Q1.

Discuss the electronic data and instructions including

numeric representation and character encoding?

ELECTRONIC DATA AND INSTRUCTIONS

Electronic data processing or EDP is the modern technique to process data. The data is

processed through computer; Data and set of instructions are given to the computer as
input and the computer automatically processes the data according to the given set
of instructions. Our voice create analog or continuous, signal that vary to represent
different tones, pitches, and volume. However, computer can only recognize digital
electronic signals. Before any processing can occur within the system unit, a conversion
must occur from what we understand to what the system unit can electronically process.

NUMERIC REPRESENTATION

Data and instructions can be represented electronically with a two-state or binary system
of numbers (0 and 1). Each 0 and 1 is called a bit. A byte consist of 8 bits. Hexadecimal
system (hex) uses 16 digit to represent binary numbers. A computer number format is the
internal representation of numeric values in digital device hardware and software, such as
in programmable computers and calculators. Numerical values are stored as groupings of
bits, such as bytes and words. A number is represented in each of these units by setting the
bits according to the binary representation of the number. By convention the bits in a byte
are numbered, from right to left, beginning with zero. Thus, the rightmost bit is bit number
0 and the leftmost bit is number 7. The rightmost bit is called the least significant bit, and
the leftmost bit is called the most significant bit. Higher units are numbered also from right
to left.
CHARACTER ENCODING

Character encoding standards assign unique sequences of bits to each character.

A character encoding tells the computer how to interpret raw zeroes and ones into
real characters. It usually does this by pairing numbers with characters. Words and
sentences in text are created from characters and these characters are grouped into
a character set. In computing, data storage, and data transmission, character encoding is
used to represent a repertoire of characters by some kind of encoding system that assigns a
number to each character for digital representation.

Three standards are:

ASCII: American Standard Code for Information

EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code. Historically used for
mainframe computers.

Unicode: 16-bit code, most widely used standard.

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Q2.Describe system boards including sockets, chips, carrier,

packages, slots and bus lines?

System Boards

The system board is the heart of the computer also called the “Motherboard.” All of the
sockets, chips, chip carriers, slots, and bus lines are connected to the motherboard. It also
used to control communications through all of the system, while it provide data path while
and traffic monitor. In specific; the sockets are the connection point for chips, and chips
generally are small circuit boards etch onto small squares of silicon and then mounted on
chip carriers. Slots are ports that provide connections to specialized cards or circuit bored.
Last, the bus lines provide pathways that enable communication throughout the whole
computer.
 1. Sockets
A motherboard socket is the connector on the motherboard that holds the CPU. Sockets use
what is called a Pin Grid Array (PGA) which uses short stiff pins on the CPU that line up
with the holes on the socket. It is very important when installing a CPU that you do not
force the CPU.

2. Chips
Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit
mounted on carrier packages.

3. Slots
Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards.

4. Bus lines
Provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components.

5. Carrier Packages
Carrier packages that may be stacked using package or packages. Alternatively, with a flip
chip technology, solder bumps are used to join stacked chips together.

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Q3. Discuss microprocessors including the two basic

components, words, clock, speed, multicore chips, and specialty
processors ?
Microprocessors

A microprocessor is a computer processor that is implemented on a single (or more)

integrated circuit (IC) of MOSFET construction. ... Microprocessors contain both
combinational logic and sequential digital logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and
symbols represented in the binary number system.

Each microprocessor will have the following basic components:

1. Memory:
 Storage of data
 Storage of a program
 Either can be temporary or “permanent” storage

2. Registers: small, fast memories

General purpose: store arbitrary data

Special purpose: used to control the processor. Each microprocessor will have the
following basic components

3. Word in microprocessors
A word is a fixed-sized piece of data handled as a unit by the instruction set or the
hardware of the processor. The number of bits in a word (the word size, word width, or
word length) is an important characteristic of any specific processor design or computer
architecture.
 4. Clock speed in microprocessors
The clock speed measures the number of cycles your CPU executes per second, measured in
GHz (gigahertz). A “cycle” is technically a pulse synchronized by an internal oscillator, but
for our purposes, they're a basic unit that helps understand a CPU's speed.

5. Multicore chips in microprocessors:

A multicore processor is a single integrated circuit (a.k.a. chip multiprocessor or CMP) that
contains multiple core processing units, more commonly known as cores. There are many
different multicore processor architectures, which vary in terms of number of cores. Five
Multicore Chip Startups to Watch: Tilera, Interactive Supercomputing, Replay Solutions,
Cilk Arts, RapidMind.

