MODULE TEMPLATE

1. Title of the Module: Wounds and other Injuries

2. Overview/Introduction:
3. Learning Outcome/Objective
a. Identify the different Wounds and injuries and how-to management them
b. Differentiate types Burn
c. Discuss guidelines of Bandaging
d. Perform different Bandaging Techniques
4. Learning Content/Topic

Wounds
Wounds are an injury of the soft tissue (tissue in the body that is not bone). Wounds are generally classified as either a closed or open
wound.

A closed wound is a wound where the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies below the surface. A common
closed wound is a bruise, which develops when the body is bumped or hit. A more serious closed wound may be caused by a
violent force hitting the body. The person can severely damage tissues, blood vessels and muscles, leading to heavier internal
bleeding.

First Aid Management

 Apply an ice pack. Signs and Symptoms
 Elevate the injured part.  Tender, swollen, bruised or hard areas of the body
 Do not assume that all closed wounds are minor injuries.  Rapid, weak pulse
 Help the person to rest.  Skin that feels cool or moist or looks pale or bluish
 Provide comfort and reassure the person.  Vomiting of blood or coughing up blood
 Excessive thirst
In an open wound, the outer layer of skin is broken. The
 An injured extremity that is blue or extremely pale
wound can range from something minor like a scrape to a
deeper, puncture of the skin. A minor open wound
 Altered mental state
includes small cuts, scrapes and abrasions. Immediate
medical attention may be required for major open wounds that are heavily bleeding (i.e., amputation).

 There are four types of open wounds, which are classified depending on their cause.
 Abrasion- An abrasion occurs when your skin rubs or scrapes against a rough or hard surface. Road rash is an example of an
abrasion. There’s usually not a lot of bleeding, but the wound needs to be scrubbed and cleaned to avoid infection.
 Laceration- A laceration is a deep cut or tearing of your skin. Accidents with knives, tools, and machinery are frequent causes
of lacerations. In the case of deep lacerations, bleeding can be rapid and extensive.
 Puncture- A puncture is a small hole caused by a long, pointy object, such as a nail or needle. Sometimes, a bullet can cause
a puncture wound. Punctures may not bleed much, but these wounds can be deep enough to damage internal organs. If you
have even a small puncture wound, visit your doctor to get a tetanus shot and prevent infection.
 Avulsion- An avulsion is a partial or complete tearing away of skin and the tissue beneath. Avulsions usually occur during
violent accidents, such as body-crushing accidents, explosions, and gunshots. They bleed heavily and rapidly.

