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A Critical Review of Prana Vayu in the Modern Perspective

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Greentree Group Publishers
Int J Ayu Pharm Chem
REVIEW ARTICLE www.ijapc.com
e-ISSN 2350-0204

A Critical Review of Prana Vayu in the Modern Perspective

Pritam Moharana1 and Rakesh Roushan2*
1,2
P.G. Dept. of Kriya Sharir, Ch. Brahm Prakash Ayurved Charak Sansthan, Khera Dabar, Najafgarh, New
Delhi, India

ABSTRACT
Vata dosha is the most important factor of Tridosha which is responsible for controlling all
types of movements. Among five vata dosha, prana vayu is situated in the head and travel
across urah (thorax region) and kantha (throat region). It is reasonable for functioning of
spitting, sneezing, eructation, respiration, and deglutition and also maintains the proper
functioning of budhhi (intelligence/judgement), hridaya (heart), chitta (mind). Hear head
refers to brain and brain stem as it controls all these functions. All the functions of prana
vayu are compared as per modern medical science. Basically, the functions of limbic system,
cranial nerves, cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and other structures might be compared with the
functions of prana vata. So we can easily understand the basic principles of Ayurveda which
is badly required in this present era. Most of the vatik disorders discussed in Ayurveda are
being diagnosed under neurological disorders in modern medicine. Very few works have
been achieved on conceptual features of vata. In this article an attempt has been made to
correlate the physiological activity of prana vayu with special reference to neurophysiology.
For this study, the basic materials have been collected from the Āyurvedic classics with the
available commentaries, as well as text books of contemporary science have been referred for
better understanding of the concept and its comparison with contemporary science.

KEYWORDS
Prana Vayu, Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, Cranial Nerves, Cerebral Cortex

Greentree Group Publishers

Received 18/06/18 Accepted 06/07/18 Published 10/07/18
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INTRODUCTION prana, udana, saman, vyana and apana.

Ayurveda, an Indian ancient holistic All these five vata doshas have their

science, is based on tridosha theory which different site as well as different functions.

forms the base for all Ayurvedic concepts. Among the five types of vata, Prana vata

These three doshas function at various has various functions which act at different

level of organization such as cellular level, level at different structure. It cannot be

single system level and organism level. In represented by one structure. Ayurveda is

vedic literature the three terms the science that proofs its concept based on

representing tridoshas are prana, ojas, and functional understanding. There is no

tejas. Vata one among the three doshas specific correlation of prana vayu

plays a major role in both health and mentioned any ancient literature. It seems

disease condition. It is the initiating and to be a problem found in student life,

controlling factor of human body and also particularly first year of Bachelor of

responsible for all type of movement1. So Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery to

Vata is called as Prana for human beings. understand about the concept of prana

Vata in its normalcy maintains the whole vayu. Increased demand of Ayurveda

body and its systems. It is the initiator of science in the present society is required to

all kinds of activities within the body, the understand the depth of Ayurvedic

controller and impellor of all mental Principle in an easy mode. Hence an effort

functions, and the employer of all sensory is made to ascertain and establish the

faculties. It joins the body tissues and knowledge regarding physiological

brings compactness to the body, prompts function of Prana vayu and its role in

speech, is the origin of touch and sound, is nervous system.

the root cause of auditory and tactile sense SITE AND FUNCTION OF PRANA
faculties, is the causative factor of pleasure VATA BY DIFFERENT ACHARYA:
and courage, stimulates the digestive fire, The location of Prana is vertex, thorax,

and helps in the absorption of the dośhas trachea, tongue, mouth and nose and it

and ejection of the excretory products. performs functions of spitting, sneezing,

Vata travels all gross and subtle channels, eructation, respiration, deglutition etc3.