6. Speciality processors in microprocessors:

The basic idea of a specialty processor, is that it sits alongside the main CPUs and specific
types of "special" workload is shuttled to the specialty processor to be run there, instead of
on the primary CPU complex.

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Q4. Describe the different types of keyboard, pointing,

scanning, image, capturing and audio input devices?

Qwerty Keyboards

QWERTY is a keyboard design for Latin-script alphabets. The name comes from the order
of the first six keys on the top left letter row of the keyboard. The QWERTY design is based
on a layout created for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to E. Remington and
Sons in 1873.
Wired Keyboards

A wired keyboard means there is a wire connecting your keyboard to your computer. At

the end of the wire is a USB plug that goes into a USB port on your computer.  Wired
keyboards are extremely reliable—there is little that could go wrong with this direct
connection.

Ergonomic Keyboards

An ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard designed with ergonomic considerations

to minimize muscle strain, fatigue, and other problems.

Wireless Keyboards

A wireless keyboard is a computer keyboard that allows the user to communicate with

computers, tablets, or laptops with the help of radio frequency (RF), such as WiFi and
Bluetooth or with infrared (IR) technology. It is common for wireless keyboards available
these days to be accompanied by a wireless mouse.

USB Keyboards

A USB keyboard is a simple plug-and-play keyboard with a wire that connects

the keyboard to your computer and at the end of the cable is a USB plug that goes directly
into one of your computer's USB ports. Virtually all keyboards now on the market use
a USB port instead of the conventional PS/2 keyboard port.
Bluetooth Keyboards

A Bluetooth keyboard is a wireless keyboard that connects and communicates with its

parent device via the Bluetooth protocol. These devices are widely used with such portable
devices as smart phones and tablets, though they are also used with laptops and ultra-
books.

Magic Keyboards

Magic Keyboard combines a sleek design with a built-in rechargeable battery and enhanced
key features. With a stable scissor mechanism beneath each key, as well as optimized key
travel and a low profile, Magic Keyboard provides a remarkably comfortable and precise
typing experience

Split keyboard

Split keyboards group keys into two or more sections. Ergonomic split keyboards can be
fixed, where you cannot change the positions of the sections, or adjustable. Split keyboards
typically change the angle of each section, and the distance between them. On an adjustable
split keyboard, this can be tailored exactly to the user.

Contoured keyboard

A further development of the split concept are contoured keyboards like the
1977 Maltron or the newer Kinesis Advantage line, which place the keys into two
depressions set approximately at shoulder width, with function keys set between the key
groups for use with the thumbs. In this configuration, very little movement of arms and
wrists is required.
Handheld keyboards

Hand held ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller, and can be
used as such, instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface. They allow the user the ability
to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or
away from the computer. Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a
trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device

Angle split keyboard

The angled split keyboard (sometimes referred to as a Klocken burg keyboard) is similar to
a split keyboard, but the middle is tented up so that the index fingers are higher than the
little fingers while typing. Key Ovation makes the Gold touch ergonomic keyboard which is
an adjustable angled split keyboard.

Basic Keyboard

A keyboard is one of the primary input devices used with a computer. Similar to an electric
typewriter, a keyboard is composed of buttons used to create letters, numbers, and
symbols, and perform additional functions.

Extended Keyboard

A keyboard for Macintosh computers that contains up to 15 function keys above the

alphanumeric keys, and a numeric keypad. It is sometimes called an
enhanced keyboard because of its similarity to the PC enhanced keyboard
Pointing

A pointing device is an input interface that allows a user to input spatial data to a computer.
CAD systems and graphical user interfaces allow the user to control and provide data to the
computer using.

Common pointing devices used to control on-screen movement include computer mice,

touchpads, touch screens, joysticks, graphics tablets, and trackballs. Some of these devices,
including the mouse and the joystick, can be added to a computer system according to the
needs of a user.

Scanner

Scanner is an electronic device that uses light-sensing equipment to scan paper images
(e.g., text, photos, and illustrations) and translate the images into data that the computer
can then store, modify, or distribute.

Image Capture Device

A capture device (also referred to as a capture card) is a hardware device that you connect
to your computer that converts the video signal from your camera's output into a digital
format your computer can recognize.

Audio Input Device

Audio input devices are used to capture sound. In some cases, an audio output device can
be used as an input device, in order to capture produced sound. Audio input devices allow a
user to send audio info to a computer for processing, recording, or carrying out commands.
An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts
information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video.
Some of the output devices are Visual Display Units i.e. a Monitor, Printer, Graphic Output
devices, Plotters, Speakers etc.

