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Lab 1 PDF

This document provides an introduction and overview of image processing using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to MATLAB, describing its basic functionality and environment. It then discusses image processing with MATLAB, explaining how to import, display, manipulate, and export images. Key functions for image display, conversion, operations, and addressing performance issues through vectorization are outlined. The document aims to provide basics and examples of using MATLAB for image processing tasks.

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78 views38 pages

Lab 1 PDF

This document provides an introduction and overview of image processing using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to MATLAB, describing its basic functionality and environment. It then discusses image processing with MATLAB, explaining how to import, display, manipulate, and export images. Key functions for image display, conversion, operations, and addressing performance issues through vectorization are outlined. The document aims to provide basics and examples of using MATLAB for image processing tasks.

Uploaded by

Mars
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Image Processing by MATLAB

By
Fahad Layth Malallah
Lab_1

Computer & Info. Technology


Engineering C. / Ninevah University
Outline

• Introduction to MATLAB
– Basics & Examples

• Image Processing with MATLAB


– Basics & Examples
What is MATLAB?
• MATLAB = Matrix Laboratory

• “MATLAB is a high-level language and


interactive environment that enables you to
perform computationally intensive tasks faster
than with traditional programming languages
such as C, C++ and Fortran.”
(www.mathworks.com)

• MATLAB is an interactive, interpreted language


that is designed for fast numerical matrix
calculations
The MATLAB Environment
• MATLAB window
components:
Workspace
> Displays all the defined
variables
Command Window
> To execute commands
in the MATLAB
environment
Command History
> Displays record of the
commands used
File Editor Window
> Define your functions
MATLAB Help
• MATLAB Help is an
extremely powerful
assistance to learning
MATLAB

• Help not only contains the


theoretical background,
but also shows demos for
implementation

• MATLAB Help can be


opened by using the
HELP pull-down menu
MATLAB Help (cont.)
• Any command description
can be found by typing
the command in the
search field

• As shown above, the


command to take square
root (sqrt) is searched

• We can also utilize


MATLAB Help from the
command window as
shown
More about the Workspace

• save – save workspace variables to *.mat


file
• load – load variables from *.mat file
• clear – clear workspace variables

- CODE
Matrices in MATLAB
• Matrix is the main MATLAB data type
• How to build a matrix?
– A=[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
– Creates matrix A of size 3 x 3
• Special matrices:
– zeros(n,m), ones(n,m), rand(),
randn()
Basic Operations on Matrices
• All operators in MATLAB are defined on
matrices: +, -, *, /, ^, sqrt,
sin, cos, etc.
• Element-wise operators defined with a
preceding dot: .*, ./, .^
• size(A) – size vector
• sum(A) – columns sums vector
• sum(sum(A)) – sum of all the elements
- CODE
Variable Name in Matlab
• Variable naming rules
- must be unique in the first 63 characters
- must begin with a letter
- may not contain blank spaces or other types of punctuation
- may contain any combination of letters, digits, and
underscores
- are case-sensitive
- should not use Matlab keyword
• Pre-defined variable names
• pi
Logical Operators

• ==, <, >, (not equal) ~=, (not) ~

• find(‘condition’) – Returns indexes


of A’s elements that satisfy the condition
Logical Operators (cont.)
• Example:
>>A=[7 3 5; 6 2 1], Idx=find(A<4)
A=
7 3 5
6 2 1
Idx= ?
Flow Control
• MATLAB has five flow control constructs:
– if statement
– for loop
– while loop
– break statement
if
• IF statement condition
– The general form of the IF statement is
IF expression
statements
ELSEIF expression
statements
ELSE
statements
END
for
• FOR repeats statements a specific
number of times

• The general form of a FOR statement is:


FOR variable=expr
statements
END
while
• WHILE repeats statements an indefinite
number of times
• The general form of a WHILE statement is:
WHILE expression
statements
END
Scripts and Functions
• There are two kinds of M-files:

– Scripts, which do not accept input arguments


or return output arguments. They operate on
data in the workspace

– Functions, which can accept input arguments


and return output arguments. Internal
variables are local to the function
Functions in MATLAB (cont.)
• Example:
– A file called STAT.M:
function [mean, stdev]=stat(x)
%STAT Interesting statistics.
n=length(x);
mean=sum(x)/n;
stdev=sqrt(sum((x-mean).^2)/n);
Visualization and Graphics
• plot(x,y),plot(x,sin(x)) – plot 1D function
• figure, figure(k) – open a new figure
• hold on, hold off – refreshing
• axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]) – change axes
• title(‘figure titile’) – add title to figure
• subplot(3,1,2) – locate several plots in figure
Saving your Work
• save mysession
% creates mysession.mat with all variables
• save mysession a b
% save only variables a and b
• clear all
% clear all variables
• clear a b
% clear variables a and b
• load mysession
% load session
Outline

• Introduction to MATLAB
– Basics & Examples

• Image Processing with MATLAB


– Basics & Examples
What is the Image Processing Toolbox?

