registers.
The data is in the register that is specified by the
instruction.
Here one register reference is required to access the data.

Example: MOV AX,CX (move the contents of CX register to AX


register)

• Register Indirect mode: In this addressing the


operand’s offset is placed in any one of the registers
BX,BP,SI,DI as specified in the instruction. The
effective address of the data is in the base register or an
index register that is specified by the instruction.
Here two register reference is required to access the data.
The 8086 CPUs let you access memory indirectly through
a register using the register indirect addressing modes.
• MOV AX, [BX](move the contents of memory location s
addressed by the register BX to the register AX)

• Auto Indexed (increment mode): Effective address of


the operand is the contents of a register specified in the
instruction. After accessing the operand, the contents of
this register are automatically incremented to point to the
next consecutive memory location.(R1)+.
Here one register reference,one memory reference and
one ALU operation is required to access the data.
Example:
Add R1, (R2)+ // OR
R1 = R1 +M[R2]
R2 = R2 + d

Useful for stepping through arrays in a loop.


R2 – start of array d – size of an element

• Auto indexed ( decrement mode): Effective address of


the operand is the contents of a register specified in the
instruction. Before accessing the operand, the contents of
this register are automatically decremented to point to the
previous consecutive memory location. –(R1)
Here one register reference,one memory reference and
one ALU operation is required to access the data.
Example:
Add R1,-(R2) //OR
R2 = R2-d
R1 = R1 + M[R2]

Auto decrement mode is same as auto increment mode. Both


can also be used to implement a stack as push and pop . Auto
increment and Auto decrement modes are useful for
implementing “Last-In-First-Out” data structures.
• Direct addressing/ Absolute addressing Mode (symbol [
]): The operand’s offset is given in the instruction as an 8 bit
or 16 bit displacement element. In this addressing mode the
16 bit effective address of the data is the part of the
instruction.
Here only one memory reference operation is required
to access the data.

Example:ADD AL,[0301] //add the contents of offset


address 0301 to AL

• Indirect addressing Mode (symbol @ or () ):In this mode


address field of instruction contains the address of effective
address.Here two references are required.
1st reference to get
effective address. 2nd
reference to access the
data.
Based on the availability of Effective address, Indirect mode
is of two kind:
1. Register Indirect:In this mode effective address is in the
register, and corresponding register name will be
maintained in the address field of an instruction.
Here one register reference,one memory reference is required to
access the data.
2. Memory Indirect:In this mode effective address is in the
memory, and corresponding memory address will be
maintained in the address field of an instruction.
Here two memory reference is required to access the data.

•Indexed addressing mode: The operand’s offset is the


sum of the content of an index register SI or DI and an 8 bit
or 16 bit displacement.

Example:MOV AX, [SI +05]


• Based Indexed Addressing: The operand’s offset is sum of the
content of a base register BX or
BP and an index register SI or DI.
Example: ADD AX, [BX+SI]
Based on Transfer of control, addressing modes are:

• PC relative addressing mode: PC relative addressing


mode is used to implement intra segment transfer of
control, In this mode effective address is obtained by
adding displacement to PC.
• EA= PC + Address field value
PC= PC + Relative value.

• Base register addressing mode:Base register addressing


mode is used to implement inter segment transfer of
control.In this mode effective address is obtained by
adding base register value to address field value.
•
• EA= Base register + Address field value.
• PC= Base register + Relative value.

Note:
1. PC relative nad based register both addressing modes are
suitable for program relocation at runtime.
2. Based register addressing mode is best suitable to write position
independent codes.

Advantages of Addressing Modes

1. To give programmers to facilities such as Pointers,


counters for loop controls, indexing of data and program
relocation.
2. To reduce the number bits in the addressing field of the Instruction.

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