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Q5. Describe output and input devices?

Output devices

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts

information into human-readable form. It can be text, graphics, tactile, audio, and video.
Some of the output devices are Visual Display Units.

Monitor

A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial form.

A monitor usually comprises the visual display, circuitry, casing, and power supply
Printers. A printer is an output device that prints paper documents. This includes text
documents, images, or a combination of both. The two most common types of printers are
inkjet and laser printers. The printed output produced by a printer is often called a hard
copy, which is the physical version of an electronic document.

Projector
A projector is an output device that projects an image onto a large surface, such as a white
screen or wall. It may be used an alternative.

LCD Projection Panels

A Projection panel is a device that, although no longer in production, was used as a data
projector is today. It works with an overhead projector. The panel consists of a translucent
LCD, and a fan to keep it cool. The projection panel sits on the bed of the overhead
projector, and acts like a piece of transparency. 

Computer Output Microfilm (COM)

Computer-Output-on-microfilm (COM) (also computer output microfilm) is. A process for
copying data from storage media on a computer on to microfilm. COM can be produced as
microfiche or as 16mm-roll microfilm. A technology enabling the output of computers to be
recorded directly on microfilm rather than on paper.

Speakers

Head Phone
Headphones are small speakers that can be worn in or around your ears.
Smaller headphones, often called ear buds or earphones, are placed inside the outer part of
your ear canal. Like speakers, headphones contain transducers that convert an audio signal
into sound waves.

INPUT DEVICES
An input device is a piece of hardware used to provide data to a computer used for
interaction and control.  It allows input of raw data to the computer for processing.
Here’s a list of some input devices used in computers and other computing devices:
Keyboard 
One of the primary input devices used to input data and commands. It has function keys,
control keys, arrow keys, keypad and the keyboard itself with the letters, numbers and
commands.  Keyboards are connected to the computer through USB or Bluetooth.  A laptop
keyboard is more compact than a desktop keyboard to make the laptop smaller and
lighter.  Smartphones and tablets use on-screen keyboard to input messages and select
commands.
Mouse
An input device used to control the cursor and coordinates. It can be wired or wireless.  It
allows the user to do the following:
 Move the mouse cursor
 Select
 Scroll
 Open or execute a program
 Drag-and-drop
 Hover
 Perform other functions with the use of additional buttons
A laptop uses a touchpad as the mouse.  A smartphone and tablet use a touchscreen
as primary input device and the user’s finger is used as the mouse.

Microphone
An input device that allows users to input audio in the computer. Here are some uses of the
microphone:
 Audio for video
 Computer gaming
 Online chatting
 Recording musical instruments
 Recording voice for dictation, singing and podcasts
 Voice recorder
 Voice recognition
 VoIP – Voice over Internet Protocol

Digital Camera
It is an input device that takes pictures digitally. Images are stored as data on memory
cards.  It has an LCD screen that allows users to preview and review images.  Digital
cameras have become popular over film cameras because of the following features:
  LCD screen – allows users to view the photos and videos immediately
 Storage – can store thousands of pictures
 Picture development – allows users to choose and pick which pictures to
develop
 Size – takes up less space and can be easily carried

Scanner
It is an input device that reads an image and converts it into a digital file. A scanner is
connected to a computer through USB.  There are different types of scanners:
 Flatbed scanner – uses a flat surface to scan documents
 Sheet-fed scanner – like a laser printer where paper is fed into the scanner
 Handheld scanner – the scanner is dragged over the page to be scanned
 Card scanner – for scanning business card

Touchscreen 
It is an input device that allows users to interact with a computer using their fingers. It is
used widely in laptop monitors, smartphones, tablets, cash registers and information
kiosks.  Most common functions of touchscreens are as follows:
 Tap
 Double-tap
 Touch and hold
 Drag
 Swipe
 Pinch

Barcode Reader 
It is also known as barcode scanner or point of sale (POS) scanner, is an input
device capable of reading barcodes.
Webcam 
It is an input device connected to the computer and the internet that captures
still picture or motion video.

Biometric devices
It is an input device used to input biometric data into a computer. Here are the types of
biometric devices:
 Face scanner
 Hand scanner
 Finger scanner
 Voice scanner

Stylus 
It is a pen-shaped input device used to write or draw on the screen of a graphic tablet or
device. Initially it was just used for graphic tablets and PDAs, but now, it has become
popular on mobile devices as a replacement for the user’s fingers.  It’s used for more
accurate navigation and to keep oils from user’s fingers off the device screen.