IMMNRMAMMAOAOMMAAAMo@MM Mm MMMMenaMeangnangggagas oe ALEXANDRIA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL IGCSE Department AS Puysics PAPER 2 By Mr. Mounir Adeeb 3388883888585 585889588938 9839 98 B0 95 SHS BSH 88055 BS ES OS OF GD OS GF OS GD GS OS GF GF GS GS EY GY GY GY GD EY EY OY GD CY EY BD GS GY GY GF ED GF UF Uy UP uP GP EP aD ay =D UY Gy Gy wy ar GAARA AAA MAS aT1 Fig. 1.1 shows a playground slide, Fig. 1.1 ‘A child sits on a mat at the top of the slide in order to move down the slide. At the bottom of the slide, the chlld moves horizontally over some rubber pads in order.to come to rest. The vertical height through which the child drops Is 2.5m. {e) (i) Assuming no friction between the slide and the child on the mat, shew that the maximum speed of the child at the bottom of the slide is 7.0ms"*. (il) State the principie you have used in (i). (b) In practice, this speed is too large to be safe. Expiain how friction forces reduce the speed reached at the bottom of the slide.(€) The rubber pads provide a.constant retarding force of 80N. The total mass of the chiid and the mat Is 35g, Calculate (@ the deceleration of the child and mat, deceleration = (i) the distance raquired to bring the child and mat to rest from a speed of 2.7ms~ at the bottom of the siide. distance = ..2 The bonnet (hood) of a car covers the engine compartment. Fig. 2.1 shows a cross-sectional diagram of the bonriet taken along the centrai ine. ‘50° hinge Fig. 2.4 ‘The bonnet is raised at an angle of 50° to tiie horizontal. itis hinged at one side. There is no friction at the hinge. On the raised edge, a light strut applles a force acting at 90° to the bonnet through the.central line of the car so that the bonnet Is supported. The bonnet has weight 250N acting at its centre, The length of the bonnet is 1.1 m. (a) State two conditions required for a body to be in equilibrium. {b) On Fig. 2.1, draw labelled arrows to represent the forces on the bonnet due to () the weight of the bonnet, (i) the strut, (ily the hinge. &)(©) Calculate (the moment of the weight of the bcnnet about the hinge, moment = (Ql) the force due to the strut on the bonnet. svcd 8) (@) By drawing a vector triangle, or otherwise, determine the magnitude and direction of the foree at the hinge, direction =3 Fig..1 lilustrates a steel ball of mass 0.020 kg held vertically above a horizontal steel plate. Fig.3.1 The ball Is released from a height of 1.2m and rebounds vertically. It is in contact with the ‘surface for 0.90 ms. [The acceleration of free fall = 9.8 ms] (@) Calculate the magnitude of () tho velocity of the ball as it arrives at the plate, magnitude of velocty (i) the momentum of the ball as it arrives at the plate, magnitude of momentum =(b) The speed of the bail as it leaves the plate is 4.6ms~", @ Calcuiate the change of momentum of the ballin its collision with the piate. change of momentum = .. (i) Hence, determine the average force which the surface exerts on the ball during the collision, which lasts for 0.90ms.‘The element of a toaster consists of a piece of wire whichis bent so that it covers a iarge area, as illustrated In Fig. 6.1. earth metal ° frame mains hi cabie fs wire ne Fig.4.4 ‘The current in the wire causes it to get hot and glow red, so toasting the bread. {a) The ends of the wire and the metal.frame are connected to the earth, live and neutral wires of a mains cable. The circuit also contains a fuse and a switch, On Fig. 5.1, drew these components and connections. fo) (b) (i) Explain why itis necessary to have a fuse in the circuit, (i) The toaster has a maximum power output of 950W when the voltage applied is i 240 V. Determine a suitable rating for the fuse. rating =(©) @) Use the data in (OX) 0 show that the resistance of the wire Used for the element is, B10. (1) The resistivity of the material ofthis wire is 4.4 x 10-6 of the wire is 030mm. Calculate the length ofthis oh ‘2m when hot. The diameter ire.5 (a) Fig.5.1 shows a force, F applied to raise a loaded