forms the embryo shape and is the The Vayu which moves inside the mouth is

indicator of continuity of life2. Vata dosha known as prana vayu. It supports the body

has been divided into five types namely function, helps in deglutination and
4
sustains the functions of prana . Prana
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vata is located in murdha and it traverses respiratory center. Proximity of heart
along uras (thorax), and kantha (throat), it means lungs. According to Acharya
maintains the proper functioning of budhhi Sushruta, jiva and rakta are the synonyms.
(intelligence/judgement), hridaya (heart), MOVEMENT OF PRANA VATA:
chitta (mind). It also performs functions The gati or movement of Prana Vayu is in
such as sthivana (spitting), ksavathu entire body considering its functions. It
(sneezing), udgara (belching), nisvasa can travel from all direction to all
(respiration), annapravesha directions as it is extremely powerful. For
(deglutination)5. Here hridaya is annotated upward to downward, it includes nihswas,
6
as adhisthan of mana . Prana is situated in anna pravesha, for downward to upward it
the head and moves in throat and chest. It includes sthivana, kshavathu, udgara, for
controls or maintains the intellect, sense entire body movements it includes
organ, heart/brain, arteries (blood vessel), hridaya-chitta dhrik, prinayan deham
and functions of supporting, expectoration, akhilam jivam cha jatharanalam. Swash
sneezing, belching, breathing and function includes both inspiration and
7
swallowing of food . Here hridaya is expiration. Normal expiration is not
annotated as adhisthan of buddhi adhara pratiloma gati of Prana Vayu. Pratioma
bhutam8. gati is reverse movement of Prana Vayu.
Sharangdhar refers the location of Prana Pratioma gati has to be associated with
vata at nabhi. After reaching the proximity kapha to cause swasa and hikka and
of heart it passes outside through the throat others. Pratiloma gati means there is
to consume nectar like substance called variation in the movement of prana vayu
vishnupadamrita (oxygen) from the that may be upward to downward,
external atmosphere. After consuming downward to upward or overall entire
within no time through the same route it body movements. These variations appear
gets back into the body. This Prana Vayu due to avarana. For example anna
maintains the entire body and nourishes praveshakrit, prana vayu help in entering
the jiva and jatharagni9. In all text book the food from outside to inside or from
site of Prana Vayu is mentioned as upward to downward. If there is variation
Murdha. But Acharya Sharngadhara has in the movement of Prana Vayu, hikka is
mentioned it as nabhi. The term nabhi in produced.
Sanskrit means a center. This has to be MODERN ASPECTS
perceived as a center in head i.e. the
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The primary site of Prana Vayu is head. impulses to sneezing center of brain stem.
Here is an attempt to compare the function The sneezing center sends the information
of Prana Vayu with its modern aspect as to facial nerve along with the nerves that
per contemporary science. lead to lungs and diaphragm. Then eyes
STHIVANA: begin watering, nasal mucosa secretes
Sthivana means the function of spitting. It fluid, diaphragm moves to take a deep
is the action of ejection of saliva or other breath. Then the muscle in the chest
substance from the mouth which is contracts and it causes the air to leave the
conducted by nucleus of facial nerve. It is nose and mouth suddenly. The whole
the seventh cranial nerve containing function is under control of both
sensory, motor and parasympathetic nerve. trigeminal and facial nerve11.
The sensory fiber carries the sensation of UDGARA:
taste from the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue Udgara means belching reflex which is a
to brain. The somatic motor fibers of polysynaptic visceral reflex. It is found in