First Aid Management Complications

Minor Open Wounds  Bleeding
 Use a barrier between your hand and the wound.  Infection
 Apply direct pressure.  Tetanus
 Wash abrasions and other superficial wounds.  Rabies
 Apply a Povidone-iodine (PVP-I) antiseptic solution or, if available, a triple antibiotic
ointment or cream.
 Cover the wound with a sterile dressing.
 Wash your hands immediately after giving care.
Major Open Wounds
 Call the local emergency number.
 Put on PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Control bleeding by applying direct pressure or employing a pressure bandage.
 Monitor airway and breathing.
 In cases where the injured party is in shock, keep him or her from experiencing chills or feeling overheated.
 Have the person rest comfortably and provide reassurance.
 Wash your hands immediately after giving care.
Burns
Burns are soft-tissue injuries caused by chemicals, electricity, heat, or radiation.
Types of Burn
a. Thermal Burns
Thermal burns are caused by heat, hot liquid, steam, or open flames. The care that is required varies by the thickness of the
burn, so you should determine the burn’s seriousness before beginning to provide care.
 Superficial Burns
o Signs and Symptoms
 Redness
 Pain
 Possible swelling
o First Aid
 Cool the affected area with clean running or standing water for at least 10 minutes. A clean cool or cold (but not
freezing) compress can be used as a substitute.
 Partial Thickness Burns
o Signs and Symptoms
 Redness
 Pain
 Possible swelling
 Blisters
o First Aid
 Cool the affected area with clean running or standing water for at least 10 minutes. A clean cool or cold (but not
freezing) compress can be used as a substitute.
 Remove jewelry and clothing from the burn site, but do not attempt to move anything that is stuck to the skin.
 Once it is cool, cover the burn loosely with a dry, sterile dressing, preferably non-stick gauze.
 Encourage the person to seek medical attention even if it is not necessary to call EMS/9-1-1.
 Full Thickness Burns
o Signs and Symptoms
 Redness
 Pain (may not be present in the most severely burned areas due to nerve damage)
 Possible swelling
 Blisters
 Charred or waxy, white flesh
o First Aid
 Stop the burn from worsening by cooling the affected area with clean running or standing water for at least 10
minutes. A clean, cool or cold (but not freezing) compress can be used as a substitute.
 Remove jewelry and clothing from the burn site, but do not attempt to move anything that is stuck to the skin.
 Once it is cool, cover the burn loosely with a dry, sterile dressing, preferably non-stick gauze.
 Have the person lie down until EMS personnel arrive.
b. Chemical Burns
Chemical burns can be caused by a wet or dry caustic chemical. Use caution with dry caustic chemicals, as they may spread
or react if they become wet.
 First Aid
o Wear protective equipment to avoid being burned yourself.
o If there are dry chemicals present, brush them off the person’s skin before flushing with water.
o Flush the affected areas with large amounts of cool running water for at least 15 minutes, or until EMS personnel
arrive. Flush the chemicals away from areas of the body that have not been contaminated.
o Remove any clothing that is wet or that has been contaminated by the chemical.
o Refer to the appropriate Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for additional first aid measures, if it is available.
 c. Electrical Burns
Electrical burns are caused by powerful electrical currents. They are typically caused by a person either touching a live
electrical circuit or being struck by lightning. Because electricity and lightning can affect the heart, it is important to monitor the
person’s ABCs closely.
 First Aid
o Treat the person as if he or she has a head and/or spinal injury.
o Look for two burns (the entry and exit points) and care for them as you would care for thermal burns.
d. Radiation Burn
The most common type of radiation burn is a sunburn, but they can also be caused by exposure to radioactive substances.
 First Aid
o If the burn results from exposure to a radioactive substance, consult the appropriate workplace safety system (e.g.,
WHMIS) for specific first aid steps.
o Care for radiation burns as you would care for thermal burns.
Bruises
A bruise is a discolored area of the skin that is created when blood and other fluids seep into nearby tissues.
a. Signs and Symptoms
 Discolored skin (red, purple, black, or blue areas)
 Swelling
 Pain
b. First aid
 Using ice or another cold source, cool the injured area to help reduce pain and swelling. Place some sort of cloth, towel,
or pad between the cold source and the skin to reduce the risk of freezing.
 Apply the cold source for 20 minutes and then take it off for 20 to 30 minutes. Continue to do this for as long as the
person keeps feeling pain.
Splinters
A splinter (or "sliver") is a sharp, thin piece of material that is stuck in the surface of the skin. If the splinter is completely below the skin,
encourage the person to seek medical attention rather than attempting to remove it yourself.
a. First aid
 Gently grab the exposed end of the splinter with tweezers and carefully pull it out.
 Wash the area with water and apply a bandage.
Nosebleed
a. Common Causes Nosebleeds may be caused by the following:
 Forceful nose blowing
 High blood pressure
 Dry weather conditions
 Trauma to the nose or head
 Bleeding disorders If you know that the bleeding is caused by an object in the nose, refer to the care for foreign objects in
the nose.
b. First aid
 Have the person sit with the head slightly forward, pinching the nostrils, for 10 to 15 minutes. If the nosebleed was caused
by a severe head injury, do not pinch the nose.
 Once you have controlled the bleeding, tell the person to avoid rubbing, blowing, or picking his or her nose because this
could start the bleeding again.
 If the person loses responsiveness, place him or her in the recovery position to allow blood to drain from the nose.
Foreign Object in Nose
a. Signs and Symptoms
 Unusual noises when the person breathes through his or her nose
 Bleeding
 Nose deformity
b. First aid
 If you can easily see and grasp the object, remove it.
 If the object cannot be dislodged easily, leave it in place for a medical professional to remove.
 Prevent the person from attempting to remove the object and from blowing his or her nose.
Impaled Objects
An impaled object is anything that has penetrated through the skin and is stuck in the tissues below.
a. Signs and Symptoms
 Shock
 Pain
 Bleeding
b. First aid
 Keep the person still and leave the object in place.
 Expose the object by carefully removing any clothing around it.
 Check the circulation below the site of the injury.
 Stabilize the object by using bulky dressings.
 Use bandages to hold the dressings in place. Wrap the bandages snugly, but not so tightly as to cut off circulation.
 Once the dressings are secure, recheck circulation below the site of the injury.
 Make sure the person gets medical attention.
Amputation
An amputation is a complete or partial severing of a body part. Although this
causes a lot of damage to the surrounding tissues, bleeding may or may not
be severe.
a. First aid
 Try to control the bleeding with direct pressure. If you are not
successful, or you are unable to apply direct pressure, apply a
tourniquet.
 Even if the body part has been fully amputated, there is still the
possibility that it could be reattached as long as it is cared for
properly. Remember to "protect it, bag it, cool it, tag it:"
 Make sure the amputated part goes with the injured person to
the hospital.
Crush Injuries
A crush injury occurs when there is a great deal of pressure on a part of the
body, such as when a body part is squeezed between two heavy objects.
a. Signs and Symptoms
 If the person is still trapped under the object(s) or between two objects, it is likely that a crush injury has occurred. Other
signs and symptoms of a crush injury include the following:
 Internal bleeding
 Shock
 Deformity
 Pain
b. First aid
 If the object is restricting the person’s breathing, or the object is crushing the person’s head, neck, chest, or abdomen,
remove the object if it can be safely removed. If it is crushing another body part, leave the object where it is until EMS
personnel arrive.
Chest Injuries
Chest injuries can impact the ribs and/or the organs they
protect. They can involve open wounds or internal injuries. If
ribs are broken, they can penetrate the skin or the lungs,
causing additional injury. Injuries to the chest can result in
conditions known as pneumothorax (air in the chest) or
hemothorax (blood in the chest).