wheelbarrow of total weight 500 N. Fig. 5.1 () Calculate the minimum force needed to raise the wheelbarrow. bas N (i) On Fig.5.1, draw a line to represent the position and the direction of the force exerted by the ground on the wheel. (i) Calculete the magnitude of the force in (i), as the wheelbarrow Is raiséd,(b) Fig. 5.2 shows two sets of forces acting on a disc. The forces are all of equal nagnitude. @ © Fig.5.2 i Explain why the forces in Fig. 5.2(a) are in equilibrium but thoss in Fig. 5.2(b) are not, 5 (2) Derive, rom the definitions of work done and pressure, the ‘expression | W = pav for the work, W, done by a gas which i a by a gas which is expanding against a constant external i 1(b) Fig.6.1 shows a hot-air balloon. Fig.6.1 ‘The volume of the hot air in the balloon when fully inflated Is 2.0x 10% m®, Atmospheric pressure is 100kPa. Calculate the work done against the atmosphere during the inflation of the balloon, work semeeneer S [1] (o) The air in the bation in (b) is heated by usirig gas bumers which supply energy at a cost of 30 pence per kilowatt hour. ‘The work done in (b) represents 25%-of the energy supplied by these burners. (Express 1 kilowatt hour in terms of joules. TI een meetin (i) Calculate the cost of the inflation of the balloon. "(@) State the unit, f any, of @ stress, i). strain, i | | (B) On Fig. 7.1, draw the load-extension curves for © brittle meterial (label this curve B), (i) a metal (label this curve M), (ll) a polymer (label this curve P), Assume each spacimen has. similar length and cross-sectional area. fo) toad | | | f ° 0 extension Fig. 7.4(@) State what is meant by a vector quantity, anrenssrreaeremrsenn {2 (©) Complete Fig.8.1 by ticking the appropriate boxes to indicate which of the quantities fisted are vectors and which are scalars. quanttly | vector scalar displacement mass momentum torque Fig.8.1 8 9 ‘An astronaut conducts a dynamics experiment on the surface of the Moon, where there is no aif resistance. In the experiment, a ball is dropped from a height, h, on to a flat horizontal surface. A graph of the variation with time, &, of the vertical velocity, v, of the ball, from its time of release until icstrikes the horizontal surface; is shown in Fig. 8.0:(®) Use Fig.9.1 to (show that the height above the surface from which the ball is ‘dropped is 20m, (W) calculate the acceleration offre fall near the surtace of the Moon. (©) 0) Use your answers In () 1 calculate the change in Potential energy of the ball, of mass 1204, during the whole of its descent, : Change in potential energy = .nsannonnanene A) State the value of the kinetic energy of the ball ju horizontal surface, wd ist before impact with the kinetic energy = J 8 14 | i i1° (a). Materials can be clagsiiad according to the arrangements of thelr atoms. Three classes are crystalline, chain and irregular, From the list,below, identify one material in each class. 'ead; nylon, aluminium, concrete, polythene. ee SDB seeserneenty Sater Fee QUIA seeneenee (b) Materials can also be classified as ductile of brite, Explain the difference between these two types of material. Draw a force-extension graph for each of these types to Illustrate your answer, force force extension ° extension ductile brite ac 11 (@) Asample of metal of resistivity p is formed into a wire of length | and of cross-sectional area A State the formula for the resistance, A, of the wire in terms of p, Land A. tt) 15() An electric cable consists of 24 closely packed strands of copper wire covered with Plastic insulation, as shown in Fig. 11.1. copper strands. ‘insulation Fig. 11.1 ‘The copper of the strands has resistivity 1.7x10-°Q2m and each strand has diameter 44mm. ) Calculate the resistance per metre of one strand, Fesistance Per MELE = senerent (W)_ Hence, show that the resistance per metre of the cable i 0.046. Qn.