seventh cranial nerve supply the muscle of a period of less than two second. It is
facial expression and muscle of scalp. Its formed of three independent reflex
nucleus is located in the pons. The responses. Due to contraction of lower
parasympathetic fibers arise from the esophagus and diaphragm there is
superior salivary nucleus and supply to sub inhibition of the muscle barrier between
mandibular as well as sublingual salivary the stomach and esophagus. It is the first
10
gland . belching reflex. This reflex is triggered by
KSHAVATHU: air causing tension in the muscle fibers of
Kshavathu means the function of sneezing. the wall of stomach that is under the
It means to throw out mucus containing esophagus. So the air bolus rapidly escapes
foreign particles or irritants and cleanse the into the lower esophagus which is under
nasal cavity. It is reflex action when any pressure from the stomach wall. This
dust particles disturbs the nasal passage. A reflex is determined by the brain through
reflex action contains of a receptor, a the vagus nerve. The rapid movement of
sensory nerve, an integrating center, a air into the lower esophagus concurrently
motor nerve, and an effector. The receptors activates the other two reflexes. The
which are nerve ending in the nasal inhibition of the muscle barrier between
pathways detect an irritant. Maxillary the esophagus and pharynx is the second
branch of trigeminal nerve transport these belch reflex. It is developed by pharyngeal
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muscles. This reflex also activates muscles mainly controls rate and depth of
whose main function is to pull the breathing13.
esophago-pharyngeal barrier open. It is the ANNA PRAVESHA:
rapid air movement across the pharynx that It consists of mastication, salivation and
causes the sound of the belch. This reflex deglutination. The fifth cranial nerve i.e.
is also mediated by the brain through the trigeminal nerve is a mixed type of nerve.
vagus nerve. At the same time, the third The motor fibers which supply the muscle
belch reflex is activated. It begins a of mastication arise from the nucleus in the
contraction wave of the upper esophagus pons. The seventh cranial nerve i.e. facial
which moves upward toward the mouth nerve contains sensory, motor and
bringing the air bolus to the top of the parasympathetic fibers. The
esophagus. This reflex is possibly decided parasympathetic fibers arise from the
by the spinal cord. The result of these two superior salivary nucleus and supply the
reflexes is to propel the air bolus from the submandibular and sublingual salivary
lower esophagus into the oral cavity. The glands. The 9th cranial nerve i.e. gloss
area postrema which is in the medulla or pharyngeal nerve contain sensory, motor
hind brain primarily controls the belch and parasympathetic fibers. The motor
response12. fibers arise from the nucleus ambigus
SWASA: situated in medulla and supply the
Swasa means the process of respiration. stylopharyngeal muscle. The 10th cranial
Group of neurons which is located nerve i.e. vagus nerve contain sensory,
bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and motor and parasympathetic fibers. The
pons of brain stem are the respiratory somatic efferent fibers arise from the
center in brain. It is branched into three nucleus ambigus and supply the laryngeal
major colons of neurons. A dorsal and pharyngeal muscle.
respiratory group which is situated in the The 11th nerve (accessory) is purely motor
dorsal portion of medulla and it causes nerve. Its spinal root supplies the
inspiration. A ventral respiratory group sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
which is located in ventero lateral part of whereas its bulbar root supplies some of
medulla mainly causes expiration. The the muscle of larynx, pharynx, and soft
pneumotaxic center which is present palate. The 12th cranial nerve i.e.
dorsally in the superior portion of pons hypoglossal nerve contains ony motor