• The Image Processing Toolbox is a collection of


functions that extend the capabilities of the MATLAB’s
numeric computing environment. The toolbox supports a
wide range of image processing operations, including:
– Geometric operations
– Neighborhood and block operations
– Linear filtering and filter design
– Transforms
– Image analysis and enhancement
– Binary image operations
– Region of interest operations
Images in MATLAB
• MATLAB can import/export • Data types in MATLAB
several image formats: – Double (64-bit double-precision
– BMP (Microsoft Windows Bitmap) floating point)
– GIF (Graphics Interchange Files) – Single (32-bit single-precision
floating point)
– HDF (Hierarchical Data Format)
– Int32 (32-bit signed integer)
– JPEG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group) – Int16 (16-bit signed integer)
– PCX (Paintbrush) – Int8 (8-bit signed integer)
– PNG (Portable Network – Uint32 (32-bit unsigned integer)
Graphics) – Uint16 (16-bit unsigned integer)
– TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) – Uint8 (8-bit unsigned integer)
– XWD (X Window Dump)
– raw-data and other types of
image data
Images in MATLAB
• Binary images : {0,1}
• Intensity images : [0,1] or uint8, double etc.
• RGB images : m × n × 3
• Multidimensional images: m × n × p (p is the number of layers)
Image Import and Export
• Read and write images in Matlab
img = imread('apple.jpg');
dim = size(img);
figure;
imshow(img);
imwrite(img, 'output.bmp', 'bmp');
Images and Matrices
[0, 0]
How to build a matrix
(or image)? o
Intensity Image:

Row 1 to 256
row = 256;
col = 256;
img = zeros(row, col);
img(100:105, :) = 0.5;
img(:, 100:105) = 1;
figure;
o
imshow(img);
Column 1 to 256
[256, 256]
Images and Matrices
Binary Image:

row = 256;
col = 256;
img = rand(row,
col);
img = round(img);
figure;
imshow(img);
Image Display
• image - create and display image object
• imshow - display image
• colorbar - display colorbar
• getimage - get image data from axes
• zoom - zoom in and zoom out of 2D plot
Image Conversion
• im2bw - image to binary
• im2double - image to double precision
• im2uint8 - image to 8-bit unsigned integers
• im2uint16 - image to 16-bit unsigned integers
• mat2gray - matrix to intensity image
• rgb2gray - RGB image to grayscale
Image Operations
• RGB image to gray image
• Image resize
• Image crop
• Image rotate
• Image histogram
• Image histogram equalization
• Image DCT/
• Convolution
Outline

• Introduction to MATLAB
– Basics & Examples
• Image Processing with MATLAB
– Basics & Examples
Performance Issues
• The idea: MATLAB is
– very fast on vector and matrix operations
– Correspondingly slow with loops

• Try to avoid loops


• Try to vectorize your code
Vectorize Loops
• Example
– Given image matrices, A and B, of the same size (540*380), blend
these two images
apple = imread(‘apple.jpg');
orange = imread(‘orange.jpg’);
• Poor Style
% measure performance using stopwatch timer
tic
for i = 1 : size(apple, 1)
for j = 1 : size(apple, 2)
for k = 1 : size(apple, 3)
output(i, j, k) = (apple(i, j, k) + orange(i, j, k))/2;
end
end
end
toc
• Elapsed time is 0.138116 seconds
Vectorize Loops (cont.)
• Example
– Given image matrices, A and B, of the same size (600*400),
blend these two images
apple = imread(‘apple.jpg');
orange = imread(‘orange.jpg’);

• Better Style
tic % measure performance using stopwatch timer
Output = (apple + orange)/2;
toc
• Elapsed time is 0.099802 seconds

• Computation is faster!

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