(©) Af clectrig heater is to be used at some distance from its power supply. To achieve this, two lengths of the cable in (b) are connected between the heater and the supply, as shown in Fig. 11.2. eee eat supply || heater eet Fig. 11.2 Each cable Is 15m long and the heater Is rated at 250V, 1500 W. Calculate () the current required for the heater to operate at its normal rating, (i) the resistance of each cable, (lip) the potential difference between the supply end and the heater end of one of the cables, when the current in (is being supplied, senaneneneenerneneee M potential difference = (iv) the potential difference across the supply which is required for the heater to operate at 1500W.2 A uniform square trapdoor of mass 25kg is held partially open by a rope. Fig. 2.1 shows a cross-sectional diagram of ths door, taken through the centre of the door. Fiof24 One end of the rope Is attached to the centre af the side opposite the hinged edge and the other end to a polnt vertically above the centre of the hinged edge. The rope makes an angle of 70° with the door. The length of the sides of the door is 1.5m and the door makes an angle of 80° with the horizontal. (@) On Fig$2.1, draw the forces on the door, re] (b) (Calculate the angle the rope makes with the vertical. angle = (i) Calculate the perpendicular distance from the rope to the hinge. distance = 18{{if) Show that the,tensior in the rope is about 110, co} (iv) Calculate the magnitude of the vertical component of the force on the door-at the hinge. force = ... N 2) (v) Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force on the door dus to the hinge. magnitude = sn Janene” tO the horizontal 6] at an angle of 913 (a) State what Is meant by () @ progressive wave, (i) a transverse weve, {Ii) a longitudinal wave, (b) State one exampie of (a progressive wave, (tt) a longitudinal wave, i 414 Fig. 14.1 shows a section through the surface of water on which a wave Is travelling from feft to ight. wave moves . this way air water Ve Uundisturbed position Fig.14.1 (@) On Fig. 14.1, indicate () the ampitude, a, of the wave, (i) the wavelength, 2, of the wave.(©) @ Define the frequency of a wave, (i) Deduce a relationship between frequency, f, wavelength, 4, andispeed, v, of a wave. 15. (@) Define density. (b) Copper has dénsity 8930kg mr? and zine has densi consisting of 70% copper and 30% zine by valums wene {H] ity 7140 kgm. Brass Is an alloy ie. Assume that the volume of the atioy Is equal to the sum of the volumes af the copper and zine used. Consider one cuble metre of brass. ‘Complete Fig. 15.1 in order to find the density of the brass. metal volume/m? mass/kg density /kgrmr? copper 0.700 6250 930 zine 0.300 2140 7140 brass 1.00 Fig.15.4 a (©) Measurement shows that the density of the brass in (b) ls 8500 kg mmr. Use your knowiedge of the structure of the volume of zine, 24 crystalline solids to suggest why, In practice, it {s possible that the volume of brass might be different from the volume of copper plus16. Fig, 1éshows two people A and B standing on flat level ground of roller skates and facing each other. Not to scale A B Fig. 16 ‘The wheels of the skates are assumed to be frictionless and perfectly clroular, The total mass of A is 53kg and that of B Is 40g. A holds a ball of mass 2.5 kg which Is thrown horizontally with speed 7.4ms™ towards B, who catches it, causing B to move. A end B are standing close to one another so that the bail may be assumed to be travelling horizontally ‘when caught by B. {@)_ State and explain what happens to the movement af A and to the movement of B once the ball loaves the hands of A and Is caught by B. State clearly any laws or principles that you use. (b) Calculate (the speed of A after the initial throw, speed(il) the speed of B after the ball Is caught, speed = (Ul) the average force exerted on B by the ball as the ball is being caught, given that the time taken to catch the bail Is 0.338. FOFO & sesso m (©). The ball Is now thrown back to A by B with exactly the same speed as before. Discuss what effect this has on the movement of B. Assume that the path of the ball is always horizontal.17 (@)_A source of electric power is