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fibers arises from the medulla. It supplies impulses through the sympathetic nerve
the muscle of tongue14. fibers to the heart. On the contrary the
vasomotor center sends signal to the
The sensitive tactile areas of the posterior adjacent dorsal motor nuclei of vagus
mouth and pharynx are present in a ring nerve whenever there is a require to
around the pharyngeal opening. It helps to decrease heart pumping, which then
initiate the pharyngeal stage of transmit parasympathetic impulses through
swallowing. Impulses are transmitted from the vagus nerves to the heart. It causes
these areas into the medulla oblongata, decrease of heart rate and heart
either into or closely associated with the contractility. Therefore the vasomotor
tractus solitarious through the sensory center has an important role in either
portions of trigeminal and increase or decrease heart activity. Every
glossopharyngeal nerves. Then the part of the reticular substance of pons,
medulla oblongata receives all sensory mesencephalon and diencephalon carries
impulses from the mouth. The stages of large number of small neurons. These
the swallowing process are started by the neurons can either excite or inhibit the
medulla and lower portion of the pons. The vasomotor center. The vasoconstrictor
areas in the medulla and lower pons are system is controlled by hypothalamus. It
called as the swallowing center. The motor brings powerful excitatory or inhibitory
impulses are transmitted by 5th, 9th,10th and effects on the vasomotor center. The
th 15
12 cranial nerve . vasomotor center can also be excited or
HRIDAYA DHARANA: inhibited by many parts of the cerebral
It holds the function of heart. The cortex. The vasomotor center is excited by
parasympathetic motor fibers of vagus stimulation of the motor cortex because the
nerve, arise from the dorsal motor nucleus impulses are transmitted downward into
situated in the floor of fourth ventricle, in hypothalamus and then to the vasomotor
medulla. The fibers supply the viscera of center. Also stimulation of anterior
thorax (heart and lungs) and the gut in temporal lobe, the orbital areas of the
upper abdomen. Vasomotor center controls frontal cortex, the anterior part of the
the activity of heart. Whenever there is a cingulated gyrus, the amygdale, the
need to increase heart rate and septum and the hippocampus can either
contractility, the lateral portion of excite or inhibit the vasomotor center.
vasomotor center transmits excitatory These are depending upon the precise
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portion of areas that are stimulated and the and ventromedial nuclei of hypothalamus.
intensity of the stimulus16. The most potent areas for punishment are
BUDDHI INDRIYA CHITTA found in the central grey area surrounding
DHARANA: the aqueduct of sylvius in the
Buddhi means intelligence, indriya mesencephalon. It extends upward into the
dhaarana means all sensory and motor periventricular zones of the hypothalamus
function, chitta dhaarana means the and thalamus. The reward and punishment
function of mana (mind). Things requiring centers control our bodily activities, our
thought, consideration, hypothesis, unwillingness, and our motivations18.
attention, determination or whatever can Incoming sensory signals can introduce
be perceived by the mind, are regarded as behavioral reactions for different desire
its objects. Control of sense organs, self through Hippocampus. It can cause any of
restraint, hypothesis and consideration the different behavioral patterns such as
represent the action of the mind. Beyond happiness, anger, obedience, or excess sex
17
that flourishes the domain and intellect . drive. It can become hyper excitable.
Apart from this memory, emotion, Hippocampi can exhale prolonged output
knowledge through direct perception, signals even under normal conditions.
inference, analogy, verbal testimony is Hippocampus is originated as part of the
considered to be the function of mind. olfactory cortex. Very early in
Emotional behavior and encouragement is evolutionary development of brain the
basically controlled by limbic system. hippocampus most probably became a
Hypothalamus, the septum, paraolfactory critical judgment making neuronal
area, anterior nucleus of the thalamus, mechanism, determining the significance
portions of basal ganglia, hippocampus of the received sensory signals. Once the
and amygdale are the basic structures in critical decision making capability had
limbic system. Hypothalamus is one of the been recognized, the remnants of the brain
central elements of limbic system. Limbic also began to call on the hippocampus for
structures are concerned with affective decision making. The hippocampus also
nature of sensory sensation whether the supples the drive that causes conversion of
sensations are pleasant or unpleasant. short term memory into long term
These affective qualities are also called memory. The amygdale appears as
reward or punishment function. The major behavioral awareness areas that operate at
reward centers are situated in the lateral a semiconscious level. The amygdale
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makes the person’s behavioral response to all the areas of the body. Memories are
suitable for each event. The ability of the stored in the brain. It changes the basic
prefrontal areas to keep track of many sensitivity of synaptic transmission
beats of information concurrently and to between neurons. The facilitated pathway
cause recall of this information is called memory traces. They are
immediately as it is needed for subsequent important because once the traces are
thoughts. So it is called the brain’s recognized; they can be selectively
working memory19. activated by thinking mind to repeat
Learning is described as the process of memories20.
acquiring knowledge while memory is the Wernicke’s area is important for language
process of storing knowledge. Neural comprehension. It is situated behind the
mechanism of thoughts is not clearly primary auditory cortex the posterior part
illustrated in texts. Destruction of large of the superior gyrus of temporal lobe. It is