A. Penetrating Chest Injuries

Penetrating chest injuries cause varying degrees of
internal and external bleeding. Additionally, if the
object penetrates the ribcage, air can pass freely in
and out of the chest cavity and the person can no
longer breathe normally. This can result in a breathing
emergency.
a. Signs and Symptoms
  Difficulty breathing
 Gasping
 Bleeding from an open chest wound that may bubble at the injury site
 A sucking sound coming from the wound with each breath
 Severe pain at the site of the injury
 Coughing up blood
b. First aid
 Have the person rest in a comfortable position. If the person wants to lie down, help the person into the recovery position
with the injured side toward the ground.
 If the wound is bleeding profusely, applying pressure or gauze dressings may be necessary to stop the bleeding. If
bleeding is minor, do not apply pressure or a dressing.
B. Blunt Chest Injuries
A blunt chest injury is caused by a crushing force that does not create a wound in the chest wall. The most common blunt
chest injury is a broken rib. Incidents that may result in blunt chest injuries include motor vehicle collisions, falls, and sports
injuries. If multiple ribs break in multiple places, this can produce a loose section of the ribcage that does not move normally
with the rest of the chest during breathing. This is called flail chest. Normally, the loose section will move in the opposite
direction to the rest of the chest. This is called paradoxical movement. Flail chest can also involve the sternum.
a. Signs and Symptoms
 Pain
 Deformity or swelling
 Guarded, shallow breathing
 Bruising at the site
b. First aid
 Keep the person as still as possible, as a blow to the chest may have caused head, neck, and/or spinal injuries.
 Give the person something bulky (such as a towel) to hold against the chest, as this can make it easier to breathe.
C. Abdominal Wounds
The abdomen is the area immediately under the chest and above the pelvis. It is easily injured because it is not surrounded by
bones. The abdomen contains important organs such as the liver, which can be easily damaged. Injuries to the abdomen are
more likely to produce life threatening internal bleeding.
a. Signs and Symptoms
 Pain Bruising
 Nausea and vomiting (sometimes vomit containing blood)
 Pain, tenderness, or a tight feeling in the abdomen
 Distension in the abdomen
 Organs possibly protruding from the abdomen
b. First aid
 If organs are not protruding, care for any injuries as you would care for them on any other part of the body. If there are
organs protruding:
 Do not apply direct pressure or attempt to push organs back into the abdomen.
 Cover the protruding organs with moist, sterile dressings.
 Loosely cover the dressings with plastic, if available.
 Cover the person with a towel or blanket to keep him or her warm
D. Blast Injuries Blast
injuries occur when pressure waves generated by an explosion strike and pass through the body’s surfaces. Blasts release
large amounts of energy in the form of pressure and heat. Injuries can include loss of hearing, pneumothorax, internal
bleeding, and organ damage. Thermal burns may also occur from exposure to heat. The extent of blast injuries may be
difficult to identify because sometimes there are no visible external injuries, and indicators of internal injuries may not be
apparent. A person with suspected blast injuries should be monitored and reassessed frequently while waiting for EMS
personnel to arrive.
There are four mechanisms of injury resulting from blasts:
 Pressure or heat injuries from the blast itself.
 Injuries from flying debris (shrapnel).
 Trauma from being thrown by the blast.
 Injuries or illnesses caused by hazardous material being dispersed by
a. First Aid
 Keep the person still.
  Treat any obvious external injuries.
 Constantly monitor the person’s condition as it may change rapidly.

Bandaging Guidelines
 Use clean, preferably sterile, dressings.
 Check circulation below the injury before and after
applying a bandage. If circulation is reduced, loosen
the bandage.
 If blood soaks through the bandage, place more
dressings and another bandage on top. The dressing
that is in contact with the wound should remain in
place and not be removed.
 Dressings and bandages should be kept clean and
dry to decrease the risk of infection. Once bleeding is
under control and the wound has begun to heal,
dressings that become wet should be replaced with
dry dressings.
Triangular Bandages
 Triangular bandages are useful in your first aid kit
because they can be used both to make slings and
to make broad bandages to hold splints in place.

5. Teaching and Learning Activities: Online posttest on the concept

6. Flexible Teaching Learning Modality adapted: Online classroom Via Zoom app.

7. Assessment Task: Video Presentation “Bandaging Techniques”

8. References
 Comprehensive Course Guide for First Aid and CPR by © 2017 The Red Cross Society
 https://app.cpraedcourse.com/course/cpr-first-aid-certification/21
 https://www.slideshare.net/ciaravisaya/first-aid-bandaging-47762556