used to heat an element In a domestic hot-water tank, The source has an electromotive force of 240V, When the power source is first switched on, the Initial power of the heating element is:5.00KW and a voltmeter with infinite resistance:connected in paraliel with the element reads 210. This differance in voltage is due to the internal resistance of the power source. Calculate (1). the resistance of the element when first switched on, {Ml) the Initial current In the circuit, (il) the internal resistance of the source. Internal resistance = pect tte "1 {b) The element heats water and, as it does so, the resistance of the element changes to 9.502. Calculate ()) the new currentin the circuit,(it) the new potential difference across the terminals of the source. potential difference = smo 18 the resistance of the cabies to the house. resistance = (lt) Explain why the voltage measured at the cooker is less than the supply volage when the cooker Is In use. 18 (a) Explain what Is meant by electric current, oy a8(®) The supply voltage to a remote house is 230. The cables connecting the voltage: 20 Supply to the house have resistance. When an electric cooker Is used in the house, the measured voltage across the cooker Is 210V. The resistance of the cooker Is 350. (Calculate 1. the current to the cooker, 2, the power of the cooker, power: This question Is about its In tall buildings, A typical Ii, clesigned to cary a maximum of ten people, has a mass of 400 kg. The geserers assume that the mass of th ift when full with passengers Is unlikely to exceed (2) (Explain why this ts a reasonable assumption,(ii). The Iiftts supported by a steel cable of cross-sectional area 3.2 x 10-* m?, Show that the mass of 500 m of this.cable Is about 1300 kg. density of stoet «8.0 x 103 kgm, a {b) (1) Asingle cable supports the ilft. Suppose the lift starts from the bottom of a 500 m_ shaft. Show that the maximum tension in the cable must be greater than 33 KN to accelerate 1500 kg of loaded lift car, and 1300 kg of cable upwards at 20ms~. ge 9B Nig". (i) Calculate the stresé that 33 kN produces in a steel cable with a cross-sectional area of 3.2.x 10“ m*. ‘fl (c) () The yield stress of the steel cable is 2.9 x 10" Nm”*. For safety reasons the maximum stress in the cable should not exceed one quarter of the yield stress. Show that the addition of two more identical cables in parallel with the first will allow this condition to be met. ”(ll) Plans have been drawn up for a bullding 1 km high. Explain why a lift like this. could not be used In a 1000 m tall shaft. Justify your answer. questlon is about the citfraction of light by gratings. A diffraction grating is made by securing extremely fine wire onto a frame (Fig, 21), The wire 4s 0.1 um thick and the.gap between the wires Is 2.0m, wires CY Fig. 21 (a) Calculate the angle for the second order maximum of the Interference pattern when light of wavéiength 600nm is Incident on the grating. 3{b) A similar grating is made with wire of 1.08 jm diameter and the width of the gap Is also 1.05 um. Explain why the second order maximum Is missing with this grating, {c) Gratings made in this way are sold as polarisers for Infra-red. radiation. A similar Stucture on a larger scale is offen used to demonstrate polarisation of microwaves A ‘student wants fo see if the grating in part (a) polarises visible light, Explain briefly how {his experiment could be carried out, giving any additional apparatus required. i 22 sample of material is in the form of a uniform cylinder of iength 24cm and of cross- ‘sectional area 0.73mm*. Measurements are made of the extension of the sampie as it Is loaded and then unloaded. The results are illustrated in Fig. 0 05 10 15 20 25 extension/mm Fig. (@) State whether the change illustrated In Fig. __ is elastic or plastic. . 1} (©) On Fig. shade the region which represents the change in internal energy of the ‘sample when it has been loaded and then unloaded. tt(©) During the toading and unloading, the cross-sectional aréa of the sample remains unchanged. Forthe point, A,onFig. _, calculate @ ‘the stress applied to the sample, (i) the strain experenced by the sample. 