portion of cerebral cortex reduces the most significant region for higher
depth of the thoughts and degree of intellectual function. All the intellectual
awareness of the surroundings but it does functions are language based. Angular
not prevent a person from having a gyus area is needed for initial processing
thought. Each thought involves of visual language (reading). Anterolateral
instantaneous signal in many portion of the region of the occipital lobe is lying
cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system posterior to the language comprehension
and reticular formation of the brain stem. area. It is a visual association area that
A thought results from a pattern of feed visual information suggested by
stimulation of many part of the nervous words read from a book into wernicke
system most importantly the cerebral area. The limbic association area is found
cortex, thalamus, limbic system and upper in the anterior pole of the temporal lobe, in
reticular formation of the brain system. the ventral portion of frontal lobe, and in
This theory is described as the holistic the cingulated gyrus lying deep in the
theory of thoughts. The general nature of longitudinal fissure on the mid surface of
thought is determined by the stimulated each cerebral hemisphere. It is concerned
area of the limbic system, thalamus and primarily with behavior, emotions and
reticular formation. It gives the qualities motivation21.
like pleasure, displeasure, pain, comfort, The basal ganglia help plan and control
crude modalities of sensation localization complex patterns of muscle movement.
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Relative intensities of the separate The hypothalamus and limbic system are
activities, way of movements, and intimately concerned with emotional
sequencing of multiple successive parallel expression and with the genesis of
movements to achieve specific emotions. The complex patterns of
complicated motor activity are regulated emotional mental state are achieved by the
by basal ganglia22. papez circuit. The orbito-insulo-tempero-
EMOTION: cingulate areas of the cerebral cortex in
Emotion accompanies many of our particular are intimately concerned in the
conscious experiences. It is an aroused production of autonomic changes of
state involving intense feeling, autonomic emotion. These areas project mainly
activation, and related behavior. It has two  To the hypothalamus which in turn
major components. send fibers to the bulbar autonomic
MENTAL COMPONENT: centers, and
It consists of cognitive, affective, and  To the reticular formation of brain
conative changes. Cognition means by stem which modifies somatic motor
which one is aware of the processes of neuronal activity appropriately23.
thinking and perceiving. It involves an
awareness of sensation and usually its DISCUSSION
cause. Affect is the reflection of mental Basically Vata, Pitta, Kapha constitute
state. It involves the feeling itself. three regulatory systems i.e. nervous,
Conation is the force which directs to take endocrine and immune system respectively
action and involves the urge to take action. of all living systems. Among such
For example I hear a noise, which I important tridoshas the supremacy of Vata
recognize as that of and exploding bomb is explained by all our Acharyas. Vata is
(cognition); I feel frightened (affect), and I the only principle having predominance of
want to take shelter (conation). Vayu mahabhuta and its main lakshana is
PHYSICAL CHANGE: gati (movement) and gandhana
It consists of changes in viscera and (knowledge perception). It is generally
skeletal muscles. These conditions are attributed to nervous system of
often generalized and involve the co contemporary science presenting the same
ordinate activity of both the autonomic and functional properties.
somatic nervous system.
MECHANISM OF EMOTION:
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As per Ayurveda Science murdha (head cortex, supplementary motor area,
region) is the primary site of Prana Vata. wernicke’s area and vasomotor centre may
Because it is the region where all prana’s be compared with
are situated and all sensory and motor budhhihridayaindriyachitta dhrik. Overall
activities are controlled from. That why Prana Vata can be compared to the CNS
head is called as the most superior organ anatomically and physiologically as its
among all organs of the body. Head in this main seat is Murdha and controls all the
context refers to brain. Indriyas stand for physiological functions by generating
sensory, motor organs and mind24. All motor impulses after the integration of the
sensory and motor organs with their sensory impulses from all over the body.
Pranavaha Srotamsi are basically attached
to brain in a fashion homogeneous to CONCLUSION
connection between the sunrays and sun It can be concluded that the Prana Vata
which means different descending and cannot be limited by simply comparing it
ascending tract comprising of individual with central nervous system as Vata dosha
neurons in the nervous system connects is involved in any systemic activity. So,
25
the CNS with peripheral structures . The functions of Prana Vata can be partially
mind is situated in between the head and correlated with the functions of central
palate. Its efficiency is beyond any other nervous system. There is a need of further
sensory and motor organ. It perceives all research to evaluate in detail of all other
sensations. The site of mind explained in vata dosha, kshaya, vriddhi and avarana
the statement indicates the situation of for the betterment of mankind.
brain in the cranial cavity and its
functioning26.
From the above details as per the functions
of prana vayu it can be compared with
many structures like cranial nerves
regarding sthivana, kshavathu, udgara,
anna pravesha. Medulla may be compared
for the functions of swasa and udgara.
Limbic system, basal ganglia,
somatosensory area, somatic association
area, primary motor cortex, pre motor
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Moharana and Roushan 2018 Greentree Group Publishers © IJAPC
Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2018 Vol. 9 Issue 1 www.ijapc.com 457
[e ISSN 2350-0204]

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