23 This question reférs to the passage on the Insert. Read the passage carefully and answer all the parts ofthe question below, (@) Glass is described as *.. strong, but brit, in ines 4 10 § ofthe passage, Explain the meanings of these terma: strong: brite:{b) The tensile -properties of glass and copper are contrasted In lines 6 to 10 of the passage. (Sketch a stress-strain graph for each material, on the axes provided below, to ilustrate the behaviour described. Stress Stress Strain Strain GLASS COPPER (il) What feature of the graphs gives an indication of the strain energy absorbed when the materials are stretched to breaking? 74 when a body moves with spoed v through’a liquid of density p, ‘experiences a force F known as the drag-force. Under certain circumstances, this force is relatod to p and vby the expression Fe kp; where kis a constant. Given that the unit of p is Kg rir, determine the unit of the constant k In terms of SI base units. a4254 ‘steel ball Is projected horizontally from @ catspult near the celling of @ laboratory. ‘hotographs of the position of the ball are taken at 0.10 Intervals. The photographs are Superimposed and the result Is lilustrated in Fig. 25 horizontal distance/m_ 25 30 vertical distance/m Fig. 25 |The first photograph Is taken at the Instant when the ball is projected, (2) (Use Fig. to show that, by considering the horizontal motion of the ball, air resistance Is negiigibie, (il) Hence calculate the horizontal velocity of the ball, horizontal velocity = 32{b) () From Fig. _ read off the vertical alstance through which the bail fails during the first’0.608 of its motion. distance = . {il)_ Use your answer to (I) to calculate 1. the accsieration of free fail of the ball, acceleration = 2, the vertical speed of the ball 0.606 after projection. 26 (4) Define linear momentum. ~A2} (©) Two balls, travelling along the same straight Iino, collide inelastically. ‘On Fig. _, indicate by placing a tick () In the relevant boxes, which statements about this collision are correct. Linear momentum.s conserved. ‘The relative speed of approach is equal to the relative speed of separation. ‘Total kinetic energy Is conserved, ‘Total energy is consetved. Fig. io) 33Pid ‘This question is about the behaviour of a battery under ioad. 12 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 CurrentiA Fig. 2% Fig. 2 shows how the voitage across the battery varies with current. (2) Drew a circult diagram showing an experimental arrangemant that could have been Used to obtain the data in the graph. a (b) ‘Show that the data on the graph Is consistent with the battery having an emt. of 6.2V, and Internal resistance of 0.5.9. :(6) The battery Is now connected toa bub and high réistance voltmeter, as shown In Fig. Fig. When the voitmeter indicates 3.5 V what are the values of : (the current nthe bub flament; (I) the power dissipated by the bulb; {ill the power dissipated In the intemal resistance: of the battery? fa) (<)_ Wilh use, he internal resistance of the battery increases to 1.5 ©. Draw a second ting eae etowing how the voltage across the terminals varies withthe cones being supple under these conditions. to] 35ar Fi. 27.1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of the cones of two Identical Joudspeakers A and B placedin ai, ot xm 24 4 of 8 2 a4 tims -2 = loudspeaker A 24 ximm 14 o+ 12 time a loudspeaker B Fig.27.4 (®) Calculate the frequency of vibration of the loudspeaker cones. 36{b) Deduce the phase angle by which the vibrations of cone B lead those of cone,A. phase angie = (©) State the type of wave produced in the alr in front of each loudspeaker. fe) see] (@) Suggest, with a reqson, which loudspeaker Is likely to be producing the louder sound. (@) The speed of sound waves in alr is 340m s-*. Use your answer in (a) to calculate the wavelength of these waves. wavelength =